Lecture 6.0 - Analysis and Design For Torsion

Reinforced Concrete II Hashemite University
The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture 6 – Analysis and

Design for Torsion
Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II
Torsion in Plain Concrete

Members
• Torsion in circular members
Tρ
τ=
Ip
T : Applied Torque
ρ : Radial Distance
I p : Polar Moment of Inertia
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1


Members
• Torsion in rectangular members
– The largest stress occurs at the middle of the wide face “a” a.
– The stress at the corners is zero.
– Stress distribution at any other location is less than that at the
middle and
– greater than zero.

Members
• Torsion in rectangular members
T
τ max =
αb 2 a
a/b 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 ∞

α 0.208 0.219 0.246 0.267 0.290 1/3
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Cracking Strength
Thin Walled Tube Analogy
• The design for torsion is based on a thin walled

tube space truss analogy
tube, analogy. A beam subjected to
torsion is idealized as a thin-
thin-walled tube with the
core concrete cross section in a solid beam is
neglected.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

V1=V3, V2=V4
According to thin walled theory:

q = V1/xo=V2/yo=V2/xo=V4/yo
q = shear force/unit length
q = shear flow = constant
Î q = τ.
τ.tt
τ = shear stress
Take moment about centroid

centroid::
T = (V1+VV3)yo/2 + (V2+V
V4)x
) o/2
T = 2V1yo/2 + 2V2xo/2
Recall: V1 = q.xo & V2 = q.yo
T = 2V1xoyo/2 + 2V2yoxo/2
T = 2qA
q o
Î τ = T/(2Aot)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

Threshold Torsion
• Torques that do not exceed approximately one one--

quarter of the cracking torque Tcr will not cause a
structurally significant reduction in either the
flexural or shear strength and can be ignored.
• Cracking is assumed to occur when the principal
tensile stress reaches 0.33 f c' . In a nonprestressed
beam loaded with torsion alone
alone, the principal
tensile stress is equal to the torsional shear stress,
τ . Recall that: T
τ=
2 Aot
Threshold Torsion
According to ACI - R11.6.1

2 3 Acp
Ao = Acp ; t =
3 4 pcp
where : Acp = xy ; pcp = 2( x + y )
Substituting values of Ao and t
⎛ Acp2 ⎞
∴Tcr = 0.33 f ⎜ ⎟ '
⎜p ⎟ c
⎝ cp ⎠
φTcr
Neglect Torsion when Tu ≤
4
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

Torsion in
Reinforced
Concrete
Members
xo & yo distance from

CL to CL of stirrup
Reinforcement Requirement for

RC Members in Torsion
• Reinforcement is determined using space truss
analogy.
analogy
• In space truss analogy, the concrete compression
diagonals (struts), vertical stirrups in tension (ties),
and longitudinal reinforcement (tension chords)
act together as shown in figure on the next slide.
• The analogy derives that torsional shear stress will
be resisted by the vertical stirrups as well as by
the longitudinal steel
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Reinforcement Requirement for

RC Members in Torsion
Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement
T
Recall : q = τt =
2 Ao
T y cot θ
V4 = qyo = yo = nAt f yv = o At f yv
2 Ao s n = number of stirrups
p crossingg
yo cot θ 2A diagonal crack
T= At f yv o At = Area of one leg stirrup
s yo
f yv = Yield strength of shear
At f yv At f yv
Tn = 2 xo yo cot θ = 2 Aoh cot θ reinforcement
s s
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

• For No failure,
failure, i.e., torsion capacity greater than
of equal to torsion demand:
φTn > Tu ; φ = 0.75
• For torsion capacity equal to or greater than
torsion demand, we have at the limit state:
At f yv
Tu = 2φ Aoh cot θ
s
• Therefore steel area in one leg stirrup is:
Tu s
At =
2φf yv Aoh cot θ
• ACI 6.3.6 assumes θ = 45o for nonprestressed

members and replaces Aoh by Ao where:
Ao = 0.85Aoh.
• Therefore:
Tu s
At =
2φf yv Ao
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

Diagonal Compression Struts
Axial Force due to Torsion :

At
ΔN 4 = V4 cot θ = yo f yv cot 2 θ
s
ΔN 4 = ΔN 2
Similarly :
At
ΔN1 = V1 cot θ = xo f yv cot 2 θ
s
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
ΔN1 = ΔN 3 The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Total axial force is:
N total = ΔN1 + ΔN 2 + ΔN 3 + ΔN 4
At A
N total = 2 yo f yv cot 2 θ + 2 t xo f yv cot 2 θ
s s
A A
N total = 2( xo + yo ) t f yv cot 2 θ = t ph f yv cot 2 θ
s s
Longitudinal Steel Force:
At ph = permimeter of stirrup
N total = Al f y = ph f yv cott 2 θ
s Al = Total area of longitudinal
reinforcement to resist torsion
A f yv
Al = t ph cot 2 θ f y = Yield strength of longitudinal
s fy reinforcement
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9


At f yv
Al = ph cot 2 θ
s f yl
Recall :
Tu s
At =
2φf yv Ao
Substitute At in Al , and for φ = 45o
Tu s
2φf yv Ao f yv
Al = ph
s fy
Tu ph
Al =
2φAo f y
Combined Shear and Torsion

Shear Stress : τ v = V / bw d
Torsional Stress : τ t = T /(2 Aot )
F cracked
For ti : Ao = 0.85 Aoh , t = Aoh / ph
k d section
V Tph V 2 Tph 2
τ = τ v +τ t = + τ= ( ) +( )
bw d 1.7 Aoh2 bw d 1.7 Aoh2
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Torsion
• Equilibrium Torsion:
Torsion: torsion moment is required for
equilibrium of the structure (cannot be reduced by
internal forces redistribution).
• Compatibility Torsion:
Torsion: torsional moment results
from the compatibility of deformations between members
meeting at a joint (torsional
(torsional moment can be reduced by
redistribution of internal forces after cracking if the
torsion arises from the member twisting to maintain
compatibility of deformations). The reduction in Tu is of
the magnitude:
Equilibrium Torsion
The torsion in the beams

in Figs (a) & (b) must be
resisted by the structural
system if the beam is to
remain in equilibrium. If
the applied torsion is not
resisted, the beam will
rotate about its axis until
the structure collapses.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11

Equilibrium Torsion
A
B
The canopy applies a torsional moment to the beam A-B.

For this structure to stand, the beam must resist the
torsional moment, and the columns must resist the
resulting bending moments.
Compatibility Torsion
If joint A is monolithically built

with cross beam C-D then
beam A can only develop end
slope at A if beam C-D twists
about its own axis. If ends C
and D are restrained against
rotation, a torsional moment T
will be applied to beam C-D. if
C and D are free to rotate
about axis C-D then T would
be zero.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

Compatibility Torsion
A B
Hinge
ACI Requirements for Torsion

Design
Torsion: design for full Tu
Equilibrium Torsion:
Torsion: reduce Tu to the following

Compatibility Torsion:
• Nonprestressed member without axial force:
• Nonprestressed member with an axial force:
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 13


Design
It shall be permitted to neglect torsion effects if
the factored torsional moment Tu is less than:
• Nonprestressed members without axial force:
• Nonprestressed members with an axial force:

Design
• The cross
cross--sectional dimensions shall be such
that:
τmax
• If NOT
NOT,, increase section dimensions.
dimensions.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 14


Design
• Reinforcement for torsion
Recall
R ll ACI Eq.
E (11-
(11-21)
At Tu
= ; 30o ≤ θ ≤ 60o
s 2φf yv Ao cot θ
• Combined shear and torsion reinforcement
(for closed stirrup)
Av +t Av 2 At
= +
s s s

Design
• Maximum spacing of torsion reinforcement
⎧ ph
⎪
smax = smaller of ⎨ 8
⎪⎩300 mm
• Spacing is limited to ensure the development of
the ultimate torsional strength of the beam, to
prevent excessive loss of torsional stiffness after
cracking, and to control crack widths.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 15


Design
• Minimum area of closed stirrups
⎧ 0.35bw s
⎪ f yv
⎪
( Av + 2 At ) = larger of ⎨ '
⎪ 0.062 f c bw s
⎪ f yv
⎩
• Minimum area of longitudinal torsional
reinforcement 1- shall be distributed around the perimeter
off the
th closed
l d stirrups
ti with
ith a maximum
i
0.42 f c' Acp ⎛A ⎞ f spacing of 300 mm.
Al ,min = − ⎜ t ⎟ ph vt
fy ⎝ s ⎠ fy 2- The longitudinal bars shall be inside the
stirrups.
At b 3- shall have a diameter at least 0.042
where : ≥ 0.175 w times the stirrup spacing, but not less than
s f yv
φ10

Design
• Torsion reinforcement shall be provided for a
distance of at least (b
(bw + d) beyond the point
where Tu is less than ΦTcr/4.
• Stirrup Detailing
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 16


Design
Example: Equilibrium Torsion

A cantilever beam supports its own weight plus a
concentrated load. The beam is 1400mm long, g
and the concentrated load acts at 150mm from the
end of the beam and 150mm away from the
centroidal axis of the beam.
The unfactored concentrated load consists of a 90
kN dead and 90 kN live load. The beam also
supports an unfactored axial compression dead
load of 180 kN
kN..
Use normal weight concrete with f’c = 21 MPa and
both fy and fvy = 420 MPa
MPa..
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 17

600 mm
m
180 kN
350 mm
80 kN
According to ACI 9.5.2.1 - Table 9.5(a)

l 1400
hmin = = = 175mm
8 8
USE h = 600 mm and b = 350mm
d = 600 − 50 − 10 − 25 / 2 ≈ 525mm

⎛ 350 × 600 ⎞
Factored beam self weight = 1.2 × ⎜ ⎟ × (25) = 6.3kN / m
⎝ 10 ⎠
6
Factored concetrated load = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

= 1.2 × 80 + 1.6 × 80 = 224kN
Factored axial load (N u ) = 1.2 ×180 = 216kN
Structural Analysis leads to :

Vu = 232.82kN
Vu @ d = 232.82 − 6.3 × 0.525 = 229.51kN
M u = 286.17kN .m
Tu = 33.6kN .m
N u = 216kN
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 18


check if N u ≥ 0.1 f c' Ag
N u = 216kN
0.1 f c' Ag = 0.1× 21× (0.35 × 0.60) ×1000 = 441kN
⇒ N u ≥ 0.1 f c' Ag
Therefore axial force affect can be neglected in flexure design.
Otherwise, member shall be designed for bending and axial load
interaction.
4φ25
600 mm
Design for Flexure :
By trial and error A s = 1610mm2
use 4φ 25 = 1960mm2
φM n = 342.5kN .m > M u O.K . 350 mm

Design for Both Shear and Torsion :
Acp = bw h = 350 × 600 = 210,000mm 2
pcp = 2bw + 2h = 2 × 350 + 2 × 600 = 1,900mm
Assume cover to center of stirrup = 50 + 5 = 55mm
xo = 350 − 2 × 55 = 240mm
yo = 600 − 2 × 55 = 490mm
Aoh = xo yo = 240 × 490 = 117,600mm 2
Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 99,960mm 2
ph = 2( xo + yo ) = 1,460mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 19


Check for size of beam :
2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu ph ⎞ ⎛ Vc ' ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
≤ φ ⎜
⎜b d + 0.66 f c
⎟⎟
⎝ w ⎠ ⎝
b d 1.7 Aoh ⎠ ⎝ w ⎠
( )
2 2
⎛ 229.5 ×103 ⎞ ⎛ 33.6 ×106 ×1460 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 0.75 0.17 21 + 0.66 21
⎝ 350 × 525 ⎠ ⎝ 1176002 ⎠
2.260 ≤ 2.853
⇒ Beam size is okay

Check for critical torsion φTc :
⎛ A2 ⎞ N
φTc = φ 0.083 f c' ⎜⎜ cpp ⎟⎟ 1 + u
⎝ pcp ⎠ 0.33 Ag f c'
⎛ 2100002 ⎞ 216 ×103

φTc = 0.75 × 0.083 21⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 +
⎝ 1900 ⎠ 0.33 × 350 × 600 28
φTc = 9.640kN .m < Tu ⇒ Torsion must be considered
(a) Torsion Reinforcement

At Tu 33.6 ×106
= = = 0.534mm 2 / mm
s 2φAo f yv 2 × 0.75 × 99960 × 420
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 20


(b) Shear Reinforcement
⎛ ⎞ ' Nu
φVc = 0.17⎜⎜1 + ⎟ f c bw d
⎟
⎝ ⎠ 14 Ag
⎛ 216 ×103 ⎞
φVc = 0.17⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ 21 × 350 × 525 = 153.7kN
⎝ 14(350 × 600) ⎠
Vu 229.51
Vs = − Vc = − 153.7 = 152.3kN
φ 0.75
Av V 152.3 ×103
= s = = 0.691mm 2 / mm
s f yv d 420 × 525

(c) Add shear reinforcement and select stirrups
Av +t Av 2 At
= + = 1.759mm 2 / mm
s s s
Check minimum stirrups
⎧ 0.35 × 350
⎪⎪ = 0.292
Av +t 420
≥ larger of ⎨
s ⎪ 0.062 21 × 350 = 0.237
⎪⎩ 420
Assume φ12 stirrups : Av +t = 226mm 2
s = 226 / 1.759 = 128.6mm ⇒ smax = 1460 / 8 = 182.5mm OK
⇒ USE φ12@125mm Closed Stirrups

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 21


(d) Design longitudinal reinforcement for torsion
⎛A ⎞ f
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ ph vt = (0.534)(1460)
420
= 780mm 2
⎝ s ⎠ fy 420
0.42 f c' Acp ⎛A ⎞ f
Al ,min = − ⎜ t ⎟ ph vt
fy ⎝ s ⎠ fy
0.42 21 × 210000
− (0.534)(1460)
420
Al ,min = = 182.3mm 2
420 420
⇒ Al = 780mm 2
Max. spacing = 300mm ⇒ use 6 bars :

2 at top, 2 at middle and 2 at bottom
min. bar diameter = 0.042 ×125 = 5.25mm or 10 mm

Use 4φ14 = 616mm 2 in bottom half of the beam
add to flexural reinforcement 780 - 616 = 164mm 2
⇒ Flexural Reinforcement = 1610 + 164 = 1774mm2 < 4φ 25
4φ25 φ12@125mm
600 mm
2φ14
6
2φ14
350 mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 22

Lecture 6.0 - Analysis and Design For Torsion

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Reinforced Concrete II Hashemite University

The Hashemite University

Lecture 6 – Analysis and

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Torsion in Plain Concrete

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1

Torsion in Plain Concrete

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Torsion in Plain Concrete

a/b 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 ∞

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Thin Walled Tube Analogy

• The design for torsion is based on a thin walled

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

Thin Walled Tube Analogy

According to thin walled theory:

Thin Walled Tube Analogy

Take moment about centroid

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

• Torques that do not exceed approximately one one--

According to ACI - R11.6.1

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

xo & yo distance from

Reinforcement Requirement for

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Reinforcement Requirement for

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement

Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement

• ACI 6.3.6 assumes θ = 45o for nonprestressed

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

Axial Force due to Torsion :

Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9

Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

Combined Shear and Torsion

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

The torsion in the beams

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11

The canopy applies a torsional moment to the beam A-B.

If joint A is monolithically built

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

ACI Requirements for Torsion

Torsion: reduce Tu to the following

• Nonprestressed member with an axial force:

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 13