Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)

Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak

http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id

THE ROLE OF RED DRAGON FRUIT PEELS DYES IN

DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF PLAQUE ON TEETH

Sri Rezki1 and Jojok Heru Susatyo2

1,2,
Department of Dental Nursing, Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
srirezki70@gmail.com

Abstract

Plaque is the cause of many dental and oral diseases, so plaque should clean regularly. Plaque is
invisible to seen direct, so to see plaque we need a staining tool commonly called disclosing
agent. The anthocyanins in dragon fruit have been investigated for their use as dyestuffs, for
food and other dyes. Researchers interested to research anthocyanins in red dragon fruit peel for
use as a disclosing agent on the teeth.
The purpose of this research is to know the role of dye powder and liquid from dragon fruit
peels in detecting the presence of plaque on the teeth. This research is a quasi experimental
research. The research did in the laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak to get the dye
powder and extract of the red dragon fruit peels. Then the research continued to Integrated
Clinic Poltekkes Kemenkes pontianak. Red dragon fruit peels and JKG students are study
population, while sampling with purposive sampling technique.
Mean Index of plaques on coloring using a dye of red dragon fruit peel powder is 0.30 and using
a dye of red dragon fruit peel extract is 0.53. Mean Index of plaques on coloring using
disclosing agent is 25,6. Dyes from red dragon fruit peel ,powder and extract do not effectively
detect plaque exist on the teeth. Further research need to get a solid natural dyes such as
synthetic dyes, so the disclosing agent used is safer for health. Natural dyes are important
because these ingredients are smeared on the mouth and have the potential swallowed

Keywords: plak, red dragon peel fruit

Introduction main need of a good disclosing solution

Plaque is a general term used to
describe a collection of various
microorganisms (mainly bacteria) and
saliva (Overman, 2000 cit. Panjaitan,
2007). Plaque is a soft layer consisting
of a collection of microorganisms that
multiply on a matrix. Plaque was
present and firmly attach to the surface
of the untreated tooth (Pintauli and
Hamada, 2008). Plaque can not be seen
directly by the eye so that the required
plaque dyes used are disclosing solution
(Yuwono, 1991). Disclosing agent or
disclosing solution is a tool used to
show plaque on a patient's teeth. The
is to selectively colorize the plaque so
that it does not affect the area of teeth
and the area around the clean teeth. The
coloring process is ease knowing a lot
of at least plaque attached to the teeth
(Yuwono, 1991).The red dragon fruit
peels has natural anthocyanin yes.
Anthocyanin is a dye of red color
potentially become a natural dye that is
safer for health. The studies it has been
reported that red dragon fruit peel has a
high content of anthocyanin red
pigment.
Anthocyanin dyes of red dragon
fruit peel has use as coloring agent, for

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 Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)
Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id
foods and other dyes. The importance of
disclosing agent to see the presence of
plaque on the teeth to preventive efforts
in maintaining oral health, the
researchers is interesting to examine the
use anthocyanins on red dragon fruit
peel has used as a disclosing agent on
the teeth.
Literature Review
Plaque was first used in dentistry in
1898 by G. V Black to mention a
pellicle mass of an organism present in
carious lesions. Plaque defined as a soft,
strong material that survives on the
tooth surface and can not escape with
water gargles, or as a soft mass whose
concentration occurs from most of the
bacterial variations together attached in
an intermicrobial substance (Ramfjord,
2000 cit. Ritonga, 2005).The dental
plaque composition consists of 80%
water and 20% solids. From these solids
there are organic, inorganic and
microorganisms. Organic matter has
protein (40-50%), carbohydrates (13-
18%) and fat (10-14%). While the
inorganic material consists of calcium,
phosphate, fluoride, magnesium and
sodium (Panjaitan, 2007).
The process of formation of dental
plaque composed of three stages : the
first stage is forming the layer acquired
pellicle, the second stage is bacterial
colonization, and the third stage is
maturation plaque (Megananda et al,
2009). Plaque formation process begins
with forms acquired pellicle where at
this stage the tooth surface will be
wrapped by glycoprotein pellicle. They
come from saliva, sulcular fluid,
bacterial cell products, host, and debris
(Linda, 2011).
The particles are very easily
removed by brushing teeth but begin to
re-form completely within minutes after
the tooth surface is cleaned (Ritonga,
2005). The particle acts like a two-sided
adhesive, one side attached to the tooth
surface, while the other surface is the
side that attached the bacteria to the
tooth surface (Vera, 2010).
After the acquired pellicle is
formed, the bacteria begin to colonize
with the pellicle. The first bacteria
attached are Streptococcus species, that
are gram-positive bacteria such as
Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus
mutans, and Actinomyces viscosus
(Panjaitan, 2007).
Most of these bacteria come from
the saliva flora that attached and interact
to the teeth surface. The Interactions
include bacterial attachment to the tooth
surface, homotypic attachment between
the same bacterial cell, and heterotypic
attachment between different bacterial
cells (Ritonga, 2005). The bacteria work
together the colonization to developing
process (Megananda et al, 2009).
The red dragon fruit has a very
interesting red color called anthocyanin.
Anthocyanins are the most important
and most widespread dyes in plants.
(Tensiska, 2006).The content of
anthocyanin on the peel of white dragon
fruit fresh is 0.08 ± 0.03 ppm; red
dragon fruit peel of 0.56 ± 0.43 ppm
and red dragon fruit peel of 0.45 ± 0.26
ppm.The anthocyanin content is lower
than anthocyanin levels in dragon fruit
peel powder where white dragon fruit
peel has anthocyanin content of 1.18 ±
0.22 ppm; and red dragon fruit peel
TKBNM 1.27 ± 0.31 ppm and
TKBNSM 1.98 ± 0.13 ppm.(Samsuddin
and Khoiruddin, 2008)
Method and Material
Design
This research is a quasi experimental
research. The research was conducted in
August 2016 at laboratory of Poltekkes
Kemenkes Pontianak, to get the dye
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 Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)
Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id

powder from dragon fruit peel and

extract of peel of dragon fruit peel.

Sample

The population in this study is

Dragon Fruit peel and JKG Poltekkes
Students Pontianak. Samples for dragon
fruit peel using purposive sampling
technique with dragon fruit peel criteria
using red dragon fruit peel in pontianak
city market, dragon fruit size 250-500 figure 2. Dragon red Fruit Peel
mg, picked in a state of mature and not Extract
rotten. Research subjects for JKG
students use random sampling Ethical clearance
technique and select 30 people This study was approved by the Ethics
Committee of Faculty of Dentistry,
Gajah Mada University, no
Method 00745/KKEP/FKG-UGM/EC/2016

How to Making red rowder from Data collection procedures

Red Dragon Fruit Plak Index (PHP-M)
1. red dragon fruit weighing 2 kg Personal Hygiene Performance-
washed, peeled, and cut using slicer Modified (PHP-M), Oral Index by
until sheet formed. Martin and Mepeel (1972), PHP-M
2. the sheets are then dried using examination uses index tooth and uses a
sunlight to dry to remove water for 2 disclosing agent.
day, that is then in the oven dryer at 80 o
C.
3. The drying process is stopped when
it has reached water content <10%( 1
hours), then blended until smooth and
homogeneous.

Figure 3. Plak Index (PHP-M)

The research subjects did a toothbrush.
After 1 hour, the tooth is checked
plaque index using dyes. Teeth
smearing begins from right and left
maxilla then continued to the teeth in
left and right mandible, buccal, labial,
palatal and lingual surface. Calculated
PHP-M index. The study was conducted
for 3 days.
figure 1. Dragon red Fruit Powder
Existing data is
How to Making red dragon fruit peel
1. PHP-M of red dragon fruit peel
extract, 500 gr red dragon fruit peel
powder (Y1),
sliced and then soaked with aquades
and citric acid 0.5% for 10 hours

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 Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)
Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id

2. PHP-M of red dragon fruit peel The probability of 0,000, indicates that
extract (Y2) and the mean plaque index of the three
3. PHP-M of disclossing agent as groups is different.
control (Y3). Tabel 4. test Post Hoc
Mean Diff
(I) dyes (J) dyes (I-J) Sig
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS version Tukey disclosing powder 25,07 ,000
20. Tests for data normality were HSD extrak 25,30 ,000
conducted to the data distribution, and powder disclosing -25,07 ,000
descriptive and Anova Test. Extrak ,23 ,985
extra disclosing -25,30 ,000
Result powder -,23 ,985
Table1.Distribution of Plaque Index The mean Plaque Index using
Using Dyes Disclossing Agent, Powder disclosing agent compared with the use
And Extract Red Dragon Fruit Peel of powder and extract of red dragon
fruit peel proved significantly different.
The average plaque index using
N Mean Min Max
disclosing 30 25,60 13 42
powdered and extracts proved not to
powder 30 ,30 0 7
differ significantly
Extrack 30 ,53 0 14
.
Discussion
The thin slices of red dragon fruit
The results showed that the dyes of the
peel soaked with aquadest and citric
powder and the extract of the red
acid 0.5% for 10 hours, resulting
dragon fruit peel can not dyes plaque
concentrated dark red liquid and not
slimy. The extract dyne when applied
to the tooth surface looks dye coloring.
Table 2. Homogeneity test of
When the mouthwash done, this liquid
varians
Levene
dye dissolves in the water rinse, so it is
Statistic df1 df2 Sig. not attached to the plaque, this
47,4 8
,0 condition causes the dye can not detect
2 0 dental plaque.
25 7
0
The tooth surface with debris
attachment still looks very thin red
The test results show that all samples color. It can conclude that the dye of red
have the same variance. Probability dragon fruit peel extract can detecting
value of 0.00 that is smaller than 0.05. debris but it can not detect plaque on
the teeth.The dyes of red dragon fruit
Table 3. TesAnova peel extract is quite dark red, can color
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F
Sig. the liquid that will produce good color
Betwee emulsion, but if the peel of the hand,
12684,82 6342,41 210,69 ,00
n
2
2
1 0 0 The color will be lost if rinsed with
Groups
Within 8
running water.
2618,967 30,103 The Research of Simanjuntak
Groups 7
Total 15303,78 8 (2014) showed that the yield of red
9 9
dragon fruit peel extract was 62.68% (%
wet), meaning that from 1 gram of
liquid was make from 0.6268 gram of

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 Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)
Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id

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 Pontianak International Health Conference (PIHC)
Health Polytechnic of Health Ministry Pontianak
http://www.pihc.poltekkes-ptk.ac.id

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