Pile design fm5-134.

pdf

V=
n=
Pv =

R=
C=
nR =
nC =
ex =
ey =
Ix =
Iy =

Ap =
S=

V= 135 Tons (Including All loads)

n= 9
Pv = 15 Tons

R= Number of Rows = 1 Nos

C= Number of Columns = 9 Nos
nR = Number of pile in Row 9 Nos
nC = Number of piles in Co 1 Nos
ex = -4 ft
ey = 0 ft
Ix = Column (S(1/2)) x 0 ft2
Iy = Row (S(1/2)) x 540 ft2

Ap = 1 ft2
S= Pile Spacing = 3 ft

Pile No Cx = Cy = Pv = Mx/Zx My/Zy Pv =

1 12 0 15 -12 0 3
2 9 0 15 -9 0 6
3 6 0 15 -6 0 9
4 3 0 15 -3 0 12
5 0 0 15 0 0 15
6 -3 0 15 3 0 18
 7 -6 0 15 6 0 21
8 -9 0 15 9 0 24
9 -12 0 15 12 0 27

V= 135 Tons (Including All loads)

Hx = 55 Tons
Hy = 56 Tons
n= 9 Nos
Pv = 15 Tons
Ph = 6.111111 Tons
R= Number of Rows = 1 Nos Batter Slope =
C= Number of Columns = 9 Nos Angle of Batter =
nR = Number of pile in Row 9 Nos
nC = Number of piles in Co 1 Nos
ex = -4 ft
ey = 0 ft
Ix = Column (S(1/2)) x 0 ft2
Iy = Row (S(1/2)) x 540 ft2

Ap = 1 ft2
S= Pile Spacing = 3 ft

Pile No Cx = Cy = Pv = Mx/Zx My/Zy Pv =

1 12 0 15 -12 0 3 6.11111111111111
2 9 0 15 -9 0 6 6.11111111111111
3 6 0 15 -6 0 9 6.11111111111111
4 3 0 15 -3 0 12 6.11111111111111
5 0 0 15 0 0 15 6.11111111111111
6 -3 0 15 3 0 18 6.11111111111111
7 -6 0 15 6 0 21 6.11111111111111
8 -9 0 15 9 0 24 6.11111111111111
9 -12 0 15 12 0 27 6.11111111111111
135 55
SPv SH

3.86111111111111

136.510301809058

136.510301809058
 3.86111111111111

34.75

3.86111111111111

Friction Piles in Clay

Length if pile avaliable = 45 ft
Load = 120 Ton
Pile type = Timber
Pile Diameter= 1 ft

Po = gD =
Effective Overburden pressure at Tip of tip of Pile Effective Overburden pressure at midpoint of tip o
g D Po pcf g D
40 10 400 psf 40 10
62 5 310 psf 62 2.5
710 psf
End Bearing
Nq = 50
Kc = 1.5
d = 29 Degree
Tand = 0.554309
r= 0.625
h= 5
Ap =pr2 = 1.23
As =prh = 19.63495 ft2

Qu = 52625.85 lbs
26.31 Tons
FS = 1.5
Qall = 17.54195

Friction in Clay

r= 0.5
AP = pr2 = 0.785398
C= 0.3 T/ft2
q = 9C = 2.7 T/ft2
az = 0.92
P =2pr = 3.141593 ft
FS = 2
Qall = Qu/FS
Qa = 20 Ton
Qu = 40
d= 43.68622 ft
13.31491 m
So 45 ft

Pile Spacing and Group action

Rows = 3 Nos
Col = 3 Nos
S= 3.5 ft
n= 9 Nos
Pile Group can take = 180 Tons

Efficiency = 0.7
for the spacing of 3D

Corrected Group capacity = 126 Tons

>
 120 Tons
OK

Block Shear =

q =9C = 2.7 T/ft2

one side 8 ft
one side 8 ft

AP = 64 ft2
C= 0.3 T/ft2
d= 45
P = Perimeter of Group 32 ft2

Qu = 604.8 Tons
FS = 3
201.6 Tons
>
120 Tons
OK
Design is Satisfactory from the standpoint of Block failure

Settlement:

Po = gD =
Effective Overburden pressure at Tip of tip of Pile
g D Po
40 10 400 psf
62 12 744 psf
 48 10 480 psf
1624 psf
0.81 T/ft2
0.73

B= 10 ft
z= 18.7 ft
Q= 180

0.218529 T/ft2

Dp1 =P + Po = 0.94 T/ft2

H= 20
WL = 50
Cc = 0.009(WL - 10) 0.36
eo = 1.1

DH = 0.392 ft
4.707449 in
119.5692 mm

Reduce Settlement:

Increase pile spacing

Max Spacing 4D more then this is uneconomical
Or
increase pile length
 135 Tons (Including All loads)
9
15 Tons

Number of Rows = 2 Nos

Number of Columns = 4 Nos
Number of pile in Row 4 Nos
Number of piles in Co 2 Nos
-4 ft
0 ft
Column (S(1/2)) x 2
Row (S(1/2)) x 10

1
Pile Spacing = 1
 X Y
0.15 1
8.530766 degrees

SH'
5.661111 -0.45
5.211111 -0.9
4.761111 -1.35
4.311111 -1.8
3.861111 -2.25
3.411111 -2.7
2.961111 -3.15
2.511111 -3.6
2.061111 -4.05
34.75

Tons
 Tons

Tons

Tons/pile

n pressure at midpoint of tip of Pile 0

Po 0.5
400 psf 1
155 psf 1.5
555 psf 2
2.5
3
3.5
 4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
US Soil Type Texture Triangle
 1. United States Department of Agriculture (1987) USDA Textural Classification Study Guide. Edited
2. The Expert Committee on Soil Survey (1983) The Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS): Man
3. Government of Canada. (2013, July 25). Chapter 17: Terminology for describing soils. Retrieved
4. NRE. A Guide for Preparing Soil Profile Descriptions: Soils Properties and Processes. 2003. Print.
5. Soil Classification Working Group. The Canadien System of Soil Classification. Canada. 1998. Prin
6. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS).

Typical Soil Elastic Modulus (Young's Modulus) Values

E E
Description Mpa Mpa ksi ksi
Sand 5 81 0.73 11.75
Silty Sand 5 20 0.73 2.90
Loose Sand 10 25 1.45 3.63
Medium Sand 30 50 4.35 7.25
Dense Sand 50 81 7.25 11.75
Sand and Gravel 30 320 4.35 46.41
Loose Sand and Grave 30 80 4.35 11.60
Medium Sand and Gra 80 160 11.60 23.21
Dense Sand and Grave 160 320 23.21 46.41
Silt 7 21 1.02 3.05
Clay 2 250 0.29 36.26
Very Soft Clay 2 15 0.29 2.18
Soft Clay 5 25 0.73 3.63
Medium Clay 15 40 2.18 5.80
Hard Clay 40 100 5.80 14.50
Sandy Clay 25 250 3.63 36.26

1. F.H. Kulhawy. P.W. Mayne. Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design. Ithaca, New York. 19
2. Geotechdata. (2013, September 17). Soil elastic Young’s modulus. Retrieved from http://www.geotechdata.in
3. J.A. Chem. The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
4. Structural Engineering Forum of India (SEFINDIA). (n.d.). Appendix C: properties of soils. Retrieved from htt
5. University of Texas. (2019). Some Useful Numbers on the Engineering Properties of Materials. (Geologic and

Density Ranges for Different Soil Types

Dry Density P Submerged Density Psub
lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3
max min max min max min
Sand; clean / uniform / fi 84 136 1346 2179 52 73
Silt; uniform / inorganic 81 136 1297 2179 51 73
Silty Sand 88 142 1410 2275 54 79
Sand; Well-graded 86 148 1378 2371 53 86
Silty Sand and Gravel 90 155 1442 2483 56 92
Sandy or Silty Clay 100 147 1602 2355 38 85
Silty Clay with Gravel; uni 115 151 1842 2419 53 89
Well-graded Gravel / Sand / 125 156 2002 2499 62 94
Clay 94 133 1506 2130 31 71
Colloidal Clay 71 128 1137 2050 8 66
Organic Silt 87 131 1394 2098 25 69
Organic Clay 81 125 1297 2002 18 62

Representative Densities of Commonly Encountered Soil Types

Density
Soil Type kg/m3 lb/ft3
Sand 1430 89
Loamy Sand 1430 89
Sandy Loam 1460 91
Loam 1430 89
Silty Loam 1380 86
Silt 1380 86
Sandy Clayed Loam 1500 94
Clayed Loam 1390 87
Silty Clayed Loam 1300 81
Silty Clay 1260 79
Sandy Clay 1470 92
Clay 1330 83

1. Joint Technical Commitee, EL-052., 2016. AS/NZS 7000:2016 - Overhead Line Design. 2nd ed. Sydney, Aust
2. J.A. Chem. The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
3. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Typical values of dry density of various soil types and concrete. [upload by Jing-Jy Chin
4. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS). (n.d.). Soil
5. University of California, Davis. (2000, Fall). Chapter 1: Soil physical properties [PDF file]. Retrieved from http

Typical Angle of Repose Values for Various Soil Types

Critical Angle of Repose

The angle of repose or the critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle relative to the ho
The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface (typically the surface which the ma
The above values have been provided in the unit of angular degrees. As with all calculations care must be taken
Additional Resources
1. Al-Hashemi, H.M., and Al-Amoudi, O.S.B. (2018, May). A review on the angle of repose of granular materials
2. H.M. Beakawi Al-Hashemi, O.S Al-Amoudi. A Review on the Angle of Repose of Granular Matherials. Netherlan
3. J.A. Chem. The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
4. ResearchGate. (2018, May). Typical values of angle of repose. [uploaded by Hamzah M. Beakawi Al-Hashemi]
5. United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. (1963, October 11). Hydraulic model studie
 Cohesive Soil Density and Typical Cohesian Values

Soil Density, P Cohesion (Dry), Cu

Soil State Imperial (lb/ft³) Metric (kg/m³) Imperial (psi) Metric (kPa)

min. max. min. max. min. max. min.

Very Soft
102 121 1631 1937 0 1.45 0
Soil
Soft Soil 108 127 1733 2039 1.45 3.63 10

Firm Soil 111 134 1784 2141 3.63 7.25 25

Stiff Soil 115 140 1835 2243 7.25 14.5 50

Very Stiff
134 140 2141 2243 14.5 29.01 100
Soil
Hard Soil 127 146 2039 2345 29 200

Additional Resources
1. Joint Technical Committee EL-052, Electrical Energy Networks, Construction and Operation. (2010) AS/NZS 7
2. B.G. Look. Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables. London, UK. 2007. Print.
3. Structural Engineering Forum of India (SEFINDIA). (n.d.). Appendix C: properties of soils. Retrieved from htt

Field Guide to Non-Cohesive Soil Density and Angle of Friction Values

Soil Density, P
Soil Angle of Friction, Degrees
Imperial (lb/ft³) Metric (kg/m³)
Description
min. max. min. max. min.

Loose gravel with sand content 102 121 1631 1937 28

Medium dense gravel with low sand cont 115 127 1835 2039 30

Dense to very dense gravel with low san 121 134 1937 2141 36

Loose well graded sandy gravel 115 127 1835 2039 28

Medium dense clayey sandy gravel 121 134 1937 2141 30

Dense to very dense clayey sandy gravel 134 140 2141 2243 35

Loose / coarse to fine sand 108 140 1733 2243 28

Medium dense / coarse to fine sand 127 134 2039 2141 30

Dense to very dense / coarse to fine san 134 140 2141 2243 35

Loose / fine and silty sand 95 108 1529 1733 20

Medium dense / fine and silty sand 108 121 1733 1937 25

Dense to very dense / fine and silty sand 121 134 1937 2141 35

Additional Resources
1. B.G. Look. Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables. London, UK. 2007. Print.
2. Darling, D. (2019, March 31). Everything you need to know about concrete strength. COR-TUF UHPC. Retriev
3. National Engineering Handbook. Soil Properties and Special Geotechnical Problems Related to Stream Stabiliz
4. Potts, P. (2014, July 31). Mix design fundamentals: considerations for concrete for slabs-on-ground. https://w
5. Rodriguez, J. (2019, January 24). Ready mix concrete ordering tips [blog article]. The Balance. Retrieved from
6. Vanderwerf, P. (2019). Concrete floor slabs. Retrieved from https://www.constructionspecifier.com/mix-desig

Typical Poisson's Ratio Values for Common Soil Types

Poisson's Ratio

Because Poisson's ratio can be considered to be unit-less, the above values can be used with both imperial and
When a material is compressed or is subjected to a tensile force in one direction, it usually tends to either expan
The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than −1.0 nor greater than 0.5 w

Additional Resources
1. F.H. Kulhawy. P.W. Mayne. Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design. Ithaca, New York. 19
2. J.A. Chem. The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
3. Prokon. (n.d.). Elastic properties of soils. Retrieved from https://support.prokon.com/kb/articles/elastic-prop
4. ResearchGate. (2016, July 7). Unloading-reloading Poission’s ratio? [uploaded by Navid Yeganeh] Retrieved f
5. Structural Engineering Forum of India (SEFINDIA). (n.d.). Appendix C: properties of soils. Retrieved from htt

Typically Encountered Soil Properties

Metric and Imperial Units

The above values have been provided with both imperial and metric units. As with all calculations care must be

Notation

A = Air Content, percentage (%)

e = void ratio (ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids), no units
Gs = specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the soil to the density of water), no units
ID = density index (relative density), percentage (%)
n = porosity (ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume), percentage (%)
Sr = degree of saturation, percentage (%)
w = water content, percentage (%)
ρ = bulk density (the ratio of the total mass to the total volume), ib/ft 3 or kg/m3
ρsat = saturated bulk density (the ratio of the total saturated mass to the total volume), ib/ft 3 or kg/m3
ρdry = dry bulk density (the ratio of the total dry mass to the total volume), ib/ft 3 or kg/m3
ρ' = effective density (bulk density - density of water), ib/ft 3 or kg/m3
γ = unit weight(ratio of the total weight (force) to the total volume), ksi or KPa
γ' = buoyant unit weight or effective unit weight(unit weight - unit weight of water ), ksi or KPa

Typical Porosity Values for Various Soil Types

1. D.G. Taroboton. Rainfall-Runoff Processes. Utah, USA. 2003. Woorkbook, Print.

2. Geotechdata. (2013, November 8). Soil porosity. Retrieved from https://www.geotechdata.info/parameter
3. J.P. Gibb, M.J. Barcelona, J.D. Ritchey, M.H. LeFaivre. Effective Porosity of Geologic Materials. 1984. Cham
4. University of Wisconsin. (n.d.). Soil physical properties. (PDF PowerPoint file). Retrieved from https://soils
Err on the side of caution

Soils and their inherent properties are varied as much as they are unpredictable. For those who are unfamilia

All foundations must have a factor of safety applied for design purposes (typically between 2 and 4).
Foundations typically need to be taken down to a depth where seasonal changes and plant life will not affect the so
Settlement is often the governing condition for designs and must be taken into account.

Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Factors

f’ Nc Nq Ny f’ N. Nq N1,
0 5.7 1 0 26 27.085 14.21 9.84
1 6 1.1 0.01 27 29.236 15.896 11.6
2 6.3 1.22 0.04 28 31.612 17.808 13.7
3 6.62 1.35 0.06 29 34.242 19.981 16.18
4 6.97 1.49 0.1 30 37.162 22.456 19.13
5 7.34 1.64 0.14 31 40.411 25.282 22.65
6 7.73 1.81 0.2 32 44.036 28.517 26.87
7 8.15 2 0.27 33 48.09 32.23 31.94
8 8.6 2.21 0.35 34 52.637 36.504 38.04
9 9.09 2.44 0.44 35 57.754 41.44 45.41
10 9.6 2.69 0.56 36 63.528 47.156 54.36
11 10.16 2.98 0.69 37 70.067 53.799 65.27
12 10.76 3.29 0.85 38 77.495 61.546 78.61
13 11.41 3.63 1.04 39 85.966 70.614 95.03
14 12.11 4.02 1.26 40 95.663 81.271 115.31
15 12.86 4.45 1.52 41 106.807 93.846 140.51
16 13.68 4.92 1.82 42 119.669 108.75 171.99
17 14.56 5.45 2.18 43 134.58 126.498 211.56
18 15.52 6.04 2.59 44 151.95 147.736 261.6
19 16.56 6.7 3.07 45 172.285 173.285 325.34
20 17.69 7.44 3.64 46 196.219 204.191 407.11
21 18.92 8.26 4.31 47 224.549 241.8 512.84
22 20.27 9.19 5.09 48 258.285 287.855 650.67
23 21.75 10.23 6 49 298.718 344.636 831.99
24 23.36 11.4 7.08 50 347.509 415.146 1072.8
25 25.13 12.72 8.34
 Meyerhoff and Hanna - Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils

Strong soil underlain by weak soil

Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:51

In practise, uniform and homogenous soils can be only seen on occasion and layered soils are more
Possible Failure Cases of Layered Soil

Soft Saturated Clay Under Strong Sand (c'1=0 ; ϕ2=0)

Weak Sand Under Strong Sand (c'1=c'2=0)

Weak Clay Under Strong Clay (ϕ1=ϕ2=0)

Notation and Units

Metric and Imperial Units

Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:51

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with all calculations care m

Notation

B = width of foundation, ft or m
L = length of foundation, ft or m
c' = effective cohesion of soil, lb/ft 2 or kN/m2
Df = depth of foundation measured from ground surface, ft or m
H = depth of weaker soil beneath foundation, ft or m
Kp = passive pressure coefficient
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors (refer The general bearing capacity equation)
Fcs, Fqs, Fγs = shape factors with respect to soil layer under consideration (refer The general bearin
q = effective unit weight of soil (refer modification for a water table), lb/ft3 or kN/m3
qu = ultimate bearing capacity, lb/ft2 or kN/m2 (kPa)
γ = unit weight of soil, lb/ft3 or kN/m3
ϕ' = effective angle of internal friction, degrees
 Bulk Density Bulk DensitBulk DensitBulk DensitPorosity Porosity
Rock Type kg/m3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 % %
igneous 2210 3000 138 187 0.1 22.1
Granite 2530 2620 158 164 1.02 2.87
Diorite 2800 3000 175 187 0.1 0.5
Gabbro 2720 3000 170 187 1 3.57
Rhyolite 2400 2600 150 162 0.4 4
Andesite 2500 2800 156 175 0.2 8
Basalt 2210 2770 138 173 0.22 22.1
Sedimenta 1820 2760 114 172 - -
Conlomera 2470 2760 154 172 - -
Sandstone 1910 2580 119 161 1.62 26.4
Shale 2000 2400 125 150 20 50
Mudstone 1820 2720 114 170 - -
Dolomite 2200 2700 137 169 0.2 4
Lime Stone 2670 2720 167 170 0.27 4.1
Metamorph 2180 3300 136 206 - -
Gneiss 2610 3120 163 195 0.32 1.16
Schist 2600 2850 162 178 10 30
Phyllite 2180 3300 136 206 - -
Slate 2710 2780 169 174 1.84 3.64
Marble 2510 2860 157 179 0.65 0.81
Quartzite 2610 2670 163 167 0.4 5.9

1. Alden, A. (2019, September 02). Densities of common rocks and minerals [blog article]. Thought
2. J. Schön, Physical Properties of Rocks, Volume 65: Fundamentals and Principles of Petrophysics. N
3. J. Schön. Physical Properties of Rocks, Volume 8: Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Produc
4. Manual of Applied Geology for Engineers. London. 1976. Print.
5. Padhi, S. (2015, February 13). Modulus of elasticity of rock. Civilblog.org. Retrieved from https://
Classification Study Guide. Edited by National Employee Development Staff Soil Conservation Service. 1987–762–417 edn. U.S. Government Printing Off
formation System (CanSIS): Manual for describing soils in the field 1982 revised. Edited by J. H. Day. Ottawa, Ontario: Land Resource Research Institu
gy for describing soils. Retrieved from http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/taxa/cssc3/chpt17.html
ties and Processes. 2003. Print.
Classification. Canada. 1998. Print.
servation Service (USDA NRCS). (n.d.). Soil education/guide to texture and feel. Retrieved from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils
ion Design. Ithaca, New York. 1990. Print.
d from http://www.geotechdata.info/parameter/soil-young's-modulus.html
ds, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
erties of soils. Retrieved from https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/appc_soil_properties_718.pdf
erties of Materials. (Geologic and Otherwise) Geology 615 [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/tyzhu/files/Some-Useful-Numbers.pdf

ed Density Psub
lb/ft3 lb/ft3
max min
833 1169
817 1169
865 1265
849 1378
897 1474
609 1362
849 1426
993 1506
497 1137
128 1057
400 1105
288 993

Soil Types
ne Design. 2nd ed. Sydney, Aust: SAI Global Limited..
ds, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
concrete. [upload by Jing-Jy Ching]. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Typical-Values-of-Dry-Density-of-Various-Soil-Types-and-Co
ervice (USDA NRCS). (n.d.). Soil bulk density/moisture/aeration [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs1
es [PDF file]. Retrieved from http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc107/SSC107Syllabus/chapter1-00.pdf

steepest angle relative to the horizontal plane which a material can be piled without slumping or the surface material sliding.
ypically the surface which the material is piled on is known as the angle of repose and is related to the density, surface area, liquid content, shapes of th
l calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout. A guide to  Soil Types has been provided by StructX and additional information ha

e of repose of granular materials. Powder Technology. Volume 330, pp 397-417. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003
of Granular Matherials. Netherlands. 2018. Published in Powder Technology.
ds, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
Hamzah M. Beakawi Al-Hashemi]. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-values-of-angle-of-repose-30_tbl1_323441895
ober 11). Hydraulic model studies of the river outlet works at Oroville dam. Retrieved from https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/hydraulics_lab/pub
n (Dry), Cu Cohesion (Wet), Cu

Metric (kPa) Imperial (psi) Metric (kPa)

max. min. max. min. max.

10 0.87 6

25 0.87 1.74 6 12

50 1.74 3.63 12 25

100 3.63 7.25 25 50

200 7.25 14.5 50 100

14.5 100

and Operation. (2010) AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead line design - Detailed procedures. SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limit
on, UK. 2007. Print.
erties of soils. Retrieved from https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/appc_soil_properties_718.pdf

of Friction Values

Angle of Friction, Degrees

max.

30

36

45

30

35

40

30

35

40

22

30

40

on, UK. 2007. Print.

strength. COR-TUF UHPC. Retrieved from https://cor-tuf.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-concrete-strength/
blems Related to Stream Stabilization Projects. USA. 2007. Technical Supplement.
ete for slabs-on-ground. https://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-to/construction/concrete-cement-floor-slabs_o
icle]. The Balance. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/ready-mix-concrete-ordering-tips-844454
nstructionspecifier.com/mix-design-fundamentals-considerations-for-concrete-for-slabs-on-ground/

n be used with both imperial and metric units of measure. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout. A guide to  So
n, it usually tends to either expand or contract in the other two directions perpendicular to the applied force. Mathematically, Poisson's ratio is the nega
han −1.0 nor greater than 0.5 with the later being a value typically associated with a perfectly incompressible material. It should be noted that exceptio

ion Design. Ithaca, New York. 1990. Print.

ds, Part I, Solids. 1916. Print.
kon.com/kb/articles/elastic-properties-of-soils
ed by Navid Yeganeh] Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/post/Unloading-reloading_Poissons_ratio
erties of soils. Retrieved from https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/appc_soil_properties_718.pdf
with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout. Examples of suitable units have been shown below.
ume), ib/ft 3 or kg/m3

r ), ksi or KPa

www.geotechdata.info/parameter/soil-porosity.html
of Geologic Materials. 1984. Champaign, Illinois. Print.
file). Retrieved from https://soils.wisc.edu/extension/shortcourse/intro/Lecture2.pdf
able. For those who are unfamiliar with soil investigation and testing procedures, soil theories or the limitations of capacity equations should use the pro

between 2 and 4).

nd plant life will not affect the soil properties.

Metri
c and
Impe
rial
Units
Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:57

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consi

Notation

B = width of strip foundation, ft or m

c' = effective cohesion of soil, lb/ft 2 or kN/m2
Df = depth of ground foundation measured from ground surface, ft or m
Kp = passive pressure coefficient
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors
q = effective unit weight of soil (refer modification for a water table), lb/ft3 or kN/m3
qu = ultimate bearing capacity, lb/ft 2 or kN/m2 (kPa)
γ = unit weight of soil, lb/ft 3 or kN/m3
ϕ' = effective angle of internal friction, degrees
asion and layered soils are more commonly encountered. A method proposed for estimating the bearing capacity of layered soils under a rectangular fo
ts. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted listed below:

apacity equation)
deration (refer The general bearing capacity equation)
e), lb/ft3 or kN/m3
 E E E E Poission Ratio
GPa GPa ksi ksi m m
10 100 1450 14504 0.1 0.4
30 70 4351 10153 0.17 0.17
30 100 4351 14504 0.1 0.2
40 100 5802 14504 0.2 0.35
10 50 1450 7252 0.2 0.4
10 70 1450 10153 0.2 0.2
40 80 5802 11603 0.1 0.2
5 90 725 13053 0.1 0.3
10 90 1450 13053 0.1 0.15
15 50 2176 7252 0.14 0.14
5 30 725 4351 0.1 0.1
5 70 725 10153 0.15 0.15
30 70 4351 10153 0.15 0.15
20 70 2901 10153 0.3 0.3
5 90 725 13053 0.15 0.3
30 80 4351 11603 0.24 0.24
5 60 725 8702 0.15 0.25
10 85 1450 12328 0.26 0.26
20 90 2901 13053 0.2 0.3
30 70 4351 10153 0.15 0.3
50 90 7252 13053 0.17 0.17

inerals [blog article]. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/densities-of-common-rocks-and-minerals-1439119

nd Principles of Petrophysics. Netherlands. 2015. Print.
oleum Exploration and Production. Netherlands. 2011. Print.

g.org. Retrieved from https://civilblog.org/2015/02/13/what-are-the-values-of-modulus-of-elasticity-poissons-ratio-for-different-rocks/

 U.S. Government Printing Office.
nd Resource Research Institute.

ov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054311
s/Some-Useful-Numbers.pdf
-of-Various-Soil-Types-and-Concrete_tbl3_241958123
rnet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053260.pdf

ea, liquid content, shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of friction of the material under consideration.
and additional information has been provided below.

t.com/science/article/pii/S0032591018301153

30_tbl1_323441895
references/hydraulics_lab/pubs/HYD/HYD-299.pdf
rom Standards Australia Limited.
nits throughout. A guide to  Soil Types has been provided by StructX.
ly, Poisson's ratio is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain.
should be noted that exceptions to the above values often occur and multiple values depending on the loading conditions are common.
y equations should use the provided soil property information with caution. In addition to the following, it should be noted that exceptions to typical valu

e must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted listed below:
In the presence of water
Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:48

In many cases the ultimate bearing capacity has been based on the assumption that the

Metric and Imperial Units

Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:48

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with all calcula

Notation

B = width of foundation, ft or m
d = depth of water table below foundation, ft or m
Df = depth of ground foundation measured from ground surface, ft or m
D1 = depth of water table from ground surface, ft or m
D2 = depth of foundation below water table, ft or m
q = effective unit weight of soil , lb/ft 3 or kN/m3
γ = unit weight of soil, lb/ft 3 or kN/m3
γ' = effective unit weight of soil, lb/ft 3 or kN/m3
γsat = saturated unit weight of soil, lb/ft 3 or kN/m3
γw = unit weight of water, lb/ft3 or kN/m3
d soils under a rectangular foundation has been outlined below.
adopted listed below:
-different-rocks/
ns are common.
ed that exceptions to typical values of soil properties occur often.
based on the assumption that the water table is well below the foundation under consideration, to the extent where it will not influence the properties of

d metric units. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted listed be

d surface, ft or m
will not influence the properties of the soil. Because this is not always the case, modification of bearing capacity equations may be required. Such modific

which should be adopted listed below:

ns may be required. Such modifications for dealing with the presence of water have been provided below.
 Meyerhoff - Effective Area Method (one-way eccentricity)
https://structx.com/Plate_Formulas_001.html

Foundation Eccentricities

There are cases encountered frequently where foundations are subjected to a moment as well as vertical loads. Because the d

Highter and Anders - Effective Area Method (5 Cases)

Foundation Eccentricities

There are cases encountered frequently where foundations are subjected to moments as well as vertical loads. Bec

The 5 Cases
To determine which case is best suited to the loading condition under consideration refer to Highter and Anders  Tw

Case 1 
Case 2 
Case 3 
Case 4 
Case 5

Foundation Eccentricities
Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:50

There are cases encountered frequently where foundations are subjected to moments as well as vertical loads. Bec
Equivalent two-way eccentricity case identification
Notation and Units

Metric and Imperial Units

Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:38:54

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep co

Notation

A' = effective area of foundation, ft 2 or m2

B = width of foundation, ft or m
B' = effective width of foundation, ft or m
L = length of foundation, ft or m
L' = effective length of foundation, ft or m
R = radius of foundation, ft or m
eb = eccentricity of load from centreline of width, ft or m
eL = eccentricity of load from centreline of length, ft or m
eR = eccentricity of load from centre of foundation, ft or m
 Highter and Anders - Effective Area Method (two-way eccentricity)

ll as vertical loads. Because the distribution on the soil is no longer uniform, using Meyerhoff's effective area method can account for the differences in
The General Bearing Capacity Equation - Rectangular Foundations

s as well as vertical loads. Because the distribution on the soil is no longer uniform, using Highter and Anders effective area method can ac

efer to Highter and Anders  Two-way Eccenticities. or if you know the case simply scroll down or click on one of the links below.

s as well as vertical loads. Because the distribution on the soil is no longer uniform, using Highter and Anders effective area method can ac
Notation and Units

Metric and Imperial Units

The above formulas may be used with both imperial and metric units. As with a

Notation

B = width of foundation, ft or m
L = length of foundation (where L > B), ft or m
c' = effective cohesion of soil, lb/ft2 or kN/m2
Df = depth of ground foundation measured from ground surface, ft or m
Fcs, Fqs, Fγs = shape factors
Fcd, Fqd, Fγd = depth factors
Fci, Fqi, Fγi = load inclination factors
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors
q = effective unit weight of soil (refer modification for a water table), lb/ft3 or k
qu = ultimate bearing capacity, lb/ft 2 or kN/m2 (kPa)
γ = unit weight of soil, lb/ft3 or kN/m3
ϕ' = effective angle of internal friction, degrees
ns care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted listed below:
an account for the differences in pressure beneath the foundation under consideration. The effective lengths can then be used with Meyerhoff's  gener
- Rectangular Foundations

s effective area method can account for the differences in pressure beneath the foundation under consideration. The effective lengths can

e of the links below.

s effective area method can account for the differences in pressure beneath the foundation under consideration. The effective lengths can
perial and metric units. As with all calculations care must be taken to keep consistent units throughout with examples of units which should be adopted

m ground surface, ft or m

tion for a water table), lb/ft3 or kN/m3

be used with Meyerhoff's  general bearing capacity equation and the ultimate load the foundation can sustain can be found using A', L' and B'.

tion. The effective lengths can then be used with Meyerhoff's  general bearing capacity equation and the ultimate load the foundation can

tion. The effective lengths can then be used with Meyerhoff's  general bearing capacity equation and the ultimate load the foundation can
of units which should be adopted listed below:
ound using A', L' and B'.

timate load the foundation can sustain can be found using the effective values of A', L' and B'.

timate load the foundation can sustain can be found using the effective values of A', L' and B'.
Prepa
ring
the
right
mix

Depending on the application concrete mix design can be complex. The below table gives a basic indication of the mix ratios

Water/cement ratio theory states that for a given combination of materials and as long as workable consistency is obtained,
The lower the w/c ratio, the higher the concrete strength.
All materials used for a design including the water quality should be to a high standard. A general rule of thumb is, if the wa
Mortar Mix Ratios (Cement, Sand, Gravel)
Mortar Types and Uses
Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:34:15

Typically used as the compound for joining masonry, stone or ceramic units together, mortar is made by combining cement

Type M Mortar: Typically used with stone construction as it has the strongest minimum compressive strength of the mortar ty

Type S Mortar: A medium strength mortar suited to below ground applications such as shallow retaining walls and exterior pr

Type N Mortar: A general purpose mortar it is the most common type available with good all round characteristics. It is used

Type O Mortar: A low strength mortar intended for interior non-loading bearing applications such as aesthetic repair work to e

Type K Mortar: Having the lowest compressive strength of the traditional mortar types, this type of mortar does not provide a
Concrete Slump: What is it?

The slump test is basically a measure of the consistency of fresh concrete or its workability. Fresh concrete is pl

1. The slump cone mould should be thoroughly cleaned and coated with a thin film of oil.
2. The slump cone mould is then placed on a smooth, flat, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
3. The slump cone mould is then filled with four layers of the concrete mix, with each layer being tamped with a
4. Once the mould has been filled the concrete mixture is levelled with the top of the cone.
5. The slump cone is carefully lifted upwards, taking care not to disturb the concrete contained within.
6. Once the concrete subsides the difference in height to the original height of the slump cone is measured as th

More detailed specifics of the slump test are outlined in relevant standards dependent on the region.

Originally when used on the most basic of concrete mixtures the slump test would be a good indication of water

The following concrete slump heights have been provided as a guide only and assume the use of only the most
 basic indication of the mix ratios used for different purposes but should be used as a guide only. Some additional things to consider when finding a suit

workable consistency is obtained, the strength of concrete at a given age depends on the w/c ratio.

general rule of thumb is, if the water is palatable then it is suitable for mixing concrete.
ar is made by combining cement, lime and sand. Mortar typically has a higher water to cement ratio when compared with concrete which allows greater

pressive strength of the mortar types. It is ideally suited to below ground applications and areas where high vertical or lateral loads are present such as

w retaining walls and exterior projects where moderate loads can be expected. Type S mortar is also ideal for areas where masonry or other block work

round characteristics. It is used for above ground exterior applications and load bearing walls. Type N mortar provides lower bonding and lateral streng

such as aesthetic repair work to existing damaged mortar. It is easier to work with than the stronger type mortars and is sometimes used in conjunction

ype of mortar does not provide any additional strength or bearing capacity and is only adopted where very soft or fragile masonry or stone is required.
s workability. Fresh concrete is placed in to a hollow steel cone known as a slump cone or  Abrams cone and using the following procedure, the final slum

bent surface.
h each layer being tamped with a standard tamping rod.

ncrete contained within.

the slump cone is measured as the slump.

s dependent on the region.

uld be a good indication of water content, workability and expected strength. With modern concrete however, there are many additives which can affect

assume the use of only the most basic of concrete mixtures.

gs to consider when finding a suitable mix design include but are in no way limited to the following:
ith concrete which allows greater workability and is required to form mortars bonding properties. Typical mortar types are discussed below and a basic g

ateral loads are present such as retaining walls.

here masonry or other block work is in contact with the ground, such as pavers.

lower bonding and lateral strength when compared to Type S and M mortar types but has considerably more flex which prevents cracking of any block-w

is sometimes used in conjunction with low strength masonry units and sandstone.

le masonry or stone is required. It is used for historical preservation projects and is also suitable for minor repair work.
ollowing procedure, the final slump can be determined.

e many additives which can affect the slump, from add mixtures to different types of aggregates and even synthetic fibres for additional strength. Becau
are discussed below and a basic guide to mix ratio's and expected minimum compressive strengths has been provided.

h prevents cracking of any block-work or masonry units. A good all round mortar for general purpose applications.
res for additional strength. Because of this, the concrete slump test is used to check the quality of concrete from different batches of the same mix desig
nt batches of the same mix design but not to compare different mix designs. As a typical guide small slump values indicate that the mixture will be hard
cate that the mixture will be hard to place and to consolidate, while high slump values attract with them segregation and possible excessive bleed water
nd possible excessive bleed water.
Timber - Physical Properties

Modulus of Modulus of
Common Botanical Density Density
Rupture Elasticity
Name Name (kN/m3 (lbs/ft3
(MPa) (MPa)

Alder 3.73 23.7

Applewood
Pyrus malus 7.31 46.51 87.9 8770.14
or wild apple

Fraxinus
Ash / black 5.16 32.84 88 11046.06
nigra
quadrangula
Ash / blue 5.92 37.65 96.33 9653.04
ta

Fraxinus
Ash / green pennsylvanic 5.98 38.08 98.49 11477.7
a lanceolata

Fraxinus
Ash / white 6.26 39.83 108.01 12252.69
americana

Populus
Aspen 3.93 25.03 59.25 8220.78
tremuloides

PopuIus
Aspen /
grandidentat 4.04 25.72 62.59 9770.76
large tooth
a
Balsa
(Tropical Ochroma 1.52 9.675
America)

Tilia glabra
Basswood or Tilia 3.9 24.85 60.14 10094.49
americanus

Fagus
grandifolia
Beech 6.43 40.89 100.55 11575.8
or Fagus
americana
Carpinus
Beech / blue 7.03 44.76 83.19 7377.12
caroliniana
Betula
Birch / gray 5.42 34.46 67.49 7818.57
populifolia
Betula
Birch / paper 5.89 37.46 86.23 10977.39
papyrifera
Birch /
Betula lenta 7 44.58 115.86 14911.2
sweet
Birch /
Betula lutea 6.55 41.7 116.54
yellow
Buxus
Boxwood/Bui
semperviren 10.06 63.95
s
s
Buckeye / Aesculus
3.76 23.91 52.58 8132.49
yellow octandra
Juglans
Butternut 3.96 25.22 56.11 8142.3
cinerea

Cedar / Juniperus
4.83 30.72 59.55 6003.72
eastern red virginiana

Cedar /
Thuja
northern 3.09 19.67 44.73 5572.08
occidentalis
white
Cedar /
Chamaecypa
southern 3.45 21.98 46.79 6425.55
ris thvoides
white
Cedar /
Cedrela
(Tropical 5.25 33.4
odorata
American)

Cedar /
Thuja plicata 3.37 21.48 52.78 8034.39
western red

Cherry / Prunus
5.24 33.34 86.43 10261.26
black serotina
 Prunus
Cherry / wild
pennsylvanic 4.17 26.53 59.84 8750.52
red
a
Castanea
Chestnut 4.45 28.34 60.43 8534.7
dentata
Dalbergia
Cocobolo 10.79 68.6
retusa
Guilbourtia
Coralwood 10.79 68.6
spp.
Leitneria
Corkwood 2.03 12.92
floridana
Cottonwood Populus
4.25 27.03 60.23 9535.32
/ eastern deltoides
Cypress / Taxodium
4.73 30.09 72.99 9908.1
southern distichum
Dogwood Cornus
7.81 49.69 105.16 10643.85
(flowering) florida

Douglas fir Pseudotsuga

5.02 31.96 82.8 13312.17
(coast type) taxifolia

Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga
(mountain 4.38 27.84 65.92 9623.61
taxifolia
type)

Ebony /
Andaman Diospyros
9.59 61.06 76.52 12458.7
marble- kursii
wood (India)

Ebony /
Ebene
Diospyros
marbre 7.53 47.95 54.45 9878.67
melanida
(Maritius / E.
Africa)
Elm / Ulmus
5.43 34.59 82.8 9299.88
American americana
Ulmus
racemosa or
Elm / rock 6.45 41.08 103.5 10653.66
Ulmus
thomasi
Ulmus fulva
Elm /
or 5.57 35.46 91.13 10300.5
slippery
pubescens
Eucalyptus /
Eucalyptus
Karri (W. 8.13 51.75 119.29 18491.85
diversicolor
Australia)

Eucalyptus /
Mahogany Eucalyptus
10.38 66.05 112.82 15774.48
(New South hemilampra
Wales)

Eucalyptus /
West Eucalyptus
7.72 49.13 103.4 14342.22
Australian marginata
mahogany
Abies
Fir / balsam 4.06 25.85 53.17 8622.99
balsamea

Fir / Douglas
(See
Douglas Fir).

Abies
Fir / silver 4.07 25.91 65.63 10555.56
amabilis
Concalco
9.42 60
Alves
Greenheart
Nectandra
(British 11.24 71.485
rodioei
Guiana)

Grenadilla Dalbergia
12.02 76.45
(Mpingo) melanoxylon

Nyssa
Gum / black 5.42 34.46 66.9 8230.59
sylvatica
 Eucalyptus
Gum / blue 7.81 49.69 115.27 16510.23
globulus

Liquidambar
Gum / red 5.2 33.09 82.4 10251.45
styraciflua

Gum / Nyssa
5.14 32.71 67.2 8721.09
tupelo aquatica
Hemlock Tsuga
4.23 26.91 59.45 8299.26
eastern canadensis

Hemlock / Tsuga
4.71 29.97 68.18 7818.57
mountain martensiana

Hemlock / Tsuga
4.24 26.97 63.86 9957.15
western heterophylla

Hickory /
Hicoria
bigleaf 50.53 126.65 13096.35
laciniosa
shagbark
Hickory /
Hicoria alba 51.21 133.02 15401.7
mockernut
Hickory / Hicoria
51.21 139.79 15725.43
pignut glabra
Hickory /
Hicoria ovata 52.17 141.17 14960.25
shagbark
Ostrya
Hornbeam 7.48 47.57 100.26 11762.19
virginiana
Ironwood / Rhamnidium
11.66 74.17 177.56 20601
black ferreum
Jacaranda /
Dalbergia
Brazilian 8.34 53.07
nigra
rosewood

Larch / Larix
5.76 36.65 80.83 11654.28
western occidentalis

Guaiacum
officinale
Lignum
and 12.66 80.5
Vitae
Guaiacum
sanctum
Locust /
Robinia
black or 6.95 44.2 133.71 14204.88
pseudacacia
yellow
Locust Gleditsia
6.53 41.58 103.89 11428.65
honey triacanthos
Magnolia / Magnolia
5.06 32.21 87.41 12517.56
cucumber acuminata
Mahogany Khaya
6.55 41.7 121.45 10584.99
(W. Africa) ivorensis

Mahogany Swietenia
5.3 33.71 66.02 8014.77
(E. India) macrophylla

Mahogany Swietenia
5.3 33.71 69.65 8730.9
(E. India) mahogani
Maple /
Acer nigrum 6.08 38.71 91.92 11193.21
black

Maple / red Acer rubrum 5.36 34.09 91.72 11330.55

Maple / Acer
4.96 31.59 62.2 7897.05
silver saccharinum

Maple / Acer
6.63 42.2 107.62 12654.9
sugar saccharum

Mpingo Dalbergia
12.02 76.45
(Grenadilla) melanoxylon

Quercus
Oak / black 6.56 41.77 94.76 11310.93
velutina

Quercus
Oak / bur 6.58 41.89 70.73 7092.63
macrocarpa

Oak / Quercus
8.22 52.32 90.84 11271.69
canyon live chrysolepis
Quercus
Oak / laurel 6.61 42.08 92.7 10928.34
montana
 Quercus
Oak / live 9.58 60.99 127.04 13547.61
virginiana
Quercus
Oak / pin 6.64 42.27
pallustris
Quercus
stellata or
Oak / post 7.24 46.07 91.23 10428.03
Quercus
minor
Quercus
Oak / red 6.45 41.02 98.3 12497.94
borealis

Oak / scarlet coccinea 6.96 44.26

Quercus
Oak /
montana
swamp 7.42 47.2 95.45 12233.07
(Quercus
chestnut
prinus)

Quercus
Oak swamp bicolor or
7.77 49.44 121.25 14185.26
white Quercus
platanoides

Oak / white Quercus alba 6.97 44.33 104.77 12272.31

Diospyros
Persimmon 7.61 48.45 124.78 14155.83
virginiana
Pine /
Pinus
eastern 3.66 23.29 61.41 8809.38
strobus
white
Pinus
banksiana or
Pine / jack 4.52 28.78 55.92 8515.08
Pinus
divericata
Pine /
Pinus taeda 5.82 37.02 89.17 13282.74
loblolly
Pine / Pinus
6.26 39.83 106.93 14175.45
longleaf palustris

Pine / pitch Pinus rigida 5.32 33.84 72.59 9466.65

Pinus
Pine / red 4.97 31.65 86.43 12399.84
resinosa
Pine / Pinus
5.73 36.45 91.63 13194.45
shortleaf echinata

Populus
Poplar / balsamifera
3.25 20.66 46.7 7023.96
balsam or Populus
candicans

Poplar / Liriodendron
4.19 26.66 63.96 10378.98
yellow tulipifera
Sequoia
Redwood semperviren 4.28 27.22 74.16 9397.98
s
Rosewood /
6.97 44.3
Bolivian
Rosewood /
7.65 48.7
E. Indian
Sassafras
Sassafras 4.64 29.53 63.08 7749.9
uariafolium

Satinwood Chloroxylon
10.11 64.37 94.96 10800.81
(Ceylon) swietenia

Oxydendrum
Sourwood 5.82 37.02 80.83 10624.23
arboreum

Spruce / Picea
4.2 26.72 71.02 10486.89
black mariana
Picea rubra
Spruce / red or Picea 4.05 25.78 70.14 10506.51
rubens
Spruce /
Picea glauca 4.23 26.91 62.59 9819.81
white

Platanus
Sycamore 5.29 33.65 69.85 9829.62
occidentalis
 Larix laricina
Tamarack or Larix 5.47 34.84 80.74 11320.74
americana

Tectona
Teak (India) 5.78 36.33 88.68 11722.95
grandis
Walnut / Juglans
5.51 35.09 102.22 11624.85
black nigra
Willow /
Salix nigra 4 25.47 43.36 5032.53
black
 Material Combinations Coefficient of Friction μs

Material #1 Material #2 min. max.

Clean Sound
Concrete 0.6 0.7
Rock

Concrete Clean Gravel 0.55 0.6

Sandy
Concrete 0.55 0.6
Gravel

Concrete Coarse Sand 0.55 0.6

Clean Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty Medium
Concrete to Coarse 0.45 0.55
Sand

Silty or
Concrete Clayey 0.45 0.55
Gravel
Clean Fine
Concrete 0.35 0.45
Sand
Silty Fine to
Concrete Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand

Clayey Fine
Concrete to Medium 0.35 0.45
Sand

Fine Sandy
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Non-Plastic
Concrete 0.4 0.5
Silt
Very Stiff
Concrete and Hard 0.4 0.5
Clay

Medium Stiff
Concrete 0.3 0.35
to Stiff Clay

Concrete Silty Clay 0.3 0.35

Dressed Soft Dressed Soft
0.7 0.7
Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed Soft
0.65 0.65
Hard Rock Rock
Dressed Dressed
0.55 0.55
Hard Rock Hard Rock

Static
Fricti
on
Coeffi
cient
s
Page last
modified
on:
01/05/202
0 19:34:11

The friction coefficients considered below are for static friction cases where two solid surfaces in contact with each other are
Amontons's Laws of Dry Friction

First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.

Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
Third Law: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.

1. Armstrong, Richard C. Engineering And Design: Revision Of Thrust Block Criteria In TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 Appen
2. Foundations And Earth Structures. Alexandria, VA.: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1982. Prin
3. Potyondy, J. G. "Skin Friction Between Various Soils And Construction Materials". Géotechnique 11.4 (1961): 339-353. W
4. Author Unknown. (n.d.). Coefficient of friction. Retrieved from http://www.supercivilcd.com/FRICTION.htm
5. Fine Software. (n.d.). Table of ultimate friction factors for dissimilar materials. Retrieved from https://www.finesoftware.
6. J. Gao, W.D. Luedtke, D. Gourdon, M. Ruths, J.N. Israelachvili, U. Landman. Frictional Forces and Amontons' Law: From t
7. J.R. Barber. Multiscale Surfaces and Amontons' Law of Friction. New York. 2012. Original Paper.
8. Scribd. (n.d.). Friction coefficients-slab on grade [uploaded by Jason Toralde]. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/do
ces in contact with each other are resisting relative lateral motion. It should be noted that there can be significant differences between static friction (typ
5-813-5/AFM 88-10, Vol 5 Appendix C. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1992. Print.
ngineering Command, 1982. Print.
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om/FRICTION.htm
from https://www.finesoftware.eu/help/geo5/en/table-of-ultimate-friction-factors-for-dissimilar-materials-01/
orces and Amontons' Law: From the Molecular to the Macroscopic Scale. Atlanta, Georgia. 2003. Feature Article, Print.

from https://www.scribd.com/document/360755586/Friction-Coefficients-Slab-on-Grade
ences between static friction (typically higher) and kinetic (sliding) friction
Metals/Alloys - Thermal and Electrical Properties
Electrical and Thermal Properties of Steels
Page last modified on: 01/05/2020 19:34:09

Because different materials can perform or behave dissimilarly to one another depending on not only their surroundings but also their p

Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a materials potential to transfer heat under steady state conditions. Materials with a high thermal conductivity o

Electrical Resistivity

A materials ability to oppose the flow of electric current from a structural engineering perspective will be primarily be of importance for
Thermal Conductivity Electrical Resistivity

Material Imperial (Btu/(hr-ft-F°) Metric (WM/K°) Imperial (Ω.ft) Metric (Ω.m)

min. max. min. max. min. max. min.

Aluminum 118 144 204 250 0.81 0.86 2.66

Aluminum
44 44 76 76 3 4.17 9.85
Bronze
Beryllium 126 126 218 218 1.22 1.22 4
Beryllium
38 38 66 66 2.5 3.09 8.21
Copper
Brass
63 72 109 125 1.62 2.19 5.3
(60/40)
Brass
63 72 109 125 1.94 4.38 6.38
(Yellow)

Brass (Red) 63 72 109 125 1.42 1.42 4.66

Bronze 15 29 26 50 1.25 4.78 4.1

Cadmium 53 53 92 92 2.08 2.26 6.84

Cast Iron
32 32 55 55 2.92 2.92 9.58
(grey)
Chromium 52 52 90 90 5.97 5.97 19.59

Cobalt 40 40 69 69 1.9 1.9 6.24

Copper 204 232 353 401 0.51 0.52 1.67

Gold (24K)
181 184 314 318 0.72 0.72 2.35
Pure
Iron 20 46 34 80 2.93 2.96 9.6

Iron (Cast) 32 32 55 55 2.93 2.96 9.6

Iron
34 34 59 59 2.93 2.96 9.6
(Wrought)
Lead 17 20 29 35 6.28 6.68 20.6

Magnesium 90 90 156 156 1.36 1.36 4.45

Nickel 53 53 91 91 2.09 7.1 6.85

Platinum 42 42 73 73 3.23 9.56 10.59

Silver 235 248 406 430 0.48 0.5 1.59

Steel
21 31 36 54 3.05 5.49 10
(Carbon)
Stainless
9 14 16 25 21.02 21.02 68.97
Steel (304)
Stainless
9 14 16 25 22.85 22.85 74.96
Steel (316)
Tin 39 39 67 67 3.35 3.51 11

Titanium 9 13 15 23 16.95 23.89 55.62

Tungsten 100 100 173 173 1.67 1.72 5.49

Zinc 65 67 113 116 1.8 1.94 5.92

heir surroundings but also their purpose, it is important to understand how they will act and to what magnitude. Typical values for thermal conductivity,

with a high thermal conductivity or ones where heat will more readily transfer at a higher rate are widely used in heat sink applications while materials w

be primarily be of importance for safety reasons but can also be used as apart of the assessment for cathodic protection, insulation, earthing and potent
Resistivity

Metric (Ω.m)

max.

2.83

13.68

10.14

7.18

14.37

4.66

15.67

7.4

9.58

19.59

6.24

1.72

2.35

9.7

9.7

9.7

21.9

4.45

23.3

31.35

1.64

18

68.97

74.96

11.5

78.37
5.65

6.38
l values for thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and electrical resistance of some commonly encountered steels has been provided in the table belo

nk applications while materials who have a low thermal conductivity or transfer heat poorly are more suited towards thermal insulating applications. The

n, insulation, earthing and potential for temperature increases amongst others areas.
s been provided in the table below.

ermal insulating applications. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity.