IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution

Research Article

Improved non-intrusive identification ISSN 1751-8687

Received on 7th May 2018
Revised 12th November 2018
technique of electrical appliances for a smart Accepted on 4th December 2018
E-First on 28th February 2019
residential system doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5475
www.ietdl.org

Soumyajit Ghosh1 , Arunava Chatterjee2, Debashis Chatterjee1

1ElectricalEngineering Department, Jadavpur University, 188 R.S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 32, India
2ElectricalEngineering Department, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata 150, India
E-mail: soumyajit.ju@gmail.com

Abstract: Electrical load monitoring techniques are valuable to consumer site for energy saving, permitting reduction in
electricity costs. Nowadays, smart grid technology incorporates advanced load monitoring applications, enabling efficient
consumption of electrical energy. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a moderately new practice to identify the power
consumption of individual appliances of a consumer from the aggregated household at a single point of measurement. In this
study, an improved NILM technique is proposed by using a shunt passive filter installed at the source side of any residential
complex. The proposed method can be realised in two steps. The first step is to determine the harmonic impedance at the load
side for different groups of loads for a single household. The second step is to implement a fuzzy rule-based approach for
identification of different loads at the consumer end. Suitable simulations backed by experiments are demonstrated in this study
to validate the viability of the proposed methodology.

1 Introduction estimation technique provided significant improvement in NILM

For the development of the smart cities, the Government of India
has already initiated installing smart metres in consumer premises,
enabling better energy monitoring and determining the
consumption pattern for load scheduling [1]. Load identification in
consumer premises is a leading research area for designing of
smart metering technology, and it satisfies numerous tasks in the
control of smart grid [2]. This load identification can also be
combined with smart metering to gather useful information for
optimal power consumption.
Load identification and estimation are crucial issues for
designing future smart grids. It is imperative for a domestic
household to determine the electricity consumption pattern for
efficient and cost-effective use of electrical energy. A modern
domestic network can be suitably modified to determine the power
consumption pattern for individual loads for minimising power
consumption. This is the main motivation to adapt non-intrusive
load monitoring (NILM) techniques for identification of domestic
loads. NILM is a modern technique to deliver exact solution for
energy management systems using proper information of
residential load characteristics [3]. For this purpose, smart metering
is in use [4, 5]. The NILM technique classifies the electricity
consumption pattern of each load from the single point of
measurement in a residential house at the metre end [6]. Smart
metres provide essential information about load profile, surge
voltage, harmonic distortion and other diagnosis parameters that
help to implement time-of-use price setting throughout a single day
or a season [7].
The NILM technique was first invented by Hart [3], where the
loads were identified using a steady-state load signature analysis.
This technique was applicable for two-state appliances, i.e.
ON/OFF appliances, and multi-state appliances [3], but this
technique had no solution for variable loads. Sultanem [8] also
proposed load monitoring, but his method included the duration of
the transient signal and harmonics. Lee et al. proposed a technique
incorporating the harmonics [9] that shows a correlation between
the 5th and 7th harmonics and the real/reactive power being
consumed by variable load appliances. Comprehensive NILM
signature extraction for residential loads using the edge detection,
event filtration and event clustering technique was developed by
Dong et al. [4, 5]. A switching function-based variable power
research in [5, 10]. Load can be segregated using steady-state
feature extraction [5, 7], i.e. features extracted from voltage and
current waveforms. Transient state feature analysis, in which
features are extracted on the basis of long-term aggregated data,
can also be used for load identification [9, 11–13]. Recently,
different optimisation-based techniques are also used, where load is
segregated based on collected data of real and reactive powers
consumed by the load [2, 14, 15]. The basic NILM method is
significantly improved by incorporation of harmonics as shown in
[14]. The neural network-based signature extraction method for
appliances is based on continuous calculation of signal harmonics
[15]. The NILM procedure requires current measurement, which
can be done using current transformers (CTs). Instead of traditional
CTs with iron core, the use of coreless Hall effect CTs provides
significant improvement in accuracy [16]. A wavelet-based NILM
technique is recently developed in [17, 18], which suffers from
high computational complexity and less efficient DWT
discretisation. An event-based clustering method proposed in [19]
is also useful for residential load identification. He et al. proposed
a feature extraction technique using a front-end electronics
topology [20]. Appliances identification was done by a knowledge-
based model-driven network. A voltage–current (V–I) trajectory-
based method was also developed for load identification [21].
Spectral analysis-based load identification was proposed for
various domestic loads in [22]. A neuro-fuzzy-based hybrid
complex technique for load classification was used in [23], which
required high computational effort for data training and testing. A
new supervised technique for load identification using machine
learning algorithm is proposed in [24], but retraining is necessary
for each new load connected to the system. A subtractive
clustering-based technique is performed for NILM at low sampling
frequency, which is mostly suitable for ON/OFF appliances, and it
observed erroneous result for variable-load appliances [25]. A
hidden Markov model-based particle filtering technique to classify
electrical appliances is presented in [26]. In this paper, the authors
have used smart metre data for load classification. A NSGA-II-
based optimisation method for NILM is presented in [27], but it is
not suitable for noisy signal and also requires high computational
effort. Artificial neural network with particle swarm optimisation is
applied for steady-state analysis of the real and reactive power data
for NILM [28] in which a higher sampling frequency is used,

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Fig. 1  Typical domestic household system considered
which is not suitable for smart metering purposes. An appliances
classification technique is also presented using the ON/OFF event
of multiple loads [23, 27, 29]. Better results can be achieved for
conventional load monitoring by using sensors for each appliance
but are impractical due to economic reasons. In this context, the
NILM method is most suitable, where only a set of current and
voltage sensors can monitor the load activities. It also involves
lower cost and requires less space for installation.
In this paper, a method for load disaggregation for a residential
system is adopted using a passive shunt filter along with suitable
fuzzy rule base. Different combinations of residential loads are
considered, each with different individual energy consumption. In
this proposed method of load identification, system voltage and
current data are collected at the entry point of the connected smart
metre. The calculated harmonic load impedance is used here as a
parameter for load identification. A tuned passive shunt filter is
used in the proposed technique, which helps in increasing the
variation of this harmonic load impedance, thereby helping in
easier load identification. The passive filter also helps in mitigation
of source-side current harmonics. The proposed method is
implemented in a laboratory setup, compared with existing
techniques and found suitable for residential applications.
2 Some preliminary classifications of appliances
In the NILM method, domestic appliances are classified into
several categories. Some of them can be described as follows:
• ON/OFF load: These devices operate in either ON or OFF
condition, consuming constant power during ON period. One
such example is the incandescent lamp.
• Finite-state machine load: These are also ON/OFF devices, but
the consumption patterns of such devices are in the form of
finite set of states, e.g. a food mixer.
• Continuously ON appliances: Such appliances are ON
throughout a day with constant power consumption, e.g. a
smoke alarm.
• Continuously variable load: For such loads, the consumed power
is continuously variable in ON condition for performing a
specific task. Therefore, it is very difficult to track such
appliances, e.g. a drill machine.
• Power electronics load: For these types of loads, a power
electronic interface is required between the electrical source and
the load e.g. TV, computer, etc.
3 Overview of the domestic system
The schematic diagram of typically connected household
appliances considered for the present study is shown in Fig. 1. The
connected appliances are resistive-type appliances, motor-driven
loads and power electronic loads. The resistive appliances are
mostly heating loads, e.g. toaster, electric iron, incandescent lamps
etc. The motor-driven loads are fans, food-mixers, blenders,
696
washing machine etc. Some of them can also be classified into
predominantly inductive loads. Electronic appliances include
chargers, personal computers, scanners, fax equipment etc. In this
paper, a typical domestic residential load such as variable speed
drive (VSD) load, a computer, a fan with an electronic regulator
and dimming lamps are used for the study.
4 Proposed scheme
In the proposed load segregation technique, the harmonic
impedances of domestic loads are computed, and the same data is
fed to a fuzzy rule base for identification purposes. Majority of the
techniques rely on current harmonics [12], which can lead to lower
sensitivity and misjudgement at the source end for identification of
load types. The same can be avoided if harmonic impedance is
measured at the load premises as the computed impedance has a
wider variation. In order to reduce injected harmonics introduced
by various power electronics loads, e.g. a light dimmer, regulator,
computer etc., power filters of suitable configuration are normally
used for such purposes. For computation of harmonic impedance of
individual load groups, a passive shunt filter is considered here at
the entry point of the household system adjacent to the smart
metre. The proposed technique is not dependent on heavy training
or learning processes like the majority of existing NILM
techniques [2].
Typical domestic electrical loads are considered for the
proposed system, which are used extensively in residential
buildings as well as small commercial systems. VSD is one such
load widely used in lifts and hoists in residences. Also, television
and computer loads are common for the residential sector and are
taken into consideration for the proposed study. In the present
study, the voltage and current data at the load end at the point of
common coupling (PCC) is taken with and without a filter and
compared along with other existing technique for the proposed
filter-based technique.
Fig. 2a describes the schematic representation of a residential
system without a filter. The current and voltage data is collected
using sensors at the entry point (PCC), and harmonic impedance is
calculated, which is shown in Table 1. It is observed that with
different combination of loads, a notable change is visible only for
the fundamental impedance, whereas changes in other harmonics
are almost negligible. Moreover, categorisation of load with
variation of input impedance can be difficult if no intelligent
algorithm is employed as the load combinations can be many.
The per-phase equivalent circuit of residential system is shown
in Fig. 2b. The equivalent harmonic impedance from metre side
can be calculated as
Vn
Zn = (1)
In
where n is the harmonic order.
5 Proposed tuned filter-based technique
Therefore, to improve the accuracy of estimation with type and
combination of different loads, a larger variation of the measured
quantities is necessary. In the proposed technique, a filter-based
algorithm is employed for improved load monitoring application.
Among all of the different types of domestic loads, injected
harmonics to the system are different for different loads, e.g.
computer loads, power electronics loads etc. Thus, input filtering is
essential for most residential applications as per the given
standards. The proposed technique utilises the variation of input
harmonic impedances with the filter to identify the load types. A
tuned shunt passive filter can absorb load harmonic currents
according to the line impedance and the filter impedances if the
residential load behaves as a harmonic current source [30]. The
proposed technique computes the harmonic impedance along with
the filter. Fig. 2c shows a general circuit diagram with a filter tuned
at a desired harmonic frequency. The impedance before the tuned
filter is due to line impedance of the feeder. At tuned frequency, the
filter impedance becomes low. Therefore, if load injects the same
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frequency or any near tuned frequency, the harmonic current will
circulate through the filter circuit without disturbing the source.
This will protect the source from injected harmonic and provide
lower harmonic impedance near resonance frequency if measured
after the filter. This property is utilised here for accurate load
identification.
In this paper, the passive shunt filter is tuned at 5th harmonic as
it is the most prominent lower order injected harmonic by most of
the non-linear loads [31]. The general expression of resonant
frequency (Hz) at any harmonic order for the filter is given by
1 data can be used with an intelligent procedure such as fuzzy rule
fr =
2πn LC
where n is the harmonic order. Thus, for selection of L and C, one
commercially available value of C is considered and L can be
calculated as
1 is much lower for the filter. On the other hand, the fundamental and
L=
4π 2 f r2n2C
Since the filter is connected in parallel with the loads, the other
important criterion of filter should be that its fundamental
frequency current component is of low value and slightly leading
in order to avoid the extra loading of the input wires or cables.
The simplified schematic diagram for the proposed scheme is
shown in Fig. 3a, and the per-phase equivalent circuit for the
system is shown in Fig. 3b. Harmonic voltage and currents can be
obtained at the metre side after the filter by performing fast Fourier
transform from the measured variables. The harmonic impedances
can be calculated using (1), and the same are shown in Table 2.
From the table, it can be observed that there is a marked change in
the harmonic impedances (other than the tuned harmonic
impedance) for different groups of loads. This harmonic impedance
(2)
base to segregate the different loads.
The most common lower order harmonic injected by non-linear
loads is the 5th harmonic. Thus, in the proposed technique, the
filter is tuned at 5th harmonic. Now, the plot of filter impedance
and source impedance at different harmonics is shown in Fig. 4.
From the figure, it can be concluded that 5th harmonic impedance
(3) other higher order harmonic impedances for the filter are larger
compared to the source impedance. Thus, almost all of the 5th
harmonic current will be absorbed by the filter. The other higher
order harmonic currents will be partially absorbed. Thus, when the
filter is considered in the circuit, the change in harmonic
impedance will be significant for 5th, 7th and 11th orders where
both the impedances are comparable. This change will be
dependent on the magnitude and orders of the harmonics injected
by the load. Thus, for different loads, the change in harmonic
impedance will be different. This phenomenon is utilised in the
current technique for load identification.
Fig. 5 shows the variation of different harmonic impedances at
load side for different types of appliances. From the figure, it can
be observed that change in harmonic impedance data with filter has
more variations compared to the impedance without filter. The
harmonic impedance data obtained with filter are fed to the fuzzy
rule base for the proposed load monitoring technique. In the
residential system, 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics are the most
common for different types of loads; therefore 5th, 7th and 11th
harmonics are taken for analytical purpose [30]. In this paper, the
proposed NILM workflow diagram is shown in Fig. 6. The metre-
side aggregated electric signal is collected from the entry point of
the residence using current and voltage sensors. In this proposed
technique, electrical features of different loads, i.e. fundamental
voltage and current, and their harmonics are extracted by using fast
Fourier transform from the acquired accumulated data.
Following the selection of appliances and tuning parameter of
the filter, harmonic impedance calculation is conducted after the
filter at the load side using current and voltage harmonics data.
Finally, the fuzzy rule-based method sequentially checks the
harmonics impedance data and provides identification of different
electrical loads.

5.1 Fuzzy sets and fuzzification

Fig. 2  Three wire connection of residential electrical system
(a) Schematic diagram, (b), Per phase equivalent circuit diagram and, (c) tuned filter
implementation in load side domestic system
A fuzzy set A is a set of pairs, given by A = {(x, μA(x)): x ∈ X,
where X is a universal set of objects, also called universe of
discourse, and μA(x) is the grade of membership of the object x in A
[32, 33]. Usually, μA(x) lies in the closed interval of [0, 1] and it is

Table 1 Harmonics impedance of group of loads at the entry point of house

Order of harmonics VSD VSD and VSD, computer and VSD and light Light dimmer and Light dimmer Computer
computer light dimmer dimmer computer
1st 546.69 190.97 87.05 123.36 104.02 165.65 304.71
3rd 69.16 65.85 66.49 66.13 66.29 66.30 65.85
5th 108.25 109.69 109.65 110.67 104.87 107.47 107.59
7th 157.25 153.33 154.81 148.5 141.4 155.9 161.11
9th 200 184.4 212.6 190.11 194.25 204.88 205.16
11th 270.16 204.66 266.4 225.57 251.33 229.75 263.5
13th 243 439 235 262 256 292.66 301.33

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 Fig. 4  Variation of source impedance and filter impedance for different
harmonic orders

Fig. 3  Proposed electrical loads identification scheme for a residential
system
(a) Schematic diagram, (b) Per-phase equivalent circuit diagram
given by μA : x → [0, 1], x ∈ X, where x is the real number, X is the
universe of discloser and A is a subset of X [32, 33].
Fuzzification is a technique to convert crisp input data into
fuzzy value using suitable membership function (MF) [32]. In the
present paper, triangular fuzzy membership function is used to
represent the two inputs (i.e. 7th and 11th harmonic impedances).
The triangular MF is modelled by the following equation:
0, u ≤ a
U−a
,a < U ≤ b
b−a
A(U; a, b, c) =
c−U
,b < U ≤ c
c−b
0, U > c
where a and c signify the right and left corner points of the fuzzy
set and b is the peak point of the membership function. Based on
the fuzzy sets, the notion of linguistic variable is also introduced in
[32, 33]. Linguistic variable is a variable whose values are
represented in words or sentences in a natural or artificial language.
In this proposed scheme, the inputs are fuzzified into three
triangular-shaped membership functions, viz. low (L), medium (M)
and high (H), respectively, as shown in Fig. 7. As per the analysis
for 5th harmonic tuned filter, the combination of other dominant
harmonics 7th and 11th is preferred as selected input membership
functions. The range of the input membership function is chosen
based on the harmonic impedances collected at the load side, as
shown in Table 2. In this proposed technique, seven load
combinations are considered, as shown in Table 3.
5.2 Defuzzification
Defuzzification is a technique to convert fuzzified value to a crisp
(i.e. single point) value for performing a specified task of the
system. In this proposed method, defuzzification was done by the
popular centre of gravity technique [33]. The defuzzified value
(Z*) is obtained by the following equation:
∫ zμ(z) dz
Z∗ = (5)
∫ μ(z) dz
where µ(z) is the grade of membership function and z is the output
variable. The output membership function lies between 0 and 1
according to the fuzzy rule. The nomenclature of the output
membership is adopted using each possible combination of the
electrical load acting of this proposed system. The name and the
corresponding symbol of these membership functions are described
in Table 3.
6 Simulation and experiential results
The proposed method is validated by simulations backed by
(4)
experimental case studies conducted in this segment. The
simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink R2016a
platform. Experimental studies are then performed on a suitable
laboratory prototype.
The three non-smart domestic appliances considered in the
present simulation and experimental studies are VSD, computer
and light dimming load. First, the voltage and current waveforms
for different combination of appliances are studied.
The proposed technique does not need to identify the exact
current and voltage patterns for each appliance, but FFT of the
waveforms are used for determining the harmonic impedances of
the individual loads. The experimental setup consists of three
loads, a VSD consisting of a rectifier, an inverter and an induction
motor. In the present case, an induction motor of 1.25 hp is used
with VSD for experimental purposes. Additionally, a computer
load and a 100 W dimming light connected between phase A and
neutral are considered for the system. The input signals are
sampled at a rate of 2 kHz for the present case. Fig. 8 shows the
different combinations of load current signatures obtained from the
study. Initially, the VSD is running at rated load, and respective
voltage and current waveforms are shown in the first trace of
Fig. 8.

Table 2 Harmonics impedance of different loads groups at the entry point of residential house after shunt passive filter is
connected
Order of harmonics VSD VSD and VSD, computer and VSD and light Light dimmer and Light dimmer Computer
computer light dimmer dimmer computer
1st 467.36 162.43 84.13 118.74 105.78 162.52 310
3rd 67.42 85.08 71.78 86.47 83.41 83.74 83.53
5th 10.28 7.31 11.59 12.38 35.04 35.29 34.65
7th 69 72 67 91.1 85 111 107
9th 229 146.07 129.52 125.63 162 139.33 136.85
11th 207 118 148 203 177 200 165
13th 220.33 320 212.62 200.87 258 204 242

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Fig. 5  Variation of harmonic impedances, with and without filter for
different combinations of loads
(a) 5th harmonic order, (b) 7th harmonic order, (c) 11th harmonic order
Table 3 Representation of different load groups
Load Electrical load description
1 variable speed drive
2 variable speed drive with computer
3 variable speed drive with computer and light dimmer
4 variable speed drive with light dimmer
5 computer with light dimmer
6 light dimmer
7 computer
Then, computer load is added with VSD, which was running at
rated condition; the voltage and current waveforms for the same
are also shown in the second trace of Fig. 8. Similarly, when a light
dimmer is connected with VSD load at the rated value, the voltage
and current waveforms are shown in the third trace of Fig. 8.
Likewise, the voltage and current waveforms of other load
combinations considered for the simulation study under rated
condition are shown in Fig. 8. It is observed from Fig. 8 that
different domestic loads have different patterns of current
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Fig. 6  Workflow of the proposed NILM technique
Symbol
V
VC
VCD
VD
CD
D
C Fig. 7  Membership function of the proposed fuzzy sets
(a) Input MFs 7th and 11th harmonic impedance of phase A at the entry point of
residential sector, (b) Output membership function of the proposed load identification
technique
signatures. When all of these loads are working together, the
complex current waveform is different, and during such operation,
load segregation or identification becomes difficult. The simulated
harmonic current spectrum of different loads with a shunt passive
filter connected at the metre side is shown in Fig. 9.
The experimental harmonic current spectra for similar loads are
shown in Fig. 10, which closely follow the simulated waveforms as
699
 Fig. 9  Simulated harmonic current spectrum
(a) VSD, (b) Computer load, (c) Light dimmer load

Fig. 8  Simulated of voltage and current waveforms for distinct types of

load or loads groups, viz. VSD, VSD and computer load, VSD and light
dimmer load, VSD with computer load and light dimmer, computer load
and light dimmer, computer load and light dimmer load

observed. Fig. 11 shows the experimental voltage and current

waveforms of VSD load, computer load and light dimmer load
after the passive shunt filter is connected at the metre side.
Fuzzy rule based intelligent technique is adopted here for
precise identification of different loads. The fuzzy rule-based
inference table is shown in Fig. 12. The 7th and 11th harmonic
impedances are the two inputs represented by triangular fuzzy sets.
The fuzzy rule set outcomes considered in Fig. 12 represent one of
the possible appliances described in Table 3. In the fuzzy inference
table, the total possible combinations available are nine. In the
table, three membership functions are low (L), medium (M) and
Fig. 10  Experimental harmonic current spectrum
(a) VSD, (b) Computer load, (c) Light dimmer load
high (H) with two input variables (7th and 11th harmonic
impedances of the load). As mentioned earlier, three popular
residential loads are chosen for the study, so maximum possible
load combination considered are seven, as shown in Table 3. In this

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 Table 4 Fuzzy logic output of different electrical loads or
groups of loads
Electrical load Membership index value of Defuzzified value
fuzzy output
NL 0–0.2 —
D 0.3 0.302
C 0.4 0.399
V 0.5 0.502
CD 0.6 0.594
VD 0.7 0.694
VC 0.8 0.794
VCD 0.9 0.903

Fig. 13  Graphical representation of fuzzy rule developed for identification

of VSD load

Table 5 Percentage identification accuracies of different

loads using input filtering based fuzzy technique
Electrical load Identification accuracy
VSD 99.60
computer 99.75
dimming light 99.33
VSD with computer 99.25
Fig. 11  Experimental voltage and current waveforms VSD with dimming light 99.14
(a) VSD (CH1: 170 V/div., CH2: 1 A/div.), (b) Computer load (CH1: 150 V/div., dimming light with computer 99.00
CH2: 1 A/div.), (c) Light dimmer load (CH1: 150 V/div., CH2: 1 A/div.) VSD, computer and dimming light 99.00

defuzzified value is almost similar to the output membership index

Fig. 12  Fuzzy rule base inference table
case, out of total nine possible outputs, seven are occupied in the
table and remaining two possible fuzzy outputs are considered as
no-load conditions. This is because no combination is found
suitable in fuzzy rule base table from the data obtained from the
laboratory experimental prototype. The output membership index
value is chosen for each of the seven possible outcomes using
rating of loads, as shown in Table 4. Defuzzification was done
using the popular centre of gravity technique [33] for proper load
identification. After fuzzification and defuzzification, the
defuzzified values for all seven possible combinations of load are
also shown in Table 4. From this table, it is concluded that the
value, which is chosen according to the rating of individual loads.
Fig. 13 shows the graphical representation of the fuzzy rule
developed for identification of VSD load along with the
defuzzified value for such a load.
The accuracy of the proposed input filter-based method for the
residential appliances considered is shown in Table 5. From the
table, it can be observed that the accuracy level obtained for the
combinations of loads considered can be acceptable. Table 6 shows
the results of identification of electrical appliances by the proposed
and different existing machine learning and AI-based classifier
techniques for comparison. From Table 6, it can be observed that
proposed filter-based method provides a better identification
accuracy compared to other existing identification techniques. The
overall obtained identification accuracy for the proposed method is
99.29%, which can be satisfactory.
7 Conclusions
In this paper, an improved technique for NILM of residential home
appliances is presented. The proposed technique offers a systematic
approach to identify an electrical load or a group of loads together
without fully analysing the individual appliances. The appliances
are identified using the measure of variation of harmonic

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Table 6 Comparison of different load identification techniques
Identification BP- PSO- FCM SSOM- Subtractive PRS-based DWT- NSGA-II WT- Proposed Proposed
technique ANN based piloting based clustering technique based based based filter-based method
[28] BP-ANN PSO- method [25] [26] ML [18] [27] ML [17] method without
[28] based [24] filter
NFC [23]
overall 88.75 97.50 96.25 98.15 86 89.17 97.25 96.62 96.65 99.29 91.25
accuracy, %

impedances at the metre side with an installed shunt passive filter.
The proposed technique can be applied with a better identification
accuracy than the existing load identification techniques. This
technique also shows the ability to track multiple variable loads
and other residential load together without an additional sensing
system. The proposed technique is validated by simulations backed
by suitable experiments on a laboratory prototype of the residential
system.
8 Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Visvesvaraya PhD scheme of the
Government of India for financially supporting this research work.
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702 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 5, pp. 695-702
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