CELL are the small living units of an organism.

All cells have three things in common, no matter what type cell they are.
- All cell have a CELL MEMBRANE which seperates the inside the cell form its environment.
- CYTOPLASM, which is a jelly-like fluid; and
- DNA which is the cell’s genetic material.
2 broad categories of cells:
1. EUKARYOTIC CELL
- They have ORGANELLES
Which include the nucleus and outher special parts.
- Are more advance, complex cells such as those found in plants and animals.
2. PROKARYOTIC CELL
- They don’t have a nucleus or enclosed organelles.
- They do have genetic material but it’s not contained within a nucleus.
- Always one celled, or unicellular organism, such as bacteria.
WHAT ARE ORGANELLES?
ORGANELLES “ little organ”

- are the specialized parts of a cell that have a unique jobs to perform.
NUCLEUS - the control center of the cell.

- Contains DNA or genetic material

DNA

- dictates what the cell is going to do and how it’s going to do it.
CHROMATIN

- the tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane.
● when a cell is ready to divide;
DNA condenceses into structures known as chromosomes.
● the nucleus also contains a NUCLEOLUS , which is a structure where ribosomes are made.
● after ribosomes leave the nucleus, they will have the important job of “ synthesizing”
Or making, protiens.
● Outside the nucleus the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float around in CYTOPLASM -
which is the jelly-like substance.
● ribosomes may wander freely within the cytoplasm or attach to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
sometimes abbreviated as ER.
TWO TYPES OF ER:
ROUGH ER – has ribosomes attached to it.
SMOOTH ER – doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it.
The endoplasmis reticulum is a membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as:
The PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED by ribosomes.
Proteins and other materials emerge from the ER in small VESICLE where the GOLGI APPARATUS,
sometimes called the GOLGI BODY received them.
As the proteins move through the Golgi body they’re customized into fprms that the cell can use.
The Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into usable shapes.
Or adding the materials on to them such as LIPIDS or CARBOHYDRATES.
FUNCTION OF THE NUCLEUS
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully-enclosed
nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This
material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form
chromosomes.

The nucleus is made up of a double membrane nuclear envelope that keeps the
entire organelle encased, isolating its contents from the rest of the cell, and the
nucleoskeleton which supports the cell as a whole. The nucleus maintains the
security of the genes and controls the functions of the entire cell by regulating gene
expression. This is why the nucleus is sometimes referred to as the control center, or
the "brain," of the cell.

Since large molecules cannot get inside the nucleus through the nuclear membrane,
small holes called nuclear pores dot the surface area of the envelope. These pores
regulate the transport of those molecules by carrier proteins embeddedC in the
double layer of the membrane. Small molecules and ions are able to pass through
the membrane freely, however.

The nucleus is the site for genetic transcription, while keeping it separated from the
cytoplasm. This means gene regulation is taking place in eukaryotic cells that have a
nucleus, but that this gene regulation isn't available to prokaryotes. That means the
main function of the nucleus is to govern gene expression and facilitate DNA
replication during the cell cycle.
NUCLEUS
- most important function of the nucleus is to contain the DNA or the genetic
material of the cell.

What is the structure?

- The nucleus is surrounded by two separate membranes,
An OUTER MEMBRANE and INNER MEMBRANE.

These two membranes separate the nucleus from cytoplasm, which is the liquid-
filled space that makes up the majority of the cell, and all of the non-
compartmentalized parts of the cell.
Essentially, the parts of the cell that aren’t enclosed with an organelle.
On the inside of the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm.
- Fluid inside the nucleus.

And so these two, the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, aren’t continuous.

However, a lot of times, the stuff needs to be transported between the
nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

So think the interior of the nucleus is where MRNA is produced, but needs to get
into the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein. And also, proteins in
the cytoplasm need to be able to get into the nucleus, such as POLYMERASES,
which convert DNA into messenger RNA.

Happens at a special complex called a NUCLEAR PORE.

Interesting about the nuclear pore, is that it spans both membranes, the outer
membrane and the inner membrane, so that compounds in the cytoplasm can be
transported into the nucleus, and compounds in the nucleus can be transported
out.

But now the cell has gone a lot of trouble to create these two lipid membranes to
isolate the nucleus from the rest of the cell.
So the nuclear pore is actually very selective in what can be transported inside
and out.
And so the nuclear pre actually recognizes a special signals on different proteins,
and only with the presence of these signals, can proteins be transported into and
out of the nucleus trough the nuclear pore.

The nucleus primary function is to contain the cell’s DNA, or chromosomes.

When you look at the nucleus up close, you see there is a very densely compacted
area.
NUCLEOLUS- center of the nucleus.
Bakit and nucleolus is more compact and dense than the rest of the nucleus?

The nucleolus has a very important function.

And that is the site of ribosome assembly.

So the nucleolus is densely packed with regions of DNA that produce not
messenger RNA, but ribosomal RNA.
Which is the RNA that makes up the majority of the ribosome.
And it is at the site of the nucleolus where this ribosomal RNA is assrmbled with
the proteins that also make up the ribosome, into a fully-formed ribosomes.

And the ribosomes then, can be trafficked trough the nuclear pore, out into the
cytoplasm.

The ribosomes also have proteins in them, and these proteins are produced into
cytoplasm, and are trafficked back into the nucleus where they can be assembled,
and then make the return trip back into the cytoplasm.

So there’s lots of stuff moving back and forth in the the nuclear pores.

Very important for the compartmentalization of the nucleus from the rest of the
cell.

CELL - are the small living units of an organism.

All cells have three things in common, no matter what type cell they are.
- All cell have a CELL MEMBRANE which seperates the inside the cell form its
environment.
- CYTOPLASM, which is a jelly-like fluid; and
- DNA which is the cell’s genetic material.

2 broad categories of cells:

1. EUKARYOTIC CELL
- They have ORGANELLES
- a type of vegetative and sexual reproduction

Which include the nucleus and outher special parts.

- Are more advance, complex cells such as those found in plants and animals.

Example: plant cell, animal cell, protozoa, and fungi.

2. PROKARYOTIC CELL
- They don’t have a nucleus or enclosed organelles.
- They do have genetic material but it’s not contained within a nucleus.
- Always one celled, or unicellular organism, such as bacteria.
- type of asexual reproduction

Example: bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and archaea