Mark S.

Cracolice
Edward I. Peters

www.cengage.com/chemistry/cracolice

Matter

Mark S. Cracolice • The University of Montana

Representations of Matter
Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Particulate Matter:
Representations of Matter
Chemists make mental
transformations between visible
macroscopic matter (the liquid
water) and models of the
particulate-level molecules that
make up the matter (red and white
space-filling models). Written
symbols (H–O–H on the board)
serve as simpler representations
of the particulate-level models.
States of Matter
Particulate-Level Behavior of States of Matter:

Gas
Particles are independent of one another,
moving in random fashion

Liquid
Particles move freely among themselves, but clump together

Solid
Particles vibrate in fixed positions relative to one another
States of Matter
Properties and Changes
Physical Properties

Description as detected by senses:

Color, shape, odor, etc.

Measurable properties:
Density, boiling point, etc.

Examples:
Charcoal is black
Glass is hard
The normal boiling point of water is 100°C
Properties and Changes
Physical Changes

Alteration of the physical form of matter

without changing its chemical identity

No new substance formed

Examples:
Ice melts to liquid water
Dry ice changes to gaseous carbon dioxide
A rock is ground into sand
Properties and Changes
In a Physical Change, the Molecules are Unchanged:
Properties and Changes
Chemical Changes

Chemical identity of a substance is destroyed

A new substance is formed

Examples:
Water decomposes to hydrogen and oxygen gases when
subjected to an electrical current
Iron rusts
Food is digested
Properties and Changes
In a Chemical Change, the Molecules Change:
Properties and Changes
Properties and Changes
Chemical Properties

The types of chemical change a substance

is able to participate in.

Examples:
A chemical property of water is that it can be decomposed to its
elements when subjected to an electrical current.
A chemical property of iron is that it will
rust under certain conditions.
A chemical property of starch is that it reacts to form
sugar during digestion.
Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substance

A sample consisting of only one kind of matter,

either compound or element;
made up entirely of one kind of particle.

Unique set of physical and chemical properties.

Cannot be separated into parts by a physical change.

Substances and Mixtures
Mixture

A sample of matter that consists of two or more substances.

Physical and chemical properties of a mixture vary with

different relative amounts of the parts.

Can be separated into parts via physical processes.

Substances and Mixtures
Pure water has a constant boiling
point—a physical property.

The boiling point of a mixture

(solution) changes as the
composition of the mixture
changes.
Substances and Mixtures
You cannot distinguish a pure substance from a mixture of
uniform appearance by observation alone at the macroscopic
level.
Substances and Mixtures
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more components.

Homogeneous
A sample that has uniform
appearance and composition throughout.

Examples: Tea, paint, gasoline

Heterogeneous
A sample with different phases, usually visible.

Examples: Carbonated beverages, salad dressings

Separation of Mixtures
Most natural substances are mixtures.

Separation processes are an important part of chemistry.

Nitrogen and oxygen are separated from the mixture called air.

Pure water is separated from the mixture called natural water.

Gasoline is separated from the mixture called crude oil.

Separation of Mixtures
A Physical Property, Magnetism, Allows a Mixture of Iron and
Sulfur to be Separated:
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation
Separation of the parts of a mixture by heating a liquid solution
until one component boils, changing into the gaseous state.
The pure substance in the gaseous state is then
collected and cooled into the liquid state.

Distillation allows components in a homogeneous mixture

to be separated into one or more pure substances.
Separation of Mixtures
Laboratory Distillation Apparatus:
Separation of Mixtures
Filtration
Separation of the components of a mixture by physical means by
using a porous medium, such as filter paper, to separate
components based upon relative particles sizes.

Filtration is based on the physical properties of a mixture:

The particle sizes of a component to be separated
must be significantly larger or smaller than the
pore size of the filtration medium.
Separation of Mixtures
Gravity Filtration
Elements and Compounds
Mixtures are separated into pure substances by physical means;
compounds are separated into pure substances by chemical
changes.
Elements and Compounds
Elements

At least 90 elements occur in nature.

Examples: copper, sulfur, gold, silver

11 elements occur in nature at room temperature as gases;

2 occur as liquids (mercury and bromine);
the others occur as solids.

Name of an element is always a single word;

compound names are usually two words
or a polysyllabic compound word.
Elements and Compounds
Chemical Formulas
Symbolic representations of the particles of a pure substance.

A combination of the symbols of all the elements in a substance.

The formula of most elements is the same as the symbol of the

element, e.g., helium, He; sodium, Na.

Other elements exists in nature as molecules and their formulas

indicate the number of atoms of the element in the molecule,
e.g., hydrogen, H2; oxygen, O2.
Elements and Compounds
Formula Unit
Molecule or simplest ratio of particles for non-molecular species.

Ammonia molecules have the formula NH3:

1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen.

Magnesium chloride exists as an orderly, repeating pattern

of magnesium and chlorine in a 1:2 ratio;
Its formula unit is MgCl2.
Elements and Compounds
The Properties of a Compound are Different from the
Properties of the Elements that Make Up the Compound:

Water, H2O
Liquid at 25°C, melts at 0°C, boils at 100°C

Hydrogen, H2
Gas at 25°C, melts at –259°C, boils at –253°C

Oxygen, O2
Gas at 25°C, melts at –219°C, boils at –183°C
Elements and Compounds
Particulate and Macroscopic Views of Elements and Compounds:
Elements and Compounds
Particulate and Macroscopic Views of Elements and Compounds:
Elements and Compounds
Particulate and Macroscopic Views of Elements and Compounds:
Elements and Compounds
Summary of the Classification System for Matter:
Chemical Equations
Chemical Change
Chemical Equation
A symbolic representation of chemical change, with the formulas
of the beginning substances to the left of an arrow that points
to the formulas of the substances formed.

Reactant
Original substance

Product
Substance formed as a result of chemical change

2 H2O 2 H2 + O2
Reactant Products
Evidence of Chemical Change
Evidence of Chemical Change

1. Color change
2. Formation of a solid
3. Formation of a gas
4. Absorption or release of heat energy
5. Emission of light energy
Evidence of Chemical Change
Formation of a solid
Evidence of Chemical Change
Formation of a gas
Evidence of Chemical Change
Evolution of heat and light
Evidence of Chemical Change
Emission of light
Chemical Change
Exothermic Reaction
A chemical change that releases energy to its surroundings.

Example:
Burning charcoal

C + O2 CO2 + energy
Chemical Change
Endothermic Reaction
A chemical change that absorbs energy from its surroundings.

Example:
Decomposition of water to its elements

2 H2O + energy 2 H2 + O2
Evolution of a Chemical Equation
When solid sodium is added to liquid water, a reaction occurs,
producing hydrogen gas, sodium hydroxide solution, and heat:
Evolution of a Chemical Equation
Chemists have developed a standardized shorthand
method for describing chemical reactions, such
as the reaction of sodium and water, in writing.

State Symbols and Their Meanings

Symbol Meaning
(s) solid
(l) liquid
(g) gas
(aq) aqueous (dissolved in water)
Evolution of a Chemical Equation
Solid sodium Na(s)

plus +

liquid water H2O(l)

yields ®

hydrogen gas H2(g)

plus +

sodium hydroxide solution NaOH(aq)

Combination Reactions
Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
Two or more substances combine to form a single product:
Combination Reactions
Summary:
Combination Reactions

Reactants: Any combination of elements and/or

compounds

Reaction type: Combination

Equation type: A + X ® AX

Products: One compound

Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition Reaction
A compound breaks down into simpler substances:
Decomposition Reactions
Summary:
Decomposition Reactions

Reactants: One compound

Reaction type: Decomposition

Equation type: AX ® A + X

Products: Any combination of elements and

compounds