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ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol.
6 (1), March, 2018 ISSN: 2277-0011
Determination of Orifice Coefficients for Flow Through Circular and Rectangular Orifices
By
Nicholas. Akhaze Musa and Bobai, Santos Bityong

Mechanical Engineering Department,
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Email; Madonick1@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Circular and rectangular orifices are among the types of orifices being classified according to
geometrical shapes. They are among others widely used as flow meters. Knowledge about the orifice
coefficients and discharges through circular and rectangular orifice is very important, when
selection for use is based on the requirement of low or high discharges as well as high or low orifice
coefficients. So, this research work experimentally determined the orifice coefficients and discharges
through circular and rectangular orifices having the same area of 0.00015m2 under a constant head
of water of 0.9m. The experimental results revealed that under a constant head of water of 0.9m,
circular orifice has average coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction,
theoretical and actual discharges as 0.62, 0.94, 0.66, 5.52x 10-4m3/s and 3.42x 10-4m3/s respectively.
More so, that rectangular orifice under the same constant head of water of 0.9m, has average
coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction, theoretical and actual
discharge as 0.66, 0.96, 0.69, 5.53x10-4m3/s and 3.65 x10-4m3/s respectively.
Keywords: Orifice, circular orifice, rectangular orifice, coefficient of discharge, coefficient of

velocity, coefficient of contraction
INTRODUCTION used for various engineering applications

An orifice is an aperture through such as cooling holes, fuel lines, hydraulic
which fluid flows. It can be classified systems, air conditioning and water pipe
according to shape such as circular, systems (ESDU,2007) stated by Ntamba
rectangular, square and triangular orifices. (2011). According Swamee and Swamee
Orifices are also known as head loss flow (2010). Orifices are also used as an emptying
meters or differential pressure producing device for tanks.
devices and can be characterized by orifice An orifice for flow measurement is
edge geometry, β ratio which is the ratio of usually in plate called orifice plate and
orifice bore diameter (d) to pipe diameter according to Reader-Harris (2015), an orifice
(D), orifice thickness (t) to bore diameter (d) plate is fundamentally a plate with a hole
(Ntamba,2011). According to which may be of any shape, machined
Derasari(1993),The orifice flow rate is a through it which is inserted into a pipe. As
function of the liquid head, hole diameter, flow passes through the hole it produces a
plate thickness, punch direction, whether or pressure difference across the hole (some of
not the surface is deburred, etc. Orifices are which is recovered). The pressure difference
Nicholas, A. M. & Bobai, S. B.. Copyright © 2018 JOSTE. All Rights Reserved (www.atbuftejoste.com)
188
ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol. 6 (1), March, 2018 ISSN: 2277-0011
is proportional to the square of the flowrate replacement and the ability to select a
(mass or volume). According to Peter and proper calibration on the basis of the
Chinedu (2016), an orifice plate is a thin measurement of the geometry.
plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually A lot of work has been done on the
placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. When use of orifice meter for measuring discharge
the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the of fluid through vessels, notable among them
hole in the middle, the fluid is forced to are reported as follows: Sanghani et al,
converge to go through the small hole; the (2016) analysed fluid flow through orifice
point of maximum convergence actually plate having different geometries using
occurs shortly downstream of the physical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point. technique. They used ANSYS CFX 15.0
It should be noted that the orifice plate can software, to study various geometries of
as well be fitted to wall of a tank for fluid orifice in terms of pressure drop. Their
flow measurement. Accurate measurement simulation results revealed that under the
of fluid flow is an essential task for many same condition of diameter ratio and
industries. If we see today’s scenario, there thickness, square-edged with 45° back-cut
are number of flow measuring devices orifice plate has the highest-pressure loss
available in market. Still orifice meter has and stream line approach orifice plate has
broad application areas for flow minimum pressure loss. The researchers
measurement of fluids like chemical, oil, gas, however remarked that their results can be
etc. due to simple construction, low cost and used to select the most suitable geometry of
easy operation (Sanghani et al, 2016). orifice plate in practical applications.
According to Yang (2015) in many industrial Spencer (2013) embarked on an unsteady
plants like oil and gas refineries, power experimental study with a view to identifying
generation plants or chemical plants, oil a transition region between partially full weir
transport pipelines, restriction orifices such flow and fully developed orifice flow for a
as the single-hole orifice, the multi- circular sharp-edged orifice. Three orifices of
perforated orifice, and the cone type orifice different diameter were tested by the
are widely used to restrict the flow and researcher. He found that true orifice
measure the flow rate within many such behaviour was achieved in the experiments
systems. and correspondingly, based on the head
Orifice meters are the most common exponent, no evidence was obtained to
instruments used for fluid flow measurement support the existence of different flow
because of its ruggedness, simple mechanical behaviour within the transition. Hashiehbaf
construction and other known advantages. and Romano (2014) carried out an
According to Abou El-Azem Aly et al. (2010), experimental study using Particle Image
the advantages of using these orifice flow Velocimetry (PIV) on synthetic jets issuing
meters, are that they have simple geometry, from different non-circular nozzle shape at a
no moving part, no lubrication or peak Reynolds number equal to 10000.
maintenance, low cost of manufacturing Rectangular, square, elliptic and triangular
which does not increase significantly with jets were employed and results of axial
the pipe size, easy installation or velocity decay rate, streamwise and crosswise
189
rms velocities as well as turbulence intensity response make this VOM suitable for
ratio were compared to those of circular one applications in respiratory function
to investigate the effect of asymmetry on monitoring. Shah et-al (2012) used
turbulence properties of synthetic jets by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
researchers. Their attention was focused in simulation to predict the orifice flow with
the near field of the jet (0<X/D<7) and they better accuracy. They performed CFD
carried out measurements on two simulations using OpenFOAM-1.6 solver and
orthogonal planes to capture average three validated with the published experimental
dimensional features of non-circular jets, data of Nail (1991) and Morrison et al. (1993).
where X is the axial distance from the nozzle The researchers proposed a new scheme to
exit and D is the nozzle diameter. Their track vena-contracta with the help of CFD
results showed vena contracta and axis and with a suitable provision in the
switching effects also for synthetic jets and hardware of orifice meter. They remarked
mixing enhancement in comparison to that the new scheme maintains the existing
continuous jets was also proved by the advantages of orifice meters and provides
enhanced turbulence intensity in the near better accuracy and sensitivity. Prohaska
field. Self-similarity was found for X/D>5 (2008) examined the discharge coefficient as
especially in triangular, square, minor side of it pertained to flow through a circular orifice
rectangular and circular nozzles by the cut into a thin-walled vertical riser pipe. He
researchers. therefore investigated several factors that
In the same vein, Tardi et al (2015), may affect the value of the discharge
characterized a commercial variable coefficient. His findings revealed that the
orificemeters (VOMs) intended for discharge coefficient decreased as the height
application in respiratory monitoring. Firstly, above the floor was increased, up to a certain
two nominally identical VOMs were point. The discharge coefficient decreases as
calibrated within ±10 L⋅min−1, to assess their the orifice diameter to riser diameter ratio is
metrological properties by the researchers. increased.
Furthermore, they performed experiments Moreso, Abou El-Azm Aly et al.
by humidifying air, to evaluate the (2010) investigated the pressure drop
influence of vapor condensation on sensor’s through fractal-shaped orifices by measuring
performances. Their results revealed that the pressure recovery at different stations
the two VOMs’ responses were linear and downstream of the orifice. They compared
their response was comparable (sensitivity pressure drop measured across fractal-
difference of 1.4%, RMSE of 1.50 Pa); their shaped orifices with the pressure drop
discrimination threshold was <0.5 L⋅min−1, obtained after regular circular orifices with
and the settling time was about 66ms. The the same flow area. The researchers found
researchers remarked that the condensation that fractal shaped orifices had a remarkable
within the VOM causes a negligible change effect on the pressure drop. They concluded
in sensor sensitivity and a very slight that the pressure drop across fractal-shaped
deterioration of precision. Moreso, the good orifices was lower than that from regular
static and dynamic properties and the low circular orifices of the same flow area
influence of condensation on sensor’s because the fractal orifices developed
190
additional smaller velocity scales when the flow behaviour of low-pressure water
compared to circular orifice. The researchers jets emanating from orifices with non-
remarked that it is possible to use the circular geometries, including rectangular,
fractal-shaped orifices as flow meters as they square, and triangular shapes and draws a
can sense the low pressure drop across them comparison with the flow behavior of
accurately than the regular circular-shaped circular jets. Their investigations revealed
orifices. Washio et-al (1996) stated that an that the non-circular geometric jets
experimental study had been carried out on demonstrated enhanced instability as
periodically changing hydraulic oil flows compared to the circular jets. Watson et al
through an orifice. When inspected in detail, (2003) investigated into the effect of both the
however, a net pressure loss across an orifice number of orifices and the geometry of these
in a periodical flow was delayed against a orifices on the fluid structures exiting from a
change of the flow rate. The resulting synthetic jet actuator. Their results indicated
relation between the pressure loss and the that the use of two small orifices can perhaps
flow rate described a loop with a counter- produce two coherent vortex rings with a
clockwise hysteresis and a nonlinear twist total circulation greater than that found in
along the steady-state one. Pressure recovery the ring produced by a large, single orifice of
in a pulsating orifice flow varied with the equivalent area. Moreso, their results
flow rate almost along the steady-state showed that a rectangular orifice of a given
relation, which was confirmed when the exit plane area is more likely to produce a
change was not fast. turbulent ring than the equivalent circular
Eghbalzadeh et-al (2016) used three orifice due to a ‘smoothing’ process which
artificial neural network models including endeavours to create an axisymmetric ring
feed forward back propagation, radial basis from a non-axisymmetric slug of fluid. Mi et
function, and Generalized Regression neural al (2007) carried out an experimental
networks as well as a multiple non-linear investigation of the near-field mixing
regression method to predict the discharge characteristics of a turbulent jet issuing from
coefficient for flow through both square and a notched – rectangular orifice plate. The
circular shapes of sharp-crested side orifices. researchers used Planar particle image
The researchers modeled discharge velocimetry(PIV) to measure the velocity
coefficient as a function of five input non- field with exit Reynold = 72,000. They made
dimensional variables resulted from five comparison of the results for the jet and its
dimensional variables, which were the type circular counterpart obtained under the
of orifice shape, the diameter or width of the identical conditions and found that notched
orifice, crest height, depth and velocity of jet has an overall superior mixing capability
approach flow. The results obtained in their over the circular jet.
study indicated that all of the neural Dhumal,et al(2017) remarked that
network models could successfully predict compare to single-hole orifices (SOs), multi-
the discharge coefficient with adequate hole orifices (MOs) have smaller orifice sizes
accuracy. and various patterns of orifice distribution.
Sharma and Fang, (2014) The geometric description of MOs is more
conducted experimental investigations into complex, increasing the difficulty of MO
191
structural design. They found the discharge embarked on a study which focused on the
variations of single hole, 4-hole, 5 holes and influence on the contraction ratio β and the
7-hole Orifice by designing and orifice shape on the head losses and the
experimenting on them and concluded that influence zone produced by the orifice in a
5-hole orifice gave best results as expected. surge tank, during the refurbishment of a
Jan and Nguyen (2010) studied discharge high head power plant. two types of shape
coefficients for water flow through a vertical, orifice were tested, i.e. sharp-edged and
circular orifice at the bottom of a conical rounded orifices, by allowing the tests to
hopper experimentally. Experiments were produce the same amount of head losses in
carried out under different orifice diameters the sharp flow approach by the researchers.
and water heads in a conical hopper which Their findings revealed that for the
consisted of a cylindrical hopper of inside contracted flow approach, the rounded
diameter of 48 cm and a bottom cone of side orifices produced less head losses than the
slope of 45°. The dependence of the sharp-edged orifices. Furthermore, the head
discharge coefficient on the orifice diameter losses in the sharp flow approach (AB)
and water head was analyzed, and then an agreed well with existing formula. For the
empirical relation was developed by using a gradual flow approach (BA), head losses
dimensional analysis and a regression were 40% lower for the sharp orifices and
analysis by the researchers. Their results 65% lower for the rounded orifices.
showed that the larger orifice diameter or When a jet of fluid exits from an
higher water head had a smaller discharge orifice, it gets contracted the narrowest
coefficient and the orifice diameter played section of the jet or stream of the fluid at the
more significant influence on the discharge downstream side of the orifice is known as
coefficient than the water head did. The the vena- contracta. The ratio of the area of
discharge coefficient of water flow through a the jet or stream at vena-contracta to the
bottom orifice was larger than that through a area of the orifice is known as coefficient of
sidewall orifice under the similar conditions contraction(Cc). The ratio of actual velocity
of the water head, orifice diameter, and of the jet or stream at vena- contracta to the
hopper size. Ntamba (2011) conducted wide- theoretical or ideal velocity is known as
ranging experimental studies of the flow in coefficient of velocity (Cv). The ratio of
orifice plates and derived a correlation which actual discharge to theoretical or ideal
can predict pressure loss coefficient from discharge is known as coefficient of
laminar to turbulent flow regime. The discharge(Cd). The orifice meter measures
researcher made a direct comparison the theoretical or ideal discharge of fluid by
between circular orifice and triangular virtue of differential pressure across the
orifices plates tested. His findings revealed orifice in the orifice plate fitted to the pipe or
that the differences in pressure loss and the orifice in the tank. The discharge of fluid
discharge coefficients between circular and is a function of the velocity of flow as well as
triangular orifice plate with sharp apex were the area of the orifice. The values of orifice
-6% and 2.1% respectively and -0.5% and coefficients are needed to calculate the
1.5% respectively for the triangular orifice actual discharge through the pipe or tank
plate with round apex. Adam et-al (2017) from the measured pressure difference or
192
head across the orifice in the flow path. d. Mounting stand

Orifice coefficients are empirical because of 2. A circular orifice having diameter of
difficulty in accurately predicting the effects 0.0138m and area of 0.00015m2
of geometrical complicacy and flow 3 A rectangular orifice having length of
separation from the wall (Shah et al,2012). 0.015m and width of 0.01m and area of
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the 0.00015m2
orifice coefficients viz-a-viz coefficient of 5. Stop watch
velocity, coefficient of contraction and
Experimental Method
coefficient of discharge of circular and
A circular orifice was fitted to orifice
rectangular orifices. This was done with a
slot in the water tank (fluid supply tank) and
view to finding which among the circular
the experimentation was performed using
and square orifices has the highest orifice
the method stated by (Rajput, 2008). So, the
coefficients and flow rate or discharge.
water tank was filled with water and allowed
MATERIALS AND METHOD to flow through the orifice. A 0.9m head of
Materials water in the water tank was maintained by
The materials used in the research regulating the supply of water. The vertical
work comprised of scale was slide on the horizontal scale
1, The Orifice test rig developed by Bobai through a reasonable distance to touch the
(2014) whose schematic diagram is shown in centre line of the jet of water denoted by
Figure 1 comprises of water tank provided point R. The coordinates of the point, R that
with is x and y in the jet shown in figure 1 were
a. Orifice slot where orifice of different measured. The time t, taken for rise of water
shapes is fitted. through a certain height in the measuring
b. Scale (Horizontal and vertical scale) tank was noted.
c. Measuring tank
The Cv was found by using the relation stated by (Rajput,2008) as
Cv = (1)
Where H is the head of water.
Figure 1. The Schematic diagram of the orifice test rig developed by Bobai (2014).
193
Then actual discharge, Q through the

orifice was calculated by using the relation
stated by Rajput (2008) as
×
Q= ( )
= (1)
Where D is the diameter of the measuring Theoretical discharge, Qth was

tank which is cylindrical in shape and lo is calculated using the relation stated by Rajput
the rise in water level in the measuring tank. (2008) as
Qth = a× 2 (2)
Hence = = (2)
×
Where a is the area of the orifice. For circular orifice, a = (3)

Where d is the diameter of the circular orifice.
For rectangular orifice, a = Length x Width (4)
The coefficient of contraction Cc was found

from the following relation as also stated by
Rajput (2008), as
= ×
= (5)
After the use of circular orifice, it was the orifices were determined for the circular
dismantled from the orifice slot in the test and rectangular orifice.
rig and a rectangular orifice was fitted and
the same procedure was repeated. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experiments using circular The average orifice parameters viz-a- viz
orifice and rectangular orifice were each coefficient of discharge, coefficient of
conducted five times. The average values of velocity, coefficient of contraction,
the coefficients of discharge, coefficients of theoretical and actual discharges are shown
velocity, and coefficients of contraction, in Table 1.
theoretical and actual discharges through
Coefficient of 0.94 0.96
Table 1: Average orifice coefficients and velocity(Cv)
discharges through circular and rectangular Coefficient of 0.66 0.69
orifices. contraction(Cc)
Orifice Circular Rectangular Theoretical 5.52 x 10- 5.53 x 10-
Parameters Orifice Orifice discharge m /s
4 3
m /s
4 3
Coefficient of 0.62 0.66 Actual discharge 3.42 x 10 3.65 x

-
10-
discharge(Cd) m /s
4 3
m /s
4 3
194
It can be seen from Table 1 that finding of CODECOGS (2018) that the value
circular orifice has average coefficient of of coefficient of contraction varies slightly
discharge , coefficient of velocity, coefficient with the shape of the orifice. It suffices to
of contraction , theoretical and actual infer from Table 1 that rectangular orifice
discharges as 0.62, 0.94, 0.66, 5.52x 10-4m3/s has higher orifice coefficients as well as
and 3.42x 10-4m3/s respectively and the discharges than circular orifice.
rectangular orifice has average coefficient of
discharge , coefficient of velocity, coefficient CONCLUSION
of contraction , theoretical and actual Knowledge about the orifice
discharges as 0.66, 0.96, 0.69, 5.53x10-4m3/s coefficients and discharges through circular
and 3.65 x10-4m3/s respectively. It is very and rectangular orifice is very important,
evident in Table 1 The Cd of rectangular when selection for use is based on the
orifice is higher than that of circular orifice requirement of low or high discharges as
and this is line with the findings of Novák well as high or low orifice coefficients. In this
and Koza(2013) and Qing-fei et al(2014) that research work rectangular orifice has been
discharge coefficients of narrow rectangular found to have higher orifice coefficients as
orifice were much higher than discharge well as discharges than circular orifice. So
coefficients for compa-rable circular orifices. where high flow rates are required, a
Moreso in line with the findings of rectangular orifice should be considered for
Navaneetha et al, (2017) who found Cd for use and when low flow rates are required,
1.32cm2 circular orifice to be 0.602 and for circular orifice should be considered for use.
0.78cm2 rectangular orifice to be 0.842. The However, the selection should be based on
Cv and Cc of rectangular orifice are higher the designed flow rate requirement for the
than those of circular orifice as seen from system.
Table 1. The variation in Cc in line with the
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ATBU, Journal of Science, Technology & Education (JOSTE); Vol.

6 (1), March, 2018 ISSN: 2277-0011

Nicholas. Akhaze Musa and Bobai, Santos Bityong

Keywords: Orifice, circular orifice, rectangular orifice, coefficient of discharge, coefficient of

INTRODUCTION used for various engineering applications

head across the orifice in the flow path. d. Mounting stand

Then actual discharge, Q through the

Where D is the diameter of the measuring Theoretical discharge, Qth was

Where a is the area of the orifice. For circular orifice, a = (3)

The coefficient of contraction Cc was found

Coefficient of 0.62 0.66 Actual discharge 3.42 x 10 3.65 x

Dhumal, D. S, More, Y. R &Gawai, U. S. Ntamba, B. M. N. (2011). Non-Newtonian

Technology & Engineering, 2(10): 494-

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