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To cite this article: Prabhata K. Swamee & Nimisha Swamee (2010) Discharge equation
of a circular sharp-crested orifice, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48:1, 106-107, DOI:
10.1080/00221680903568626
Technical note
NIMISHA SWAMEE, Executive, Railway Infrastructure, Railway Business Unit, Larsen and Toubro, Faridabad,
121 003, India.
Email: NimishaSwamee@larsentoubro.com
ABSTRACT
The discharge of circular sharp-crested orifices is commonly obtained by using experimental data of the discharge coefficient. This procedure is
subjected to errors in graph reading. Further, such a procedure also cannot be used for analytical purposes. Presented herein is a high-accuracy explicit
equation of the orifice discharge. The equation unifies viscous and potential flows.
Keywords: Discharge coefficient, discharge measurement, explicit equation, flow rate, orifice, viscous effect
Orifices are used as an emptying device for tanks. The classical For small [d(gh)1/2/n], the relationship Cd versus[d(gh)1/2/n] is
discharge equation for circular orifice flow from a side of a large linear on a double logarithmic plot (Fig. 1), namely
tank is
pffiffiffiffiffi
0:0268d gh
p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Cd ¼ (2)
Q ¼ Cd d 2 2gh (1) n
4
4 Conclusions
Notation
Combining Eqs (1) and (4), the orifice discharge is finally
" 1:43 #0:7 Cd ¼ discharge coefficient
pffiffiffiffiffi
2 n 4:5n 1:26
Q ¼ 0:679d gh 87 pffiffiffiffiffi þ 1 þ pffiffiffiffiffi : d ¼ orifice diameter
d gh d gh
g ¼ gravitational acceleration
(5) h ¼ hydraulic head
Q ¼ discharge
3 Discussion
V ¼ average flow orifice velocity
n ¼ kinematic fluid viscosity
Putting n ¼ 0 for potential flow, Eq. (5) reduces to
pffiffiffiffiffi
Q ¼ 0:679d 2 gh (6)
References
A perusal of Eq. (6) reveals that for very high Reynolds
numbers, the orifice discharge varies directly with the opening Lea, F.C. (1938). Hydraulics for engineers and engineering
area, and as a square root of the operating head. In turn, by students, 6th ed. Arnold, London.
putting n ! 1 for highly viscous flow, Eq. (5) reads Rouse, H. (1946). Elementary mechanics of fluids. Wiley &
Sons, New York.
0:0298d 3 gh Swamee, P.K. (1988). Generalized rectangular weir equations.
Q¼ (7)
n J. Hydraul. Eng. 114(8), 945–949.