Organs System

What I need to know (objectives )

What I know ( pre assessment)

What’s In ( review / motivation

Whats New ( lessom in a form of Activity

What is it (Lecture part)

What’s more (Practice Activity

What I have learned ( Generalization

What I can do Application

Additional Activities

Answer key
 What I need to know?

This module is designed to assist you in your journey in learning Science. It covers
lesson that will teach you for identifying the parts and functions of the Respiratory and
Circulatory System and how they are related to each other. You may also know the
different diseases in both system and how you will take care of it. You may also use
and refer to additional resources if you have any such as books, and online sites
accessible with the use of internet.

The module consists of two lessons with corresponding learning competencies,

namely;

Lesson 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working with the other Organ Systems
 Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to transport nutrients, gases,
and other molecules to and from the different parts of the body.
 Infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of respiratory and circulatory systems.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Trace the pathway of gas from the environment to the blood.

 Relate the function of the respiratory system to the circulatory system in
providing the oxygen to the cell.
 Apply the concepts learned in the respiratory and circulatory systems in having a
healthy lifestyle.

Lesson 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

 Describe the location of genes in chromosomes

 Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance
 What I know?

Let’s find out how much you already know this module. Please answer all items.
Choose the best answer on the following questions and write the letter of your answer on
the space provided before each number.

___________1. Which of the following best describes the function of respiratory system?

a. To absorb nutrients from food

b. To protect the body from the infection
c. To exchange gases in the environment
d. To respond to stimuli in the environment

___________2. Which of the following is the function of the respiratory system?

a. To give shape and support the body

b. To exchanges gases between the external environment and the lungs
c. To exchanges gases between the external environment and the diaphragm
d. To breakdown food into absorbable sizes

__________3. Which structure serves as entrance of air into your body?

a. Trachea b. Esophagus c. Alveolus d. Nose

__________4. What is the purpose of hair inside the nose?

a. To fight disease causing germs

b. To warm the incoming air
c. To filter the dust particles from the inhaled air
d. To disinfect the incoming air

___________5. What is the respiratory system?

a. The body’s breathing system

b. The body’s system of nerves
c. The body’s food processing system
d. The body’s blood-transporting system

_________6. What is the importance of RBCs?

a. They give color to body cells

b. They bring oxygen to individual cells of the body
c. They energize the other components of the blood.
d. They thicken the blood as they circulate.

________7. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

a. Vein b. Artery c. Capillary d. Cell

________8. What causes the bright red color of the blood as it flows from the lungs to the heart?

a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Gastric Juice d. Amylase

________9. Which of the following components protect us from the disease causing-germ?

a. Lungs c. RBC’s
b. Capillaries d. WBC’s

________10. What is the circulatory system?

a. The body’s breathing system

b. The body’s system of nerves
c. The body’s food processing system
d. The body’s blood-transporting system

________11. Which of the following is a cross between a cross of a male and a female?

a. XY x YY b. XX x XX c. XX x XY d. X x Y

________12. A black chicken and a white chicken mate and produce a grey chick. Which type of
inheritance would be this is an example of?

a. Recessive b. Dominant c. Co – dominance d. Incomplete

________13.
 System is a group of different organs in the body that works to together perform
specific functions. Human bodies are wonderfully created to carry out incredible task
and activities.It is like the machine that is able to function with proper organization of
parts and system. However our body requires a proper care and maintenance.

In your previous grade you have learned that a human body is composed of
different systems, and did you know that we have 11 systems in our body which are
collection of cell, tissue and organs each of which has a special job that keeps you
alive. Whether you eat, play, dance, sing or sleep; each part of your organ system
performs particular functions. Let us go dipper as we go on this module.

What’s in?

Do what the Frayer Model asking for

Give three characteristic of this

What is the organ in the picture? organ?

_______________________ 1. __________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________

What is the function of this What is not the function of this

organ? organ?

___________________________ ____________________________
___________________________ ____________________________
___________________________ ____________________________
___________________________ ____________________________
________________. ____________________________.
 What’s New?

The Human Breathing System

I ask you to inhale and exhale. Feel the air moving from the nose into the throat,
through the air tubes and into the lungs.

The parts of the respiratory system are in charge of supplying oxygen are the
nose, nasal passageway, windpipe, lungs and diaphragm.

Activity 1: Bottled Balloon

Objectives:

1. Explain how lungs work

2. Describe how the movement of the diaphragm helps in the air goes in and out of the
lungs.

Materials:

1 two liter plastic bottle 1 sturdy straw 1 pair scissors

3 balloons (1 big, 1 small) 5 rubber bands

Procedure:

1. Using 1 pair of scissors cut the bottom out of the two litter plastic bottle.
2. Create two holes that are apart from each other in the cap of the plastic bottle. Make
sure that each hole is just big enough for a straw to fit for it.
3. Stick the straws through the two holes of the bottle cap.
4. Place one balloon on the end of each straw, and secure them with rubber bands as
shown in the figure below.

5. Stick the balloon end of the straws through the bottle opening screw the lid on
tightly
 6. Stretch out the larger balloon and place it over the open bottom of the bottle.
Secure it with rubber band as tightly as possible. Refer to the diagram of the
finished lung model below.

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think does each part of the constructed lung model represent?

2 liter plastic bottle -_________________________________________________________

2 straws -_________________________________________________________________
2 balloons-________________________________________________________________
Larger Balloons -_____________________________________________________________

2. What happened to the lungs when the diaphragm is contracted?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What happened when you pulled down the balloon that is wrapped around the bottle?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What happen as you pushed up the balloon that is wrapped around the bottle
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What is it?
The parts of the respiratory system are in charge of supplying oxygen are
the nose, nasal passageway, windpipe, lungs and diaphragm. It is
subdivided into two the upper respiratory system part and the lower respiratory
system.
 Nasal Cavity Pharynx

Nostrils Mouth
Larynx

Trachea Bronchioles

Bronchi Lungs

See the definition of each part

from your textbooks. P. 9-10

I ask you to inhale and exhale. Feel the air moving from the nose into the throat,
through the air tubes and into the lungs.

When you breathe in or

inhale, the diaphragm muscles
contracts. Inhaling moves the
diaphragm down and expands
the chest cavity. There is now
more space and less air
pressure inside the lungs. Air
pushes in from the outside
there is a higher air pressure.
It pushes into the lungs where
there is a lower air pressure.

When you breathe out

or exhale the diaphragm
muscle relaxes. The
diaphragm muscle relaxes.
The diaphragm, chest cavity
and ribs return to its original
place. There is now less space
and greater air pressure inside
the Respiratory
lungs. It pushes the air to
Infections
the outside where there is a
lower air pressure.
 Infection of the respiratory tract can occur in :

1. The upper Respiratory Tract

2. The Lower Respiratory Tract
3. Both
Organisms capable of infecting Respiratory Structure include:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses (e.g. Corona Virus)
Factors that might weaken the Respiratory defense barriers:
 Cigarette smoking which can paralyze the cilia lining the cell of the respiratory
passages of particles and microorganism

The common Diseases in the Respiratory System

The most common viral pathogens are

viruses. They enter to the body through
The common cold the mucous membrane of the nose and
eyes. They are readily spread from
person to person via respiratory
secretion.
It is a chronic lung disease that
obstructs airflows. I involves difficulty of
breathing due to
Asthma  inflammation
 Mucus in the airways
 Tightening of muscles
around the airways
An inflammation of the larynx. It causes
Laryngitis hoarse voice or the complete loss of the
voice because of vocal irritation.
It is an inflammation of the main air
passages to the lungs. It may develop
Bronchitis
after a common cold or viral infection of
the throat or bronchi.
It occurs when bacteria (most commonly
Streptococcus pneumoniae), chemical
irritants, or viruses get into your lungs.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia causes the alveoli in the
lungs to fill with pus or other liquid.
This causes difficulty of breathing.
It is chronic (long-lasting) disease that
gradually destroys the lungs means that
Emphysema become unable to breathe in enough
oxygen. Cigarettes smoking can
contribute to this disease process.
It is a disease caused by bacteria called
Tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 The TB bacteria usually affect the lungs.
If a person develops TB disease and does
not get appropriate medical treatment
he/she can die.

How respiratory and Circulatory system connected? But before let’s have a brief review
about Circulatory

What’s in?

Do what the Frayer Model asking for:

Give three characteristic of this

What is the organ in the picture? organ?

_______________________ 1. __________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________

What is the function of this What is not the function of this

organ? organ?

__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
__________________________ ____________________________
____________________. ____________________________.
 What’s New?

Activity

In this activity, you will state the effects of various activities on one’s heart rate.

Materials: Stop watch or a wrist watch science notebook

Procedure:

Note the students with asthma or heart disease should not do this activity

1. Find your pulse by placing your middle index finger on your inner wrist.
Make sure that you are sitting down as you find your pulse.
2. Move your fingers slightly until you feel a pulsating movement of an artery.
3. Count the number of beats that you feel every 10 seconds. This is your heart rate while
sitting. Record the result on the table.
4. Ask your partner tp run for two minutes. Record his or her heart immediately after
running. Result the data table.
5. Let your partner rest for one minute so that you can find out your heart rate after
running and then after resting for one minute. Record your result in the table.
Heart Rate ( beats / minute)
Activity
Self Partner
Sitting
After Running
After Resting

Guide Questions:
1. Describe your heart rate when you were sitting.

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. What happen to your heart rate after running? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. How does the nature of Activity affect the heart rate?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 What is it?
The Circulatory System is the life support that nourishes your cells with food
and oxygen. It also carries away the waste products. The circulatory system
can be compared to a complex arrangement of highways, avenues and lanes
connecting all the cells together into a neighborhood. Sequentially, the community of cells
sustains the body to stay alive. Another name for the circulatory system is the cardiovascular
system.

The Circulatory system functions with other body system to deliver other materials in
the body it circulates vital element such as oxygen and nutrients.

The following are the three major parts of the Circulatory System, with their roles:

1. Heart – pumps the blood throughout the body

The human heart is made up of muscles. Do you know how big your heart is? Take a
look at your fist. The heart is a hollow muscle, which is just as big as your fist. It has 4
chambers with specific task to do: two ventricles and two atria. The atria are the receiving
chambers of the heart. The ventricles are the pumping chambers, moving blood to the lungs
and to the body.
 Parts Function
It is a protective sac and covers the
Pericardium
heart and large vessel.
The body’s largest artery, it distributes
Aorta oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
to the body.
It brings deoxygenated blood from the
Superior Vena Cava upper part of the body going back to the
heart.
It brings deoxygenated blood from the
Inferior Vena Cava upper part of the body going back to the
heart.
It carries deoxygenated blood from the
Pulmonary Artery
right ventricle to the lungs.
It takes oxygenated blood from the
Pulmonary Vein
lungs to the left atrium.
4 Chambers of the Heart
Take oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Left atrium
and pumps it to the left ventricle.
It pumps oxygen rich blood through the
Left Ventricle aorta which sends it out through the
entire body
It receives deoxygenated blood from the
Right Atrium
body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
The chamber within the heart that is
Right Ventricle responsible for pumping deoxygenated
blood

2. Blood vessel – carries the blood throughout the body.

 Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and
organs of the body.
 Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
 Capillaries- the smallest blood vessel in the body, connecting the smallest
arteries to the smallest veins.
3. Blood- carries the materials throughout the body.

 White Blood Cell or leukocytes - they help the body fight infection and other
diseases.
 Red Blood Cell or erythrocytes - contain a protein called hemoglobin, which
carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body
 Platelets or thrombocytes – smallest blood cell and it help to form blood clots to
slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.
 Three Types of Circulation

Types of Circulation Description Diagram

Movement of the blood from

1. Pulmonary the heart to the lungs, and
back to the heart.

Movement of blood through

2. Coronary
the tissues of the heart.

Movement of the blood form

3. Systemic the heart to the rest of the
body, excluding the lungs

When you breathe in, your respiratory system receives fresh oxygen. The oxygen first goes
into your lungs and then into the left side of your heart. It is then pumped by the heart into
your blood stream. Blood travels throughout your body. The heart pumps blood through a
system of large and small pathways that make up the circulatory system. Blood delivers vital
nutrients, oxygen, and other chemicals to every cell in your body. Once in the cells, oxygen
burns nutrients to make energy. A waste gas called carbon dioxide is produced during this
process. The blood carries carbon dioxide into the right side of your heart, from which it is
pumped to the lungs. When you breathe out, the carbon dioxide leaves your body through the
lungs.
 Common Diseases in the Circulatory System

It is an inherited disorder. It is the

malfunction of the heart that causes
Congenital Heart Disease
abnormal heart development resulted to
abnormal flow of blood
It is also known as high blood pressure
happens when the force pushing
Hypertension
against the walls of arteries as the heart
pumps blood is too high.
It is developed when there is an
Leukemia excessive production of abnormal white
blood cell.
It is characterized by the decrease in
Anemia
the number of red blood cells.
It is also known as myocardial
infarction , usually occur when the
blood clot form inside a coronary artery.
Heart attack
The blood clot severely limits or
completely cuts off the flow of blood to
part of the heart.
a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the
brain.
 ischemic stroke -caused by an abrupt
Stroke blockage of arteries leading to the brain
 hemorrhagic stroke - strokes are
caused by bleeding into brain tissue
when a blood vessel bursts (
 What I have learned?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

PARTS

Blood Vessels

Pumps the blood Carries the materials

throughout the body throughout the body

TYPES

CIRCULATION

PARTS

Systemic
Circulation

Movement of the
blood form the
heart to the rest
of the body
 What I can do?

Give the some tips or good habits for taking care our Circulatory and Respiratory
System
Lesson
2
In your previous grade, you learned that cells divide to produce new cells and
meiosis is one of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of
inheritance. In this module, you learn about the hereditary factors originally
described by Gregor Mendel. You will also look at different pattern of inheritance and
have a better understanding of variation.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Describe the location of genes in chromosomes

 Perform genetic crosses and predict possible offspring
 Infer pattern of inheritance involved in different situation

Here a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

Genes & Chromosomes

Heredity: Inheritance
and Variation Pattern of inheritance

Genetic Variation and

Adaptation
 What’s in?

There are pictures below and all you have to do is to match them.

A B C D E

What’s New ?

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterized by slow

blood clotting process. People with this condition experience prolonged bleeding following an
injury, surgery, or having a tooth pulled. In severe cases, bleeding occur after minor trauma or
even without an injury. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder.
Discover how this trait is inherited as you go through this module. But, before that
consider this case.

Lily Water is a healthy 38-year-old woman married to a healthy 40-year-old man.

Their first child is a boy with hemophilia. Their second child is a girl who is normal.
Their youngest is another boy with hemophilia.

Lily Water had a maternal uncle who had died in childhood from hemophilia and a
brother who had bleeding problems as a child but these were resolved during his
adolescence
 Guide Question:
1. Is there an obvious pattern in the cases of hemophilia presented in the given
situation?
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
2. If Lily and her husband will have a fourth child, will the child suffer from
hemophilia? Why do you say so?
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
3. What do you think the factors that influence how traits are inherited?
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

What is it?

As you study in your previous grade you know that Gregor Mendel is responsible for
the laws governing inheritance of traits.

It has been known for thousands of years that

biological traits are passed to offspring by their
parents who received these traits from past
generations. This fact was most successfully
applied by farmers who recognized the
importance of saving the seeds of the best
plants for the next year’s crop and using the
best animals for breeding. But until recent
times, the scientific mechanisms that drive
inheritance were not understood. Today, we call
the scientific study of inheritance genetics.

In 1866, an Augustinian priest named Gregor Mendel proposed the first theory about the
units of inheritance, that we call genes. He described two basic rules that govern how traits
are transmitted from one generation to another. Mendel’s work is
recognized as one of the greatest breakthroughs in the history of
science and marked the beginning of the science of genetics we
know today.
Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk. He studied the
inheritance of traits in pea plants and this is the beginning that he
developed the law of inheritance. Mendel’s work was not recognized
until the turn of 20th century. Mendel cultivated and tested some
28000 pea plants. He found that the pea plants
offspring retained traits from the parents.
Mendel stated that physical traits are
inherited as particles and he did not know that
particles are actually chromosomes and DNA.
 Maybe you are wondering why Gregor Mendel use pea plants (Pisum
sativum) instead of other plants. Here are the reasons why?

 Pea plants can be grown in small area.

 Produce lots of offspring.
 Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several
generations.

Here are the Genetic terminologies that you need to know in order to enlighten
your minds about heredity and inheritance.

Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring.

Heredity – passing of traits from parent to offspring
Genetics – study of heredity

Types of genetic crosses

1. Monohybrid Cross – a cross involving single trait (ex. Flower color)
2. Dihybrid cross – a cross involving two traits (ex. Flower color & flower height)

Genotype – gene combination for a trait. (ex. RR, Rr, and rr)
 Homozygous Genotype – gene combination involving 2 dominant
represented by capital letter or two recessive genes represented by small
letters. ( ex. BB or bb)
 Heterozygous genotype – gene combination of one dominant and one
recessive (ex. Bb or Rr)
Phenotype- the physical feature resulting from a genotype (ex. Red , tall ,
short, violet)

How to solve or predict the possible offspring of parent?

To solve genetic problems we used
Punnett square. The Punnett square is a
square diagram that is used to predict the
genotypes of a particular cross or breeding
experiment. It is named after Reginald C.
Punnett. Take a look at this on how to
predict an offspring using Punnett square.
 Mendel’s Rule of Segregation
In his first series of experiments, Mendel made crosses
between true-breeding pea strains that differed in one
trait, seed shape. Parents either had round or wrinkled
seeds. These crosses are referred to as monohybrid
crosses. The plants involved in the
original cross are call the parental or P generation. The
offspring or progeny seeds from this cross are referred to
as the first filial or F1 generation.
Mendel found that all the F1 generation seeds resulting
from his original cross of parents with round and
wrinkled seeds were round. (See p. 19-20 to view the
results of Mendel’s crosses.) He concluded that the
wrinkled trait seemed to be masked or “dominated” by
the round trait in the F1 seeds. Mendel called the round
trait dominant and the wrinkled trait recessive. Mendel
planted the F1 seeds, raised the plants, and allowed them
to self-pollinate to produce a second filial or F2
generation of seeds. He found that both round and
wrinkled seeds appeared in the F2 generation in a ratio of
three round (dominant trait) to one wrinkled (recessive
trait).
Mendel continued each cross for another generation by
collecting F2 seeds, planting them, rearing the plants, and
allowing them to self-pollinate to produce a third filial or
F3 generation. Mendel discovered that F2 individuals
with the recessive trait always produced progeny with the
recessive trait. Some F2 individuals with the dominant
trait produced only progeny with round seeds, while
other F2 individuals with the dominant trait had progeny
with both round and wrinkled seeds. From these results,
Mendel hypoth- esized that alternative traits, round or
wrinkled seeds, are determined by “factors.” Today, we
call these factors genes. Mendel proposed that genes exist
in different forms and, consequently, can produce
different traits.
Today, we call different forms of one gene alleles.
seed (RR), and a plant that is true breeding wrinkled
seed is homozygous.
Mendel theorized that each parent plant passed one
allele for each trait to its offspring through their
gametes (sperm or egg). Based on the fact that reces-
sive traits reappear in the offspring of heterozygotes,
Mendel proposed that alleles do not mix or blend in
heterozygotes. This idea was contrary to the “blending
theory” that was the thinking of the day. Mendel’s
results suggested that dominant and recessive alleles do
not blend, but are passed intact from heterozygotes to
their offspring.
Mendel’s Rule of Independent
Assortment
Mendel wanted to understand how two or more traits
are inherited simultaneously. He hypothesized two
possibilities. One possibility was that the traits were
inherited as a unit. If one parent has round and yellow
seeds and the other parent has wrinkled and green
seeds, these pairs of traits might be passed together to
their offspring. The offspring would produce either
round-yellow seeds or wrinkled-green seeds. The
second possibility was that traits are inherited indepen-
dently. If so, future generations would display a
combination of the traits, such as round-green or
wrinkled-yellow seeds.
Mendel investigated his hypothesis by crossing plants that
differed in two traits, called a dihybrid cross. He crossed
plants that were homozygous true-breeding

Upon completing his monohybrid crosses, Mendel

proposed that each individual pea plant carried two copies
(two alleles) of each gene. Each allele is given a letter.
The genetic makeup of an individual symbolized by letters
is called its genotype. Uppercase or capital letters indicate
a dominant allele, and lowercase or small letters indicate a
recessive allele. An individual with two identical alleles is
said to be homozygous. A plant that is true-breeding for
round seeds is homozygous for the allele controlling round
Mendel’s Monohybrid Parental (P1)
Generation
Mendel’s Monohybrid F3 Generation
Round Seeds (RR) cross from Wrinkled seed (rr)
Seed from selfed F2 plant RR
R R
R R
r
Rr Rr R
RR RR

R
r Rr Rr
RR RR

Genotype and phenotype ratio:

Genotype and Phenotype Ratio:
AllF seeds areheterozygousround (Rr).
1 All F3 seed are homozygous round

Mendel’s Monohybrid F2 Generation Mendel’s Monohybrid F3 Generation

Seeds from selfed plants Rr x Rr Seed from selfed F2 plant Rr
R r R r

R RR Rr RR Rr
R

Rr rr Rr rr

R r

Genoype ratio:
Genotype ratio:
½ heterozygous round Rr
1/4 homozygous round RR
½ heterozygous round Rr
¼ homozygous round RR
¼ homozygous wrinkled rr
Phenotype ratio: 3:1
 Mendel’s Monohybrid F3 F2 seeds from Selfed F1 plants RrYy
Generation
RY Ry rY ry
Seed from selfed F2 plant RR

r r RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

RY

rr rr Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy

r

ry RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy

r rr rr

ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

All F3 seed are heterozygous wrinkled Genotype:

Observe the nine different genotypes in
the Punnett square above. RRYY,
Mendel’s Dihybrid Crosess RRYy, RRyy, RrYY, RrYy, Rryy,
rrYY, rrYy, rryy
F1 seed form cross of parent Round
Yellow (RRYY) from Wrinkled green Phenotype:
(rryy) The ratio of the four different
phenotypes are 9 (9/16) round-yellow
RY RY RY RY seeds, 3 (3/16) round-green seeds,
3 (3/16) wrinkled-yellow seeds
and 1 (1/16) wrinkled- green
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy seeds
ry
The genotypes and phenotypes of all
progeny of mono- and dihybrid crosses are
easily analyzed by constructing a Punnett
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy square. Named after the British geneticist
R.C. Punnett, this chart is
composed of either 4 or 16 squares that
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy represent the number of possible genotype
combinations of progeny. To use a Punnett
square, the possible gamete combinations are
ry RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy placed to the side of the square either on the
row or column side. One side of the square
represents the male gametes and the other
Genotype and phenotype: side represents the female gametes. The
gametes are combined in the square to
All F1 generation seeds are
heterozygous round and yellow ( RrYy) produce the possible genotypes of the progeny
(offspring.)

I. Answer the following problem using
the Punnett Square.
Monohybrid Cross (5 PTS)
1. In the color of the flowers having
a red petals (R) are dominant
over (r) white petals. A
heterozygous red petal is allowed
to pollinate by itself. Give the
genotype, phenotypes and
phenotypic ratio of the resulting
F1.
TRAIT:
ALELLES:
CROSS:
F1
Dihybrid Cross (10 PTS)
2. In pea plants, having green pod
(G) and tall stem (T) over the
yellow pod (g) and short stem (t).
Cross heterozygous green and tall
with another of the same kind.
Find the genotypes, phenotypes,
and its phenotypic ratio. (10pts.)
TRAIT:
ALELLES:
CROSS:
Possible Combinations:
F1
A. Genotype :
B. Phenotype:
C. Phenotypic Ratio:
3. In the height of flowers having a
tall stem (A) is dominant over
short stem (a) and having a
purple flower (B) is dominant over
pink flower (b). A heterozygous
tall and homozygous pink flower
is allowed to pollinate by
homozygous tall flower and
homozygous pink. Find the
genotypes, phenotypes, and its
phenotypic ratio. (10pts.)
TRAIT:
ALELLES:
CROSS:
Possible Combinations:
F1
A. Genotype :
B. Phenotype:
C. Phenotypic Ratio:
 See for yourself . . .
Direction: Observe the traits of your parents and list down on the table their
traits then after observe you traits then list it again. After listing all the traits,
what realization do you get from this activity?

Traits

Hair curly, straight, or wavy Nose flat, pointed, or semi pointed

Face shape oval, round, square, or heart Lips broad or thin
Widows peak present or absent Eyebrow bushy or thin
Cliff chin present or absent Earlobe attached or free
Eye color blue, black, or brown Dimples present or absent
Skin color brown, tan, or fair
Ear length long or short

MOTHER FATHER My Traits

Hair Hair Hair
Face shape Face shape Face shape
Widows Peak Widows Peak Widows Peak
Cliff Chin Cliff Chin Cliff Chin
Eye color Eye color Eye color
Skin Color Skin Color Skin Color
Ear length Ear length Ear length
Nose Nose Nose
Lips Lips Lips
Eyebrow Eyebrow Eyebrow
Ear lobe Ear lobe Ear lobe
Dimples Dimples Dimples
 Snowman Phenotypes
TRAIT DOMINANT RECESSIVE INCOMPLETE
CODOMINANCE

Number of
Snowballs Three (S) Two (s) N/A

Height N/A
Tall (H) Short (h)

Nose
Carrot (N) Button (n) N/A

Pipe No pipe (P) Pipe (p) N/A

Eyes
Coal (C) Buttons (B) One of each (CB)

Arm Length
Long (L) Short (S) Medium (LS)

Button
Shape Square (S) Triangle (T) Hearts (TS)

Clothing
(any color)
Hat (H) Scarf (S) Hat & scarf (HS)
 Do You Want to Build a Snowman?
Dominant & Recessive Traits
Your objective is to create your own snowman by determining the traits that it has inherited from its parents.

Step 1 – Obtain two coins; one for each parent. Parents are heterozygous for all traits

Step 2- Flip coins for each trait. Heads = dominant & tails = recessive**. Circle the correct allele to determine the genotype and
the phenotype for each trait.

Trait Parent 1 Parent 2 Genotype Phenotype

# of Snowballs S s S s

Height H h H h
Nose N n N n
Pipe P p P p
Eyes C B C B
Arm Length L S L S
Button Shape S T S T
Clothing H S H S

Question:
Describe how this activity represents real life. Use evidence from your coin flips to explain how traits can be

inherited in humans. Use at least one real, human example in your explanation.
 My Snowman
My Snow ma n’s Name:____________________

Directions: In the space below, cut and paste the snowman that you created by flipping coins. Use the
snowman phenotype chart to determine your snowman characteristics. Put any color to your snowman
and some design or background to make it more attractive.
Snowman Parts

.
 Which Snowballs should I use?

Two Snowball Tall Two Snowball Short Three Snowball Short Three Snowball Tall
http://cmscharlottehornetsteam7.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/1/4/121476231/snowman_genetics_2_part_tpt_19-20_-
_like_turkey.pdf
 passes through the left atrium into
the left ventricle, and from there it is
pumped through your arteries to the rest
of the body. Check out our heart
worksheet to test your knowledge of the
five basic parts of the heart.

The largest artery in the body is the aorta

and it's located above the left ventricle.
This process of moving blood through
the body is called circulation and it
repeats itself all day, every day
throughout your life!

When you were exercising, you needed

more oxygenated blood, so your heart
had to work harder! That's why it beat
faster after exercise. The sound of your
heartbeat is the sound of valves in your
heart closing. Valves act like doors in
your heart, controlling how much blood
goes in and out.

Blood's circulation path: body >> veins >

> right atrium > > right ventricle >> lungs
>> left atrium >> left ventricle >> arteries
>> body

The Human Heart

Human hearts have four chambers and

work as a pump delivering blood to your
body.

Deoxygenated blood—which needs a

fresh supply of oxygen—is brought by
veins in from the body into the first
chamber, known as the right atrium. The
heart them pumps the blood into the right
ventricle, and from there it is pumped to
the lungs. In the lungs, the blood
receives oxygen.

From the lungs, the oxygenated blood is

brought back to the heart. The blood