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Topic4 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Topic4 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Topic4 - Discrete Probability Distribution
Textbook: Chapter 5
Types Of
Variables
Discrete Continuous
Variable Variable
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 X
𝜇=𝐸 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1
where
𝑥𝑖 = the ith value of the discrete variable 𝑋
𝑃 𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 = probability of occurrence of the ith value of 𝑋
𝜎2 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1
𝜎= 𝜎2 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1
where:
𝜇 = Mean/Expected value of the discrete variable 𝑋
𝑥𝑖 = the ith outcome of 𝑋
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖) = Probability of the ith occurrence of 𝑋
𝜎2 = 𝑥𝑖2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝜇2
𝑖=1
𝜎= 𝜎2 = 𝑥𝑖2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝜇2
𝑖=1
where:
𝜇 = Mean/Expected value of the discrete variable 𝑋
𝑥𝑖 = the ith outcome of 𝑋
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖) = Probability of the ith occurrence of 𝑋
Discrete Continuous
Probability Probability
Distributions Distributions
Binomial Normal
Poisson Uniform
where:
𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 ⋯ (2)(1)
𝑥! = 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2 ⋯ (2)(1)
0! = 1 (by definition)
31 31! 31
𝐶3 = = = 4495
3! 31 − 3 ! 3
𝑥 = 1, 𝑛 = 5, and 𝑝 = 0.1
n=4
x p =.10 p =.20 p =.25 p =.30 p =.35 p =.40 p =.45 p =.50
0 0.6561 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785 0.1296 0.0915 0.0625 4
1 0.2916 0.4096 0.4219 0.4116 0.3845 0.3456 0.2995 0.2500 3
2 0.0486 0.1536 0.2109 0.2646 0.3105 0.3456 0.3675 0.3750 2
3 0.0036 0.0256 0.0469 0.0756 0.1115 0.1536 0.2005 0.2500 1
4 0.0001 0.0016 0.0039 0.0081 0.0150 0.0256 0.0410 0.0625 0
Examples:
𝑛 = 10, 𝑝 = 0.35, 𝑥 = 3: 𝑃(𝑋 = 3|10, 0.35) = 0.2522
𝑛 = 10, 𝑝 = 0.75, 𝑥 = 8: 𝑃(𝑋 = 8|10, 0.75) = 0.2816
𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙|𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟓)
.6
.4
Here, 𝑛 = 5 and 𝑝 = 0.5. .2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Mean: 𝜇 = 𝐸 𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝
𝜎= 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
where 𝑛 = sample size
𝑝 = probability of the event of interest for any trial
(1 – 𝑝) = probability of no event of interest for any trial
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5 - 27
The Binomial Distribution
Characteristics
Is it reasonable to assume
P(a customer arrives during a particular 1-minute interval) =
P(all other 1-minute intervals)
𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃 𝑋=𝑥𝜆 =
𝑥!
where:
𝑥 = number of events in an area of opportunity
= expected number of events
𝑒 = base of the natural logarithm system (2.71828...)
Mean: 𝜇=𝜆
𝜎= 𝜆
Example
Solution:
Example:
The average customer arrival rate at a drive-thru
window of a fast food restaurant is 0.5 customers
per minute. What is the probability that 2
customers arrive in a minute?
𝑥 = 2, 𝜆 = 0.5
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
X
0 0.9048 0.8187 0.7408 0.6703 0.6065 0.5488 0.4966 0.4493 0.4066
1 0.0905 0.1637 0.2222 0.2681 0.3033 0.3293 0.3476 0.3595 0.3659
2 0.0045 0.0164 0.0333 0.0536 0.0758 0.0988 0.1217 0.1438 0.1647
3 0.0002 0.0011 0.0033 0.0072 0.0126 0.0198 0.0284 0.0383 0.0494
4 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0007 0.0016 0.0030 0.0050 0.0077 0.0111
5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0007 0.0012 0.0020
6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Graphically:
= 0.50
𝑋 = 0.50
0 0.6065
1 0.3033
2 0.0758
3 0.0126
4 0.0016
5 0.0002
6 0.0000
𝑃(𝑋 = 2 | = 0.50) = 0.0758
7 0.0000