CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAM

Gingoog City

INSTRUCTOR : JO1 SERATO, LIONEL OCLARET., JMP,RCrim.

SUBJECT CODE : C.A. 1

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE : CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

(Institutional Corrections)

UNITS : 3

CORRECTIONS defined as:

 the study or methods used or employed for punishment and a deterrent of such
behaviour also to accompany the punishment with measures that are intended
to change or correct the offender.
 legally defined as the branch of the Criminal Justice charged with the
responsibility of custody, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted offender.
 refers to confinement and treatment of adult offenders and juvenile delinquents.
 a generic term that includes all government agencies facilities, programs,
procedure, custody and treatment of the offenders.

PENOLOGY – is that part of the science of criminology that studies the principles of punishment
and the management of prisons, reformatories and other confinement units. This term is
coined by Francis Liber.

POENALIS – a Latin word which means “Punishment”.

POENE – a Greek word which means “penalty or fine”.

ELEMENTS OF CORRECTION:

1. Prison – it is a custodial institution for the confinement of sentenced prisoners serving

imprisonment of more than three years. Operated by the state.
2. Jail – usually called “the cloacal region of correction”, is a place of confinement for
sentenced prisoners serving imprisonment of three years and below or for a
detained person under custodial investigation, awaiting for trial and final
judgment. This is usually operated by the city government.
3. Probation – it is a disposition under which a defendant after conviction and sentenced is
released subject to conditions imposed by the court.
4. Detention – refers to the holding of a person in secure custody while awaiting for
criminal charge, trial and final judgment.
5. Parole – is the suspension of sentence of prisoner granted by the Parole Board after
serving the minimum penalty imposed on him by the court and is subjected to
certain conditions.
6. Diversion – is thought of any plan, service or program that will divert an offender from
institutional commitment and apply control and treatment of the case
through some other case.

7. Reintegration – it is a form of treatment that will allow the offender to return to the
 mainstream of the society.
8. Training School – much more open that of correctional institutions for adults.
9. Community Based Programs – applied to a wide variety of programs that attempt to
control and help the correctional client without taking him/her out of
the normal community.
10. Recidivism – any person who is arrested again and convicted after having him served in
prison or after being on probation or following any punishment or
treatment for crime.
11. System – refers to the entire machinery of the government to include to include the
private sector that are involved in the treatment program or correctional
administration.
12. Prisonization – is the process by which the individual inmates acquires the customs,
folkways, mores, institutional behaviour patterns and the general culture
of the prisoners community.

Approaches in Corrections:

A. Institutional Corrections – agencies and institution responsible for maintaining

physical custody of an offender. (ex. Prison, jail, rehabilitation center)
B. Non-Institutional Corrections – also known as the Community Based Corrections, it is
a correctional activity that takes place outside the institution/ prison walls. (ex.
parole and probation)

CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM – refers to a network of governmental agencies that administers a

jurisdiction of prison and parole system.

PURPOSE OF MODERN CORRECTIONS

A. Retribution – also known as (Retaliation or Personal Vengeance). The basis of criminal

liability is the human freewill.
B. Deterrence – states wants to protect the society by reducing crime and isolating and
segregating criminals through imprisonment.
C. Isolation – segregation of criminals from society to prevent the occurrence of crime and
protecting the public from harm.

D. Reformation – involves punitive and disciplinary measures to modify or reform criminal

behaviour. (ex.solitary confinement)
E. Rehabilitation – to restore the effectiveness or normal life of the offender by training.
(ex. education and vocational training). Also known as Individualized Treatment.
F. Reintegration – an effort of corrections to return the offender to the society as a
productive and law abiding citizen.

THEORITICAL FOUNDATIONS IN DEALING WITH CRIMINALS:

1) The Classical School of Thought – (Beccaria) “Let the punishment fits the crime”.
The philosophy of hedonism and freewill, this is to make a rational choice
between what will cause pain and what will result in pleasure.
2) The Neo-Classical School of Thought – Children and lunatic persons do not have
freewill thus they must be excluded to any punishment since they do not know
what is right or wrong.
3) The Positive School of Thought – (Lombroso) “Let the treatment fits the
criminal”. People cannot always be held accountable for their behaviour because
of the factors beyond their control. This is known as “Determinism”, man’s
freewill can be influenced and dictated by physical, psychological and
environmental conditions. Therefore, criminals should not be punished but
rather be treated because he is having illness which leads him to do wrong.
EARLY FORMS OF CORRECTION: (People believe that when a person commits a crime he was
possessed by demon. The system of correction is focused on casting out demons inside the person’s
body.)

 Pungent Potion – drink potion to drive away evil spirit that leads him to commit a crime.
 Grotesques Mask – they wear masks and dance around the person who commits a crime
to drive out evil spirit in his body.
 Trephination Method – a piece of stone or wood which has very sharp edge that will use
to make a hole at the person’s forehead.
 Banishment – a person will be rejected in the community, if he refuse to do so, he will
be killed.

EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT:

 Flogging – is the whipping of stick, rope or leather to a person who violates the law.
 Mutilation – cutting some parts of the offender’s body.
 Branding – lesser of that mutilation as punishment of crime.
 Public Humiliation – gives opportunity to the members of the community to take
vengeance. Offender was heckled and spit upon by passers, throwing of tomatoes or
rotten eggs to the offender.
 Exile or Banishment – England prisoners were sent to America in early 1618 as their
captive labor force for the development of colonies. Aso known as “Transportation”.
 Work House – inmates will work instead of punishing them.

Theories of Punishment:

A. Absolute Theory – an act of retributive justice, a vindication of absolute right and moral
law violated by the criminal.
B. Relative Theory – centered in:
a. Prevention – to prevent or suppress the danger to the space arising from the
crimes.
b. Self-defense – to protect society from wrong or threat inflicted by the offender.
c. Reformation – to correct and reform the offender.
d. Exemplarity – to deter others from committing a crime.

A World History, Philosophy and Objective of Prisons:

 Code of Hammurabi
 1750 BC to 1900 BC (Babylon)
 Found in Manama Dharma of India, and Hermes Trismegitus of Egypt
 The principle of LEX TALIONES (an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth)
 Two (2) tired concept (not everybody is equal in imposition of punishment)
 Stiffer punishment in offenders from upper classes
 Uncivilized due to naked revenge than modern concept of rehabilitation and
treatment.
 Mosaic Code
 Also retribution
 But allows restitution (settlement)
 Allowed flogging or burning alive
 King Ur-Nammu’s Code
 In city of Ur in ancient Sumeria
 Restitution as a concept of justice (restorative justice)
 Allows fines, mutilation and other savage penalties
 Punished offenders and at the same time will paid the victims as a
reimbursement as a result of the crime committed
 No death penalty, in case of death is Fine/ Financial consequences
 Retribution defers from Restitution:
Retribution – personal vengeance (Retaliation)
- Justice flows from the victim to the offender
- It lowers down the offender

Restitution (restore) – justice flows from offender to the victim

- Elevates the status of the victim

- Older than the code of Hammurabi, 350 yrs before
- 2100 yrs before Christ

Early Forms of Imprisonment:

 Furca
 Ancient Greece around 400 BC
 V-shape yolk, worn around the neck
 Outstretched arms of the convict were tied
 In Ancient Greece
 Testimony of the slaves can only be accepted if it was acquired through torture
 Reason of imprisonment is to detain those who are undergoing trial
 If convicts refuse to be punish or to pay fines will be imprisoned in Romans Style
 Their justice is not vengeful/ retributive and must reform the offender also to
deter others to commit crime (humane method only for Greek citizens or
prominent inhabitants “privileged class of Greek society have rights”)
 Most brutal find of punishment will only be inflicted to aliens and slaves (those
who belongs to exploited classes)
 Citizens will be fined for a crime. If committed by slaves or aliens will likely be
flogged.
 Underground Cistern
 Detainees are those who are undergoing trial
 Sentenced offenders will be hold and be starved to death
 Ergastulum (Roman Prison)
 The prisoners and slaves were forced to do hard labor
 It confines slaves and be attached to workbenches
 Justinian Code
 In middle ages around 529 AD (Roman Emperor Justin)
 This became the Standard Law in Roman Empire particularly in Europe
 A revision of the “12 Tables of Roman Law”
 12 Tables of Roman Law
 Originated between 500 BC
 Every crime was contained and specified the penalty for every offense listed in
the said tables
 Burgundian Code (500 AD)
 Existed around same time as Jesus Christ
 Introduced the concept of restitution
 Punishment were met according to the social class of the offender
 The offender should pay specific value in order not to undergo physical
sufferings as penalty. This is only applied to nobility and middle classes
 Death penalty awaits on slaves who commit murder, assaults on noble or middle
class women, sexual relations with the noble and middle class, and giving aid and
comfort to escape offenders
 Xenophon and Demosthenes suffered this punishment for their philosophical
beliefs
 Paterfamilias:
 A concept wherein the head of the family has virtually limitless power to punish
erring family members and slaves.
 Centuriate Assembly:
 By 509 B.C. a law was passed prohibiting flogging or execution except if this
assembly will affirmed.
 Stocks:
 A kind of device that was fastened at the ankle, neck and wrist of offender for a
long period of time.
 Nicomedian Ethics:
 This is a title of a book that was written by Aristotle (in Athens) in his 1 st attempt
to explain crime.
 This is about the corrective justice stating “Punishment is a means of restoring
the balance between pleasure and pain”.
 Also forwarded the concept of restitution when he wrote “punishment is a
means whereby the loss suffered by the victim is compensated”.
 Stoning to Death:
 This is practiced in the time of Jesus that is still existed today in Islamic countries
like Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 Breaking on the Wheel:
 The offender’s body is fastened by metal bands to a board made of wood and
then had their bones systematically broken.
 Burning Alive:
 Existed in Ancient Greece which was also practiced by the Romans.
 Roman Catholic Church also resorts to this punishment during the time of the
inquisition for unbelievers, witches and heretics.
 Destierro:
 This was Banishment before that was also practiced by the Spaniards and was
incorporated in Codigo Penal in the Philippines.
 Ecclesiastical Court:
 A court that conducts trials to priests offenders and all those connected with the
church.
 More compassionate
 Later granted to anyone who was literate
 Papal Bull:
 By Pope Innocent VIII, in 1487
 This allowed refugee offenders to be driven out of the sanctuary if they used this
for committing a crime.
 The Inquisition:
 Another Ecclesiastical court that has gained historical notoriety throughout the
Ages for his viciousness.
 Responsible for detection and punishment of unbelievers and heresy
 Officially begin with declaration of the Lateran Council, 1215 which allowed
“Torture”.
 Throughout this Dark Age Church can punish anyone, many become victims of
trumped up charges that they were witches or advancing scientific studies.
 Galileo Galilee:
 Almost burn at the Stake, if only for his popularity.
 Because of his discovery that the earth was not flat.
 Pope Leo 1:
 The 1st Pope that fully express approval for killing human.
 Sanctioned death as punishment
 Heresy was the crime that was strictly for death penalty.
 Priscillian:
 The 1st recorded Christian who was put to death for being a heretic.
 Pope Innocent III:
 Tried to wash hands like Pontius Pelate when it turned over heretics to secular
authorities for proper punishment including death.
 Papal Encyclical “Excommunicamus”
 By Pope Gregory IX, in 1231, initiated inquisition that led to the burning of
hundreds of heretics.
 The burning of non-believers at the stake.
 Pope Innocent IV:
 Officially introduced torture to the inquisition procedure in 1252.
 Encyclical “Tertio Millenio Advenicute”:
 By Pope John Paul II, a pro-life pope who reversed culture of death.
 Formally apologized past intolerance and use of violence in the defence of truth.
 Evangelium Vitae:
 By Pope John Paul II, he calls to reject death penalty, abortion, use of
contraceptives and euthanasia.
 This challenges to break away from the “culture of death” especially treatment
of killings.
 Galleys:
 From the middle of 14th century to the beginning of 19th century.
 they were slaves chained to oar the ship
 practiced in Ancient Rome and Greece
 Gaols – also known as Jails
Gaolers – also known as Jailers
 Hard for poor prisoners but not for the wealthy ones because of the highest rate
of accommodations and other payments.
 The Brank:
 This is a metal frame that was put in the head like a hat and a painful
mouthpiece was inserted in the mouth.
 King Henry VIII (In England)
 He decreed corporal punishment for vagrants in 1531 and penal slavery in 1547.
 Nobility gets their privileged status in the society.
 Bridewell Institution:
 In 1556 Bridewell England
 Some writers claim that this took place in 1552 during the reign of King Edward
VI
 Established as a workhouse for vagabonds, idlers and rogues.
 Employs a system wherein vagrants and prostitutes were given works while
serving their sentence. This system is called the Bridewell System.
 This system is utilizing prison labor for benefits of wealthy individuals and
government officials.
 Mercantilism – Capitalism
 Feudalism – Landlords
 Guillotine:
 Introduction of a cleaner and swifter method of executing convicts.
 Penitentiary Act:
 An act passed in the year 1779, mandated the establishment of a prison system
based on solitary confinement, hard, labour, and religious instruction.
 Norfolk Prison:
 At wymondham, England was opened after five years of P.A. of 1779.
 National Penitentiary:
 Of millbank followed to open in 1821.
 Pentonville National Penitentiary in 1842.
 1895 – A committee tasked to make an assessment of the entire English prison system
found it to be a failure and recommended that both deterrence and reformation should
be carried equally as to goal of imprisoning convicts or training should be incorporated
in the program of prisoners.
 Fort Santiago in Manila and Fort Pillar in Zamboanga City:
 Built by Spaniards as a defence against pirates and bandits groups who refuse to
recognize the colonial authority of Spain.
 Built thru corvee labour.
 Corvee Labour - Services rendered not for punishment but thru force
labour, abducted at large from general populace by Spanish
conquistadors.
 Prison Labour in Marseilles, France ( 18th Century )
 Was organized into state factory and was rented out to a group of merchants. A
M.O.A. is signed by the contracting merchant on state for utilization of able
 bodied prisoners. This development sowed the seeds of practice of providing
health service.in prisons to treat medical problems of prisoners.
 Amsterdam, New York (1600’s )
 A place where the first recorded prison in the colonies was established.
 Incarceration’s common use was for those undergoing trial and for those who
refused to pay debts other than for punishment.
 Connecticut and Maine:
 Used underground facilities to incarcerate offenders for many years due to lack
of funds for the establishment of formal prison institution.
 Maine State Prison:
 Contained cells in the pits similar to underground cistern that used to detain
offenders undergoing trial and hold sentence offenders where they will be starve
to death.
 These pits are entered through an iron grate in the ceiling and are being used
(1828 ).
 The State of Connecticut:
 Used a copper mine at Simsbury from 1773 to 1827 as prison facilities.
 Prisoners worked in the mines during the day and their ankles and necks are
shackled during night time to prevent escape.
 Sing Sing Prisons:
 Became famous in the world and was the plot of many movies filmed because of
Sing2x Bath inflicted aside from floggings, denial of reading materials and solitary
confinement.
 The shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a volume of water on
the head of a locked naked offender.
 The force of icy cold water hitting the head of the offender caused much pain
and extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into the comas due to the
shock and sudden drop in the body temperature.
 The sing sing bath becomes more frequent when flogging was declared illegal in
1847.
 St. Michael Prisons:
 Introduced by Roman Catholic as an innovative prison system for punishing
offenders.
 The prison that was divided into cells and this was first established in 1704.
 During the reign of Pope Clement XI
 The prototype of the reformatories for juvenile offenders.
 A proof that retribution and repression is an object failure in the control of
criminality.
 Emphasized the rehabilitative concept and pioneered the segregation of
prisoners and force silence to make the prisoners contemplate their
wrongdoings.
 Physical torture was minimized and reserved for incorrigibles.
 This was supplanted by mental and psychological stress due to extreme
loneliness of segregation and force labour.
 Convicts are chained in one foot and observing strict rule of silence.
 They listened to religious brothers giving religious teachings.
 Many of the practices pioneered in St. Michael were later adopted in U.S. in
what is now known as the Auburn System of Imprisonment.
 Auburn System:
 Prostituted and convoluted version of the St. Michael system as espoused by the
Roman Catholic Church.
 In Auburn, New York ( 19th Century )
 Solitary confinement began to be experimented on some three (3) years after it
started to operate.
 Tiny cells where built for individual prisoners where he is confined without any
exercise or any activity.
 This system was designed to make the prisoners not in inactivity while in solitary
confinement.
 Any prisoners who dared speak or make any sound was severely whipped.
This system resulted in substantial number of suicides and insanity and the
practice was abandoned 5 years after it was introduced.
 Solitary confinement as a method of punishment was abandoned in the U.S.
because prisoners can’t be made productive and unprofitable to maintain.
 This system was modified to allow the prisoner to work during day time in
common areas but must maintain absolute silence and then spend their nights in
solitary confinement.
 This modification was adopted because it was found out that people working
collectively in common areas produced more benefits that working individually.
 Pennsylvania System:
 Late 18th century to early 18th century, Pennsylvania became a leading innovator
in prisons operation.
 The rival of Auburn system during these times.
 Based on the concept on solitary confinement and rendering labor.
 Each cell has small exercise area to allow the prisoner to maintain physical
condition to be more valuable in production.
 This facility has a work area for day time works.
 Allow bible reading for spiritual and emotional transformation, to be productive
upon release.
 In Pennsylvania, three institution were built:
a. Walnut Street Jail (1790)
b. Western Penitentiary (1826)
c. Eastern Penitentiary (1830)

Five (5) Major Deployments of Prisoners in US (20th century)

1. Northern Industrial Prison:

 Found in the Industrial Built of Northern U.S.
 The state penitentiary at Mc Alester, Oklahoma is a typical example of the
Industrial emphasis of prison in U.S.
 Prisoners are made to perform labour to earn revenues for the upkeep of the
facility and profit for the state treasury.

Three (3) Methods Used To Benefit from Prison labour in through:

a. Contract System - Prisoners are hired out to businessmen or corporation on a

daily basis for a set fee per head.

b. State Account System - Contractors’ provide raw materials and pay the state

on a per-piece price for each item produced or manufactured.

c. State Used System - Is a more risky venture buy if properly manage, would

bring bigger profit to the state. The state operate the

business itself in all aspect, construct the factory, buy all the

raw materials, processed this into finished products and then

handle the marketing.

2. Southern Agricultural Plantations Prison:

 Located in agricultural deep South in U.S.

  Possess vast landholdings and uses prison labour to produce agricultural
products out of the land.
 Have minimal facilities, inexpensive to operate.

TRUSTEES – are minimum security convicts whose task to guard their fellow
inmates. These convicts are secured with certain privileges that are not granted
to ordinary prisoners.

3. Chain Gangs:
 Prisoners were brought out from their incarceration cells and made to
work in reconstruction projects.
 Secured by being chained together.

Sweat Box – used as punishment wherein prisoners were put to this steel box
in the hot sun. Also called as the “Plantsa” in the Philippines.

4. Custody-Oriented Prison:
 Prisoners are punished by confining them only to their cells and isolating
them from the rest of society.
 Custodial force provides only custodial care.
 Used in Super Maximum Prison facilities where the occupants are
hardened criminals who are likely to escape when given a little freedom.
 Riots generally occur due to boredom.

5. Treatment – Oriented Prison:

 Involved educational, vocational, counselling and other services which
were made available to the inmates.
 Treatment programs were even individualized to suit the particular
treatment need of every inmate involving psychological, sociological, social
and many other components.

Huber Act – a law in the state of Wisconsin in 1913 that legalized work release
program in the state.

Furlough Program – a law enacted in the state of Mississippi in 1918, it allows

qualified and deserving prisoners to be released and be employed in the free
community while returning only to the penal facility after work hours.

CENTRALIZATION OF STATE PRISONS:

 This enabled many isolated rural prisons to implement sophisticated,

centrally directed, uniform treatment programs using knowledge,
skills, personnel and other resources provided by state correction
agencies.

Immanuel Kant:

 (18th century) a philosopher who gave a definite expression to the concept of

retribution as a philosophy.
 He argues that there are no reasons for imposing punishment against offenders save
for the fact that they have broken the law.
 In his views, criminals are inherently evil and have to be punished therefore.

John Howard:
  A sheriff from Bedfordshire, England
 Concerned at the savage and inhuman conditions obtained in his country’s prisons.
 Visited hundreds of incarceration facilities across many countries in Europe and found
them to be as bad as the English prisons.
 He wrote this into a book and made numerous recommendations to reform the prison
system.
 Many of his landmark recommendations were incorporated into the Penitentiary Act of
1779 and adopted as standard procedure in the first modern prison constructed in the
year 1785 in Norfolk, England.

Some of his notable Recommendations:

a. Maintenance of facilities
b. Separation of children and women from other offenders
c. Provision of sanitation
d. Adequate salary for the Jailers

William the Conqueror:

 The ruler of England who ordered the abolition of death penalty but this does not mean
that he is more civilized, just and humane ruler.
 He decreed that no one should be deprive of life but the replacement punishment is just
as brutal and inhuman.
 Offender’s eyes shall be gouged out and his feet, hands and testicles were cut off.

Reformatory Movement:

 Resulted in the establishment of 14 juvenile institutions known as Houses of Refuge by

the year 1856.

Houses of Refuge:

 Young prisoners here have to work hard producing many products all day and receiving
no pay.
 In return, basic education classes and religious indoctrination.
 Infractions of prison rules and regulations will merit corporal punishment, solitary
confinement and deprivation of the privilege to play.
 In 1876, young female prisoners began to be admitted to these Houses of Refuge.

Elmira Reformatory:

 Opened in 1876, the 1st penal institution to remodel its penal philosophy away from
punitive and retributive practices and veered it towards reformation and treatment.
 Educational and Vocational Trainings were imparted to the prisoner as a way to treat his
lack of skills to survive according to the rules of the outside society.
 Religious programs were also provided as a way to instil spirituality and correct values
that are necessary ingredients for his reformation.

Shot Drill:

 A punishment inflicted on prisoners

 Done by carrying heavy loads from one place to another and then returned to the same
place over and over again every day.

Treadmill:

 Another form of punishment wherein prisoner is made to climb up 14,000 feet of stairs
per day.

Robert Dugdale (1877):

 Conducted studies regarding the New York family whose lineage has produced a lot of
criminals.
 Also investigate other branches of the family studying seven (7) generations of the
JUKES family.
 Dugdale assumed that heredity could only be the underlying factor but he was forced to
concede that environment is a contributory factor working in the same direction as
heredity due to the living conditions of the family.

A STUDY OF INSTITUTIONAL AGENCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

 George Santayana – a Spanish Philosopher who wrote that those who fail to learn from
the lessons of history are condemned to repeat his mistakes.
 Code of Kalantiaw:
 Decreed by Datu Kalantiaw, about hundred years before the coming of the
Spanish colonizers.
 The most extensive code which is comparable to the Greek, Roman, English and
Spanish Laws.
 This code contains only eighteen (18) articles but enough to bring peace and
harmony.
 This code also shows strong respect for god, the dead and even the environment
with each rule on the protection of the valuable trees, manual birds and white
monkeys.
 Father Conrado Balweg:
 The priest who turned rebel during the Martial Law years in the 1970s.
 In 1980s, he surrendered to the government and formed the Cordillera People’s
Liberation Army.
 One of his group’s demands is for the Philippine government to recognized the
“BODONG”

BODONG – some kind of a court that settles tribal and even individual people’s
conflict.

 Recopelacion de las Leyes de India:

 A rough translation of which runs like Recompilation of the Laws of the Indies.
 An incorporation of the additional laws, rules and regulation issued by the King
of Spain.
 “Ley Engiciamiento Criminal” and “Legislacion Ultramarina”:
 The Royal Decrees issued by the King of Spain.
 Became enforceable in the Philippine island on March 13, 1887.
 Commandancias:
 Is the equivalent of today’s police stations or precincts while the laws are
enforced by the “Guardia Civil” equivalent of today’s police.

NATIONAL PENITENTIARY

A. BILIBID PRISON:
 The 1st penal institution in the country that was constructed sometime in the
year 1847 in the Bilibid district of the CITY OF MANILA.
 Already in operation since 1847 but was only recognized and formally designated
as an Insular Penitentiary through a Royal Decree issued in 1865.
 Constructed in a radial shape similar to the spoke of a wheel.
 Commanding tower was erected at the center of the spokes.
 The buildings “Brigadas” are made of very strong adobe stones.
 Specializes industrial type of vocational training.
 Offers High School Education

B. SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM:

  Since 1869, constructed near the southern tip of Zamboanga Peninsula nearby
what is now ZAMBOANGA CITY.
 Originally intended for the confinement of convicted Moro “Insurrectos” fighting
subjugation by the Spanish “Conquistadors”.
 Founded by Capt. RAMON BLANCO of the Spanish Royal Army.
 It was closed during the Spanish-American War of 1898 but reopened in 1904.
 Has an aggregate area of 1,524.6 hectares
 Principal Product: Copra, Rice, Corn, Coffee, Cattle and Livestock.
 Presently, it houses maximum, medium and minimum-security prisoners.

C. IWAHIG PENAL COLONY:

 Established on November 16, 1904
 Founded by GOV. FORBES through the suggestion of Gov. Luke E. Wright who felt
the need for an institution designed for incorrigible offenders.
 After years, convicts who were well behaved and pliable were assigned to this
facility to convert 38,611 hectares of fertile virgin lands into production.
 The most open institution in the world, “Prison without walls”.
 This was divided into four (4) sub-colonies: Santa Lucia, Inagawan, Montible and
Central.
 Allocated 1,000 hectares, which was distributed to released inmates who no
longer had any desire to return to their original homes and wanted to settle in
Palawan, the so called “TAGUMPAY SETTLEMENT”.
 Each released awardee prisoners were given six (6) hectares farm lots.
 Principal Products: Rice, Corn, Copra, Logs, Cattle

D. CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN:

 Established by Republic Act 3579, November 27, 1929.
 Constructed on an 18 hectares in Mandaluyong City.
 Conducts vocational courses: Dressmaking, Handicraft, Cloth Weaving and
Slipper Making.

E. DAVAO PENAL COLONY:

 Established in January 21, 1932 by virtue of R.A.3732 and Proclamation #414.
 Founded by Gen. Paulino Santos
 With a total land area of 18,000 hectares
 Engaged in a joint venture with Tagum Development Company in a 3,000 hectare
banana plantation.
 Banana products exported to: Japan, Saudi, Arabia, Egypt
 Principal Products: Abaca, Banana, Rice, Copra, Cattle and other farm products.
 Administers TANGLAW Settlement.
 Two (2) sub-colonies: Panabo Sub-colony and Kapalong Sub-Colony.

F. NEW BILIBID PRISON:

 Established in 1941, Muntinlupa City
 Constructed by virtue of Proclamation No. 414 in 1931
 With a land area of 552 hectares
 Three (3) satellite:
o Camp Bukang Liwayway – houses the MINIMUM Security Prisoner who
works in the various projects in the institution.
o Camp Sampaguita – houses the MEDIUM Security Prisoner and is also the
Youth Rehabilitation Center for Juvenile Offender
o Reception and Diagnostic Center – receives newly committed prisoner
from the jail nationwide. Established in 1953 by virtue of A.O. #11

G. SABLAYAN PENAL COLONY:

  Allocating 16,000 hectares of the land in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
 Principal Product: Rice
 Established during the Directorship of Atty. Alfredo M. Bunye.

H. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON:

 Established in January 16, 1973
 Order issued under Martial Law by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos
 Located at Abuyog, Leyte

The creation of the BJMP

R.A. 6975 – An act establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized department
of the Interior and Local Government. (otherwise known as The Department of the Interior and
Local Government Act of 1990 – sec.1).

Chap.5-Sec.60: The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, hereinafter referred to as

the Jail Bureau, is hereby created initially consisting of officers and uniformed members of the
Jail Management and Penology Service as constituted Presidential Decree No. 765.

R.A. 9263 – An act providing for the professionalization of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP).

Sec.1. Title - otherwise known as “Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004”

Sec.2 – Declaration of Policy and Principles:

 To maintain peace and order, protect life, liberty and property and promote the
general welfare essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of
democracy. (Art.II, Sec.5 of the Phil. Cons.)
 The task of jail management and penology shall be the responsibility of the
BJMP.
 In time of national emergency, BFP and BJMP along with the PNP shall, upon the
direction of the President, assist the AFP in meeting the national emergency.
(sec.3, RA 8551 of 1998).
 The state shall provide for the professionalization and restructuring of the BFP
and the BJMP by upgrading the level of qualifications of their uniformed
personnel and standardizing their base pay, retirement and other benefits,
making it par with those of the PNP and AFP.

Sec.3 – Organizations and Key Positions of the BFP and the BJMP.

 The BFP/ BJMP shall be respectively headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by
two (2) deputy Chiefs, one (1) for administration and one (1) for operation, all of
whom shall be appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the
Secretary of the DILG from among the qualified officers with at least the rank of
senior superintendent in the service.
 Retirable within six (6) months from his compulsory retirement age
(cannot be appointed as the Chief of BFP/BJMP).
 Chief of the BFP/BJMP (shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4)
years)
 In times of war or other national emergency declared by the Congress
(the President may extend such tour of duty).
 The Heads of the BFP/BJMP with the rank of director shall have the position title
of Chief of the Bureau.
 The second officer in command of the BFP/BJMP with the rank of Chief
Superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for Administration of
the Bureau.
  The Third officer in command of the BFP/BJMP with the rank of Chief
Superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for Operation of the
Bureau.
 The Fourth officer in command of the BFP/BJMP with the rank of Chief
Superintendent shall have the position title of Chief of the Directorial Staff of
the Bureau, who shall be assisted by the directors of the directorates in National
Headquarters office with at least the rank of Senior Superintendent.
 Regional offices shall be operated and maintained by the Regional Director with
the rank of senior superintendent and shall be assisted by the following officers
with the rank of superintendent:
 Assistant Regional Director for Administration (ARDA)
 Assistant Regional Director for Operation (ARDO)
 Regional Chief of Directorial Staff

Sec.4 – Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the

Appointment of Uniformed Personnel to the BFP and the BJMP.

 A citizen of the Republic of the Philippines

 A person of good moral character
 Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical test for the
purpose of determining his/her physical and mental health.
 Must possess a baccalaureate degree from recognized institution of learning
 Must possess the appropriate civil service eligibility
 Must not have been dishonourably discharged of dismissal for cause from
previous employment
 Must not have been convicted from final judgement of an offense or crime
involving moral turpitude
 Must be at least (1.62m) in height for male, and (1.57m) for female. A waiver for
height and age requirement shall be automatically granted to applicants
belonging to the cultural communities
 Must weight not more or less than (5 kgs.) from the standard weight
corresponding to his/her height, age and sex

Sec.5 – Appointment of Uniformed Personnel to the BFP and BJMP:

 JO1 to SJO4 – appointed by the Regional Director for the regional office or by the
Bureau Chief for the National Headquarters Office and attested by the Civil
Service Commission (CSC).
 JAIL INSPECTOR to JAIL SUPERINTENDENT – appointed by the Bureau Chief as
recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by the CSC.
 JAIL SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT – appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon
the recommendation of the Bureau Chief with the proper attestation of the CSC.
 JAIL CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT to JAIL DIRECTOR – appointed by the President
upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG with the proper
endorsement by the Chairman of the CSC.

Sec.6 – Lateral Entry of Officer into the BFP and the BJMP:

 Appointed to the rank of Jail Senior Inspector are the following:

 Doctor of Medicine
 Member of the Philippine Bar
 Chaplain
 Appointed to the rank of Jail Inspector are the following, but not limited to:
 Engineers (civil, electrical, mechanical, chemical)
 Chemist
 Architect
 Criminologist
 CPA
 Dentist
 Psychologist
  PNPA graduate shall automatically be appointed to the initial rank of Jail
Inspector.

SALARY GRADE SCHEDULE

RANK SALARY GRADE

Jail Director 28
Jail Chief Superintendent 27
Jail Senior Superintendent 26
Jail Superintendent 25
Jail Chief Inspector 24
Jail Senior Inspector 23
Jail Inspector 22
Senior Jail Officer IV 19
Senior Jail Officer III 18
Senior Jail Officer II 17
Senior Jail Officer I 16
Jail Officer III 14
Jail Officer II 12
Jail Officer I 10

 Mandate (Chapter 1, Rule 1 – Section 1 of the BJMP Manual):

The BJMP was created on January 2, 1991 pursuant to RA 6975, replacing its
forerunner, the Office of the Jail Management and Penology of the defunct PC/INP. The
BJMP has jurisdiction over all district, city and municipal jails. It shall ensure the
establishment of secured, clean, adequately equipped and sanitary facilities and
provision of quality services for the custody, safekeeping and development.

 VISION (Chapter 1, Rule 1 – Section 2 of the BJMP Manual)

The BJMP envisions itself as a dynamic institution highly regarded for its
sustained humane safekeeping and development of inmates.

 MISSION (Chapter 1, Rule 1 – Section 3 of the BJMP Manual)

The Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping and
development of inmates in all district, city and municipal jails.

 FUNCTIONS (Chapter 1, Rule 1 – Section 3 of the BJMP Manual)

a. Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city and
municipal jails nationwide.
b. Implement strong security measures for the control of inmates.
c. Provide for the basic needs of inmates.
d. Conduct activities for the development of inmates.
e. Improve jail facilities
f. Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.

 ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES (Chapter 3, Rule IV of the BJMP Manual)

a. Sec.2 Neglect of Duty – It is the omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to
perform an act or duty, which is the personnel’s legal obligation to perform and
which the law requires him to perform by reason of his office.
b. Sec.3 Misconduct – it is the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice,
of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where he acts without any
authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores or abuses his powers. (Wrongful,
improper or unlawful conduct with intentional purpose).
c. Sec.4 Violation of Reasonable Office Rules – (ex. failure to appear in court, comply
with directives, failure to salute officials).
 d. Sec.5 Dishonesty – It is incurred by any member of the Jail Bureau who shall conceal,
alter or distort the truth in a matter of fact relevant to this office.
e. Sec.6 Being Notoriously Undesirable – those who are engaged directly or indirectly
in the illegal activities. (Physical or mental incapacity or disability due to vicious
habits, inefficiency and incompetence in the performance of official duties).
f. Sec.7 Conviction of a Crime involving Moral Turpitude – it implies something
immoral in itself, regardless of the fact that it is punishable by law or not. It must not
merely be mala prohibita, but the act itself must be inherently immoral.
g. Sec.8 Engaging directly or indirectly in Partisan Political Activities –
h. Sec.9 Nepotism – it is the bestowal of patronage or the appointment made in favour
of the relative of the appointing or recommending authority. (within 3rd degree
either by consanguinity or affinity).
i. Sec.10 Oppression – it imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful exaction,
domination, or excessive use of authority.
j. Sec.11 Disgraceful and Immoral Conduct – It depicts moral depravity. It includes
immoral and lewd advances projecting the abnormality of one’s behaviour
consisting of libidinous desire for the opposite sex or the same sex and the
propensity to sexually harass members of the opposite or the same sex working with
him.
k. Sec.12 Insubordination – it is the deliberate refusal of a subordinate to obey lawful
orders from a superior. Either express or implied direction, synonyms to rebellious,
mutinous, and disobedient.
l. Sec.13 Conduct Grossly Prejudicial to the Best Interest of the Service – The willful,
deliberate and malicious commission and omission which is repugnant or nugatory
to the Bureau’s mission or objectives, dishonouring or disgracing his uniform, and
placing the Bureau in a bad light.
m. Sec.14 Habitual Drunkenness While on Duty – It includes reporting for work while
under the influence of alcohol or intoxicating liquor during office hours habitually.
n. Sec.15 Discourtesy in the Course of Official Duties – Discourtesy implies failure to
observe the protocol and social usage and likewise the customs and traditions
mandated by the service.
o. Sec.16 Violation of Existing Civil Service Laws and Rules – It includes the failure to
observe the mandatory provisions of the Civil Service Laws.
p. Sec.17 Frequent Unauthorized Absences –

 ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES (Chapter 3, Rule V of the BJMP Manual)

a. Sec.3 Dismissal from the Service – carry with it cancellation of eligibility,
forfeiture of retirement benefits except and the disqualification for
reemployment in the government service.
b. Sec.4 Demotion in Rank – imposed in lieu of dismissal, carry with it
disqualification for promotion for a period of six (6) months and such demotion
shall not exceed more than one (1) rank.
c. Sec.5 Suspension – a temporary separation or cessation of work of the
respondent for the duration of the sanction. In no case shall it exceed one (1)
year.
d. Sec.6 Transfer – in lieu of suspension, imposed the penalty of transfer to erring
BJMP personnel. However, only the Chief BJMP may impose the penalty of
transfer to a non-uniformed personnel.
e. Sec.7 Fine – the penalty of fine may be imposed in lieu of suspension. In no case
it shall exceed the equivalent of six (6) months’ salary.

CATEGORIES OF INMATES:

a. Prisoner – inmate who is convicted by final judgement.

b. Detainee – inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial or awaiting
trial/sentencing.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS:

a. Insular Prisoner – sentenced to a prison term of three (3) years and one (1) day
to death.
b. Provincial Prisoner – sentenced to a prison term of six (6) months and one (1)
day to three (3) years.
c. City Prisoner – sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to three (3) years.
d. Municipal Prisoner – sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to six (6) months.

CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES: (according to security risk)

a. High Risk Inmates

b. High Profile Inmates
c. Ordinary Inmates

REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMITMENT:

a. Commitment Order
b. Medical Certificate
c. Complaint/ Information