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cfufvjvwtvkj abhvf @cbf[kt#

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F 386

hjptnf fcf'bfyb& trjyjvbrf& cfiefkj crjkbc VI rkfcbc

cf[tkvsqdfytkj& ',bkbcb^ cfufvjvwtvkj abhvf @cbf[kt#^
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obuyib f[cybkbf tktvtynfhekb trjyjvbrbc cfrb'[t,b& bub cfmfh'dtkjc

ufyf'kt,bc cfvbybcnhjc vbth cfiefkj crjkbc V rkfcbcf'dbc lfvnrbwt,ekb
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'evwf^ vbcufy ufyc[dfdt,b'^ obuyb fut,ekbf fhf pqfghbc cbe;tnpt^ fhfvtl
htfkeh trjyjvbreh vjdktyt,cf lf ghjwtct,pt& vfcib itnfybkbf fvjwfyt,b^
ntcnt,b lf rhjcdjhlt,b&
cf[tkvsqdfytkj ufyre'dybkbf cfiefkj crjkbc VI rkfcbc vjcofdkt'f-
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vtwybth-htlfmnjhb ktj xbmfdf — trjyjvbreh

vtwybtht,f'f ljmnjhb^ ghjatcjhb^
cfmfh'dtkjc vtwybtht,f'f frfltvb-
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htwtyptynt,b% dkflbvth gfgfdf — trjyjvbreh

vtwybtht,f'f ljmnjhb^ ghjatcjhb^
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ISBN 99928-936-7-2

© cfufvjvwtvkj abhvf @cbf[kt#^ 2003&

 obyfcbn.dfj,f
ufvfh]j,f' vjcofdktt,j! xdty erdt th'b otkbf^ th'vf-
yt'c dbwyj,'& uf[cjd' @trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#~ fv
obuybc itcofdkb' 'mdty @itfqt' rfhb# trjyjvbreh vtwyb-
tht,fib^ vfuhfv vtwybtht,bc fv vtnfl cfbynthtcj lfhubc
lfeakt,bcf'dbc ]th lblb upf ufmd' ufcfdktkb& xdtyw
lfdflut' fv upfc lf dbfhj' th'fl cfiefkj crjkbc
lfv'fdht,fvlt& vt itdtwlt,b vjufojlj' cf[tkvsqdfytkj
.jdtkb vjvltdyj rkfcbcf'dbc^ 'mdty rb vf'b itcofdkb'
ittwflt' itskj' trjyjvbrbc cfaesdkt,bc lfeakt,f& rfh-
ufl lfbvf[cjdht'% hfw eahj flhtek fcfrib itbcofdkb'
tktvtynfhek trjyjvbrfc^ hjvkbc cfaesdtkptw itskt,'
'fylf'fyj,b' xfcodlt' h'ek trjyjvbreh vjdktyt,cf lf
ghjwtct,c^ vb' eahj ufubfldbklt,f' 'mdtyb w[jdht,bc
vjo.j,f& fvbnjv trjyjvbrbc wjlyf vtn-yfrkt,fl 'b'jt-
ek flfvbfyc czbhlt,f ('evwf .dtkf hjlb abmhj,c fct)&
flht xdtyib trjyjvbreh ufyf'kt,fc cf'fyflj .ehflqt-
,f fh tmwtjlf& [ibh itv'[dtdfib fhft'breh cfmwbtkfl
b'dkt,jlf aekpt^ ,bpytccf lf c[df trjyjvbreh cfrb'[t,pt
vc]tkj,f& lqtc rb w[jdht,fv udbrfhyf[f^ hjv gbhjdyt,bc
ajhvbht,bcf'dbc trjyjvbrehb ufyf'kt,fw fewbkt,tkbf& bub
udbdb'fht,c trjyjvbreh fphjdyt,fc^ udfcofdkbc trjyjvbreh
mwtdfc^ f.fkb,t,c xdtyc gbhjdyt,fc^ cfiefkt,fc udfsktdc
dbihjvj' bct^ hjv vbdfqobj' lfvcf[eht,ek ofhvfnt,t,c&
trjyjvbrehb ufyf'kt,f fqudbshfdc bynthtcc^ tc rb erdt
lblb cfmvtf& bynthtcb w[jdht,bc vfvjshfdt,tkb sfkff&
trjyjvbrbc cfaesdkt,bc lfeakt,f bjkb hjlbf& fvfc
uekvjlubyt ihjvf lf lblb yt,bc.jaf czbhlt,f&
3
 mdt.ybc trjyjvbrf ofhvjelutytkbf ufyf'kt,ekb flf-
vbfyt,bc ufhtit&
@thjdyekb trjyjvbrbc ufhtit^ ,hsfyt,lf lblb bdfyt
]fdf[bidbkb^ - thjdyekb cf[tkvobajw fh fhct,j,c&# vj-
lb^ [tkb[tkxfrblt,ekt,vf^ th'fl dfityj' f[fkb cf-
mfh'dtkj& (ye ufdfvhfdkt,' 'f'mfhbstt,c& ufdb[ctyj' 'e
hjujh tvlehjlf kefhcf,b cofdkbc ufvfdhwtkt,kt,c lf
fv,j,lf% vt 'e obuyb fh dbwb^ rfwb fqfhf dfh&&& [jhwb vt
fh vfrkbf lf athbj& fh itbskt,f 'f'mfhbstt,vf vtvrdbl-
htt,b lfenjdjy cfmfh'dtkjc& vfc [jv lblvf bkbfv estjl
uflfityt,f vbecf]f)& fct'b kfvfpb ,eyt,bcf lf lblb rek-
nehbc vmjyt mdt.fyfib ,tlybthb flfvbfyt,b eylf w[jdhj,-
lyty& ,tlybtht,fcf lf rt'bklqtj,fc rb ihjvf lf c[df
flfvbfyehb qbhct,t,b mvybc^ vf' ijhbc obuybc cb.dfhekb&
'fyfvtlhjdt gbhj,t,ib wjlybc ufhtit flfvbfyb n.tib
upf-rdfkf,ytekc /ufdc& vtnbw^ bub^ ufhrdtekb 'dfkcfp-
hbcb'^ vjyff& vjyj,f rb e,tleht,ff fhf v[jkjl fv flf-
vbfybc'dbc^ fhfvtl v'tkb mdt.ybc'dbc& mdt.fyfc ufyf'kt-
,ekb^ obuybthb cfpjufljt,f czbhlt,f^ hjvkbc ufhtitw
iteskt,tkbf obycdkf lf lfvjerblt,kj,bc ityfhxeyt,f&
,tlybthfl xfd'dkb 'fdc^ 'e 'mdtyb obuyt,bc cfv.fhj-
ib tc obuybw lfbrfdt,c flubkc&
uf[cjdlt'^ ghjatcbbc fhxtdf .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb
uflfo.dtnbkt,ff flfvbfybc w[jdht,fib^ [jkj hjujhw
wyj,bkb abkjcjajcb tvfyebk rfynb fv,j,lf^ ihjvf -
w[jdht,b' nr,j,bc cfert'tcj [th[bf&
ubcehdt,' ofhvfnt,t,c!

hjptnf fcf'bfyb
trjyjvbreh vtwybtht,f'f
ljmnjhb^ ghjatcjhb^ cfmfh-
'dtkjc trjyjvbreh vtwybt-
ht,f'f frfltvbbc frfltvbrjcb

4
 @trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb# uf[cjd'?
itdfvjovj' 'mdtyb wjlyf
(I ufrdt'bkb)

1& hf fhbc trjyjvbrf~

2& hbc'dbc fhbc cfzbhj trjyjvbrbc itcofdkf~
3& hf fhbc vj'[jdybkt,f lf hfnjv fhbc bub trjyjvb-
rbc ufydb'fht,bc cfobylfhb~
4& hfptf lfvjrblt,ekb flfvbfybc vj'[jdybkt,t,bc
lfrvf.jabkt,f~
5& hf rfdibhb fhct,j,c vj'[jdybkt,t,cf lf itcfs-
kt,kj,t,c ijhbc~
6& hjujh f[cyb' 'tvfc% itcfskt,kj,t,bc itpqele-
kj,f - trjyjvbrbc gbhdtkb v'fdfhb ghj,ktvf&
7& hf fhbc fhxtdfyb~
8& hf rfdibhb fhct,j,c itpqelekj,fcf lf fhxtdfyc
ijhbc~
9& hjujh f[cyb' 'tvfc% hjujh ufdfrt'j' cojhb fh-
xtdfyb - trjyjvbrbc vtjht v'fdfhb ghj,ktvf&
10& hf ufyc[dfdt,ff cfmjytkcf lf vjvcf[eht,fc ijhbc~
11& hf fhbc cfhut,kbfyj,f~
12& hf fhbc cfj]f[j vtehytj,f~
13& hf eh'bth'rfdibhb fhct,j,c vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfr-
vf.jabkt,fc^ ihjvbc lfyfobkt,fcf lf lhjbc trjyjvbfc
ijhbc~
14& hf rfdibhbf vj[vfht,fcf lf vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfr-

5
vf.jabkt,fc ijhbc~
15& hfnjv fhbc yfnehfkehb vtehytj,f vj'[jdybkt-
,t,bc lfrvf.jabkt,bc ghbvbnbekb upf~
16& hfib vlujvfhtj,c yfnehfkehb vtehytj,bc cfmjy-
keh vtehytj,fl ufhlfmvybc fewbkt,kj,f~ xfvjf.fkb,t'
cfmjykehb vtehytj,bc egbhfntcj,t,b&
17& hf hjkb itfchekf ufwdkbc ufydb'fht,fv aekbc
ofhvjij,fib~
18& hfc ybiyfdc ,fhnthb~
19& hfnjv itbwdfkf kb'jybc aekb mfqfklbc aekb'~
20& hf ufyc[dfdt,ff vjshfd lf eshfd mjyt,fc ijhbc~
21& hf fhbc itvjcfdfkb lf hb' ufyc[dfdlt,f bub [fh-
]bcfufy~
22& hb' ufyfc[dfdlt,f lhjb'b lf cfyfhlj [tkafcb
th'vfyt'bcfufy~
23& hfvltyudfhbf cf[tkvobaj lf[vfht,f~
24& hf fhbc cfre'ht,f lf hf upb' itbskt,f ufd[lt'
vtcfre'ht~
25& ufyfc[dfdt' th'vfyt'bcfufy cfhut,tkb^ fhtylf^
htynf&
26& hjujh dbcofdkj' aekbc .fbhf'bfyb [fh]df~
27& hf fhbc j]f[bc ,be]tnb~
28& ufyfc[dfdt' th'vfyt'bcfufy lf,fkfyct,ekb^ ltab-
wbnehb lf zfh,b ,be]tnt,b&
29& hf fhbc ,fyrb^ fyf,fhb^ ctc[b~
30& hf fhbc cflfpqdtdj rjvgfybf~
31& hfnjv fhbc trjyjvbrf rt'bkb ]fljmfhb lf
vtwybtht,f cfjwht,t,bc itcf[t,~

6
 I 'tvf
hf fhbc trjyjvbrf
( II ufrdt'bkb)
,eyt,fv flfvbfyt,c ,tdhb cbrt't eo.fkj,f - /fthb^ vpbc
c[bdt,b^ o.fkb^ vwtyfhtekb 'e w[jdtkehb cfrdt,b lf
f&i&^ vfuhfv vf' c[df vj'[jdybkt,t,bw ufexylf' lf lhj-
'f ufyvfdkj,fib cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,f uffxfqtc& vfyfvlt
rb xdtyb obyfght,b gfnfh-gfnfhf ]ueat,fl ufvjmdf,ek-
t,ib w[jdhj,lyty^ ufhtek w[jdtkt,pt yflbhj,lyty^ yf-
lbhbc [jhwb'f lf n.bc yf.jab' brdt,t,jlyty&
bvlhjbyltkb flfvbfyb ufyedb'fht,tkb b.j& vfc fhw
vbobc lfveifdt,f ittskj lf fhw ibyfehb w[jdtkt,bc
vjityt,f& fvbnjv flfvbfyt,b cfyflbhjl th'fl lflbjlyty^
yflbhj,bcf'dbc nkfymfl lfveifdt,ek bfhfqt,c ([tkyf-
]f[c^ sdkbc^ hmbcf lf mdbc bfhfqt,c) b.tyt,lyty^ yfyflbht-
db' rvf.jabklt,jlyty lf ibidtkb c[tekbc lfcfafhfdfl
yflbhbc n.fdb' bvjct,jlyty&
w[jdht,f 'fylf'fy oby vblbjlf^ b[dtot,jlf cf,hsj-
kj lf cfveifj bfhfqt,b& flfvbfyt,vf bcofdktc ufhtekb
w[jdtkt,bc vjibyfeht,f^ db'fhlt,jlf vbof'vjmvtlt,fw^
ytk-ytkf bmvyt,jlf ljdkf'b&
flfvbfyb ltlfvbobc ,byflfh'f ijhbc .dtkfpt vfqfk
cfat[ehpt lufc lf lqtcfw fh rvf.jabklt,f vbqotekb'&
uflfd[tlj' lqtdfyltk vcjakbjc% f[kf n.tib rj-
wjy'fy^ hjujhw otcb^ fhfdby ',t,f lf ufvjmdf,ekibw
fhfdby w[jdhj,c& [fk[b rt'bkvjo.j,bk cf[kt,ib lf,b-
yfdlf^ w[tyt,blfy vfymfyt,ib uflfc[lf^ f'fcyfbh vjleh
nfycfwvtkc bwdfvc lf 'fyfvtlhjdt cnbkbc fdt]b' vjh-
'ek rjvajhnek ,byt,ib w[jdhj,c& ufhlf fvbcf^ veifj,c
7
af,hbrt,b^ mfh[yt,b lf c[df cf[bc cfofhvjt,b 'fyfvtlhj-
dt vfymfyf-vjo.j,bkj,t,b'f lf lfput,b'^ hrbybupf^ nt-
ktdbpbf^ fdbfwbf^ cfntktajyj lf abzehb rfdibhuf,ve-
kj,f^ rjcvjcehb [jvfklt,b lf f&i&
lblb ijnkfylbtkb vtwybthb lf wyj,bkb trjyjvbcnb
flfv cvb'b fv,j,lf^ hjv flfvbfyt,bc cehdbkt,cf lf vj'[-
jdybkt,t,c fhf fmdc lfcfchekb^ .jdtk itv'[dtdfib^ vb-
ybiyt,ekb pqdfhb vfbyw&
fctf fv;fvflfw^ xdtyb ujyt,f oby bcohfadbc lf 'e ofhcek-
ib hfbvt vbeqotdtkb jwyt,f udtujyf^ lqtc bub htfkehbf&
'b'jtekb xdtyufybc w[jdht,f trjyjvbreh vlujvfhtj-
,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb& pjubth'b abmhj,c% hf cfzbhjf 'f-
dbc itoe[t,f^ fh ]j,c v[bfhekfl lf epheydtkfl dbw[-
jdhjj~ vfuhfv^ 'e lfdfrdbhlt,b'^ flfvbfyt,c fhct,j,bcf
lf ufydb'fht,bcf'dbc ufhrdtekb gbhj,t,b lf cfiefkt,t-
,b czbhlt,f'^ hjvkbc ufhtitw w[jdht,f iteskt,tkbf&
'e trjyjvbrehb gbhj,t,bc ufev]j,tct,fc itdtwlt,b'^
w[jdht,fw ert'tcb udtmyt,f&
yfobkj,hbd^ hjujhw fqdybiyt'^ fct' gbhj,t,c ,eyt,f
udbmvybc& tcff .dtkfathb bc^ hfw ,eyt,bcfufy vpfvpfhte-
kfl udtsktdf&
vfuhfv .jdtkbdt tc cfrvfhbcbf~ itbskt,f v[jkjl ,e-
yt,bc yf,jst,b' lfdrvf.jabklt'~
flfvbfyt,c ,tdhb hfv czbhlt,f' fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb-
'fht,bcf'dbc& 'fyfvtlhjdt cfpjufljt,f ofhvjelutytkbf^
vhfdfk c[df ybd''fy th'fl^ obuyt,bc^ ntktdbpjht,bc^
rjvgbentht,bc ufhtit^ fv vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfrvf.jabkt-
,f rb v[jkjl trjyjvbrfc iteskbf&
trjyjvbrf fhbc sbhb'flb o.fhj^ hjvtkbw flfvbfyt,c
fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb'fht,bc gbhj,t,c emvybc& bub eief-
kjl ofhvjt,fc erfdibhlt,f&
cbn.df trjyjvbrf ((oikonomia)) sdtk cf,thsyt'ib ofh-
vjbidf lf cfj]f[j vtehytj,bc vfh'dfc ybiyfdc& fct bvb-

8
njv tojlt,f^ hjv sdtkb ,thsyt,b^ ]th rbltd 2 f'fcb okbc
obyf'^ vtehytj,fc j]f[eh gbhj,t,ib totjlyty lf cfzbhj
ybd't,cf lf ghjlemnt,c cojhtl j]f[ib fvpflt,lyty&
itvltuib [fk[bc cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,f ufcwlf j]f[eh
xfhxjt,c^ afh'jl vjbrblf at[b cjakt,cf lf mfkfmt,ib&
f[kf trjyjvbrf vjbwfdc epfhvfpfh cfvhtodtkj^ cf-
cjakj-cfvtehytj^ cfvityt,kj cfofhvjt,c^ nhfycgjhnc^
rfdibhuf,vekj,fc lf f&i&
hjltcfw mdt.ybc trjyjvbrfpt dkfgfhfrj,'^ duekbc-
[vj,' cojhtl vbc fv lbl vtehytj,fc&
mdt.ybc trjyjvbrf^ vbcb ufydb'fht,bc ljyt lblfl fhbc
lfvjrblt,ekb fv mdt.ybc nthbnjhbfpt fhct,ek ,eyt,-
hbd htcehct,pt - yfd'j,pt^ ufppt^ sdbhafc kb'jyt,pt lf
f&i&^ hfw v'fdfhbf^ vf' hfwbjyfkeh ufvj.tyt,fpt&
'e mdt.fyfib cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,f vjikbkbf^ 'e fh
veifj,c af,hbrt,b^ mfh[yt,b lf c[df cf[bc cfofhvjt,b^ 'e
fh fofhvjt,ty hfbvt vybidytkjdfy ghjlemwbfc^ 'e mdt.f-
yfc fmdc ,eyt,hbdb cbvlblhtt,b - cfcfhut,kj obfqbctekb^
vbythfkehb o.kt,b lf f&i& vfuhfv fh [lt,f vf'b vjgjdt,f
lf ofhvjt,f cf'fyflj ljytpt^ fct' mdt.fyfib [fk[bc w[jd-
ht,bc ljyt lf,fkbf&
mdt.fyfib^ cflfw veifj,c cfofhvjt,b^ veifdlt,f cf-
cjakj-cfvtehytj vbot,b^ [lt,f ,eyt,hbdb cbvlblhtt,bc
vjgjdt,f lf lfveifdt,f^ ufycfre'ht,ekb .ehflqt,f tmwtdf
vtwybtht,bc^ ufyf'kt,bc^ reknehbc^ ]fyvh'tkj,bc lfwdbcf
lf f&i& cbcntvt,bc ufydb'fht,fc^ lfcfmvt,ekbf [fk[b^ fye^
c[df cbn.dt,b' hjv d'mdf'^ ufxfqt,ekbf cfvtehytj
cfmvbfyj,f^ fofhvjt,ty vfqfkb [fhbc[bc ghjlemwbfc lf
w[jdht,bc ljytw vfqfkbf&
fvhbufl^ trjyjvbrf fhbc mdt.ybc^ cfofhvjc^ j]f[bcf
lf f&i& vtehytj,f^ cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf[eht,bc ofhvjt-
,fc'fy lfrfdibht,ekb cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,bc th'j,-
kbj,f&
9
 ufhlf fvbcf^ trjyjvbrf fhbc vtwybtht,f^ hjvtkbw
itbcofdkbc mdt.ybc^ cfofhvjc^ j]f[bc vtehytj,bc vfh-
'dbc otct,cf lf vt'jlt,c& bub egfce[t,c itvltu
sbhb'fl^ cfcbwjw[kjl vybidytkjdfy rb'[dt,c%hf
dfofhvjj'~~ hjujh dfofhvjj'
lf hf hfjltyj,b' dfofhvjj' dfofhvjj'~~
dfofhvjj'~~
dbc'dbc dfofhvjj'
fct' cfbynthtcj cfv.fhjib itd.fdfh' trjyjvbrfc hj-
ujhw vtwybtht,fc&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

flfvbfyt,c~~
1& hf cbrt't eo.fkj,f ,eyt,fv flfvbfyt,c
2& xdtyb obyfght,b hjujh w[jdhj,lyty lf hf
[fyfib~~
bfhfqt,c b.tyt,lyty flhtek [fyfib
3& hjujh w[jdhj,ty fv;fvfl flfvbfyt,b lf hf
totdbfy~~
cf[bc cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,fc totdbfy
4& itcfskt,tkbf lqtc v[jkjl ,eyt,bc yf,jst,b'
lfrvf.jabkt,f~~
vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfrvf.jabkt,f
5& hf fhbc cfpjufljt,bc fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb'f-
ht,bc v'fdfhb gbhj,f lf hfptf lfvjrblt,ekb [fk-
ljyt~~
[bc w[jdht,bc ljyt
6& hfc ybiyfdc cbn.df @trjyjvbrf# lf cfl ofhvjbidf
bub ~
trjyjvbrf~~
7& hf fhbc trjyjvbrf
8& hfc itbcofdkbc trjyjvbrf hjujhw vtwybtht,f
lf hf sbhb'fl rb'[dt,c egfce[t,c bub bub~~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%
trjyjvbrf - xdtyb w[jdht,bc vtupehb

10
 II ' t v f
,fphbc fqvjwtyt,f&
vbcb elblt,ektcj,f cfmjytkb
( III-IV ufrdt'bkb)
th'b it[tldb'^ trjyjvbrf fhbc ofhvjt,f vj[vfht,bcf'-
dbc& flhtek [fyfib vfh'kfw fct b.j% hfcfw vjbgjdt,lyty^
bvfcdt vjb[vfhlyty& [fk[b vb[dlf^ hjv fct cfmvt oby dth
ofdbljlf lf lfbo.tc th'vfyt''fy lff[kjt,f& fqvjxylf^
hjv cfrdt,bc vjcfgjdt,kfl vf' c[dflfc[df eyfhb /mjylf'&
th'yb eahj rfhub vbof'vjmvtlyb b.dyty^ vtjhtyb - eahj
rfhub vtcfmjyktyb& vf'vf lff[kjt,fv vbof'vjmvtl'f lf
vtcfmjykt'f cfmvbfyj,bc ufydb'fht,fc iteo.j [tkb& [fk-
[b fldbkfl vjbgjdt,lf cfrdt,c lf fldbkfl vhfdklt,j-
lf& lf.jaf 'tvbc ibuyb'fw vj[lf% th' v[fhtc th'yb ghb-
vbnbekb bfhfqt,b' vbofc fveifdt,lyty^ vtjhtyb bfhfqt,c
fvpflt,lyty^ vtcfvtyb vfhwdktekc 'tcfdlyty lf vjcfdfkb
vj/.fdlf' lf f&i& vtjht v[fhtc th'yb yflbhj,lyty^ vtjht-
yb bfhfqt,c fvpflt,lyty^ vtcfvtyb ufhtek w[jdtkt,c fib-
yfeht,lyty^ vtj'[tyb [jhwc fvpflt,lyty^ vt[e'tyb w[j-
dtkbc n.fdc fveifdt,lyty^ vttmdctyb hsbc ghjlemnt,c
fofhvjt,lyty lf f&i&
trjyjvbrbc tyfpt tc ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbd lfyfob-
kt,fc ybiyfdc^ [jkj vbof'vjmvtlt,bcufy vtcfmjyktj,bc
ufvj.jaf bcnjhbfib wyj,bkbf hjujhw ihjvbc gbhdtkb
lblb cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfobkt,f&
ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdvf lfyfobkt,fv [tkb iteo.j
ihjvbc vofhvjt,kehj,bc phlfc^ t&b& lhjbc th'cf lf
bvfdt vjyfrdt'ib vtnb ghjlemnbc lfvpflt,fc& fmtlfy uf-

11
vjvlbyfht^ ufxylf ptlvtnb ghjlemnb lf lfbo.j vbcb
ufwdkf ]th 'tvbc ibuyb'^ [jkj itvltu - vtpj,tk 'tvt,-
'fy& ,fpfhbw cojhtl fct fqvjwtylf&
vbof'vjmvtlc bvfpt vtnb vjcfdfkb vj/.fdlf^ dblht vfc
czbhlt,jlf cfrdt,fl^ vtcfmjyktc rb bvfpt vtnb cfmjytkb
/.fdlf^ dblht vfc czbhlt,jlf cfre'fhb vj'[jdybkt,t,bc
lfcfrvf.jabkt,kfl&
th' vidtybth lqtc vbof'vjmvtlvf 'fdbcb ghjlemwbf —
vfhwdktekb vtcfmjykt'f ,fyfrbcfrty ofbqj lf vf'c lf-
cfyf[fl vbyljhpt lflj& vbof'vjmvtlvf vtcfmjykt'f .e-
hflqt,f vfh'kfw vbbg.hj& wjnf [ybc itvltu th'-th'b
uf,tlekb vtcfmjykt vbyljhib ufdblf^ 'fdbcb cfmjykbc
[jhwbc yfzthb flubkpt lflj^ 'db'jy rb vbof'vjmvtlbc
vbth lflt,ekb ghjlemnb fbqj lf erfy vjrehw[kf& vb-
of'vjmvtlc bvtlb vbtwf^ ibiyfhtdb yf,b]t,b' vbyljhib
ufdblf^ [jhwc [tkb lfcnfwf lf ufbmwf&
fvbc itvltu @ufv.bldtkt,b# 'fdbfy' ghjlemnt,c ufw-
dkbcf'dbc th' flubkpt njdt,lyty^ hf'f @v.bldtkt,b-
cf'dbc# vbtwf' bvbc cfiefkt,f^ hjv ufcfwdktkb ghj-
lemnb rfhufl lft'dfkbtht,byf'& 'e @v.bldtkt,b# lfby-
nthtclt,jlyty^ 'fdbfy' ghjlemnc udthlpt vbelt,lyty&
vjlbjlyty bctd @ufv.bldtkt,b#^ it'fdfpt,ek ghjlemnc
f'dfkbtht,lyty* 'e vjtojyt,jlf'^ njdt,lyty 'fdbfy'
ghjlemnc lf vb/mjylf' it'fdfpt,ekb&
fv zrdbfyeh @ufvjujyt,fc# 'fdbcb efh.jab'b v[fhtt,bw
/mjylf& pju]th vbof'vjmvtlbc ghjlemwbf eahj vtnb
b.j^ dblht [jhwbc yfzthb&
wjnf [fyvfw ufbfhf lf vfibyltkb ,fpfhb lqtdfy-
ltkc lftvcufdcf& pbc vbof'vjmvtlb lf oby 'fdbcb ghj-
lemwbf ufeikbf& vfc'fy vblbc vtcfmjykt 'fdbcb ghjlem-
wbb' lf bo.t,f vjkfgfhfrt,f^ dby hfvltyb eylf vbcwtc
th'vfyt'c ghjlemnib^ t&b& bo.t,f dfzhj,f&

12
 cojhtl fv ghbvbnbekvf ,fpfhvf [fk[c ujyt,f ufye-
db'fhf lf ,tdh ghj,ktvfpt xffabmhf&
- ]j,c vt dbyflbhj lf xtvvf vtpj,tkvf bchbc ,eyb-
rt,b (xdty'dbc rfhufl wyj,bkb odtnbfyb bfhfqb) lffvpf-
ljc^ hflufy vfc tc cfmvt eahj rfhufl ufvjclbc - ufbabm-
hf vjyflbhtv&
vfh'kfw^ th'-th'vf vf'ufyvf yflbhj,fc 'fdb lffyt,f^
lbkblfy cfqfvjvlt b]lf lf ,eybrt,c fvpflt,lf^ lfyfhxt-
yt,b rb cfyflbhjl vblbjlyty lf vbc'dbc [jhwb vj/mjylf'&
fct ufxylyty bfhfqbc jcnfnt,b& ufxylf vf'b [tkcfo.-
jt,bw& vjyflbht'f lf vt'tdpt'f yfyflbhtd'fy^ vbof'vjm-
vtl'f lf vtcfmjykt'f ghjlemwbfc'fy th'fl^ [tkjcyt-
,bc ufrt't,ekvf bfhfqt,vfw cfmjykbc cf[t vbbqj&
fvhbufl^ cfmjytkb bc ihjvbc ghjlemnbf^ hjvtkbw
ofhvjt,ekbf ufwdkbcf'dbc^ ,fpfhpt ufcf.blfl (ufdb[ct-
yj' @trjyjvbrf — rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#^ ud& 25-26)&
'fylf'fyj,b' vbyljhib fhf vfhnj vbof'vjmvtlyb^ vjyf-
lbhtyb lf f&i&^ fhfvtl c[dflfc[df ]ehbc flfvbfyt,bw ufvjx-
ylyty^ hjvkt,cfw th'vfyt'bcf'dbc ]th rbltd ewyj,b cfmj-
ytkb vj/mjylf'&
dbdfhfelj'^ hjv tc b.j yf]f[b^ [th[b^ [bc lfcfveif-
dt,tkb c[dflfc[df bfhfqb^ [bcf 'e 'b[bc zehztkb^ lfo-
yekb rfkf't,b^ yfmcjdb nfycfwvtkb lf f&i&
xfvj.fkb,lf [tkjcyj,f hjujhw lfvjerblt,tkb lfh-
ub& vbof'vjmvtlt,bcfufy vbcb ufvj.jab' vj[lf ihjvbc
vtjht lblb cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfobkt,f&
vjcf[ktj,f ufvhfdklf lf th' flubkfc lf,byfdlf^
cjakt,fl xfvj.fkb,lf& cfmjytkbw vhfdfkathjdfyb uf[lf
lf fct e,hfkjl^ ghbvbnbekfl^ ufwdkf fqfh b.j cfrvf-
hbcb& d'mdf'^ vfhwdktekbc vakj,tkc vfhbkb lfczbhlf^
[jkj vfhbkbc ufv.bldtkc yf]f[b& vfiby vbof'vjmvtlb
vztltk'fy ufh,jlf yf]f[bc itcfstyfl^ hf'f fvb' itvltu

13
t.blf vfhbkb& 'fdbc v[hbd^ vztltkb w[jdtkbc n.fdcf lf
ytvct,c b'[jdlf& hfw eahj vtnb cf[tj,bc cfmjytkc fofh-
vjt,lyty^ ufwdkf vb' eahj h'eklt,jlf& [fk[c veifj-
,bcf'dbc lhj fqfh hxt,jlf^ th'vfyt''fy v[jkjl
'fdbfy'b cfmjykbc ufcfwdktkfl lflbjlyty (ufdb[ctyj'
@trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#^ ud& 55)&
[fk[b frdbhlt,jlf^ hjv cfmjytkb c[dflfc[df b.j^
vfuhfv b.j bct'b cfmjytkbw^ hjvtkbw .jdtk'dbc czbh-
lt,jlf'^ vfufkb'fl cfrdt,b^ nfycfwvtkb^ ofhvjt,bc
bfhfqt,b lf f&i& vbof'vjmvtlc vbobc lfcfveifdt,tkb bf-
hfqb eylf /mjyjlf^ vt'tdptc fct'b bfhfqb fh czbhlt-
,jlf^ vfc 'tdpcfzthb ,flt eyljlf^ vjyflbhtc ,flt rb
fhf^ cfyflbhj bfhfqb cehlf& vbof'vjmvtlcfw^ vt'tdptcfw
lf vjyflbhtcfw cfrdt,b lf nfycfwvtkb czbhlt,jlf' lf
fct^ 'fylf'fy ufvjbrdt'f cfmjykbc bc cf[tj,t,b^ hj-
vkt,bw .dtkfc'dbc fewbkt,tkb b.j&
ufxylf gbhdtkb aekb - cfuyt,b^ ybd't,b^ hjvkt,bw
cfmjykbc cfafcehc ufvj[fnfdlf lf cfmjykbc cfmjytkpt
ufwdkbc cfiefkt,f uf[lf&
fct'b aekbc hf cf[tc fh bwyj,c vcjakbj! hf cf[bc
yfnehfkehb cfmjytkb fh ufvjlbjlf aekbc hjkib% pdb-
utybc r,bkt,b^ yb;fht,b^ w[jdtkbc n.fd-,todtekb^ vfhb-
kb^ .fdf^ vc[dbkat[f hmjcfyb gbhen.db^ kb'jyb (hrbyf^
ybrtkb^ cgbktysb^ dthw[kb^ jmhj)^ sdbhafcb mdt,b^ 'e'e-
yb^ [jh,fkb^ kelb fy qdbyj^ ptb'eybc pt'b lf f&i& fct'
aekc cfmjykehb aekb tojlt,jlf (ufdb[ctyj' @trjyj-
vbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#^ ud& 56)& cfmjykehb aekb^ 'fdbc
v[hbd^ b.jajlf cfmjykeh-cffyufhbij lf cfmjykeh-
ojyb' ajhvt,fl& gbhdtkc vbtre'dyt,jlf cfmjykehb ae-
kbc 'fdlfgbhdtkb @nfkqf# ihjvbc bfhfqt,bc^ vc[dbkat-
[f gbhen.dbc^ cfvrfekt,bcf lf f&i& cf[b'^ vtjhtc - vwtyf-
htekb ofhvjij,bc vfkaezt,flb ghjlemnt,b^ vjudbfyt-

14
,b' kb'jyt,bw rb^ hjvtk'f ojyf lf lfyfotdht,bc itcfs-
kt,kj,f ufwdkbc ghjwtcib lbl vybidytkj,fc bstylf&
cfmjykeh aekc fhct,b'b [fcbf'bc yfrkjdfyt,t,b /mjy-
lf^ hfw ufhrdtek cbsytktt,c mvyblf ufwdkbc ghjwtcib%
[ibhfl fewbkt,tkb b.j fv vbpyb' ufvj.tyt,ekb cfmjy-
kbc lf.jaf-lfyfotdht,f^ hfw pju]th iteskt,tkb [lt-
,jlf (vfufkb'fl^ 'e gbhen.db fchekt,lf fv hjkc)^ pju-
]th rb bodtdlf vbcb [fhbc[bc lfmdtb't,fc (vfufkb'fl^ 'e
fv hjkib ufvjlbjlf ,todtekb)& fvfc'fy^ fct'b cf[bc
yfnehfkehb cfmjykbc'dbc fv hjkbc lfrbcht,f bodtdlf
lfvfnt,b' [fh]t,c - cfzbhj b.j vbcb ityf[df^ 'fyfw bct^
hjv 'dbct,t,b fh lftrfhuf& fvbnjv^ ,eyt,hbdbf^ ofhvjbidf
bvbc fewbkt,kj,f^ hjv aekbc hjkb ittchekt,byf bct'
cfmjytkc^ hjvtkcfw tc yfrkjdfyt,t,b fh tmyt,jlf^ vf'b
ityf[df fy uflfflubkt,f fh bmyt,jlf lfrfdibht,ekb cbh-
'ektt,'fy& fvbnjv 'fylf'fy^ lhj'f ufyvfdkj,fib^ cf-
mjykehb aekb itwdfkf rt'bkij,bkvf kb'jyt,vf - dth-
w[kvf lf jmhjv&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

lfyfobkt,f~~
1& hf fhbc ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfobkt,f
vofhvjt,kehj,f~~
2& hfc fhbc ihjvbc vofhvjt,kehj,f
3& hf fhbc ptlvtnb ghjlemnb lf hjlbc ofhvjbidf
bub ~
4& hjujh fqvjwtylf ,fpfhb lf hf hjkb itfc-
hekf fv 'dfkcfphbcb' ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdvf lf-
yfobkt,fv~~
yfobkt,fv
5& hf hjkb itfchekf ptlvtnvf ghjlemnvf ,fphbc
fqvjwtyt,fib~~
fqvjwtyt,fib

15
 cfmjytkb~~
6& hf fhbc cfmjytkb
aekb~~
7& hjujh fqvjwtylf cfmjykehb aekb

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

cfmfh'dtkjc ,fpfhb ueiby lf lqtc

16
 III ' t v f
dfzhj,f& cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f
(V ufrdt'bkb)

dfzhj,f fhbc ufwdkbc cfiefkt,f lf th'udfhb cfvt-

ehytj cfmvbfyj,f^ hjvkbc cfaesdtkptw cfmjykbc vofh-
vjt,kbcf lf vjv[vfht,kbc bynthtct,bc uf'dfkbcobyt,b'
[lt,f cfmjykbc .bldf-uf.bldf&
dfzhj,bc atcdt,b ijhtek bcnjhbek ofhcekibf cfsb-
t,tkb& hjltcfw dfzhj,f xfvj.fkb,lf wfkrt lfhufl^ vb-
of'vjmvtlt,bc^ vtcfmjyktj,bcf lf [tkjcyj,bc vcufdcfl^
vj[lf ihjvbc vtcfvt lblb cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfob-
kt,f&
vtwybtht,b fvnrbwt,ty^ hjv ]th rbltd xdtyc otk'fq-
hbw[dfvlt VI-V cfereytt,ib sdtkb ,f,bkjybcf lf cf,th-
syt'bc vrdblhyb fmnbehb ufwdkb'b cfmvbfyj,b' b.dyty
lfbynthtct,ekyb& itvltu dfzhj,f cf.jdtk'fj cf[fk[j
cfmvtl uflfbmwf& ufxylf cfdfzhj mfkfmt,b lf ofhvjbidf
flfvbfy'f bc rfntujhbf^ hjvkbc sbhb'flb cfmvbfyj,f .bl-
df-uf.bldf b.j^ fye dfzht,b& dfzht,b c[dflfc[df [fk[c^
mdt.fyfcf lf rjynbytync th'vfyt''fy frfdibht,lyty&
ufdb[ctyj' cf[tkufy'mvekb mhbcntajht rjkev,b^ hj-
vtkbw utyetkb dfzfhb b.j^ itvltu vj[dlf rfcnbkbfib lf
fylfkecbtkb dfzht,bcf lf ,fyrbht,bc lf[vfht,b' hfvlt-
ybvt cfpqdfj-cfjrtfyj tmcgtlbwbfc [tkvsqdfytkj,lf& fvt-
hbrbc fqvjxtyfw [jv mhbcntajht rjkev,bc cf[tk'f-
yff lfrfdibht,ekb&
bctd lfde,heylt' xdtyc gbhdtk.jabk ,fpfhc lf vbd-
.dt' vbc ufydb'fht,fc&
,fpfhib pbc flfvbfyb^ hjvtkcfw oby eltdc vhfdfk-
udfhb cfmjytkb - [jhwb^ 'b[bc zehztkb^ n.fdbc nfycfwvt-
17
kb^ ytvct,b lf f'fcyfbhb odhbkvfyb& vjlbc vt'tdpt lf
vjfmdc 'tdpb^ cfyfwdkjl rb ,fpfhib v]ljvb rfwbcfufy
n.fdbc nfycfwvtkc bqt,c* vjlbc c[df dfzfhb^ vjfmdc ytvct-
,b lf vbc 'tdppt uflfwdkfc b'[jdc& vjrktl^ [jhwbtklt-
,f xdty'dbc rfhufl wyj,bkb ,fhnthb (ufdb[ctyj' @trjyj-
vbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#^ ud& 56)&
'mdtyb fphb'^ hjujh vjbmwtjlf ,fpfhib v]ljvb rfwb
fye dfzfhb~ hf 'mvf eylf^ vfy 'tdpc afcb vjevfnf lf eahj
sdbhfl uf.blf& f,f^ ,fpfhib n.ebkfl [jv fh ufxthlt,jlf~
f[kf ,fpfhib vt'eyt itvjdblf^ 'b[bc zehzkb' lfn-
dbh'ekb ehvb'& dfzfhvf vbcufy v'tkb ehtvb zehztkb
itbsbyf^ oby ufbifkf lf v.bldtkc lftkjlf& vt'eyt rvf-
.jabkbf^ fhf ]j,c f[fkb mj'yt,b frt'jc^ dblht v'tkb
lqt ,fpfhib b]ltc lf v.bldtkt,c tkjltc~
hjujhb cf[bc jgthfwbfc'fy udfmdc cfmvt~
dfzfhvf vt'eybcfufy v'tkb gfhnbf cfmjytkb (fv itv-
'[dtdfib mj'yt,b) ,b'evfl fye v'kbfyfl bfafl itbc.blf
lf itvltu bubdt cfmjytkb eahj sdbhfl uf.blf&
,b'evfl dfzhj,f ybifdc cfmjykbc lblb gfhnbt,b'
dfzhj,fc^ [jkj cfwfkj dfzhj,f tojlt,f cfwfkj cf-
mjykbc 'b'jtekb ybveib' dfzhj,fc&
cf,b'evj dfzhj,fv [tkb iteo.j cfmjykbc cohfa ht-
fkbpfwbfc& cfblfy fh xfvj/mjylf' cfmjytkb! wyj,bkb
lblb f,htievbc upb' ijhtekb xbyt'blfy 'e mhbcntaj-
ht rjkev,bc vbth ufrdfkekb upb' fvthbrblfy& vupfdhj-
,f fvthbrblfy tcgfyt'fvlt lf cfmjykb' lfndbh'ekb ut-
vt,bc erfy fvthbrfib ufupfdyf lbl 'fy[fc vjb'[jdlf&
]th th'b^ xfvjnfybkb cfmjytkb eylf uft.blf' lf itv-
ltu utvt,b erfy cfdfzhjl ofcfqt,b cfmjykb' lftndbh-
'f'& vjut,ek aekc vupfdhj,bcf lf utvt,bc itcfrt't,t-
kb 'fy[fw frklt,jlf&
vupfdhj,f jh rjynbytync ijhbc th' 'dtc uhstklt-
,jlf& gjhnib itvjcekb utvt,b hfvltybvt 'dbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib dfzfh-v.bldtkt,c tkjlt,jlyty lf otkboflib f'bc

18
vfubdhfl v[jkjl [e' htbcc 'e fchekt,lyty&
ufxylyty cfmjykbc ,b'evfl itvc.bldtkb vlblfhb ie-
fvfdfkb dfzht,b& bcbyb v'tk utv cfmjytkc .blekj,lyty
lf itvltu c[df ,b'evfl vjdfzhtt,c ehbut,lyty^ hjvkt-
,bw^ 'fdbc v[hbd^ cfmjytkc cfwfkj vjdfzhtt,pt fyfob-
kt,lyty& fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ utvt,bc vbvjcdkf uf[ibhlf&
bphlt,jlf itvjnfybkb 'e ufnfybkb cfmjykbc okbehb
hfjltyj,fw^ vofhvjt,kt,bw uffmnbehlyty^ cf,b'evj dfz-
hj,b' aekc cohfafl b,heyt,lyty lf f[fk gfhnbfc ei-
dt,lyty&
vofhvjt,kt,b afclfrkt,fptw lf'fy[vlyty^ hf'f aekb
cohfafl lft,heyt,byf' erfy lf f[fkb cfmjytkb tofhvj-
t,byf'&
cf,jkjjl^ th'ybw lf vtjhtybw vjut,ekt,b fqvjx-
ylyty& vofhvjt,kt,b cfmjykbc ofhvjt,fpt lf[fh]ek
aekc cohfafl b,heyt,lyty lf vjut,fcfw yf[ekj,lyty&
,b'evfl vjdfzhtyb cfmjytkc eahj sdbhfl .bllyty^
dblht vofhvjt,kbcfufy .blekj,lyty lf bcbybw lbl vj-
ut,fc yf[ekj,lyty& v.bldtkt,bc'dbc cfzbhj cfmjykbc hf-
jltyj,f bphlt,jlf lf vhfdfkathjdfyb [lt,jlf&
fct'b cf[bc rfdibht,b^ hjvkt,bw vofhvjt,kt,c^ dfz-
ht,cf lf vjv[vfht,kt,c ijhbc v.fhlt,jlf^ .dtkf mdt.yb-
cf'dbc cfcfhut,kj uf[lf&
ofhvjt,fv vfcj,hbdb [fcbf'b vbbqj&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc
1& dfzhj,f~~
hf fhbc dfzhj,f
2& cfmvbfyj,f~~
hfnjv fhbc dfzhj,f cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,f
3& dfzhj,f~~
hf fhbc cf,b'evj dfzhj,f
4& dfzhj,f~~
hf fhbc cfwfkj dfzhj,f
5& dfzhj,bc afh'jl ufdhwtkt,fv hjujh it-
eo.j ufydb'fht,fc~~
[tkb ofhvjt,bc ufydb'fht,fc

19
 6& hjujh abmhj,'%cfmfh'dtkjib lqtc hf eahj
ofhvjt,f~~
ufydb'fht,ekbf - dfzhj,f 'e ofhvjt,f

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%
xdtyb trjyjvbrehb fphjdyt,f ueiby lf lqtc -
ghjuhtcb 'e htuhtcb~~

20
 IV ' t v f
aekb& aekbc ajhvt,b
( VI-VII ufrdt'bkb)

aekb eybdthcfkehb cfmjytkbf^ cfmjykbc cfmjytkpt

ufwdkbc fye vbvjmwtdbc cfiefkt,f& bub fqvjwtylf ufw-
dkbc [fyuhskbdb ufydb'fht,bc itltufl lf^ hjltcfw tc
hjkb rt'bkij,bkvf kb'jyt,vf - dthw[kvf lf jmhjv lf-
bcfre'hf^ aekbc 'fdlfgbhdtkb - cfmjykehb ajhvf ae-
kbc kb'jyeh-ztlehb ajhvb' itbwdfkf&
XIX cfereytvlt uf,fnjyt,ekb b.j v[jkjl dthw[kbc
aekb lf fct' aekfl cbcntvfc dthw[kbc vjyjvtnf-
kbpvb tojlt,jlf& pjufy afh'jl b.j ufdhwtkt,ekb hj-
ujhw dthw[kbc^ bct jmhjc aekb lf fvfc ,bvtnfkbpvb
thmdf& XIX cfereyblfy 'fylf'fyj,b' vcjakbjc c[dflfc-
[df mdt.fyfib lfbo.j v[jkjl jmhjc aekbc ufvj.tyt,f^
hbc ufvjw ,bvtnfkehb aekflb cbcntvf jmhjc vjyjvt-
nf
nfkk bpvb' itbwdfkf&
jmhjc vjytnfhbpvpt uflfcdkf c[dflfc[df mdt.fyfib
c[dflfc[df lhjc ufy[jhwbtklf& .dtkfpt flht^ ]th rb-
ltd XVIII cfereybc ,jkjc^ tc vj[lf byukbcib^ XIX cfe-
reybc lfcfchekc - bfgjybfib (1897 otkc)^ hect'cf (1898
otkc) lf fii-ib (1900 otkc)^ XX cfereybc lfcfo.bcib
cfahfyut'ib^ ,tkubfcf lf idtbwfhbfib lf f&i& tc uflfc-
dkf f[fkb 'dbct,hbdb yf[njvb fh .jabkf& bub v[jkjl
bvb' b.j fqcfybiyfdb^ hjv fv lhjblfy jmhj bmwf ufycf-
re'ht,ekb cf[bc cfmjykfl^ th'flth' cfmjykfl^ hj-
vtkptlfw .dtkf c[df cf[bc cfmjykbc ufwdkf [lt,jlf&
ofhvjbmvyf trjyjvbrehb sfkf% jmhj - cbvlblhbcf lf sf-
kfeakt,bc ufycf[btht,f&

21
 bcvt,f rb'[df% hfnjv vbfybztc cf,jkjjl aekbc hj-
kb jmhjc lf fhf c[df cfmjytkc~ bvbnjv^ hjv jmhj
[vfht,fib fh rfhufdc 'dbct,t,c% fh aezlt,f^ fh b;fyut,f^
vwbht vjwekj,bc ufvj fldbkbf vbcb ityf[df lf uflf-
nfyf-uflvjnfyf^ [fhbc[bc itvjovt,f^ cby]bc lflutyf& fvfc-
'fy^ itbskt,f vbcb gfnfh-gfnfhf yfobkt,fl lf.jaf^ itcf-
,fvbcfl^ yt,bcvbthb cfmjykbc itstyf lf f&i& ufhlf fvbcf^
jmhj^ cfth'jl^ cfrvfjl itpqelekb hfjltyj,b' vjbgjdt-
,f (XVII cfereytib jmhjc cfiefkj okbehb vcjakbj vj-
gjdt,f v[jkjl 7 njyfc elhblf& tc hfjltyj,f XVIII
cfereytib ufjhrtwlf& XIX cfereybc ief [fyt,ib (1851-1855)
bub 200 njyfc itflutylf^ 90-bfy okt,ib 400 njyfvlt
ufbpfhlf^ [jkj erfyfcrytk gthbjlib 1000 njyfc uflff-
zfh,f)^ hfw bvbc cfiefkt,fc bsktjlf^ hjv vwbht hfjlt-
yj,bc jmhj ufwdkbkb.j lblb hfjltyj,bc vhfdfkathj-
dfy cfmjytkpt&
'fdlfgbhdtkfl jmhjc aekb ufvjlbjlf pjlt,bc cf-
[b'^ vfuhfv cfmjykbc ufwdkf pjlt,pt ufhrdtek cbsyt-
ktt,c mvyblf% cfzbhj b.j kb'jybc fojyf^ vbcb lfyfotd-
ht,f^ cby]bc lflutyf lf f&i& fvbnjv pjlt,b vjytnt,b'
itbwdfkf& vjytnf fhbc obyfcofh lflutybkb ajhvbc kb'j-
yb^ hjvtkbw itbwfdc vbc ufycfpqdhek ojyb' hfjltyj,fc^
hfw cf[tkvobaj infvgb'ff vfcpt fq,tzlbkb& fvhbufl^ aek-
vf vbbqj vjytnbc ajhvf^ cf[tkvobajt,vf lfbo.tc vbcb
vjzhf lf^ fvltyfl^ vfy thjdyekb cf[t itbsbyf&
'fdlfgbhdtkfl vjytnf j'[re'[f ajhvbc b.j& 'e cf-
mjykbc afcb yf[tdfh vjytnfc elhblf^ vfc iefpt czhbl-
yty& gbhdtkb vjytnf vjbzhf sdtkb otk'fqhbw[dbc VII
cfereytib lfcfdkt' vwbht fpbbc mdt.fyfib - kblbfib^ itv-
lujv rb ufdhwtklf [vtk'fief lf ifdb pqdbc gbhfc
vlt,fht cf[tkvobajt,ib&
ijhtek ofhcekib ufxylf cfre'fhb vjytnf sdtk
rjk[t'ib& th'-th'b 'tjhbbc 'fyf[vfl^ kb'jybc aekbc
ofhvjij,fvlt aekbc vfubdhj,fc cfmfh'dtkjib hmjcfyb

22
gbhen.db fchekt,lf lf fvbnjv^ itbskt,f fhw b.j itv-
'[dtdb'b^ hjv @rjk[eh 't'hpt# cojhtl [fhbc 'fdbf
ufvjcf[ekb& mfh'ekb dthw[kbc vjytnf - @rjk[ehb 't'-
hb# sd& otk'fqhbw[dbc VI cfereyb' 'fhbqlt,f lf vcja-
kbjc esdtktcb vjytnt,bc hbw[dc vbtre'dyt,f& mfh'ekb
jmhjc vjytnf - @rjk[ehb cnfnthb# - bzht,jlf sd& otk-
'fqhbw[dbc I cfereyblfy f[fkb otk'fqhbw[dbc III cfere-
ytvlt& wyj,bkbf fv efqhtcfl bidbf'b vjytnbc v[jkjl
jhb tuptvgkfhb& th'b lfwekbf gfhbpib^ vtjht - ',bkbc-
ib^ c& ]fyfibfc cf[tkj,bc cfmfh'dtkjc cf[tkvobaj vept-
evib& tuht' ojlt,ekb mfh'ekb cfcfyehb lhfvt,b VI-VII
cfereytt,bcff& VII cfereyb' 'fhbqlt,f mfh'kbc thbc'fdbc
cntafyjpbc vjytnf& ief cfereytt,ib bzht,jlf @.ffyehb
dthw[kbc vjytnf#^ XVIII cfereytib - @cbhvf dthw[kb#^ XIX
cfereytib - @mfh'ekb 't'hb# lf f&i&
cfmfh'dtkjib vbqt,ekb b.j otk'fqhbw[dbc sdtkb
mjhjybrjyb& okbc fqcfybiyfdfl wbaht,bc vfub-
cbcntvf - mjhjybrjyb
th [vfhj,lyty fy,fybc fcjt,c^ hjvkt,cfw hbw[db'b vybi-
dytkj,fw /mjylf& mjhjybrjyb mfh'ek vjytnfpt gbhdt-
kfl XII cfereytib ufxylf& ufwbkt,b' flht^ VIII cfere-
yblfy^ mfh'ek vjytnfc veckbvfyeh 'fhbqc^ t&o& /b]hfc
ecdfvlyty& mfh'ekb vjytnt,bc evhfdktcj,fpt cojhtl
fct'b 'fhbqbf fq,tzlbkb&
lhj'f ufyvfdkj,fib aekbc vjzhbc ntmyjkjubf b[dt-
ot,jlf& vhfdklt,jlf pfhfa[fyt,b^ cflfw vpfllt,jlf vj-
ytnt,b& [ibhfl vjytnfpt ufvjcf[ekb b.j lblb gbhjdyt,t,b^
ktutylfl mwtekb ityj,t,b^ uvbhekb tgbpjlt,b lf f&i&
tc hjv vfh'kfw fct b.j^ th'b vtnfl uf[vfeht,ekb
itv'[dtdfw flfcneht,c% 1791 okbc 20 bdkbcc cfahfyut-
'bc vtat keljdbrj XVI-v^ ltljafkvf lf vf'vf idbkt,-
vf^ vjf[kbc cfvjcb' itvjcbkt,vf cwfltc gfhbpblfy ufm-
wtdf& vf' utpb ,tkubbcrty fbqtc& upfl th'-th' cfajcnj

23
cfluehib itxthlyty^ hf'f w[tyt,b ittwdfkf'& hjwf fv
vjvcf[eht,bcf'dbc aekbc uflf[lf lffgbhf^ vtatc sbhc
lfedfhlf jmhjc vjytnf^ hjvtkptlfw 'db'jy bc^ kelj-
dbrj XVI b.j ufvjcf[ekb& cfajcnj cfluehbc ptlfv[tldt-
kbc mfkbidbkvf vbfojlf vfvfvbcc tc vjytnf lf 'fyfw
fqybiyf^ 'e hjujh /ufdlf vfcpt ufvjcf[ekb vfvfrfwb trb-
gf;ib v]ljv vupfdhc& lfbynthtct,ekvf ajcnbc ptlfv-
[tldtkvf rfhtnfib 'fdb it.j^ .ehflqt,b' itf'dfkbthf
vupfdhb lf lfhoveylf^ hjv vbcb mfkbidbkb vfh'fkc fv,j,-
lf& rfhtnfib v]ljvb vfvfrfwb ufzhbkb dfikbdb' /ufdlf
jmhjc vjytnfpt fq,tzlbkc& fn.lf ufyufib& 'fdvj.hbkvf
itbfhfqt,ekvf [fk[vf lffgfnbvhf ufmwtekt,b& fb^ fct'vf
itv'[dtdfv uflfo.dbnf vtat keljdbrj XVI-bc ,tlb% bub
cbrdlbkb' lfcf]tc&
tc jmhjc vjytnf^ hjvtkcfw kebljhb thmdf^ 1640 okb-
lfy fhct,j,lf cfahfyut'ib^ [jkj 1785 okblfy vfcpt
ufvjcf[ekb b.j keljdbrj XVI& vjytnf itbwfdlf 7^6 u
jmhjc lf enjklt,jlf 24 ahfyrc&
fvudfhfl^ @jmhjc keljdbrj# cf,tlbcothj fqvjxylf
'db' keljdbrj XVI-bcf'dbc&
fct hjv^ vjytnt,bc itcf[t, ,tdhb hfv itbskt,f b'-
mdfc& bcbyb [jv mdt.ybc 'fdbct,ehb cfdbpbnj ,fhf't,bf&
fhct,j,c vtwybtht,bc cgtwbfkehb lfhub - yevbpvf-
nbrf^ hjvtkbw vjytnt,bc cfiefkt,b' fvf 'e bv mdt.ybc
bcnjhbfc^ vbc trjyjvbrfcf lf gjkbnbrfc itbcofdkbc&
j'[re'[f vjytnt,b xfvjzhbcf lf ufmkb,dbc itltufl
ojyfc rfhufdlf lf fvbnjv vf' vhudfkb ajhvf vbcwtc&
vhudfkb ajhvbc vjytnfc jhbdt v[fhtc ,tztlb /mjylf
lfcvekb& vbcb xfvjzhf iteskt,tkb b.j^ hflufy ufvjcf-
[ekt,f lfpbfylt,jlf&
uflbjlf [fyb& dthw[kb lf jmhj vbvjmwtdfib wdlt,j-
lf lf tkdfht,fc rfhufdlf& fvfc'fy^ jmhjc cbvwbhbc ufvj
vbcb lfvpflt,bc [fh]t,b sfkpt vybidytkjdfyb b.j& vfuhfv^

24
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv ufwdt'bk vjytnfc 'fdbcb ojybc yfobkb
lfrfhuekb /mjylf^ fct'b fhfchekafcjdfyb vjytnfw chek-
afcjdybc 'fyf,hfl fchekt,lf 'fdbc lfybiyekt,fc& tc
bvb' fb[cyt,f^ hjv aekbc hjkb ufwdkbc ghjwtcib oe-
'bthbf^ vjvtynfkehbf& tc ufhtvjt,f rfhufl ufvjb.tytc
[tkbceakt,vf (obyf' cfre'fhb aekbc lf,tzldf ittskj'
hjujhw vtatt,c^ bct 'fdflt,c) lf bo.tc vjytnbc afkcb-
abwbht,f& jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc trjyjvbbc vbpyb'^ 'fylf-
'fy lfbo.tc vjytnt,bc lfvpflt,f fhfrt'bkij,bkb kb-
'jyt,bcfufy (ybrtkb^ cgbktysb)^ 'evwf vf' ajhvf sdtkt-
,ehb iteyfhxeytc& fct'b aekb cohfafl ufdhwtklf lf
ufydb'fhlf& itvltu fvfc vj/.df mfqfklbc aekbc ofhvj-
ij,f^ hjvkbc ufvj.tyt,fw ufwdkbc (.bldf - uf.bldbc) ghj-
wtcib sfkpt vj[th[t,ekb b.j& vbvjmwtdfib mfqfklbc
aekbc lfvrdblht,b' itbmvyf aekbc tvbcbehb ajhvf&
mfqfklbc aekb gbhdtkfl mfqfklbc cfvij,kjib -
xbyt'ib^ xdtyb otk'fqhbw[dbc 812 otkc ufxylf lf XIX
cfereyblfy afh'jl vjbrblf at[b& mfqfklbc aekbc cohf-
ab ufdhwtkt,f XVII cfereyblfy bo.t,f& tdhjgbc mdt.yt,b-
lfy bub gbhdtkfl idtlt'ib ufvjeidtc 1662 otkc^ [jkj
vjudbfyt,b'^ XVIII cfereytib - cfahfyut'ib^ byukbccf lf
hect'ib& 1860 otkc mfqfklbc aekb fvthbrfibw ufvjxylf&
cfmfh'dtkjib mfqfklbc aekb^ hjujhw thjdyekb ae-
kflb th'tekb^ mdt.ybc vsbvt bcnjhbekb ofhcekbc ufvj^
gbhdtkfl^ v[jkjl 1995 otkc itvjbqtc& xdtyb thjdyekb
aekb kfhbf&
kb'jybc aek'fy itlfht,b'^ mfqfklbc aekc ,tdhb
qbhct,f fmdc%
1& bjkfl vbvjbmwtdf*
2& gjhnfnekbf (fldbkfl cfnfht,tkb^ 'e itbskt,f fct
b'mdfc^ vwbht vjwekj,fib lblb hfjltyj,ff 'fdvj.hbkb)*
3& 'fdbceakfl [ehlfdlt,f cgbktysbc vjytnt,pt*

25
 4& vjytnt,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,b'^ vce,embf&
hjujh abmhj,'^ cfblfy dbwb'^ hf b.j vhfdfkb okbc
obyf'~
]th th'b^ itvjudhxf sdtkb xfyfotht,b^ [tkyfotht,b^
hjvkt,ibw xdtyb obyfght,bc w[jdht,ff vjwtvekb& vtj-
htw^ fhbfy fhmtjkjut,b^ vtwybtht,b^ hjvkt,bw sdtk yf-
cf[kfht,c '[hbfy lf ijhtek ofhcekib [fk['f w[jd-
ht,bc otct,c brdktdty& fct'b uf'[ht,bc lhjc fhmtjkjut-
,b ,tdh aekc gjekj,ty& ufhlf fvbcf^ fhct,j,c aekbc
cgtwbfkehb cfvfh[t,b& fct' cfvfh[c cfufysehb /mdbf& sdt-
kfl fv,j,lyty^ aekc fldbkfl bijdb^ v'fdfhbf vbcb it-
yf[dfj&
ufdb[ctyj' kb'jybc aekb& aekbc gfnhjyb vfc ew[j
'dfkbcfufy vfkfdlf% aekc [fy vbofib akfdlf^ [fy ufvjm-
df,ekib byf[fdlf^ [fy [bc aeqehjib& pju]th gfnhjyt,b
fct' cfvfkfdt,c dtqfh e,heylt,jlyty lf cfufysehc okt-
,bc itvltu dbyvt c[df gjekj,lf&
'fyfvtlhjdt gbhj,t,ib ofhvjbidf aekbc rbltd f[f-
kb ajhvt,b^ hjvkt,ptw vjudbfyt,b' dbcfe,ht,'&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

1& hb' itbwdfkf aekbc 'fdlfgbhdtkb (cfmjyke-

ajhvf~~
hb) ajhvf
vjyjvtnfkbpvb~~
2& hf fhbc dthw[kbc vjyjvtnfkbpvb
,bvtnfkbpvb~~
3& hf fhbc ,bvtnfkbpvb
vjyjvtnfkbpvb~~
4& hf fhbc jmhjc vjyjvtnfkbpvb
yevbpvfnbrf~~
5& hf fhbc yevbpvfnbrf
6& hfnjv lfbcfre'hf rt'bkij,bkvf kb'jyt,vf
hjkb~~
aekbc hjkb

26
 7& hf cf[b' ufvjlbjlf 'fdlfgbhdtkfl jmhjc
aekb lf hb' itbwdfkf bub bub~~
vjytnf~~
8& hf fhbc vjytnf
pfhfa[fyf~~
9& hf fhbc pfhfa[fyf
10& aekbc hf ajhvf vj/.df kb'jyeh-ztleh ajh-
vfc ~
11& kb'jybc aek'fy itlfht,b'^ hf egbhfntcj,f
aekc~~
fmdc mfqfklbc aekc

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

mfh'ekb thjdyekb aekb - kfhb

27
 V ' t v f
vjvcf[eht,f
( VIII ufrdt'bkb)

hbc'dbc db[lb' aekc~ hf 'mvf eylf^ cfmjykbc itcfst-

yfl& aekb' d.blekj,' gehc^ [jhwc^ .dtkc^ hsbc ghjlem-
nt,c^ nfycfwvtkc^ vfuhfv hjwf 'tfnhib fy cgjhnek cfyf-
[fj,t,pt vbdlbdfh'^ vfibyfw [jv db[lb' aekc lf cfyfw-
dkjl ,bkt'c udfsktdty& ,bkt'b' itdlbdfh' 'tfnhib^ dtc-
oht,b' ofhvjlutyfc^ decvty' vecbrfc^ cnflbjypt cgjhne-
kb cfyf[fj,b' dnr,t,b' lf f&i&
mfqfklb^ hjvtkcfw ,bkt'b /mdbf^ itvltu fqfh udzbh-
lt,f&
hf [lt,f cflfkfmjib~ xdty aekc bmfw db[lb'^ vfuhfv
fhf v[jkjl bv 'vbcf'dbc^ hjvtkbw itudfzhtc^ fhfvtl
bvbc'dbcfw^ hjvtkbw 'fdpt lfudbnjdtc lf dfhw[ybkj,f
itudbwdfktc&
ufvjlbc^ hjv pju]th aekc db[lb'^ vfuhfv cfmjytkc
fh udfsktdty&
f[fkb nfycfwvtkb 'e at[cfwvtkb cbfvjdyt,fc udfyb-
zt,c^ vfuhfv udfybzt,c 'e fhf cbfvjdyt,fc vcf[bj,b 'fdbcb
'fvfib'^ lfkfmb 'fdbcb jcnfnj,b' fy cgjhncvtyb cfert-
'tcj itltut,b'~
hf 'mvf eylf^ .jdtkbdt ptvj' xfvj'dkbkb lbl cbf-
vjdyt,fc udfybzt,c lf fvbnjvfw aekc cojhtl fv cbfvjd-
yt,bcf'dbc db[lb'& fvfc vjvcf[eht,f tojlt,f& vjvcf[eht-
,f fhbc cfmvbfyj,bc bct'b ufycfre'ht,ekb cf[tj,f^ hjvt-
kcfw^ hjujhw otcb^ [tkitcf[t,b vfnthbfkeh-ybd'j,hbdb

28
ajhvf fhf fmdc^ vfuhfv cfcfhut,kj^ cfbynthtcj^ cfcbfvjdyj
lf vjcf[th[t,tkbf v.bldtkbcf'dbc^ hjvtkbw vbc cfafcehc
b[lbc (ufdb[ctyj'% @trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb#^ ud& 26&)&
vjvcf[eht,bc (buekbc[vt,f cf,fphj vjvcf[eht,f) ofh-
vjt,f bct'bdt ,bpytcbf^ hjujhbw cfmjykbc ofhvjt,f&
lqtc vcjakbjib flfvbfy'f ufhrdtekb atyf vbkbjyth-
'f hbw[dc vbtre'dyt,f& vf'b bynthtct,b ief cfereytt,bc
vlblfh'f bynthtct,bcfufy lf vf'b vj'[jdybkt,t,bcfufy
lblfl ufyc[dfdlt,f&
ief cfereytt,bc vlblht,b epfhvfpfh cfcf[ktt,c fit-
yt,lyty^ cflfw vjcfvcf[eht'f v'tkb fhvbf w[jdhj,lf&
pjub rthfdlf^ pjub cflbkc fvpflt,lf^ pjub cf]byb,jib
cfmvbfyj,lf lf f&i&
xdtyb lhjbc vlblht,c ufwbkt,b' ufphlbkb vj'[jdyb-
kt,t,b lf^ itcf,fvbcfl^ bynthtct,b fmd'& lqtc bvfnf fhf
v[jkjl cfmjykbc^ fhfvtl vjvcf[eht,bc cf[tj,t,vfw&
hfw eahj vlblfhbf flfvbfyb^ vb' vtnb cfiefkt,f fmdc
cbfvjdyt,f fh vjbrkjc% lfcfcdtyt,kfl rfyfhbc reysekt,pt
vbahbyfdc^ tudbgntib gbhfvblt,bc^ byljt'ib 'f]vf/fkbcf
lf cf,thsyt'ib gfh'tyjybc cbkfvfpb' nr,t,f^ bnfkbbc
cfufvjatyj lfh,fpt,ib @brfhut,f#^ fahbrfib rtybbc yfr-
hsfkt,ib yflbhj,c lf nfycfwvtkc wyj,bk ahfyu vjlt-
kbtht,c erdt'fdc^ vjvcf[eht,bcf'dbc rb lblsfk aekc
b[lbc&
fhf vfhnj vlblht,b^ fhfvtl vjcf[ktj,bc c[df atybc
ofhvjvflutykt,bw cfhut,kj,ty c[dflfc[df cf[bc vjvcf-
[eht,b'^ bct't,b'^ hjujhbwff cfufyvfyf'kt,kj vjvcf[e-
ht,f^ cfvtlbwbyj^ cfnhfycgjhnj^ cf.jafw[jdht,j vjvcf-
[eht,f lf f&i& trjyjvbrbc ufydb'fht,fc'fy th'fl^ afh'jd-
lt,f vjvcf[eht,bc fhtfkb^ ofhvjbmvyt,f vbcb f[fkb cf[t-
j,t,b^ hfw 'fyfvtlhjdt trjyjvbrehb ufydb'fht,bc vybi-
dytkjdfyb vf[fcbf't,tkbf&

29
 rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

vjvcf[eht,f~~
1& hf fhbc vjvcf[eht,f
vjvcf[eht,f~~
2& hbc'dbc udzbhlt,f vjvcf[eht,f
3& xfvj'dfkt' vjvcf[eht,bc cf[tt,b
4& hfnjv fhbc vjvcf[eht,f 'fyfvtlhjdt trjyj-
vf[fcbf't,tkb~~
vbrehb ufydb'fht,bc vybidytkjdfyb vf[fcbf't,tkb
5& hf vjvcf[eht,b' bcfhut,kt' ,jkj [fyc lf hf
uflfb[flt'~~
cfafcehb uflfb[flt'

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

hjujh db'fhlt,f vjvcf[eht,f cfmfh'dtkjib

30
 VI ' t v f
itvjcfdfkb^ lfyf[fh]b^ vjut,f^ ofut,f
( IX ufrdt'bkb)

vfh'fkbf^ dfzht,b cfdfzhj jgthfwbt,blfy^ cfmjykbc

.bldf - uf.bldb'^ vjut,fc yf[ekj,ty^ vfuhfv pjubth' itv-
'[dtdfib gbhbmb'fw [lt,f& vjdb.dfyj' vfufkb'b%
dfyjv ptcnfajyib 10 ru .dtkb b.blf& 'b'j rbkjuhfvib
vfy 2 kfhb uflfb[flf& .dtkb ',bkbcib xfvjbnfyf lf 'b'j
rbkj 3 kfhfl uf.blf& ptcnfajyblfy ',bkbcfvlt lf erfy -
',bkbcblfy ptcnfajyfvlt cfvupfdhjl 12 kfhb lfczbhlf&
dfyjv ',bkbcib xfvjnfybkb .dtkbc uf.bldb' vbbqj
itvjcfdfkb^ hjvtkbw 30 kfhc itflutylf (10X3=30k&)& fv-
hbufl^ fv itv'[dtdfib itvjcfdfkb fhbc v'tkb bc 'fy[f^
hjvtkbw dfzfhvf fbqj& vfuhfv hfvltyb kfhb lf[fh]f
dfyjv^ fye hfvltyb kfhb itflubyf lfyf[fh]vf~ vfy ]th
ptcnfajyib .dtkbc itcfstyfl lf[fh]f 20 kfhb (10X2=20k&)^
[jkj itvltu rbltd 12 kfhb^ hjvtkbw vupfdhj,bcfc lfc-
zbhlf& t&b& lfyf[fh]vf itflubyf 32 kfhb& fv itv'[dtdfib
lfyf[fh]b fhbc bc aekflb 'fy[f^ hjvtkbw dfzfhvf lf-
[fh]f&
hf fhbc vjut,f~
vjut,f fhbc itvjcfdfkc ufvjrkt,ekb lfyf[fh]b&
fv itv'[dtdfib itvjcfdfkc - 30 kfhc eylf ufvjdfr-
kj' lfyf[fh]b - 32 kfhb& fm ofut,fc'fy udfmdc cfmvt lf
fhf vjut,fc'fy&
ofut,f fhbc lfyf[fh]c vbyec itvjcfdfkb&
fct hjv^ dfyjv fv cfdfzhj jgthfwbb' 2 kfhb offuj&
fctw [lt,f [jkvt^ pju]th dfzht,b vjut,bc yfwdkfl
fut,ty&
31
 rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

1& hf fhbc itvjcfdfkb~~

itvjcfdfkb
2& hf fhbc lfyf[fh]b~~
lfyf[fh]b
3& hf fhbc vjut,f~~
vjut,f
4& hf fhbc ofut,f~~
ofut,f

fvjwfyf
1& hfvlty kfhc vjbut,lf dfyj^ 10 rbkjuhfvbc yfwdkfl 20
rbkjuhfvb .dtkb hjv t.blf~
2& cfl lf hf itv'[dtdfib eahj vtn vjut,fc yf[fdlf dfzf-
hb^ ufcf.blfl hjv t.blf% f) 10 ru .dtkb cfvnhtlbfib (rbkjuhf-
vb 2 kfhfl) lf uft.blf me'fbcib 2^5 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj
[fh]b - 3 kfhb)^ [jkj ',bkbcib - 3^50 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj
[fh]b - 12 kfhb)* ,) 20 ru .ehstyb cbqyfqib (rbkjuhfvb 50
't'hfl) lf uft.blf hec'fdib 1 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj [fh]b
- 6 kfhb)^ [jkj ',bkbcib - 1^50 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj [fh]b
- 10 kfhb)* u) 30 ru dfikb ujhib (rbkjuhfvb 40 't'hfl) lf
uft.blf ,f'evib 2^50 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj [fh]b - 20 kfhb)^
[jkj ',bkbcib - 2 kfhfl (cfnhfycgjhnj [fh]b - 10 kfhb)&

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

hjujh ofhvjvblutybf xtvb vjvfdfkb ghjatcbf

lf xtvb gbhdtkb itvjcfdfkb

32
 VII ' t v f
rfgbnfkb
( X ufrdt'bkb)

hf fvjwfyfc bcf[fdc vtofhvt fy dfzfhb~ jhbdtcf'dbc

egbhdtktcb fvjwfyf vjut,bc vbpyb' aekbc lf,fylt,f^
fye^ c[df cbn.dt,b' hjv d'mdf'^ aekbc cfmvtib xflt,ff&
vtofhvt aekc cfmjykbc ofhvjt,fib lt,c lf^ hfw lfe]-
lt,f yfofhvb^ bvfpt vtnfl .blbc^ [jkj dfzfhb .blekj,c
vpf cfmjytkc^ hjvtkcfw itvltu vtn afcfl .blbc lf vj-
ut,fcfw yf[ekj,c&
cfmvtib aekbc vjcfut,fl lf,fylt,ekb aekb rfgb-
nfkbf& 'e lfdfrdbhlt,b' cfvtofhvtj cfmvbfyj,fc^ lfdb-
nfkbf
yf[fd'^ hjv fv cathjib fhct,ekb rfgbnfkb ufybwlbc
oht,heydfc& rfgbnfkbc oht,heydf fhbc vjut,bc vbpyb'
cfmvtib xflt,ekb aekbc vjshfj,f^ aekbc cfmjykfl uf-
lfmwtdbc lf itvltu cfmjykbc bctd aekfl^ 'fyfw vjut-
,b'^ uflfmwtdbc ghjwtcb&
fhw bct lblb [ybc obyf'^ hjltcfw cf,zj'f rfdibhbc
itvflutykj,fib db.fdb'^ cfmfh'dtkjib^ bctdt hjujhw c[df
cf,zj'f htcge,kbrt,ib^ frhsfkekb b.j rthsj vtofhvtj,f
lf ,bpytcb& vtnbw^ tc cbc[kbc cfvfh'kbc lfyfifekfl
b'dkt,jlf& itvltu^ hjltcfw cfmfh'dtkjv vjbgjdf lfvje-
rblt,kj,f lf f[fkb w[jdht,f lfbo.j^ ewt, ,bpytcb lf-
cfidt,b uf[lf& [fk[b rthsj cfvtofhvtj cfmvbfyj,fc fh b.j
itxdtekb lf ,tdhc sfkbfy ufezbhlf^ vfuhfv bct't,bw
ufvjxylyty^ hjvkt,vfw sfkbfy vfkt feqtc fkqj f[fk
w[jdht,fc lf rthsj vtofhvtj,f uffxfqtc&
vfiby cfmjytkb vhfdfkathjdfyb fh b.j^ v[jkjl hj-
vtkbvt th'b cf[tj,f zfh,j,lf lf lblb hfjltyj,b' to.j

33
cfo.j,t,ib 'e vfqfpbbc lf[kt,pt& vf' ijhbc 'b'mvbc
.dtkf vfqfpbfib itcmtkt,ekb hsbc v't,b b.j fqvfh'ekb&
f[kf .dtkufy efvhfdb c[dflfc[df cf[tj,bc hsbc ghjlemnb
lf ijrjkflb b.blt,f% @fvfk'tfc#^ @cfyntc# lf c[df mfh-
'ekb abhvt,bc hsbc ghjlemnt,b^ ew[jehb @bjuehnb#^ @vbk-
rbdtb#^ @,feynb#^ @ndbmcb#^ @rbnrtnb#^ @cybrthcb# lf f&i&
flht lf[kt,pt tkfuf nbkjc th'cf[jdfyb yfzht,b^ hjv-
kt,cfw v.bldtkt,b fh trfht,jlyty lf 'e .blekj,lyty^
v[jkjl njvht,bcf'dbc fy itcfcdktkib bfnfrpt lfcfatyfl&
cek f'bjlt okbc obyf'^ hjltcfw xdtyib f[fkb w[jdht,f
lfbo.j^ th'vf ufvzhbf[vf flfvbfyvf (vjvfdfkib ,bpytcvtyvf)
20 vtnhb nbkjc yfzthb b.blf^ 10 kfvfpb mdtlfnfyb itrthf
lf 'fyfw vfmvfyt,b' uffo.j& ,bpytcvtyvf rf,t,b ,fpfhpt
ufcf.blfl ofbqj& v.bldtkb ,tdhb fqvjxylf^ hflufy fct'b
kfvfpb^ c[dflfc[df athbc vfmvfyt,b' ufo.j,bkb mdtlfnfyt-
,b ]th fhw tyf[f'& ,bpytcvtyvf 'b'j 10 kfhfl uf.blf lf
ew,fl 100 kfhbc gfnhjyb uf[lf& bub fh lfb,yf^ bctd vfqf-
pbfc vbfiehf lf f[kf erdt 200 vtnhb yfzthb itbsbyf& 100
mdtlfnfyb 1000 kfhfl uflfbmwf lf veifj,f ufxfqlf& cfzb-
hj itbmvyf lfv[vfht vrthfdt,bc lfmbhfdt,f^ hjvkt,cfw
,bpytcvtyb 'b'jtek rf,fib 1 kfhc e[lblf^ vfuhfv 1000
mdtlfnfybc th' lqtib uf.bldf iteskt,tkb b.j& ,bpytc-
vtyvf dfzht,b vjst,yf lf rf,t,b ,b'evfl^ itlfht,b' yfr-
kt, afcib - 8 kfhfl vbcwf&
ghjlemwbf vfnekj,lf^ cfo.j,t,b kfvfpb mdtlfnfyt-
,b' ufbdcj^ cfzbhj uf[lf nhfycgjhnbc lfmbhfdt,f lf fv
ghjlemwbbc c[df mfkfmt,ib ufcfqt,f& hf 'mvf eylf^ lfyf-
[fh]b bphlt,jlf^ vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc itvjcfdfkbw vfne-
kj,lf&
cek wjnf [fyib ,bpytcvtybc rfgbnfkvf vbkbjyc uf-
lffzfh,f& cfmjytkb^ hjvtkcfw ,bpytcvtyb fofhvjt,lf^
vjvut,bfyb b.j& vfc th'b mdtlfnfyb ufwbkt,b' yfrkt,b

34
e]lt,jlf^ dblht vbcb uf.bldb' bqt,lf& vjrkt [fyib ae-
kb cfmjykfl bmwtjlf^ cfmjytkb rb - bctd aekfl& vbcb
vakj,tkb cek eahj vlblhlt,jlf& vfuhfv fm v'fdfhb
rbltd th'b ufhtvjt,ff& aekb cek eahj vtn oht,heydfc
frt't,lf& rfgbnfkbc oht,heydbc vhfdfk]th ufvtjht,fc
rfgbnfkbc ,heydf tojlt,f& flht rfgbnfkbc ,heydf yt-
kb ntvgb' vbvlbyfhtj,lf& vtofhvt otkboflib 3-]th fy
4-]th 'e vjfcoht,lf aekbc cfmjykfl lf cfmjykbc
aekfl uflfmwtdfc^ f[kf rb tc ghjwtcb lfxmfhlf&
,heydbc [fcbf'bc vb[tldb' rfgbnfkb b.jaf sbhb'fl
lf cf,heyfd rfgbnfkfl&
sbhb'flb rfgbnfkb fhbc rfgbnfkbc bc yfobkb^ hjvt-
kbw ofhvjt,fc tvcf[eht,f [fyuhskbdb lhjbc ufyvfdkj-
,fib lf hjvkbc ufvj.tyt,fw vhfdfk]th [lt,f& sbhb'fl
rfgbnfkc vbtre'dyt,f cfofhvjc ityj,f-yfut,j,t,b^ vfymf-
yt,b^ lfyflufht,b^ vhfdfkokbfyb yfhufdt,b lf f&i&
cf,heyfdb rfgbnfkb fhbc rfgbnfkbc bc yfobkb^ hjvt-
kbw ofhvjt,fc tvcf[eht,f ofhvjt,bc th'b wbrkbc
vfysbkpt^ vbcb ufvj.tyt,f th']thflbf^ dbyfblfy v'kbfyfl
ofhvjt,bc fv th'b wbrkbc ufyvfdkj,fib b[fh]t,f& cf,heyfd
rfgbnfkc vbtre'dyt,f c[dflfc[df cf[bc ytlktekb^
vfufkb'fl^ [t-n.t^ yfh'b lf c[d&^ fuht'dt cfodfdb^
tktmnhjtythubf lf f&i&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

1& hf fhbc rfgbnfkb~~

rfgbnfkb
2& hf fhbc oht,heydf~~
rfgbnfkbc oht,heydf
3& hf fhbc ,heydf~~
rfgbnfkbc ,heydf
4& hf fhbc rfgbnfkb~~
sbhb'flb rfgbnfkb

35
 rfgbnfkb~~
5& hf fhbc cf,heyfdb rfgbnfkb

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

xdtyb vj'[jdybkt,t,b ueiby lf lqtc^ vf'b

lfrvf.jabkt,bc itcfskt,kj,t,b

36
 VIII ' t v f
,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkb#
( XI ufrdt'bkb)

flfvbfyt,c pfa[ekbc ,jkjlfy itvjlujvbc vboe-

hekfvlt cfpheyfdb tvfnt,f'& lbfcf[kbct,b [fhifdty ve-
hf,t,c^ frt't,ty rjycthdt,c yfbh-yfbhb [bkbcf lf ,jc-
nytekbcfufy& mfh[yt,ib vpfllt,f ]tvb^ odtyb^ vehf,f&
itvjlujvfw vjlbc lf bo.t,f h'dtkb% boeht,f .eh-
styb^ mdtdht,b qdbyb' bdct,f^ xehx[tkt,b vptc tabw[t,bfy&
fct'b ghjlemwbbc lfcfvpflt,kfl cfzbhjf lblb hfjltyj-
,bc ifmfhb& vfuhfv .dtkf mfh[fyf [jv fh fhbc ifmhbc
vofhvjt,tkb~ xdty'fy wyj,bkbf fufhbc ifmhbc mfh[fyf^
vfuhfv vfhnj tc cfofhvj mdt.ybc vj'[jdybkt,t,c dth
frvf.jabkt,c^ vb' evtntc ctpjybc lhjc& fvbnjv ifmfhb
c[df mdt.yt,blfy itvjudfmdc&
ifmhb' lfndbh'ekb vfymfyt,b 'e [jvfklt,b cf-
mfh'dtkjcrty vjtvfh't,f& fm^ ,fpfhpt^ bo.t,f vf'b lfaf-
cjt,f lf htfkbpfwbf& fv gthbjlib ifmfhpt afct,b cfu-
hsyj,kfl vfnekj,c& ,bpytcvtyt,vf bwbfy^ hjv ifmhbc
itvjnfyf^ ufycfre'ht,b' ctpjybc lhjc^ sfkpt vjvut,bf-
ybf& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv vf''dbc fhfdbc lfedfkt,bf
ifmhbc itvjnfyf c[df mdt.yt,blfy^ hfrb aekbc ijdybc
rfhub ifycb tsktdf'^ .dtkf itcfskt,kj,fc vfmcbvfke-
hfl b.tyt,ty&
itvjlujvf vbboehf lf ifmfhpt afct,b lftwf& lft-
wf bct^ hf ljytptw flht pfv'fhib lf ufpfa[ekpt b.j&
fct' cbnefwbfc ,fpfhpt^ hjltcfw afct,b bwdkt,f ,fp-

37
hbc rfyjyt,bc vb[tldb'^ wyj,bkb byukbctkb trjyjvbcnb
flfv cvb'b ,fphbc @e[bkfd [tkc# eojlt,c& ,fphbc
@e[bkfdb [tkb# bvudfhfl vfh'fdc bylbdblbc gbhfl bynt-
htct,c^ hjv cfpjufljt,fc epheydtk.jac vbc'dbc fewb-
kt,tkb cfmjykb'f lf vjvcf[eht,b'&
fvhbufl^ ,fpfhb 'db'htuekbht,bc cfaesdtkpt^
,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkbc# vtidtj,b' wdkbc cfmjykbcf lf
vjvcf[eht,bc afct,c^ 'evwf 'fyfvtlhjdt trjyjvbrfib cfm-
vt eahj h'ekflff^ hfptw xdty vjvfdfkib dbcfe,ht,'&
lfcrdyf%'e bct' cfmvbfyj,fc totdb^ hjvtkcfw v[j-
lfcrdyf%
kjl cfhut,kj,f vjfmdc^ vjut,fcfw eahj vtnc vbbqt,&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

1& hf qbhc rdthw[b fqlujvbc obyf lf vjvltdyj

lqtt,ib~~
lqtt,ib
2& hjujhbf afct,b qjhbc [jhwpt ij,bc obyf lf
lqtt,ib~~
vjvltdyj lqtt,ib
3& hjujhbf afct,b mehmpt pfv'fh pfa[ekib~~
cf lf pfa[ekib
pfv'fhcf
4& ufpfa[ekpt f[fkb itvjcekb vfho.db sdbhbf
fhf~~ itvltu tc afct,b twtvf 'e fhf
'e fhf fhf~~ hfnjv
hfnjv~~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

thjdyekb cfmjytkb cfmfh'dtkjc ,fpfhpt

38
 IX ' t v f
hjujh vjshfj,c rfgbnfkb
( XII
XII-- XIII ufrdt'bkb)

obyf'^ cfyfv vcjakbj trjyjvbrbc ufydb'fht,f fct'

vfqfk cfat[ehc vbfqotdlf^ [tkjcyj,f evtntcfl i'fvj-
vfdkj,b' uflflbjlf& vtofqbc idbkb vfvbc rdfkpt vblbj-
lf lf ofqt,c rthfdlf^ vtgehbc idbkbw gehc fw[j,lf lf
f&i& xdty'fy lqtvlt wyj,bkbf 'ehvfybstt,bcf lf cfhf]bi-
dbkt,bc udfht,b^ hjvkt,bw cfvrehyfkj ofvkt,c fvpflt,-
lyty lf rehyfdlyty^ kfqbstt,b^ hjvkt,bw ufvfuhbkt,tkb
o.kt,bc xfvjvc[vtkt,b b.dyty lf f&i& lqtdfyltkb rjrf-
rjkf rb cek c[dfudfhbf& vfc cf'fdtib vc[dbkb ,bpytcvt-
yt,b elufyfy^ hjvtk'fw c[dflfc[df mdt.fyfib fmd' ofhvj-
t,bc ufydb'fht,ekb mctkb&
elbltcb abhvbc vakj,tkt,b^ vtofhvtt,b [ibhfl vb-
vfh'ekt,fc bwdkbfy& fhfdbc uferdbhlt,f^ 'e hjvtkbvt
vc[dbkb vfymfyf'cfityb mfh[fyf utvt,bcf lf 'db'vahbyfdt-
,bc ltnfkt,bc lfvpflt,fpt uflfdf^ fy hjvtkbvt vc[dbkb
,fyrbhb rbyjcnelbbc .bldfc uflfo.dtnc& 'fyfvtlhjdt trj-
yjvbrfib fhbc 'e fhf tc cojhb~ fdfynbehf [jv fh fhbc~
vfufkb'bcf'dbc fdbqj' jhb abhvf& fmtlfy th'b at[-
cfwvtkc rthfdc^ vtjht obylt,c mcjdc& abhvfc^ hjvtkbw
at[cfwvtkc rthfdc^ .jdtk 1000 kfhpt 500 kfhb vjut,f
hxt,f^ [jkj obylt,bc vmcjdtkc .jdtk 1000 kfhpt 1000
kfhb& hjvtkb abhvff eahj vjvut,bfyb~ hf 'mvf eylf^
obylt,bc vmcjdtkb abhvf&
[jv fh ]j,c at[cfwvkbc rthdfc 'fdb lfdfyt,j' lf
obylt,bc mcjdf lfdbo.j'~# - abmhj,c at[cfwvkbc vofh-

39
vjt,tkb abhvf lf ofhvjt,bc ghjabkc bwdkbc&
rfgbnfkb at[cfwvkbc ofhvjt,blfy obylt,bc ofhvjt-
,fib uflflbc& aekb ,bpytcib bct vjshfj,c^ hjujhw o.f-
kb fhfcojh ptlfgbhpt^ jqjyl bv ufyc[dfdt,b'^ hjv o.f-
kb ptvjlfy mdtdb' xftlbyt,f^ rfgbnfkb rb mdtvjlfy pt-
vj' flbc^ fye yfrkt, itvjcfdkbfyb cfofhvjlfy eahj vtn
itvjcfdkbfy cfofhvjib uflflbc&
hf ghjwtc'fy udfmdc cfmvt~
rfgbnfkb vbtlbyt,f bmb'^ cflfw vtnbf vjut,f& obylt-
,bc ofhvjt,f vfnekj,c^ rjyrehtynt,b vhfdklt,bfy^ oby-
lt,bc afcb twtvf* cfvfubthjl at[cfwvkbc vofhvjt,tk'f
vjut,f vfnekj,c lf 'fylf'fy obylt,bc ofhvjt,bc vjut-
,fc enjklt,f&
fvhbufl^ 'e trjyjvbrfib gbhj,t,b ewdktkbf^ c[df-
lfc[df ofhvjt,fib lf,fylt,ekb 'fyf,fhb cblblbc rfgb-
nfkb 'fyf,fhb cblblbc vjut,fc bsktdf&
vfuhfv vofhvjt,kt,b fh rvf.jabklt,bfy lf velvbd
sbt,fib fhbfy^ bwdkbfy ofhvjt,bc ghjabkc bvbc vb[tl-
db'^ 'e cfl eahj vjvut,bfyb cfmvt fto.j,f&
rfgbnfkbc lfuhjdt,f ]th rbltd lblb utjuhfabekb
fqvjxtyt,bc lhjblfy lfbo.j& vfiby dfzht,vf lf ,fyrbht,-
vf f[fkb vbot,bc fqvjcfxtyfl elbltcb 'fy[f ufbqtc& tc
bc lhj b.j^ hjwf e,hfkj ieibc vsbdt,c jmhjc pjlt,pt^
,hz.dbfkf mdt,pt^ bidbf'b w[jdtkt,bc n.fdt,pt lf f&i&
wdkblyty& vfiby c[df trjyjvbrehb gbhj,t,b b.j^ vfuhfv^
hjujhw fqdybiyt'^ rfgbnfkb th'b flubkblfy vtjhtib
o.fkbdb' uflftlbyt,jlf&
f[kf abhvt,bc obyfit c[df fvjwfyt,b lufc& bcbyb cf-
vtwybthj-rdktdb'b cfveifjt,bcf lf f[fk-f[fkb ufvjuj-
yt,t,bcf'dbc aekc fh bieht,ty&
th'-th'vf fvthbrekvf abhvfv^ hjvtkbw @lbegjybc# cf-
[tkb'ff wyj,bkb^ [tkjdyehb sfat,b ufvjbujyf& f[fk cfmj-
ytkc efvhfdb vjv[vfht,tkb ufexylf& sfat,b b[vfht,jlf

40
obylt,bc^ cf,fubhj upt,bc^ vfymfybc abknht,bcf lf c[df
cfmjykbc ofhvjt,fib&
fv fqvjxtyfv abhvfc elbltcb vjut,f vjenfyf& fctdt vjv-
ut,bfyb fqvjxylf gkfcnvfcbc ybd't,bc lfvpflt,fw^ [jkj
vfuybnjajyt,bc^ rjvgbentht,bcf lf ntktdbpjht,bc vofhvj-
t,tkvf abhvf @cjybv#^ .jdtkudfh vjkjlbyc uflffzfh,f&
pju]th abhvt,b ofhvfnt,fib lfhoveyt,ekb fh fhbfy^
vfuhfv aekc vfbyw [fh]fdty^ hflufy rfhufl fmd' uf'db'-
wyj,btht,ekb^ hjv ,bpytcib v'fdfhbf f]j,j rjyrehtync
lf oby ufecohj^ tc rb hbcrbc ufhtit iteskt,tkbf&
xdtyc cbyfvldbktc 'e uflfd[tlfd'^ itevxytdtkb fh
lfudhxt,f kelbc vofhvjt,tkb abhvf @.fp,tubc# cfmvbfyj-
,f^ hjvtkbw rjyrehtywbfc eotdc ew[jeh ghjlemwbfc&
wyj,bkbf fct'b ufvjyf'mdfvb%
,bpytcb bubdt cgjhnbf* v'fdfhb ghbpb abyfkbcnc tre'-
dybc&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

rfgbnfkb~~
1& cfb' vbtlbyt,f rfgbnfkb
cfobylfhb~~
2& hf fhbc abhvbc ofhvfnt,bc cfobylfhb
3& hjvtk mfh'ek vofhvjt,tk abhvt,c bwyj,'bwyj,'~~
4& hfc ybiyfdc tc 'tpf%,bpytcib v'fdfhb ghbpb
tre'dybc~~
abyfkbcnc tre'dybc

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

vofhvjt,tkb abhvt,b lqtdfyltk cfmfh'dtkjib

41
 ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f
(XIV-XV ufrdt'bkb)

1& hf fhbc cfpjufljt,bc fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb'fht-

,bc v'fdfhb gbhj,f lf hfptf lfvjrblt,ekb [fk[bc
ljyt~~
w[jdht,bc ljyt
2& hfc ybiyfdc cbn.df @trjyjvbrf# lf cfl ofhvj-
bub~~
bidf bub
trjyjvbrf~~
3& hf fhbc trjyjvbrf
4& hfc itbcofdkbc trjyjvbrf hjujhw vtwybtht-
,f~
lfyfobkt,f~~
5& hf fhbc ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfobkt,f
vofhvjt,kehj,f~~
6& hf fhbc ihjvbc vofhvjt,kehj,f
ghjlemnb~~
7& hf fhbc ptlvtnb ghjlemnb
8& hjujh fqvjwtylf ,fpfhb lf hf hjkb itfc-
hekf fv 'dfkcfphbcb' ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdvf lf-
yfobkt,fv~~
yfobkt,fv
cfmjytkb~~
9& hf fhbc cfmjytkb
aekb~~
10& hf fhbc aekb
aekb~~
11& hjujh fqvjwtylf cfmjykehb aekb
12& aekbc hf ajhvfv itwdfkf cfmjykehb aekb
hfnjv~~
lf hfnjv
trjyjvbrf~~
13& hf sbhb'fl rb'[dt,c egfce[t,c trjyjvbrf

42
 dfzhj,f~~
14& hfc tojlt,f cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f
itvjcfdfkb~~
15& hf fhbc itvjcfdfkb
ofut,f~~
16& hf fhbc vjut,f lf ofut,f
lfyf[fh]b~~
17& hf fhbc lfyf[fh]b
rfgbnfkb~~
18& hf fhbc rfgbnfkb
oht,heydf~~
19& hf fhbc rfgbnfkbc oht,heydf
,heydf~~
20& hf fhbc rfgbnfkbc ,heydf
21& ufyfc[dfdt' th'vfyt'bcfufy sbhb'flb lf cf,he-
yfdb rfgbnfkb&
22& hb' ufyc[dfdlt,f cfmjytkb lf vjvcf[eht,f
th'vfyt'bcfufy~~
th'vfyt'bcfufy
23& hfib vlujvfhtj,c ,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkbc#
fhcb~~ dby fhbc vbcb fdnjhb
fhcb fdnjhb~~
rfgbnfkb~~
24& hjujh vjshfj,c rfgbnfkb
25& hf fhbc trjyjvbrbc v'fdfhb ghj,ktvf itp-
gbhj,t,ib~~
qelekb htcehct,bc gbhj,t,ib
26& hf lfvfnt,b'b rb'[df lfut,flf' ufydkbk
lfrfdibht,b'~~
vfcfkfc'fy lfrfdibht,b'

*
* *

'mdtyc vbth itcofdkbkb wyt,t,bcf lf nthvbyt,bc cf-

iefkt,b' itflubyt' rhjcdjhlb^ cflfw dthnbrfkeh cdtn-
ib bmyt,f cbn.df @trjyjvbrf#&
xfvjotht' 'mdtyc vbth ufdkbkb ufrdt'bkt,bc cf'fe-
ht,b lf th'b [fpb ufecdb' vf' ijhbc .dtkfpt bjkc^ jhb
[fpb - .dtkfpt h'ekc^ pbupfub - .dtkfpt cfbynthtcjc&
43
 I n t c n b
@trjyjvbrf#~~
1& cfl ofhvjbidf cbn.df @trjyjvbrf#
f) ,f,bkjyib*
,) hjvib*
u) sdtk cf,thsyt'ib&
cfmjytkb~~
2& hf fhbc cfmjytkb
f) ybd'b^ hjvtkbw ufyre'dybkbf ufcfwdktkfl*
,) ybd'b^ hjvtkbw ufyre'dybkbf ufcfxemt,kfl*
u) ybd'b^ hjvtkbw ufyre'dybkbf vj[vfht,bcf'dbc&
3& hf cf[tkojlt,b'ff wyj,bkb gbhdtkb aekb aekb~~
f) cfuyj,hbdb aekb
,) cfmjykehb aekb
u) ybd'j,hbdb aekb
4& aekbc hf ajhvb' itbwdfkf cfmjykehb aekb aekb~~
f) mfqfklbc aekb'*
,) kb'jyeh-ztlehb aekb'*
u) tktmnhjyekb aekb'&
,fpfhpt~~
5& hf jgthfwbf cheklt,f ,fpfhpt
f) ufxemt,f*
,) '[jdt,f*
u) ufwdkf&
6& cfl ufxylf gbhdtkfl mfqfklbc aekb aekb~~
f) xbyt'ib*
,) bfgjybfib*
u) idtlt'ib&
,fhnthb~~
7& hf fhbc ,fhnthb
f) cfmjykbc ufwdkf aekpt*
,) th'b cfmjykbc ufwdkf vtjht cfmjytkpt*
u) cfmjykbc ufwdkf fmwbfpt*

44
 X ' t v f
,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc cfvb sbhb'flb ghbywbgb
(XVI-XVII ufrdt'bkb)

bvbcf'dbc^ hjv fd[cyf'^ hf ghbywbgt,c t.hlyj,f ,bp-

ytcbc ufydb'fht,f^ lfdfrdbhlt' j'[b ,bpytcvtybc cfmvbf-
yj,fc lf vf'b rfgbnfkbc phlfc&
,bpytcvtyb%kfifc 1 kfhb /mjylf& vfy tc kfhb
I ,bpytcvtyb%
cfmvtib lff,fylf& gbhdtk lqtc 2 kfhb vjbuj^ vtjht lqtc
- 4^ vtcfvt lqtc - 8 lf f&i& lfdfrdbhlt' kfifc rfgbnfkbc
phlfc vbcb ,heydbc ghjwtcib%
hf 'fy[f lfeuhjdlf vfc 15 lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib~

fvhbufl^ 1 kfhb 15 lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib 32768 kfhfl

uflfbmwf&
,bpytcvtyb%rjntcfw 1 kfhb /mjylf& vfy tc 'fy[f
II ,bpytcvtyb%
'fdbc cfmvtib xflj& cfqfvjc rjntcfw 2 kfhb /mjylf&
vjlb th' kfhc lfd[fh]fd^ [dfkfw [jv th'b vtmyt,fj^ -
ufbabmhf vfy& .jdtklqt rjnt 'b'j kfhc [fh]fdlf 'fdb-
cb gbhflb vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfcfrvf.jabkt,kfl&
fb hf itltub vbbqj vfy%

45
 rjntv 15 lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib 15 kfhb vjbuj lf cek
lf[fh]f& vfc v[jkjl 1 kfhb lfhxf^ hjvtkbw 'fdblfydt
/mjylf& rjntv ,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc egbhdtktcb ghbywbgb
lffhqdbf%
hjwf hfbvt cfmvbfyj,fc bo.t,^ .dtkfathb^ 'ey-
lfw erfyfcrytkb 't'hb^ fv cfmvtib eylf xfbljc&
kfifc erdt iteskbf 1000 kfhb lf[fh]jc^ rjntv rb
,bpytcib vfhw[b bodybf&
,bpytcvtyb%ubjhubcfw^ bctdt hjujhw kfifcf lf
III ,bpytcvtyb%
rjntc^ 1 kfhb /mjylf& cfmvbc lfcfxmfht,kfl vfy aekbc
ctc[t,f uflfo.dbnf lf vtuj,fhc 10 kfhb c'[jdf^ cfvfubt-
hjl it/gbhlf^ hjv jh rdbhfib 1000 kfhc lfe,heyt,lf&
fvhbufl^ ubjhubv cfmvt 11 kfhb' lfbo.j& gbhdtk lqtc
vfy uffjhvfuf 'fdbcb rfgbnfkb^ cf,jkjjl rb fb^ hf itltub
vbbqj%

ubjhubv vtuj,fhc 1000 kfhb lfe,heyf^ 'db'jy vfc rb

359448 kfhb lfhxf& ubjhubc vjut,f eahj lblb b.j^ dblht
kfifcb lf rjntcb& ubjhubv ,bpytcbc vtjht ghbywbgb ufyf-
db'fhf%
'e ,bpytcb vjvut,bfybf^ ye ibij, dfkbc fqt-
,fc& jqjy
jqjyll dfkb bvltyb eylf fbqj^ hjv vbcb lf,heyt-
,f itcskj&
uf[cjdltcc%dblht aekc bctc[t,lt^ eylf lfabmhlt^
uf[cjdlt
vjvut,bfybf 'e fhf bc cfmvt^ hjvkbc lfo.t,fcfw fgbht,'&
'e cfmvbc lfo.t,f v[jkjl c[dbcb aekb' uceh ucehcc^
tc sfkbfy cfhbcrj cfmvt f^ it
cfmvtf^ itbbskt,f ,bpytcvf fh uf-
ubvfh'kj
ubvfh'kjcc^ dfkb rb uflfcf[ltkbf&
,bpytcvtyb%vtuj,ht,ib .dtkfpt vlblfhb vbibrj
IV ,bpytcvtyb%
fqvjxylf& vfc 1000 kfhb /mjylf& gbhdtkcfdt lqtc tc 1000

46
kfhb 2000 uf[lf& e/^ hf ,tdhbf! vjlb^ 1001 kfhc lfd[fh]fd!
- ufbabmhf vbibrjv lf fctw vjbmwf& vfy aekbc [fh]df
vjvltdyj lqtt,ibw uffuhstkf&
fb itltubw%

vbibrjc 1001 kfhb hjv fh lft[fh]f 'fdbc rfgbnfkc

ufphlblf& 'e v[jkjl 1000 kfhc lf[fh]fdlf^ vbcb ,bpytcb
fh ufydb'fhlt,jlf^ vfuhfv 'fy[f vfbyw ewdktkb bmyt,j-
lf& hjujhw rb lfyf[fh]vf 1 kfhb' uflffzfh,f^ vfy 11-t
lqtc chekb rhf[b ufybwflf% vbibrj ufrjnhlf^ hflufy lf-
fhqdbf ,bpytcbc vtcfvt ghbywbgb%
cfmvtib lf,fylt,ekb rfgbnfkb fh eylf
itvwbhltc&
'e rfgbnfkb vwbhlt,f^ lfyf[fh]bw eylf itvwbhltc&
yf'mdfvbf^ rfgbnfkb^ hjvtkbw ytk-ytkf vwbhlt,f^ eve[-
hezj vfymfyfc tvcufdct,fj&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

1& hjlbc fhbc vbpfyitojybkb cfmvtib xflt,ekb

itvwbht,f~~
rfgbnfkbc itvwbht,f
2& xdtyc ufrdt'bkib yf[ctyt,b hjvtkb ,bpytcvtyb
.ehflqt,fc~~ hfnjv
bg.hj,c 'mdtyc .ehflqt,fc hfnjv~~
3& 'mdty hjv ,bpytcvtyb b.j'^ hjvtk cfmvtc fbh-
,bpytcbcf'dbc~~ hfnjv
xtdlb' 'mdtyb ,bpytcbcf'dbc hfnjv~~

47
 fhct,j,c~~
4& ,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc hf ghbywbgt,b fhct,j,c

fvjwfyf
d'mdf'^ 'mdtyb vjut,f 'dtib 100 ~-bf (fye 1 kfhb
2 kfhfl bmwtdf)
bmwtdf)&& 'e 'mdtyb rfgbnfkb bfydfhib 50
,jkjc~~
kfhb b.j^ hfvltyb bmyt,f bub 1 okbc ,jkjc
lffrdbhlb' cmtvfc%hjlbc itbsty' .jdtkbdtc lf
'fyvbvltdhj,b'~~
hf 'fyvbvltdhj,b'

ajnjfgfhfnb dtkjcbgtlb ntktdbpjhb rjvgbenthb

100 kfhb 200 kfhb 500 kfhb 1000 kfhb

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

vt hjv ,bpytcvtyb db.j

48
 XI ' t v f
vjyjgjkbf lf rjyrehtywbf
(XVIII-XIX ufrdt'bkb)
th'-th' obyf ufrdt'bkib xdty dbcfe,ht' bvbc itcf[t,^
'e hf lbl ofhvfnt,fc vbfqobf ,bpytcib th'vf ufvzhbf[vf
flfvbfyvf (vjvfdfkib ,bpytcvtyvf) kfvfpb mdtlfnfyt,bc it-
rthdb'&
vbd.dt' vc]tkj,fc% hf vj[lt,jlf^ .dtkfathb fct hjv
ufuhstkt,ekb.j~ th' otkboflib ,bpytcvtyb vbkbfhlthb
uf[lt,jlf lf 'fdbcb vjlehb mdtlfnfyt,b' vcjakbjc lf-
bg.hj,lf& vfuhfv fct fh vj[lf& db'fht,f itbwdfkf& mdtlf-
nfyt,bc lfvpflt,f c[dt,vfw lfbo.tc& rthfdlyty fhf vfhnj
nbkjcfufy^ fhfvtl c[dflfc[df yfzhbcfufy - dtkdtnbcfufy^
]bycbcfufy^ fuht'dt ,eyt,hbdb 'e [tkjdyehb n.fdbcfufy^
fvfc'fy^ f'fcyfbhfl ufo.j,bkt,c^ jmhjcathb itcfrhfdt-
,b'& b.j vjmfhuekt,bw&
v.bldtkt,b gfnfh-gfnfhf yfrflt,fl lfb.dyty& pjub n.f-
dbc rf,t,c .blekj,lf^ pjub ]bycbcfc^ pjubw vjmfhuekc&
,bpytcvtyvf vjltkb itwdfkf^ vfuhfv v.bldtk'f hfjltyj-
,f vfbyw itvwbhlf^ rfgbnfkbc ,heydfw itytklf& ,bpytcvt-
yb fh lfb,yf lf mdtlfnfybc afct,b uffyf[tdhf& itvltu
afct,b bctd lfcobf& cfmjytkb^ hjvtkbw lbl vjut,fc bs-
ktjlf^ yfrkt,fl vjvut,bfyb uf[lf^ itvltu e,hfkjl vjv-
ut,bfyb^ ,jkjc rb ,bpytcvtyb itvjcfdkb' lfyf[fh]c skbdc
afhfdlf&
hf rfyjypjvbtht,fc'fy udfmdc cfmvt~
,bpytcvtyb b.j bc vtofhvt^ hjvtkvfw nbkjc yfzhbcf-
ufy mdtlfnfyt,bc rthdf gbhdtkvf lf th'flth'vf lfbo.j^
49
fye^ hjujhw trjyjvbcnt,b bn.dbfy^ bub vjyjgjkbcnb uf[lf&
vjyjgjkbf fhbc bc cf,fphj cbnefwbf^ hjwf th'b
cf[tj,bc cfmjytkc fofhvjt,c v[jkjl th'b vtofhvt&
fvbnjv ,fpfhpt vhfdfk vjv[vfht,tkc v[jkjl tc th'b
fodlbc cfmjytkc&
vfc itvltu hfw mdtlfnfyt,bc rthdf ,tdhvf lfbo.j^ fv
,bpytcvtybc vjyjgjkbehb vlujvfhtj,f ,fpfhpt lfv'fd-
hlf lf itbmvyf chekbfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb cf,fphj cbnefwbf^
hjvtkcfw rjyrehtywbf tojlt,f&
rjyrehtywbf fhbc bc cf,fphj cbnefwbf^ hjltcfw
th'b cf[tj,bc cfmjytkc vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb fvpflt,c
lf 'b'jtekb vf'ufyb v.bldtk'f vjpbldbc'dbc b,hsdbc&
aekb^ hjvtkcfw th'b ,bpytcvtyb mdtlfnfyt,bc lfv-
pflt,fib bqt,lf^ f[kf c[dt,ptw uflfyfobklf&
vfkt nbkjc mdtlfnfyb vjlblfy uflfdblf lf flubkb
n.fdbc mdtlfnfyc lfe'vj&
hjujh vjbmwf ,bpytcvtyb~ vfc itcfybiyfdb fkqj /mjylf
lf^ dabmhj,'^ c[df eahj vjvut,bfy cfmvtc ofvjbo.t,lf&
fhct,j,c fct'b ufvj'mvf% @cbrdlbkb rjyrehtync#^ vfu-
hfv tc cekfw fh ybiyfdc bvfc^ hjv rjyrehtynt,b th'vf-
yt'c bfhfqb' ecojhlt,bfy& rjyrehtynbc cbrdlbkib bcb-
yb vbc ,fphblfy ufstdt,fc^ xfvjijht,fc uekbc[vj,ty&
rjyrehtynbc ,fphblfy xfvjijht,bcf'dbc f'fcyfbhb
[th[b fhct,j,c& v'fdfhbf^ vjbuj ,hsjkf& 'e cfmjytkb
ityufy b.bltc^ vfc c[dbcufy fqfh b.blbfy lf^ 'e htrkfvbc
cfmvt rfhufl ufmdc jhufybpt,ekb^ ufcfqt,bc ifycbw eahj
lblbf& .dtkfpt v'fdfhb^ hf 'mvf eylf^ [fhbc[bf& 'e cfmj-
ytkb [fhbc[bfybf^ kfvfpb lf 'fyfw ufvsktf^ rjyrehtynt,b
dthfathc lfufrkt,ty&
]th rbltd 25 okbc obyf' vcjakbjib wyj,bkvf abh-
vfv - @cjybv# fvf.fl ufyfw[flf% @xdtyb cfmjytkb sdbhfl
qbht,ekbf^ vfuhfv cfert'tcjf lf [fhbc[bfyb#&

50
 @cjybc# tktmnhjyfofhvvf lblb gjgekfhj,f vjbgjdf^
vcjakbj ffkfgfhfrf lf efvhfdb v.bldtkb ufbxbyf& f[-
kfw^ .dtkf @cjybc# yfofhvc fybzt,c egbhfntcj,fc^ dbyfb-
lfy vfy 25 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib 'fdbcb cbn.df cfmvb'
lffvnrbwf&
rjyrehtywbekb ,hsjkbc th'-th' v'fdfh bfhfqc cf-
mjykbc afcb ofhvjflutyc& .dtkf wlbkj,c^ rfhub vjut,f
yf[jc& fvfc'fy^ 'b'jtekb abhvf wlbkj,c ghjlemwbbc
lfyf[fh]t,b vbybevfvlt lfb.dfyjc lf^ 'e vbcb lfyf[fh]b
eahj yfrkt,bf^ dblht c[df vofhvjt,tkb abhvbcf^ bc 'fdbc
ghjlemwbfc eahj yfrkt, afcfl uf.blbc lf v.bldtkbw
vtnb t.jkt,f& rjyrehtynb bsekt,ekbf afct,c lftvjhxb-
kjc lf 'e vbcb lfyf[fh]t,b vtnbf^ bc vjut,bc yfwdkfl
pfhfklt,f lf ,fpfhc njdt,c&
pju]th lblb abhvt,b afct,c ituyt,ekfl fvwbht,ty^
hf'f rjyrehtynt,vf dth ufeskjy lf ,fpfhb lfnjdjy&
afct,bc fv vbpyb' itvwbht,fc ltvgbyub tojlt,f&
fvhbufl^ ltvgbyub fhbc cfmjykbc fhfvjvut,bfy afcfl
uf.bldf rjyrehtynbc ,fphblfy xfvjijht,bc^ ufyltdybc
vbpyb'&
pju]th rjyrehtynb bvltyfl skbthbf^ hjv vbcb ,fphb-
lfy xfvjijht,f 'b'mvbc iteskt,tkbf& fct' itv'[dtdfib
lblb abhvt,b rjyrehtynt,c vf'b cfofhvjc itc.bldfc c'f-
dfpj,ty& 'e itc.bldfw fh [th[lt,f^ bo.t,ty vjkfgfhfrt,fc^
hf'f jhbdt abhvfv 'fyf,hfl ufycfpqdhekb hfjltyj,bc
cfmjytkb fofhvjjc&
bcvt,f rb'[df% fv jhb abhvbc ufvjidt,ekb yfofhvb
[jv fh uflffzfh,t,c v.bldtk'f hfjltyj,fc~ [jv fh vj-
[lt,f cfmjytkpt afct,bc lfotdf~
fct'b vjhbut,bc itv'[dtdfib abhvt,b dfklt,ekyb fhb-
fy eahj yfrkt,b hfjltyj,bc cfmjytkb fofhvjjy^ dblht
,fphbc ntdflj,ff& fvbnjv yfofhvpt afct,bc lfotdbc fe-

51
wbkt,kj,f fqfh bmvyt,f& fct' vjhbut,fc^ fct' itvpqe-
lfd qjybcsbt,fc rdjnbht,f tojlt,f& fv itv'[dtdfib dthw
th'b abhvf it'fy[vt,ek hfjltyj,fc dth uflffzfh,t,c&
jhbdt abhvf b.jac ,fpfhc bv vjcfpht,b'^ hjv ]j,c
yf[tdfhb^ dblht fhfathb& pju]th gbhlfgbhb it'fy[vt,fw
fhct,j,c% @xdty fm dbdfzht,'^ 'mdty - bm#&
ghbywbgb fct'bf% yf[tdfhb vfbyw bv.jabyt^ 'e v'tkc
dth itcodlt,b&
pju]th cfofhvjt,b lblb vjyjgjkbt,bc itvflutytk
yfobkt,fl th'bfylt,bfy^ hflufy wfkrt v.ja' ufyflueht-
,f^ eahj pecnfl^ ufrjnht,f tvemht,f'&
pjubth'b vjyjgjkbbc cbvlblht ,tdhb gfnfhf mdt.yb-
cfc ecoht,c& tc ofhvfnt,fl itbskt,f xfb'dfkjc^ hjv fhf
cf[tkvobajt,hbdb bynthtct,b& fhct,j,c rfyjyt,b^ hjvkt-
,bw [tkc eikbfy vjyjgjkbf'f phlfc lf bwfdty rjyre-
htywbfc&
hfnjv~ rjyrehtywbf vjvut,bfybf fhf ,bpytcvtybcf'-
dbc^ fhfvtl vjv[vfht,kbcf'dbc&
th'[tk rbltd ufdb[ctyj' ,bpytcvtyb^ hjvtkbw th'yf-
bh mdtlfnfyt,c rthfdlf& ,bpytcvtybc rjyrehtynt,vf ,f-
pfhpt c[dflfc[df pjvbcf lf vjltkbc mdtlfnfyt,b ufvj-
bnfytc& vjv[vfht,tkc fhxtdfyb ufexylf^ afct,vfw lfbobf&
abhvf @vfrljyfklcvf# 'fdbcb ufvjwlbkt,bc cfaes-
dtkpt itvltub htrjvtylfwbt,b xfvjf.fkb,f%
1& ye lf[fh]fd' aekc whe ghtcnb;bcf'dbc^ ev]j,t-
cbf 'mdtyb aekb vjvcf[eht,bc ufev]j,tct,fc vjf[vfhj'*
2& fh eqfkfnj' rkbtync^ lfgbht,ekb cbn.df lhjpt
itfchekt'*
3& ye ofhvjbluty' 'mdtyc rkbtync cektkfl^ hjwf
lfgbht,t,c c'fdfpj,'& vfc lqtdfyltkb rdthw[b ehxtdybf &&&*
4& ofhvjt,bc ofhvfnt,f vbcb itvflutytkb mdtlfyf.j-
at,bc veifj,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb*

52
 5& ye lftvleht,b' uekuhbk 'fyfvihjvkt,c& vf'b
e.fbhf'j,f cfmvbc wel jhufybpt,ekj,fpt vtn.dtkt,c*
6& 'e 'fyfvihjvtkb itwljvfc lfeidt,c^ vbe'b't'^
hjv .dtkfathb tvjwbbc ufhtit ufvjfcojhjc*
7& 'e rkbtynb ervf.jabkt,fc ufvj'mdfvc^ jgthfnbe-
kfl vbbqt' pjvt,b& ittwflt' cthdbcbc f[fk-f[fkb ajh-
vt,b' vjbpblj' bub*
8& 'mdtyc cfmvbfyj,fc rkbtynb gfnbjcyt,bcf lf vjvcf-
[eht,bc [fhbc[b' fafct,c^ vjvcf[eht,bc [fhbc[b rb 'f-
yfvihjvtk'f ghjatcbjyfkbpvcf lf abhvbcflvb th'ue-
kt,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb*
9& abhvbc ofhvfnt,fc rdfkbabwbehb lf vtuj,hekb
rjktmnbdb ufyfgbhj,t,c& fewbkt,tkbf 'fyfvihjvtk'f
lfobyfeht,f lf vf'b cofdkt,bcf'dbc 'fy[t,bc ufvj.jaf&
ubhxtd'^ fvbcf'dbc aekb fh lfbyfyj'*
10& 'e [tkvsqdfytkb ,hsfylt,b'^ ufb'dfkbcobyt' [tk-
mdtb't,bc obyflflt,t,b*
11& 'fyfvihjvkt,b th'vfyt'c eylf 'fyfeuhsyj,lyty
lf t[vfht,jlyty& fct'b lfvjrblt,ekt,f vf' th'bfyj,fc
ybiyfdc&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

vjyjgjkbcnb~~
1& hf fhbc vjyjgjkbf lf dby fhbc vjyjgjkbcnb
rjyrehtywbf~~
2& hfc tojlt,f rjyrehtywbf
rjyrehtync#~~
3& hfc ybiyfdc @cbrdlbkb rjyrehtync#
4& hf fhbc trjyjvbrbc ufydb'fht,bc sbhb'flb vt-
vjyjgjkbf~~ hfnjv
mfybpvb - rjyrehtywbf 'e vjyjgjkbf hfnjv~~
ltvgbyub~~
5& hfc tojlt,f ltvgbyub
rdjnbht,f~~
6& hf fhbc rdjnbht,f
7& hf htrjvtylfwbt,b xfvjf.fkb,f abhvf @vfrlj-

53
 cfaesdtkpt~~
yfklcvf# 'fdbcb ufvjwlbkt,bc cfaesdtkpt
8& hf fhbc cfmvbfyj,bc ufvfh]dt,bc sbhb'flb vj-
trjyjvbrfib~~
nbdb trjyjvbrfib

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

rjyrehtywbf - ghjuhtcbc vfvjshfdt,tkb sfkf

54
 XII ' t v f
htrkfvf
(XX-XXI ufrdt'bkb)

hf c]j,c^ hjwf ,fpfhpt ]fycfqb rjyrehtywbff& rjy-

rehtywbbc gbhj,t,ib fhwth'b vbvojlt,tkb afct,c fh
evfnt,c^ cfvfubthjl cfmjytkb ,tdhbf^ afct,bw c[dflfc-
[dff lf fhw bct vfqfkb& v.bldtkb lblb fhxtdfybc obyfit
lufc&
jltcqfw cfahfyut'ib w[jdhj,lf wyj,bkb abkjcj-
ajcb ,ehblfyb
,ehblfyb& th' lqtc vfy fct'b wlf xffnfhf% dbhb
th'yfbhb pjvbc 'bdbc pdby'fy vbb.dfyf lf vf' iefib
lff.tyf& dbhb [fy th' 'bdbc pdbyc uflf[tlfdlf^ [fy -
vtjhtc& bluf lf dth uflfto.dbnf^ hjvtkb pdbyb ittzfvf
gbhdtkfl& uflbjlf cff't,b^ lqtt,b^ dbhb bctd fhxtdfybc
obyfit bluf lf rdkfd abmhj,lf& ,jkjc^ ufofvt,ekb lf
vibthb dbhb fv pdbyt,'fy vjrdlf&
hf 'mvf eylf^ flfvbfyb fct fh vjbmwtdf^ vfuhfv hjwf
cfmvt fhxtdfyfvlt vblbc^ tc fhw bct bjkb cfmvtf&
abhvt,bc obyfit lfluf fvjwfyf% hjujh ittvce,emt,b-
yf' vjcf[ktj,bcf'dbc fhxtdfybc ufrt't,f& cfzbhj b.j cf-
pjufljt,bcf'dbc byajhvfwbbc vbojlt,f bvbc itcf[t,^ 'e
hfc ofhvjflutylf vf'b cfmjytkb lf hb' ufyc[dfdlt,jlf
bub c[df fyfkjubehb yfofhvbcfufy& cfmjykbc vofhvjt,tkb
rjyrehtynb abhvt,bc^ fye fewbkt,tkb b.j cfmjykbc htr-
kfvbht,f&
htrkfvf fhbc [th[b^ hjvkb'fw v.bldtkc cfmjykbc
itcfstyfl bpblfdty&

55
 gbhdtkb cfhtrkfvj ufyw[flt,t,b ]th rbltd sdtk cf-
,thsyt'ib ufdhwtklf& abhvbc cfmvbfyj,bc itcf[t, f[cyf-
ufyvfhnt,t,b rtlkt,pt [fk[vhfdfk flubkt,ib botht,j-
lf& vjudbfyt,b'^ hjwf ufpt't,bc ,tzldf lfbo.tc^ fct'b
cf[bc ufyw[flt,t,b vf' aehwkt,ptw ufxylf& 'fdlfgbhdt-
kfl ufpt't,b pjvb' gfnfhf b.j& lhj'f ufyvfdkj,fib
ufpt't,bc aehwkt,vfw bvfnf^ cfhtrkfvj vfcfkt,cfw eahj
lblb flubkb t'vj,jlf& th'[tk fct'b afmnbw vj[lf% uf-
pt'bc aehwtkb chekbfl wfhbtkb b.j lf mdtvj' sfkbfy
gfnfhf ihbanb' abhvbc cf[tkojlt,f b.j lf,tzlbkb&
hfc ybiyfdlf .jdtkbdt tc~
egbhdtktc .jdkbcf^ bvfc^ hjv abhvf sfkbfy cjkble-
hb b.j& vfy ufpt'bc th'b udthlb v'kbfyfl itbc.blf&
vtjht^ ufdb[ctyj' ufvjyf'mdfvb% @ecbn.djlfw .dtkfathb
yf'tkbf#^ t&b& abhvf uekbc[vj,lf^ hjv vbc cfmjytkc mt,f
fh czbhlt,jlf^ bctlfw .dtkfathb yf'tkb b.j&
fv;fvfl^ itbskt,f b'mdfc^ htrkfvt,bc ybfqdfhb vjtlb-
yt,f& htrkfvt,c d[tlfd' ityj,t,pt^ ntktuflfwtvt,ib lf
.dtkf 'fdbc yfofhvc fmt,c&
.dtkfpt lblb htrkfvf v'tk vcjakbjib @rjrf-rj-
kfc# fmdc& tc abhvf itvjcfdkt,bc elbltc yfobkc coj-
htl htrkfvfib f,fylt,c&
hfc ofhvjflutyc @rjrf-rjkf#~
fv abhvbc 'b'jtek mbkfpt drb'[ekj,'^ hjv vbc
itvflutykj,fib itlbc ifmfhb^ dfybkb^ kbvjybc v;fdf^ rj-
atbyb^ lfhbxbyb^ kfdfylb^ ]fdpb& 'e .jdtkbdtc cjlbfy
o.fkib ufdehtd'^ vbdbqt,' rjrf-rjkfc& vfuhfv^ fv byuht-
lbtynt,bc ufhlf^ vfc rbltd c[df cfblevkj lfvfnt,fw
fmdc^ hjvtkbw ufyevtjht,tk utvjc fsktdc&
v[jkjl jhvf mbvbrjcvf bwbc rjrf-rjkfc chekb it-
vflutykj,f lf fv,j,ty^ vf' th'fl vupfdhj,fw rb trhsf-
kt,f'^ hflufy vjekjlytkb rfnfcnhjabc itv'[dtdfib
th'b vfbyw eylf uflfhxtc&

56
 fv cfblevkj htwtgnbc fvj[cyf ]th]thj,b' dthw
th'vf abhvfv dth itskj&
.dtkfathb fct lfbo.j%
1886 otkc fvthbrbc th'-th' infnib^ rthsjl^ ]jh]b-
fib w[jdhj,lf th'b [tkvjwfhekb vtfa'bfmt^ cf[tkfl
]jy /tv,thnjyb& vfy 'fdbc cfj]f[j kf,jhfnjhbfib itm-
vyf vbmcnehf^ hjvtkbw 'b'mjclf .dtkf cf[bc lffdflt-
,t,c rehyfdlf& fv vbmcnehfc /tv,thnjyb .dtkfcf'dbc wyj-
,bk cnbvekfnjht,c evfnt,lf^ cf[tklj,h^ cfv[ht'fvt-
hbrekb vwtyfhbc rjrfc aj'kt,c lf fahbrek '[bkc&
vfuhfv ofvfkpt lblb vj'[jdybkt,f fh b.j&
th'[tk /tv,thnjyvf 'fdbcb ofvfkb xdtekt,hbd cj-
lbfy o.fkib uffpfdf& ufvjdblf fhfxdtekt,hbdb ufvfuhb-
kt,tkb cfcvtkb& 1887 otkc vfy 4 f'fcb kbnhb cbhjab
uf.blf^ [jkj 1902 otkc - 1^5 vky kbnhb&
vtjht vcjakbj jvbc lfo.t,fvlt fv cfcvtkc v[jkjl
fvthbrtkt,b vbbh'vtdlyty& jvbc itvlujv gthbjlib vbcb
vjv[vfht,kt,bc hfjltyj,f ufbpfhlf&
2000 okbc vjyfwtvt,b'^ v'tkc gkfytnfpt .jdtklqb-
ehfl 300 vky flfvbfypt vtnb cdfvlf rjrf-rjkfc&
gtgcb-rjkfw fvthbrfib lfb,flf& bub xhlbkjt' rfhj-
kbyfib vw[jdht,vf vtfa'bfmtv ,htl/tvvf vjbujyf& fv cfc-
vtkvf rjrf-rjkfcf'dbc qbhctekb rjyrehtywbbc ufotdf
v[jkjl 1975 otkc itskj& ltuecnfwbbc lhjc [e'blfy
cfvvf flfvbfyvf egbhfntcj,f gtgcb-rjkfc vbfybzf&
rjrf-rjkfc pfhfkb rjkjcfkehb b.j& vfy 750 vky
ljkfhc vbfqobf lf vofhvjt,kt,b bsekt,ekyb uf[lyty
afct,b lftobf'&
gtgcb-rjkfc ofhvfnt,f vbcvf htrkfvfvfw ufyfgbhj,f&
fb tc htrkfvfw% @f[fkufphlt,b egbhfntcj,fc gtgcb-rj-
kfc fybzt,ty#&
ntmcnb bvltyfl i'fv,tzlfdb b.j^ hjv evhfdktcj,f
gtgcb-rjkfpt uflfdblf&
57
 rjrf-rjkfv kblthj,f vfbyw fh lf'vj& 'fdbcb itvj-
cfdkbc jh vtcfvtlc bub c[df mdt.yt,blfy - lfcfdkt' tdhj-
gbcf lf cfv[ht' fahbrbc mdt.yt,blfy^ fctdt xbyt'blfy bqt-
,lf& rjrf-rjkfv itmvyf th'j,kbdb rjvgfybt,b bfgjybfib^
byljt'ib^ ,hfpbkbfib^ itvltu hect'ibw rb& lqtc rjrf-
rjkf cfmfh'dtkjibw lfvrdblhlf& ',bkbcb^ bctdt hjujhw
vcjakbjc c[df mfkfmt,b^ rjrf-rjkfc htrkfvb' vjbabyf&
abhvt,b cfhtrkfvjl fhf v[jkjl f,ht,cf lf ;ehyfk-
ufpt't,c b.tyt,ty^ fhfvtl wyj,bk gbhjdyt,f'f cf[tkt,cfw&
fb hf ittv'[df wyj,bk ahfyuek abhvfc @bd cty kj-
hfyc#& cfpjufljt,fib vbqt,ekbf^ hjv yfpb ceyfvjt,b lf
iei[eyf ifvgfyeht,b kfvfpb w[jdht,bc fnhb,enbf&
1991 otkc abhvf @bd cty kjhfyvf#^ hjvtkbw vcjakb-
jib cf[kufy'mvekb ceyfvjc - @jgbevbc# vofhvjt,tkbf^
lblb f;bjnf;b ufvjbodbf& abhvfv fhfxdtekt,hbdb .dfdb-
kt,bc 'fbuekbcfufy vbbqj ceyfvj^ hjvkbc lfvpflt,f-
ptw vbkbjyj,b' ahfyrb lfb[fh]f& fv itcfybiyfd ceyfvjc
fctdt vjvf]fljt,tkb cf[tkbw itehxbtc% @ifvgfyb# eoj-
ltc& ofhvfnt,f ufhfynbht,ekb b.j& ceyfvjt,bc gbhdtkb
gfhnbf vfqfpbbc 'fhjt,blfy ufmhf&
.dtkfcf'dbc vjekjlytkfl^ ahfyuekb ifvgfyehbc vofh-
vjt,tkvf abhvfv^ hjvtkbw @;bdfyibc# cf[tkojlt,b' fhbc
wyj,bkb^ abhvf @bd cty kjhfybc# obyffqvltu cfcfvfh'kj
ghjwtcb ofvjbo.j& @;bdfyib# @bd cty kjhfyc# ceyfvjc
cf[tkojlt,bc ufvj exbjlf& @ifvgfy# ahfyuekfl ifvgf-
yehc ybiyfdc lf @bd cty kjhfyb# vjv[vfht,tkc f,ytdcj -
fvnrbwt,lyty @;bdfyibc# vtcdteht,b& fvfc'fy^ @ifvgfyehc#
qdbybc ofhvjt,fib bct bwyj,ty hjujhw cfdfzhj vfhrfc&
cfcfvfh'kjv @bd cty kjhfyc# cf[tkojlt,bc itwdkf
lffdfkf& pfhfkvf rjkjcfkeh 'fy[fc vbfqobf& th'flth-
'b bvtlb b.j uhfylbjpekb crfylfkb^ hfw vf''dbc 'fdb-
ct,eh htrkfvfc ofhvjflutylf&

58
 htrkfvf fhf vfhnj rfhu^ fhfvtl edfhubc cfmjytkcfw
ert'lt,f& abhvbc iteatht,tk htrkfvfc [fk[b fh vbbqt,c
lf fv abhvbc cfmvbfyj,fw ufyobhekbf&
pju]th htrkfvf lhj'f ufyvfdkj,fib itbskt,f fynb-
htrkfvflfw uflfbmwtc& fvbc itcfybiyfd vfufkb'fl uf-
vjlut,f bc^ hfw fvthbrfib fdnjvj,bkt,bc vofhvjt,tk
abhvfc @ajhl-rjhdtbhc# ittv'[df&
@ajhl-rjhdtbhb# kfvfpb^ cohfab lf trjyjvbehb fd-
njvj,bkb b.j^ vfuhfv vbcb yfrkb bvfib vlujvfhtj,lf^
hjv ,typbybc ,frb vfymfybc @relib# /mjylf vj'fdct,ekb&
fdfhbbc itv'[dtdfib vfymfyf^ hjvtkbw lfhn.vfc erfyf
v[hblfy bqt,c^ ]fh'bc uhjdfl bmwtdf& @ajhl-rjhdtbhb#
fct' itv'[dtdfib [ibhfl at'mlt,jlf&
fat'mt,ek vfymfyf'f hbw[db '[e'vtnc fh fzfh,t,lf^
vfuhfv tc afmnb th'-th'vf ;ehyfkbcnvf itcfybiyfdfl
ufvjb.tyf& vfy ufvjfmdt.yf cnfnbf cf'fehb'% @fdnjvj,bkb
@ajhl-rjhdtbhb# .dtkfpt cfibibf#&
;ehyfkbcnvf 'b'jtekb fdfhbekb itv'[dtdf ltnfke-
hfl fqothf lf cnfnbfw vtnfl i'fv,tzlfdfl lffchekf%
@fdnjvj,bkt,bc vofhvjt,kt,c flfvbfyt,bc cbwjw[kt
fhfahfl vbfxybf'#&
fct'b ufyw[flt,f jlyfd uflfzfh,t,ekbw b.j^ hflufy
@ajhl-rjhdtbhb# c[df fdnjvj,bkt,bc vofhvjt,kt,c fhfa-
hb' xfvjedfhlt,jlf& rjvgfybfv ;ehyfkbcnc cfcfvfh'kj-
ib exbdkf lf fv ghjwtcbcf'dbc 1 vky-pt vtnb ljkfhb
lf[fh]f^ vfuhfv cfmvt vfbyw offuj&
;ehyfkbcnvf fdfhbbc afmnt,b ltnfkehfl fqothf&
fcbf'fcj,b' fvthbrtkvf fv ;ehyfkbcnbc cnfnbf ofb-
rb'[f& fvbc itvltu @ajhl-rjhdtbhvf# v.bldtkb lfrfhuf&
bub bsekt,ekb uf[lf @ajhl-rjhdtbhb# vcjakbjc
c[dflfc[df mdt.fyfib yf[tdfh afcfl uft.blf& afclfrkt,fv
vfc 100 vky ljkfhpt vtnb pfhfkb vbf.tyf& vfuhfv vbcb

59
ofhevfnt,kj,f v[jkjl fvb' fh lfv'fdht,ekf& vfc^ hj-
ujhw abhvfc^ cf[tkb ufen.lf& @ajhlvf#^ hjujhw bn.db-
fy^ @bvb]b# lfrfhuf&
bvb]b fhbc v.bldtkbc it[tlekt,f^ fphb^ hjvtkbw vfc
hjvtkbvt cfmjykbc 'e abhvbc itcf[t, tmvyt,f&
htrkfvfcf lf bvb]c lblb vybidytkj,f fmdc fhf v[j-
kjl abhvt,bcf'dbc^ fhfvtl .dtkfc'dbc^ bylbdblefkehb
vtofhvblfy lfo.t,ekb^ 'db' mdt.ybc ghtpbltynb' lfv-
'fdht,ekb&
fvthbrbc itth't,ek infnt,ib 1960 okbc cfghtpblty-
nj fhxtdyt,b vbvlbyfhtj,lf& ghtpbltynbc gjcnbcf'dbc
hbxfhl ybmcjyb lf ]jy rtytlb b,hsjlyty&
cgtwbfkbcnt,b abmhj,lyty^ hjv fhxtdyt,ib ybmcjyb
ufbvfh]dt,lf^ hflufyfw bub rtytlbpt ,tdhfl eahjcb b.j&
fvthbrtkt,b f[fkufphlf gjkbnbrjct,c fldbkfl fh ty-
lj,bfy^ 'fyfw rtytlb bhkfylbehb ofhvjij,bcf b.j& fvt-
hbrtkt,b fafct,ty bhkfylbtkt,c hjujhw vtuj,hek^
ihjvbcvj.dfht^ vfvfw [fk[c^ vfuhfv fhw bc fdbo.lt,f'^
hjv bcbyb cfcvtkbc vj.dfhekyb fhbfy&
rtytlb fkrj/jkeh cfcvtkt,c cfth'jl fh tnfyt,j-
lf^ vfuhfv ghtpbltynj,bc rfylblfnbcf'dbc vbcb bhkfy-
lbehb ofhvjij,f efh.jab' v[fhtc ofhvjflutylf&
fct'b ufyo.j,b' vbe]lf vbkbjyj,b' fvthbrtkb nt-
kttrhfyt,c&
rtytlb fhfxdtekt,hbdfl ufvjb.eht,jlf^ wlbkj,lf lf-
vf]tht,kfl lf o.yfhfl tcfe,hf& itrb'[dt,pt c[fhnfl
egfce[t,lf^ vbcb fphb lf cbn.df vtnfl ufvzdbhdfkt b.j&
rtytlbc'fy itlfht,b' ybmcjyb fcfrjdfyb xfylf^ 'fyfw
bct' vfcofdkt,tkc /ufdlf^ hjvtkvfw .dtkfathb bwbc^
vfuhfv rfhufl dth ufyvfhnfdc&
ntktuflfwtvf 1 cff'c ufuhstklf lf fv [ybc ufyvfd-
kj,fib fvthbrtkt,c cbvgfnbehb rtytlb sfkbfy vjtojyf'&

60
 ybmcjyb lbl[fyc b,hsjlf& cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib
ufvfh]dt,bc'dbc v'tkb fvthbrf vjbfhf^ vfuhfv eitltujl&
rtytlbv fvthbrtkt,b vj[b,kf&
gjkbnbrjct,b ujyc dth vjcekb.dyty^ ye'e rfhub uf-
htuyj,f lf rfvthbc oby 'fdbc lfzthbc eyfhb eahj af-
cj,c^ dblht cfmvbc qhvf wjlyfj& th'-th'vf rjyuhtcvty-
vf b[evhf rbltw^ fk,f' itvltu fhxtdyt,pt ghtpbltynbc
gjcnpt hjvtkbvt /jkbdelbc vcf[bj,b vjudtdkbyt,fj&
obyfcofhvtn.dtkt,f vjudbfyt,b' ufvfh'klf& 1980 otkc
ghtpbltynbc gjcnb .jabkvf vcf[bj,vf hjyfkl htbufyvf
lfbrfdf&
1960 okbc itvltu .dtkf gjkbnbrjcb 'fdbc bvb]pt
abmhj,lf& cfhtrkfvj futynt,c cfmvt vjtvfnf'& bcbyb gj-
kbnbrjct,c nfycfwvtkcfw rb ehxtdlyty& gjkbnbrjct,b
lf[dtobk vjshfj,t,cf lf cfe,hbc vfytht,c cofdkj,lyty&
bvb]pt vc]tkj,f lqtcfw fmnefkehbf&
.dtkfv^ vf' ijhbc cfhtrkfvj futynt,vf rfhufl bwbfy^
hjv flfvbfybc 'dfkb cbkfvfptc tst,c&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

rjyrehtywbf~~
1& hfc ybiyfdc ]fycfqb rjyrehtywbf
htrkfvf~~
2& hf fhbc htrkfvf
3& hf cf[t /mjylf gbhdtk cfhtrkfvj ufyw[flt-
,t,c lf cfl ufdhwtklf bcbybbcbyb~~
4& hjvtk abhvfc fmdc .dtkfpt lblb htrkfvf
vcjakbjib lf hjujh itbmvyf bub bub~~
5& ufb[ctyt' vfufkb'b^ hjltcfw htrkfvf lhj'f
ufyvfdkj,fib abhvbc fynbhtrkfvfl bmwf bmwf&&
bvb]b~~
6& hf fhbc bvb]b

61
 7& 1960 okbc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjc hf
b.j byajhvfwbbc cfert'tcj cfiefkt,f fvthbrfib -
bvb]b~~ hfnjv
htrkfvf 'e bvb]b hfnjv~~
8& hf cf[bc htrkfvfc ufert't,lb' 'mdtyc cfcofd-
lfotct,ekt,fc~~
kj lfotct,ekt,fc
9& ofhvjblubyt'^ hjv 'mdty [fh' cfhtrkfvj cf-
futynjc futynb lf uzbhlt,f' htrkfvf obuypt^ hj-
vtkbw [tkib ubzbhfd'& hjujh uffrt't,lb' fvfc fvfc~~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

htrkfvf - @fct'bf xdtyb crjkf#

62
 XIII ' t v f
byakfwbf lf ltakfwbf
(XXII-XXIII ufrdt'bkb)
cfpjufljt,bc fhct,j,bc [fyuhskbdb bcnjhbbc vfy-
sbkpt cf[tkvobajt,c c[dflfc[df vvfh'dtkb /.fdlf'&
pjuc vtat^ pjuc bvgthfnjhb^ cfuhfajt,c - uhfat,b^
cf'fdfljt,c - 'fdflt,b lf f&i& vf' lblb sfkfeakt,f /
mjylf'^ vf' ijhbc^ cfre'fhb aekbc vjzhbc eakt,fw&
ufdb[ctyj'^ hjv 'fdlfgbhdtkfl rt'bkij,bkb kb'j-
yt,bc - dthw[kbcf lf jmhjc aekb bzht,jlf& dfzhj,lyty
hjujhw f[fkvjzhbkb^ bct sdtkb ufwdt'bkb vjytnt,b'&
itvltu^ fhfrt'bkij,bk kb'jyt,pt (ybrtkb^ cgbktysb) uf-
lfdblyty& ,jkjc mfqfklbc aekbc ,tzldf lfbo.tc&
cfre'fhb aekbc ,tzldfc lblb vybidytkj,f fmdc mdt.-
ybcf'dbc& fv,j,ty mfqfklbc aekbc ,tzldf vjvut,bfyb cfm-
vtfj& fvthbrbc itth't,ek infnt,c th'ljkfhbfybc ,tz-
ldf^ bctdt hjujhw fcljkfhbfybcf^ th'b wtynb e]lt,f&
ofhvjblubyt' hfvltyb aekb nhbfkt,c fv mdt.ybc wty-
nhfkeh ,fyrib^ hjvtkbw vbkbfhlj,b' fct' mfqfklbc
aekc ,tzlfdc lf eidt,c vbvjmwtdfib!
dfzhj,bc lhjc hjujhw cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf[eht,bc
v.bldtkt,c^ bct ufv.bldtkt,c yfrkt,fl fbynthtct,' 'e hf
itlutybkj,bcff fy hf athbcff aekb& v'fdfhbf^ hf hfjlt-
yj,bcf lf hf [fhbc[bc cfmjytkc (vjvcf[eht,fc) itbstyty fv
aekb'^ fye^ c[df cbn.dt,b' hjv d'mdf'^ vf' fbynthtct,'
v[jkjl aekbc th'b .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb 'dbct,f -
vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhb&
bcvt,f rb'[df^ hfvltyb aekb czbhlt,f mdt.fyfc~
fv,j,ty% 'e mdt.fyfib aekbc hfjltyj,f fh bwdkt,f^
fh bwdkt,f vbcb vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhbwj& vfuhfv^ bv
63
itv'[dtdfib^ 'e aekbc hfjltyj,f bphlt,f^ [jkj ofh-
vjt,ekb cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf[eht,bc hfjltyj,f fh bp-
hlt,f fy vwbhlt,f^ vfiby twtvf aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b
eyfhbw& fv itv'[dtdfib aekbc ufycfpqdhekb hfjltyj,f
fh fhbc epheydtk.jabkb cfmjykb'^ fye^ hjujhw
trjyjvbcnt,b bn.dbfy^ fh [lt,f vbcb lfcfmjykt,f&
aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhbc lfwtvf fye vbcb
ufeafceht,f ufyfgbhj,t,c cfmjytkcf lf vjvcf[eht,fpt af-
ct,bc phlfc& fv ghjwtcc byakfwbf tojlt,f& hf itltut,b
vj/.dt,f byakfwbfc~
byakfwbbc 1-2 |-vlt vth.tj,f lfcfidt,bf^ vfuhfv^ 'e
bub bphlt,f^ vjcf[ktj,fc 'fdbct,ehb cfah'[t vjtkbc lf
mdt.ybcflvb ylj,bc afmnjhbw rkt,ekj,c&
vfbyw^ hfib vlujvfhtj,c byakfwbbcfufy ufvjodtekb
cfah'[t~
byakfwbf w[jdht,bc ufsdbht,fc bodtdc lf trjyjvbrbc
sytkfl ufycfrehyfdb lffdflt,ff&
byakfwbbc lhjc fqvityt,kj,b'b ghjwtcb ath[lt,f&
d'mdf'^ uceh' aekbc ofhvjt,fib lf,fylt,f& fvbc'dbc
]th cfofhvjc ityj,f eylf ffuj'^ hfcfw hfvltybvt otkb
lfczbhlt,f^ itvltu vfymfyf-lfyflufht,b itbsbyj'^ lfbmb-
hfdj' veif-vjcfvcf[ehtt,b lf lfbo.j' ghjlemwbbc ofh-
vjt,f& vfuhfv ufmd' 'e fhf ufhfynbf^ hjv ofhvjt,ekb
ghjlemwbf 'mdty'dbc vjvut,bfyb ,bpytcb bmyt,f~ b.blbc
'e fhf vjv[vfht,tkb ghjlemwbfc~ fvbnjv egbhfntcj,f
dfzhj,fc tybzt,f lf .dtkf wlbkj,c aekb fv cfmvtib
lff,fyljc& vfuhfv 'e .dtkf dfzhj,fc lfbo.t,c^ fqvityt,-
kj,b'b ghjwtcb itath[lt,f lf mdt.fyf ytk-ytkf ufqf-
nfrlt,f&
d'mdf'^ vtpj,tk cjv[t'ib byakfwbf 20 |-bf^ [jkj
fpth,fb]fyib - 2 |& hjujh ufydb'fhlt,f itvlujvb ghjwtcb~
cjv[t'b ittwlt,f^ 'fdbcb aekb fpth,fb]fyekpt ufwdf-
kjc& fpth,fb]fyb cjv[t'bcfufy cfmjytkc itbstyc^ cjv[t'-

64
ib fpth,fb]fyekb aekb lfuhjdlt,f^ fpth,fb]fyib aekbc
yfrkt,j,f ofhvjbij,f lf fm f[fkb aekbc ,tzldfc lfbo.t-
,ty^ tc rb vjvut,bfyb cfmvtf&
yfgjktjyc e'mdfvc^ dbcfw 'fdbcb ]fhbc lfgeht,f fh
cehc^ vfc c[dbcb ]fhbc lfgeht,f vjeotdcj&
mdt.yt,b 10 |-bfyb byakfwbb' f'tekb okt,b w[jdhj-
,ty^ vfuhfv fhw bct rfhufl& fct' byakfwbfc pjvbthb
byakfwbf tojlt,f& fhct,j,c byakfwbbc c[df cf[tj,t,bw%
ztyt,flb lf /bgthbyakfwbf&
ztyt,flb byakfwbbc lhjc mfqfklbc aekb cohfafl
eafcehlt,f& fv lhjc afct,b bphlt,f 200 |-vlt& .dtkf
wlbkj,c vjbvfhfujc cfmjytkb lf 'fdblfy vjbijhjc
edfhubcb mfqfklbc aekb&
/bgthbyakfwbf byakfwbbc sfkpt vfqfkb ljytf& vbcb
phlbc ntvgb xdtekt,hbd 200 |-pt vtnbf lf pju]th otkb-
oflib hfvltybvt fctek ghjwtyncfw fqotdc& /bgthbyakf-
wbbc lhjc vbvjmwtdfib ufidt,ekb aekbc hfjltyj,f lf
afct,b sfkpt cohfab ntvgb' bphlt,f^ afct,b lf [tkafcb
rfnfcnhjaekfl ijhlt,f th'vfyt'c& fct' gbhj,t,ib w[jd-
ht,bc ljybc lfwtvfc .dtkfpt epheydtk.jabkb atyt,bw
rb uhsyj,ty&
/bgthbyakfwbbcfufy 'fdbc lfcfqotdfl cf[tkvobaj
f[fk aekc ,tzlfdc& aekb vbvjmwtdfib itlbc^ vfuhfv
vbcb lfcfmjykt,f fh [lt,f lf afct,bw cohfafl bphlt,f&
cfofhvjt,b xthlt,f^ aekbc yfrflb 'fylf'fy vfnekj,c^
vfuhfv [fk[b cfmjytkc dth .blekj,c&
[fk[c vbkbjyt,b euhjdlt,f'^ vfuhfv vfbyw qfnfrfl
hxt,f^ hflufy 'e obyf' hjvtkbvt cfmjykbc ufcf.blb
afcb 1 kfhb b.j^ vbcb afcb itbskt,f 1 vbkbjyb kfhb
uf[ltc&
uflfzfh,t,ekb hfjltyj,b' aekbc ufvjidt,f aekbc
'dbct,t,bc lfrfhudfcf lf vbc ufeafceht,fc bodtdc^ fye
aekb e,hfkj mfqfklfl bmwtdf&
65
 fvbc itvltu bo.t,f cfofhvjt,c ijhbc cfmjykbc gbhlf-
gbhb upb' ufwdkf^ fye xdty'dbc rfhufl wyj,bkb ,fhnthb
,fhnthb&
,fhnthbc itv'[dtdfib hjvtkbvt cfofhvjv itbskt,f 'fdbcb
hrbybc fhvfnehf gbhlfgbh ifmfhpt uflfwdfkjc& wjw[klt-
,f gbhdtk.jabkb ,fpfhb bv ufyc[dfdt,b'^ hjv vfiby uflf-
cfwdktkb cfmjykbc yfbhcf[tj,f 'b't,pt xfvjcf'dktkb
b.j^ f[kf rb^ XXI cfereytib^ vf'b lf'dkf iteskt,tkbf&
/bgthbyakfwbf mdt.fyfib vjv[lfhb lblb sdht,bc itlt-
ufl ofhvjbij,f^ hjujhw^ vfufkb'fl^ uthvfybfib vtjht
vcjakbj jvbc itvltu^ cfahfyut'ib - cfahfyut'bc lblb ht-
djkewbbc itvltu^ cfmfh'dtkjib - ufcekb cfereybc 90-bfyb
okt,bc lfcfo.bcib lfvjerblt,kj,bc vjgjdt,bc itvltu^
hjltcfw vj[lf aekbc cehjufnbc - t&o& regjybc cohfab
ufeafceht,f&
fhct,j,c byakfwbbc cfobyffqvltuj ghjwtcb - hjlt-
cfw mdt.fyfib aekbc hfjltyj,f vwbhlt,f^ afct,b cfmj-
ytkcf lf vjvcfeht,fpt twtvf^ [jkj aekbc vc.bldtkj-
,b'b eyfhb bphlt,f& fv ghjwtcc ltakfwbf tojlt,f&
hf eahj cfibibf mdt.ybc trjyjvbrbcf'dbc - byakfwbf
'e ltakfwbf~
fhw th'b fh fhbc cfcehdtkb cbnefwbf^ vjdktyf&
jhbdt fyuhtdc trjyjvbrfc^ [tkc eikbc vtofhvtj,bc^ ,bp-
ytcbc ufydb'fht,fc&
hjwf aekc jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc cf[t /mjylf^ byakf-
wbbcf lf ltakfwbbc ghjwtcb eahj ytkf vbvlbyfhtj,lf^
hflufy aekbc hfjltyj,f lblfl fh bwdkt,jlf& itvlujv-
ib @ufbfat,ekb# aekbc ufvjidt,b' ,tdhvf mdt.fyfv trj-
yjvbrehb rhf[b ufybwflf^ bodybf vbcb @cec[b#& [fk[c bct-
'b fphbw rb ittmvyf^ hjv 'e mdt.fyfib welb aekbf^ fv
mdt.ybc cfmvtt,bw welfl vblbc^ [jkj 'e aekb rfhubf^
vfc rfhub w[jdht,fw vjfmdc&
500-pt vtnb okbc obyf' rjkev,vf fvthbrf fqvjfxbyf&
fv fqvjxtyfv tcgfyt'b cfjwhfl uffvlblhf& tcgfytkt,c

66
ufsfhwdekb cf[tkvobajt,blfy f'fcj,b' njyf jmhj^ dth-
w[kb lf sdbhafctekj,f cfvij,kjib xfvj/mjylf'& ufv-
lblht,ekb tcgfytkt,b .blekj,lyty bhfyek yj[t,c^ ahfy-
uek [fdthlc^ hecek [bpbkfkfc lf f&i&
tcgfytkt,c tdhjgbc lfg.hj,bc cehdbkb 'fylf'fy es-
kbthlt,jlf'& vf' vtpj,tk mdt.yt,'fy jvb ofvjbo.tc& ae-
kbc lblb hfjltyj,b' ofhvjij,fv byakfwbf ufvjbodbf&
tcgfyt'bc af,hbrf-mfh[yt,vf ufxtht,f bo.tc& ofhvjt,f vjv-
ut,bfyb fqfh b.j^ vfuhfv itmvybkb cbnefwbbcf fh tibyj-
lf'^ hflufy tcgfyt'c aekb ,tdhb /mjylf& lfbo.j 'fdlfc-
[vt,b tcgfyeh utvt,pt& fv v[hbd ufycfre'ht,b' byukbctkt-
,b ufvjbhxtjlyty& ufyfo.tyt,ekvf tcgfyt'vf jvb ufvjew[-
flf byukbcc&
tcgfyt'c jmhjv lf dthw[kvf dth eidtkf^ hflufyfw
vbc cbvlblhtc eskbthtcb mdtvt[bfyb [jvfklt,b lfegbhbc-
gbhlyty& tcgfyt'bc fhvbf ufyfluehlf& byukbctkt,b uffmnb-
ehlyty lf tcgfyt'bc [jvfklt,c fn.dtdt,lyty& tcgfyt'ib jm-
hjc vfhfub 'fylf'fy rkt,ekj,lf& vfc lfyuhtekb vhtodt-
kj,f lf ufyflueht,ekb cjakbc vtehytj,f lfhxf&
fvthbrblfy vjdfhlybkvf @jmhjc ybfqdfhvf# tcgfyt'b
uffyfluehf& vbcb cfvtehytj w[jdht,f vjbifkf& fct fqbybi-
yf tc vjdktyf lf vfc vhfdfkb trjyjvbcnb flfcneht,lf&
ghjlemwbbc ofhvjt,f bct xfrdlf^ hjv mdt.fyf cfre'fh ,f-
pfhcfw dth frvf.jabkt,lf& w[jdht,bc ljyt fv mdt.fyfib
cfuhsyj,kfl lftwf&
ufdb[ctyj'^ hjujh f[fcbf't,ty trjyjvbcnt,b mdt.ybc
w[jdht,bc ljytc% mdt.fyfib^ cflfw veifj,c af,hbrf-mfh-
[yt,b^ [lt,f ,eyt,hbdb cbvlblhtt,bc vjgjdt,f lf lfveif-
dt,f^ vf'b htfkbpfwbf^ db'fhlt,f vjvcf[eht,bc cathj^
fye^ c[df cbn.dt,b' hjv d'mdf'^ bm^ cflfw cfvtehytj
cfmvbfyj,f^ vtofhvtj,f fqvfdkj,bc upfptf^ mdt.ybc w[jd-
ht,bc ljytw vfqfkbf&

67
 lfcrdyf%[fk[bc w[jdht,bc ljytc fv mdt.ybc cfvteh-
lfcrdyf%
ytj cfmvbfyj,f ufycfpqdhfdc& v[jkjl ofhvfnt,ekb trj-
yjvbrehb cfmvbfyj,ff wfkrtekb flfvbfyt,bcf lf v'kbf-
yfl cfpjufljt,bc cbvlblhbc cfaesdtkb&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc
eyfhb~~
1& hf fhbc aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhb
byakfwbf~~
2& hfc tojlt,f byakfwbf
3& hfib vlujvfhtj,c byakfwbbcufy ufvjodtekb
cfah'[t~~
cfah'[t
fhct,j,c~~ lff[fcbf't'
4& byakfwbbc hf ajhvt,b fhct,j,c
'b'jtekb vf'ufyb&
ltakfwbf~~
5& hfc tojlt,f ltakfwbf
6& hf eahj cfibibf mdt.ybc trjyjvbrbcf'dbc -
ltakfwbf~~
byakfwbf 'e ltakfwbf
ljytc~~
7& hf ufycfpqdhfdc [fk[bc w[jdht,bc ljytc

fvjwfyf
cfmfh'dtkjc ,fyfybc itc.bldf cehc^ vfuhfv fvbc'dbc aekb
fhf fmdc^ cfvfubthjl fmdc [t-n.t& fahbrfib th'-th' ,fyfyt,bc
mdt.fyfc vce,emb vhtodtkj,bc cfmjytkb czbhlt,f& vce,emb vhto-
dtkj,bc cfmjytkb 'ehmt'ibf& 'ehmt'c [t-n.t tcfzbhjt,f&
hjujh eylf vjbmwtc cfmfh'dtkj^ 'e ,fyfybc itc.bldf
cehc~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

@dbcfw 'fdbc ]fhbc lfgeht,f fh cehc^ vfc c[dbcb

]fhbc lfgeht,f vjeotdc#

68
 XIV ' t v f
uflfcf[flt,b
(XXIV ufrdt'bkb)

fv mdt.yfl fhbc jhb hfv^ hfcfw flfvbfyb dth uftmwtdf%

uflfcf[flt,b lf cbrdlbkb — e'mdfvc ]th rbltd 1789 otkc
lbl fvthbrtk gjkbnbreh vjqdfotcf lf vtwybthc ,ty]f-
vby ahfyrkbyc&
hf fhbc uflfcf[flb~
uflfcf[flb fhbc rfyjyvlt,kj,b' lflutybkb cfdfklt-
,ekj vjcfrht,tkb^ hjvtkcfw b[lbfy vjmfkfmtt,b lf abh-
vt,b cf[tkvobajc cfcfhut,kjl&
uflfcf[flt,bc bcnjhbf eahj flhtek [fyfib bo.t,f&
sbhb'flb uflfcf[flt,b vjcf[ktj,bc th' cekpt fy th'
rjvkpt bfyufhbit,jlf& itvltu uflfcf[flt,b itvjcfdkbc
vb[tldb' ufyfobklf& dbcfw eahj lblb itvjcfdfkb /mjylf^
vtn uflfcf[flc b[lblf& uflfcf[flbc fct' ajhvfc cfit-
vjcfdkj tojlf&
uflfcf[flt,b f'fcudfhb b.j& vfufkb'fl^ gtnht gbhdtk-
vf odthbc uflfcf[flbw rb lffotcf& odthbc nfht,f frhsfktc
lf^ 'e dbyvt vfc lffhqdtdlf^ ufhrdtekb 'fy[f eylf uflf-
t[flf& th' lhjc hect'ib uflfcf[flc qevkblfy fvjvfdfkb
rdfvkbc'dbcfw b[lblyty& qevkbc uflfcf[flc sbhb'flfl
vlblht,b b[lblyty^ hflufyfw v[jkjl vf' /mjylf' bvbc
itcfskt,kj,f^ hjv qevtkb fty'j'&
fhfyfrkt, cfbynthtcjf uflfcf[flt,b XIX cfereybc cfa-
hfyut'ib& fv cfereybc cfahfyut'bc fhmbntmnehek cnbk-
cfw 'e lfdfrdbhlt,b'^ ityj,t,bc afy]ht,b lf rfht,b ibuf
tpjib uflbc& cfmvt bcff^ hjv mexbc v[fhtc ufvfdfk afy-
]ht,cf lf rfht,pt vjcf[ktj,f uflfcf[flc b[lblf& byukbc-
69
ib /tyhb[ II-bc vtaj,bc lhjc itvjbqtc uflfcf[flb vrdkt-
kj,bcf'dbc& vfc b[lblf vbof'vakj,tkb^ 'e vrdktkj,f
vbcb cfvakj,tkjc afhukt,ib vj[lt,jlf lf lfyfifekb
tmdcb 'dbc ufyvfdkj,fib fh ufb[cyt,jlf&
fv;fvfl uflfcf[flt,bc hfjltyj,f sfkbfy lblbf% cfitvj-
cfdkj uflfcf[flt,bc ufhlf^ fhct,j,c vjut,fpt uflfcf[flb^
mjyt,fpt uflfcf[flb^ lfvfnt,ek qbht,ekt,fpt uflfcf[flb^
fmwbpb^ ityfnfyt,b cjwbfkehb lfpqdtdbcf'dbc lf f&i& fh-
ct,j,c rbltd th'b cf[bc uflfcf[flb^ hjvtkbw mdt.fyfib
itvjcekb ew[j cfmjykbcf'dbc fhbc lfotct,ekb& vfc cf,f-
;j uflfcf[flb tojlt,f& pjubth' mdt.fyfib uflfcf[flt,b
bvltyfl lblbf^ hjv vtofhvtc ,bpytcib lfcf,fylt,tkb aekb
fqfh hxt,f& fvbc ufvj ath[lt,f f[fkb cfofhvjt,bc fveif-
dt,f lf^ cfth'jl^ mdt.ybc ufydb'fht,f& vfuhfv bcbw [jv
vfh'fkbf^ hjv uflfcf[flt,bc ufhtit cf[tkvobaj dth bfh-
ct,t,c& cf[tkvobajc czbhlt,f ]fhb^ gjkbwbf^ cffdflv.jaj-
t,b^ crjkt,b^ vfeo.t,kj,f lf f&i& fm vjveifdt [fk[c [tk-
afcb fv uflfcf[flt,bc [fh]pt tybiyt,f&
fhct,j,c uflfcf[flt,bc jhb cf[t% gbhlfgbhb lf fhf-
gbhlfgbhb& gbhlfgbhc cfofhvjt,b b[lbfy^ [jkj fhfgbhlf-
gbhc - vjcf[ktj,f& vfufkb'fl^ gbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flbf vjut-
,fpt uflfcf[flb^ hjvtkcfw vtofhvt b[lbc lf eiefkjl
cfofhvjlfy fbrhbat,f& fhfgbhlfgbhbf^ vfufkb'fl^ fmwbpb^
hjvtkcfw b[lbc vjcf[ktj,f&
hf fhbc fmwbpb~
fdbqj' fcfy'bc vofhvjt,tkb af,hbrf& 1 rjkjab fcfy-
'b vfc 3 't'hb e]lt,f^ [jkj [tkbceakt,f fcfy'c 5
't'hfl .blbc& lfvfnt,ekb 2 't'hb cf[tkvobaj ,be]tn-
ib vblbc& dby b[lbc fv 2 't'hc~
af,hbrf 'fdbc fcfy'ib 3 't'hc qt,ekj,c^ [jkj lf-
vfnt,b' 2 't'hc vjv[vfht,tkb b[lbc& fv erfyfcrytkc
cf[tkvobaj b[lbc&
lfvfnt,ekb 2 't'hb fhbc fmwbpb&
fmwbpb [fk[bc'dbc vsbvt ndbh'bf^ vfuhfv ufsdbht,ek
70
cfmjytkc bub vfbyw .blekj,c& 'fdbc v[hbd^ cf[tkvobaj
lfhoveyt,ekbf^ hjv bct'b cfmjytkb^ hjujhbwff cbufht-
nb^ fkrj/jkehb cfcvtkb^ vfymfyf^ cfbedtkbhj yfofhvb lf
f&i&^ hjvkt,ptlfw lblb vj'[jdybkt,ff^ vfbyw ufb.blt,f&
hjujhbw eylf b.jc uflfcf[flt,b - gbhlfgbhb 'e fhf-
gbhlfgbhb^ cfcehdtkb vfbyw fh fhbc&
cfjwfhbf^ vfuhfv fctf% hfw eahj vlblfhbf cf[tkvob-
aj^ vb' eahj yfrkt,bf uflfcf[flt,b&
hfnjv fhbc uflfcf[flt,b yfrkt,b^ 'e mdt.fyf vlblf-
hbf~ 'e hflufy uflfcf[flt,b yfrkt,bf^ mdt.fyfw fvbnjv
fhbc vlblfhb~
hjujhw flfv cvb'b fv,j,lf^ mdt.fyf hjv vlblfhb b.jc^
cfvb hfv fhbc cfzbhj%
1& mdt.fyf fh eylf jvj,ltc*
2& mdt.fyfc eylf /mjyltc v.fhb aekflb th'tekb*
3& mdt.fyfib uflfcf[flt,b lf,fkb eylf b.jc&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc
uflfcf[flb~~
1& hf fhbc uflfcf[flb
2& xfvj'dfkt' uflfcf[flbc cf[tt,b&
3& hfnjv fhbc uflfcf[flt,b yfrkt,b^ 'e mdt.fyf
vlblfhbf~~
vlblfhbf
4& hf gbhj,t,c f.tyt,lf flfv cvb'b bvbc'dbc^ hjv
.jabkb.j~~
mdt.fyf vlblfhb .jabkb.j
j]f[ib~~
5& hf uflfcf[flt,c b[lbfy 'mdtyc j]f[ib

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%
xdtyb j]f[bc uflfcf[flt,b
71
 XV ' t v f
hf fhbc cbvlblht
(XXV ufrdt'bkb)

xdtekt,hbd^ cbvlblhtl [fk[c vbfxybf jmhj^ fuht'dt

,hbkbfynb lf c[df sdbhafcb mdt,b^ fynbrdfhb^ sdbhfl
qbht,ekb vfymfyt,b^ cf[kt,b lf f&i& trjyjvbcnt,c cbv-
lblhtpt eahj afh'j ofhvjlutyf fmd' lf vf'b fphb'^
hjv cbvlblhtf .jdtkbdt bc^ hfw cfpjufljt,fc czbhlt,f
fhct,j,bcf lf hjujhw abpbrehb^ bct cekbthb ufydb'f-
ht,bcf'dbc& tc it[tlekt,f fcf[ekbf vb'ib^ hjvtkbw
itbmvyf ]th rbltd sdtk cf,thsyt'ib 3 f'fcb okbc obyf'&
vb'b udbfv,j,c seyo vtat vblfcpt&
vblfcb pqfghekb cbvlblhb' b.j wyj,bkb& vfy th-
'[tk qvth' lbjybctc lblb cfvcf[ehb ufeobf& cfvfubthjl^
lbjybct .dtkf cehdbkbc fchekt,fc lf/gbhlf&
- .dtkfathb^ hfcfw [tkc itdf[t,^ jmhjl eylf bmwtcj^
- bcehdf vblfcvf&
lbjybctc uftqbvf^ vfuhfv^ hflufyfw it/gbhlf vblfcc
.dtkf cehdbkbc itchekt,fc^ cbn.df fqfh ufnt[f&
fvbc itvltu^ hfcfw vblfcb [tkb' t[t,jlf^ .dtkfathb
jmhjl bmwtjlf& cek vfkt^ vblfcvf lbjybctc fv sfkbc
erfy lf,heyt,f c'[jdf^ hflufy .dtkfathb^ vf' ijhbc^
cfzvtk-cfcvtkbw^ hjujhw d'mdb'^ jmhjl bmwtjlf lf
vblfcc ibvibkb' cbrdlbkb tvemht,jlf& lbjybctv
itechekf '[jdyf vblfcc lf fv e,tleht,bcfufy b[cyf&
fv vb'bc vb[tldb'^ ]th rbltd^ esdtktc [fyfib [fk[b
vb[dlf^ hjv cbvlblht cekfw fh fhbc v[jkjl jmhj^ fhfvtl

72
cbvlblhtf bc^ hfw xdtyc vj'[jdybkt,t,c frvf.jabkt,c^ hfw
fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb'fht,bcf'dbc udzbhlt,f&
fct hjv^ mdt.ybc cbvlblht fhf vfhnj cfwfdib ityf[ekb
jmhj'b ufbpjvt,f^ fhfvtl bvb'fw^ 'e hfvltyfl rt'bk-
vjo.j,bkbf ityj,t,b^ upt,b^ hjujhb cfntktajyj rfdib-
ht,b fmdc fv mdt.fyfc^ hf cf[bc lf hjujhb [fhbc[bc
cfmjytkc fofhvjt,c^ vjvcf[eht,bc ljyb'^ hjvtkbw fv
mdt.ybc [fk[c frvf.jabkt,c lf^ cfth'jl^ bv cfmjykbcf lf
vjvcf[eht,bc hfjltyj,b'^ hjvtkbw fv mdt.fyfc czbhlt,f&
tc ybiyfdc^ hjv mdt.fyfib^ cflfw cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf-
[eht,bc vfqfk ljytpt ofhvjt,bc itcfskt,kj,t,bf^ trj-
yjvbrfw rfhufl fhbc jhufybpt,ekb^ vjcf[ktj,fw rfhufl
w[jdhj,c&
'fdbc lhjpt trjyjvbrehb vtwybtht,bc vfvfv'fdfhvf
flfv cvb'vf efh.j it[tlekt,f bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv cbvlblht
v[jkjl aekb lf vboff& bub 'dkblf^ hjv cfpjufljt,hbdb
cbvlblht lf thbc cbvlblht bvfib ufvjb[fnt,f^ 'e hf
ljytptf fv mdt.fyfib lf.tyt,ekb cfpjufljt,hbdb ofhvjt,f&
'fyfvtlhjdt cfpjufljt,fib lblb vj'[jdybkt,ff
jmhjpt^ vfuhfv ltlfvbofpt fhct,ekb jmhjc ,eyt,hbdb
htcehct,b itpqelekbf&
ltlfvbofpt fhct,ekb jmhjc htcehcb lff[kjt,b' 8 vky
njyfc itflutyc& hf 'mvf eylf^ tc hfjltyj,f fh fhbc wjnf
lf .dtkfc udt.jajlf^ vfuhfv vbkbfhlj,b' njyf jmhjc
[tkib xfult,f iteskt,tkbf& jmhjc cf,fljt,bc evtntcb
yfobkb ltlfvbobc cbqhvtibf^ pjubw - pqdbc acrthpt&
flhtek [fyfib jmhj eahj fldbkfl [tkvbcfodljvb
b.j^ dblht hrbyf^ cgbktysb fy ,hby]fj& jmhj pjlt,fl^
cea'f cf[b' vjbgjdt,jlf&
,jkj 8 f'fcb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib vjgjdt,ekvf jmhjv
100 f'fc njyfc vbfqobf^ vfuhfv hfvltyb lfbrfhuf^ hfvltyb
jmhjf cfvfh[t,ib~!

73
 lhjlflhj fhmtjkjut,b jmhjc gjekj,ty^ hjujhw^
vfufkb'fl^ bgjdtc nhjbc vtabc ghbfvjcbc cfufysehib&
.jdtkokbehfl vcjakbjib 2300 njyf jmhj b.blt,f&
jmhjc .dtkfpt lbl vjv[vfht,kfl b'dkt,f cfbedtkbhj
ofhvjt,f^ hjvkbc obkbw 32 |-pt vtnbf* lff[kjt,b' 18 |
cfbe,bktj lf cfvf[cjdhj vjytnt,pt b[fh]t,f* lfyfhxtyb
[vfhlt,f tktmnhjyek lf cf,fyrj cbcntvt,c^ cnjvfnj-
kjubfc^ rjcvjceh [jvfklt,c^ fhmbntmnehfcf lf f&i&
jmhj .dtkfpt lblb hfjltyj,b'ff fvthbrbc itth't,ekb
infnt,bc atlthfkehb cfhtpthdj ,fyrbc cfhlfat,ib&
hrbybc ctbat,ib 840 f'fcpt vtnb jmhjc pjlbf^ hjvtk-
'f ojyf 10 f'fc njyfc itflutyc& vf'b v'kbfyb qbht,ekt,f
lff[kjt,b' 150 vkhl ljkfhbf& fv ctbat,c f'fcj,b' ]f-
hbcrfwb bwfdc& tc fhbc [tkite[t,tkb jmhjc ajylb& fii-bc
jmhjc vfhfub ajhn-yjrcbc cfv[tlhj ,fpfptw byf[t,f&
jmhjpt vj'[jdyf okblfy okfvlt bphlt,f& 1989 otkc
cfbedtkbhj ofhvjt,fc vj[vfhlf 1811 njyf jmhj fye ,f-
pfhpt fhct,ekb jmhjc 80 |& 1995 otkc vcjakbjib
vjgjdt,ek bmyf 2090 njyf jmhj&
jmhjc vjvgjdt,tkb mdt.yt,bf% cfv[ht' fahbrbc htc-
ge,kbrf^ fii^ fdcnhfkbf^ rfyflf^ xbyt'b^ hect'b^ f[fkb
udbytf^ ,hfpbkbf^ byljytpbf^ ufyf lf f&i& jmhjc ufhrdtekb
hfjltyj,f vjbgjdt,f cfmfh'dtkjibw& cfv[ht' fahbrbc
htcge,kbrfpt vjlbc v'tkb vjgjdt,ekb jmhjc vtj'[tlb&
fdcnhfkbfib ufvjeidtc ujkbf'b vjytnf^ hjvkbc lb-
fvtnhb 75 vbkbvtnhbf^ vjytnf 1 rbkjuhfvc bojybc lf 10
f'fc fdcnhfkbeh ljkfhc ittafhlt,f&
jmhj flfvbfybc'dbc rt'bklqtj,fw fhbc lf o.dlbflbw^
rt'bkij,bkb qd'behb kb'jybw lf @.db'tkb tivfrbw#& bub
vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb trjyjvbrfc'fy& jmhjv aekbc cf-
[t gbhdtkfl sdtk tudbgntib vbbqj xdtyc otk'fqhbw[dfvlt
2800 okbc obyf'& wyj,bkbf^ hjv ktutylfhekb vtabc mhtpf

74
fkbfntc (605-502 oo& xd& o-vlt) vfvfv gbhdtkb jmhjc vjytnf
vjzhf^ [jkj cgfhntkvf rfyjyvlt,tkvf kbrehutv (IX-VIII
cfereytt,ib xdtyc otk'fqhbw[dfvlt) frhsfkf jmhjc vjyt-
nt,bc vjzhf^ hjujhw cfo.bcb .dtkf lfyfifekmvtlt,bcf&
vbcb ,hsfyt,b' jmhj hrbyb' itbwdfkf&
cfth'fijhbcj ,fpfhpt vbqt,ekbf t&o& kjyljybc vfqf-
k[fhbc[bfyb pjlb& pjlb 350-blfy 430 nhjbc eywbfc (lf-
f[kjt,b' 12^5 ru) eylf bojybltc& nhjbc eywbf 31^10 u-c
elhbc& fct'b eywbf 340 fvthbrek ljkfhc enjklt,f& oj-
ybc vfubdhfl pjlc ,tztlb tcvt,f^ hjvtkbw 49 fqbfht,e-
kb jmhjc xfvjvc[vtkb mfh[yblfy th'-th'c tre'dybc&
dby fotct,c afcc jmhjpt~
.jdtklqt 10&30 lf 15&00 cff'pt [e'b evc[dbktcb cf-
dfzhj cf[kbc ofhvjvflutykt,b kjyljybc rjhgjhfwbbc
- @hjnibklt,b lf svt,b# - rfynjhfib brhb,t,bfy& fm th'-
th' j'f[ib^ hjvtkcfw afy]ht,b fhf fmdc^ bcbyb jmhjpt
afcc fotct,ty&
fv sdbhafcb kb'jyb' dfzhj,f pjlt,bc cf[b' fm erdt
cfereytt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib uhstklt,f&
itbskt,f b'mdfc^ hjv rfwj,hbj,bc bcnjhbbc aehwkt,b
fh b.j jmhj'b vjdfhf.t,ekb^ vfuhfv jmhj .jdtk'dbc
uflfcwtvlf vf' 'fdbc ,ho.bydfkt,fc&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

cbvlblht~~
1& hf fhbc cbvlblht
2& hf rfdibhb fhct,j,c trjyjvbrfcf lf cbvlblhtc
ijhbc~~
ijhbc
3& hfnjv fhbc flfvbfybc'dbc jmhj rt'bklqtj-
,fw lf o.dlbflbw^ rt'bkij,bkb qd'behb kb'jybw
tivfrbw#~~
lf @.db'tkb tivfrbw#

75
 jmhjpt~~
4& dby fotct,c afcc jmhjpt

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

jmhj - rt'bkij,bkb kb'jybw lf @.db'tkb ti-

vfrbw#

76
 XVI ' t v f
,fyrt,b lf ,fyryjnt,b
( XXVI
XXVI-- XXVII ufrdt'bkb)

cbn.df @,fyrb# (banco) bnfkbehfl lf[kc ybiyfdc& cbn.-

df ,fyrbhb cojhtl fv cbn.dbcfufy ofhvjbidf& fk,f'^ tc
b.j rfwb^ hjvtkbw lf[k'fy bluf lf oby c[dflfc[df
cf[bc aekb /mjylf ufikbkb& aekbc ,tzldbc eakt,f
vfiby .dtkf cf/thwjujc /mjylf& ,fyrbhb [fk[c fv aekt-
,bc uflfwdkfib t[vfht,jlf& tc b.j th'udfhb aekbc ,f-
pfhb&
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,fyrbhbc'dbc tc cfmvbfyj,f itvjcfdkbfyb b.j& bub aekbc
uflfwdkbcf'dbc bqt,lf ptlvtn 'fy[fc fye cfhut,tkc
(hjvtkcfw c[dfudfhfl ghjwtyncfw eojlt,ty)& itvltu lf-
bo.j aekbc lfvfnt,b'b ghjwtynb' uf.bldf& ,fyrbhb aekc
yfrkt,b afcb' .blekj,lf^ fvfnt,lf ufhrdtek ghjwtync
lf ufsdbht,ekc .bllf&
lhj'f ufyvfdkj,fib aekbc .bldf-uf.bldf bct ufydb'fh-
lf^ hjv ,fyrbhb hrbybc ubcjct,bfy ]b[ehib uflfcf[klf&
bv[fyfl dfzht,c sfkbfy ezbhlf'& cf[tkvobajt,b th-
'vfyt'c [ibhfl t,hsjlyty& cfjvhfl [ibhfl ]fhbcrfwt,c
mbhfj,lyty lf hjwf pfdb v.fhlt,jlf^ f'fdbceakt,lyty&
ecfmvehfl lfhxtybkb ]fhbcrfwt,b upt,pt lf[tnbfkt,-
lyty lf dfzht,c fobjrt,lyty&
dfzht,bc'dbc fct'b .fxfqt,b lbl cfibihjt,fc ofhvj-
flutylyty& fvbnjv dfzht,vf f[fk [th[c vbvfh'tc& aekbc
vfubdhfl vf' upfib ,fyryjnt,b vb/mjylf'& @yjnf# bnfkb-

77
ehfl othbkc ybiyfdc& @,fyryjnb# ,fyrblfy ufupfdybkb
othbkbf& dfzht,vf gfhjkt,bw itvjbqtc lf^ hjwf c[df
mfkfmbc ,fyrib vblbjlyty^ gfhjk'fy th'fl othbkcfw
ofhflutylyty&
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vjudbfyt,b' cf[tkvobaj vvfh'dtkt,b vb[dlyty^ hf
vybidytkj,f tybzt,jlf aekbc ufvjidt,fc lf cf[tkvob-
aj aekbc ,tzldf lfbo.tc&
'e flht vjytnt,ib jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc itvwdtkj-
,fc lblb vybidytkj,f tybzt,jlf^ mfqfklbc aekvf erdt
vjbgjdf ylj,f&
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cnthkbyub^ uthvfyekb vfhrf^ hecekb he,kb fy 'eylfw
xdtyb thjdyekb aekb - kfhb&
abyfycehb fdfynbehf^ hjvkbc itcf[t,fw f[kf ubfv-
,j,'^ cfahfyut'ib vj[lf 300 okbc obyf'&
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vbcb obyfgfhb - vtat keljdbr XIV lblb v[fh]dtkb b.j
lf cfahfyut'c efvhfdb dfkb lfenjdf& abkbgt jhktfyt-
kb lbl cfujyt,tkib xfdfhlf^ hjwf dbyvt ijnkfylbtkb
]jy kjcfufy othbkb vbbqj&
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pbcblfy 'fdbc lfqotdfc fqe'mdfvlf& bub wyj,bkb b.j
hjujhw efvhfdb bynhbubc uvbhb^ rfhnbc rfhub vj'fvfit
lf kbnthfnehbc vwjlyt^ 'fyfw bct'b ufvzhbf[b .jabkf^
hjv th'[tk cbrdlbkvbc]bk'f cfryblfyfw rb vje[th[t-
,bf ufmwtdf&
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kjv vtatc ,fyrbc xfvj.fkb,t,f lf ,fyryjnt,bc ufvjidt,f
itc'fdfpf&

78
 ,fyrbht,b fv,j,ty% ye ufvjeidt, bv aekpt vtn ,fy-
ryjnc^ dblht ,fyrib ufmdcj&
kjv 'fdbcb fdfynbehf bvb' lfbo.j^ hjv 3-]th vtnb
hfjltyj,bc ,fyryjnb ufvjeidf^ 'fyfw [fk[c yt,f lfh'j^
cehdbkbcfvt,h ,fyryjnt,b jmhjpt uftwdfkf'&
kj lfhoveyt,ekb b.j^ hjv [fk[b ,fyryjnt,b' eahj
lfbynthtclt,jlf^ dblht jmhj'b&
vfh'kfw^ gbhdtkb jhb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cfmvt xb-
yt,ekfl vblbjlf& aekbc ufvjxtyfv [fk[b ufvjfwjw[kf&
lfbo.j mfh[yt,bc^ af,hbrt,bc lf f&i& vityt,kj,f& fyuf-
hbicojht,f ,fyryjnt,b' [lt,jlf& ,fyryjnt,b eahj sdb-
hb b.j^ dblht vbcb itcf,fvbcb jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc vjyt-
nt,b& ,fyryjnt,c jmhjcf lf dthw[kbc vjytnt,pt fhfdby
wdkblf& vbvjmwtdfib aekb vfnekj,lf& cfmjytkb ,fpfh-
pt eahj yfrkt,b b.j^ dblht aekb& byakfwbf 'fylf'fyj-
,b' cfo.bc cnflbfib itdblf&
fv lhjc ]jy kjv ahfyuek-fvthbrekb cfdfzhj rjv-
gfybf xfvjf.fkb,f& ahfyut,b vfc fqvth't,lyty hjujhw
]fljmfhc^ hjvtkvfw fhfahbcfufy aekb itmvyf&
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lfv'fdht,ekb^ ]jy kjc rjvgfybjyj,f vjbyljvf& kjv fm-
wbt,b (afcbfyb mfqfklt,b) ufvjeidf^ .dtkf ahfyuc ]b,t
lfewfhbtkf lf byakfwbf itfxthf&
cfahfyut'bc 'b'jtekb vjmfkfmt^ hjvtkbw ]jy kjc
fmwbt,c itbstylf^ vbcb rjvgfybjyb [lt,jlf& ijnkfylbtk-
vf kjv bct'b hfjltyj,bc rfgbnfkb lffuhjdf^ hjv vbc
obyfvjh,tlt,c fhw lfcbpvht,bf'&
itvltu ]jy kjv rbltd th'b @cdkf# uffrt'f% vfy 'fdb-
cb rjvgfybbc fmwbt,b itbc.blf lf [fk[c yf[tdfh otkb-
oflib ufjhvfut,ekb 'fy[bc lf,heyt,f it/gbhlf&
ahfyut,b vb[dlyty^ hjv yf[tdfh otkboflib fmwbt,b
eahj ufsdbhlt,jlf lf vf'b itc.bldf lfbo.tc&

79
 fmwbt,pt afcb vfnekj,lf^ fdblf ]th 5 f'fcpt^ itvltu
- 10 f'fcpt^ fvbc itvltu - 15 f'fcpt lf ,jkjc - 20 f'fcpt&
ahfyut,c c]thjlf'^ hjv ]jy kj fvthbrfib f[fkb
cfgjhnj mfkfmbc ybe-jhktfybc vityt,kj,fc lffv'fd-
ht,lf lf fmwbt,blfy aekbc yfrflb ofvjdbljlf&
]jy kj aekc mfkfmbc vityt,kj,fib [fh]fdlf lf
gfhfktkehfl keljdbrj XIV-bc dfkt,c bcnevht,lf&
byakfwbbc 'fdblfy fcfwbkt,kfl kj gthbjlekfl
,fyryjnt,c f[fkb fmwbt,b' wdkblf&
fct uflfb[flf kjv keljdbrj XIV-bc dfkt,b 2 vbkb-
fhlb kbdhbc jltyj,b'&
cfajylj ,bh;bc lbktht,vf ijhcvzdhtntkj,f ufvjb-
xbytc lf ]jy kjc fmwbt,bc uf.bldf lfbo.tc& afct,b fmwb-
t,pt ]th ytk-ytkf rkt,ekj,lf^ itvltu ew,fl lftwf&
ueibyltkb vbkbjytht,b ufqfnfrlyty^ gfhbpbc vjcf[ktj-
,f mexfib ufvjdblf lf ]jy kjc lfc]fc vjb'[jdlf&
vtatc rfhufl f[cjdlf ]jy kjc th'uekt,f^ fvbnjv
lfcfc]tkfl dth ufbvtnf lf cfiefkt,f vbcwf cfahfyut'b
ecfah'[jl lftnjdt,byf&
fct lfcheklf fv lblb fdfynbehbcnbc bcnjhbf& ]jy
kjv rbltd 8 otkb chek cbqfhb,tib uffnfhf lf fhfdbc
c]thjlf^ hjv vfc^ fvltyb aekbc gfnhjyc^ 'fdbc'dbc fhfathb
uflfeyf[fdc&
'fyfvtlhjdt ,fyrt,b vbobcmdtif cfwfdt,b' lbl ityj-
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lf hrbybc rfht,b' fhbc fvjityt,ekb& lqtc ,fyrt,c f[fkb
aeymwbt,bw ittvfnf% bcbyb vjcf[ktj,bcfufy jmhjc b,fht-
,ty lf 'fdbfy' cfwfdt,ib byf[fdty& cfwfdt,c itbfhfqt,ekb
lfwdf /.fdc& jmhj lf c[df sdbhafctekj,f cfbvtljl byf[t-
,f lf vf'b lfrfhudbc cfibihjt,f fh fhct,j,c&
,fyrbc v'fdfhb cfmvbfyj,f aekb' dfzhj,ff& hjujh
ijekj,c ,fyrb aekc~

80
 d'mdf'^ hfbvt sdbhfl qbht,ekb ybd'bc itstyf udcehc^
vfuhfv fvbcf'dbc aekb fh ud.jaybc& fvbnjv cfzbhjf ae-
kbc lfuhjdt,f& iby aekbc lfuhjdt,f sytkbf^ lhjlflhj
itbskt,f bub lfudt[fh]jc^ fy dbyvtv vjudgfhjc& fv ghj,-
ktvbc uflfcfo.dtnfl ,fyrb 'fdbc cfvcf[ehc ud'fdfpj,c%
udbuhjdt,c aekc lf 'fyfw cfhut,tkcfw udfsktdc&
fv jgthfwbfc ,fyrib aekbc xflt,f /mdbf& tc aekb
fyf,fhbf& fvhbufl^ fyf,fhb fhbc aekb^ hjvtkcfw abhvf
fy wfkrtekb gbhjdyt,f ,fyrib byf[fdc&
,fyrb^ 'fdbc v[hbd^ hjujhw 'fdbc^ bct c[dbc aekcfw
ghjwtynbc lfvfnt,b' ufcwtvc& fct' aekc ctc[b tojlt,f&
fvhbufl^ ctc[b fhbc aekb^ hjvtkcfw ,fyrb wfkrtek
gbhjdyt,t,c fy abhvt,c fsktdc ufhrdtekb ghjwtynb'^
cfhut,kb'& vfuhfv ,fyrb fhfdbc tylj,f^ cfyfwdkjl^ 'fdb-
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ht,f [lt,f&
hf vj[lt,f vfiby^ hjwf .dtkf vtfyf,ht th'lhjekfl
vjb'[jdc aekc~
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,fcfw b'dfkbcobyt,c lf 'fdbc cfhtpthdj 'fy[fc ea-
h'[bklt,f& cfhtpthdj 'fy[fc vjut,f fh vjfmdc^ vfuhfv
,fyrib vfbyw eylf byf[t,jltc&
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lf aekc vjc'[jdc& fct'b itv'[dtdbc 'fdblfy fcfwbkt,-
kfl aekbc ufhrdtekb hfjltyj,f ,fyrib [tke[kt,kfl
eylf hxt,jltc&
ufdb[ctyj' bctd ijnkfylbtkb ]jy kj& hjltcfw bc 'fdbc
,fyrt,c f.fkb,t,lf^ v'tkb aekbc th' vtcfvtlc htpthdfl
81
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hfv itvltu^ hjwf vtabc dfkt,bc ufcnevht,fv ufbnfwf^ ]jy
kjc cfhtpthdj aekb lffdbo.lf& vbcb ufrjnht,f vfiby
lfbo.j^ hjwf hfvltybvt cgtrekfynvf aekb th'lhjekfl
vjc'[jdf&
.dtkf rfhufl vjveifdt ,fyrb itvltu ghbywbgc bwfdc%
hjujhw eylf ufbpfhljc aekbc hfjltyj,f ,fyrib^
itvwbhltc& flht .dtkf ,fyrb
cfhtpthdj 'fy[f fh eylf itvwbhltc
'fdbc aekc eidt,lf^ f[kf v[jkjl cf[tkvobajc wtynhf-
keh ,fyrc fmdc fvbc eakt,f^ fye eakt,f thjdyekb aekbc
ufvjidt,bcf&
fhwth'b mdt.fyf fh fhbc lfpqdtekb jvt,bcfufy^ cnb-
mbehb e,tleht,t,bcfufy^ vfuhfv mdt.ybc thjdyekvf aekvf
lf wtynhfkehb ,fyrbc cfhtpthdj aekvf .dtkfathc eylf
ufeskjc&
cfmfh'dtkjib wtynhfkehb ,fyrb thjdyekb ,fyrbf& vb-
cb cfhtpthdj 'fy[f mdt.ybc cfcbwjw[kj fewbkt,kj,ff&
u'fdfpj,' hxtdt,c bvbcf'dbc^ hjv 'mdty lf 'mdtyb
f[kj,kt,b lbdbltylt,bc jmhjc odbvbc vjkjlbyib ce-
ktkeh vlujvfhtj,fib fh fqvjxylt'%
1& fh xflj' aekb ,fyrib^ hjvtkbw exdtekjl vfqfk
lbdbltylc ugbhlt,f'& ye lf[fh,lt,b' vfqfk ghjwtync^ tc
cfhbcrj cfmvtf& tc ,fyrb vfn.efhff lf vfqfkb ghjwtynb
cfhtrkfvj fubnfwbff&
2& ,fyrt,b aekc fh ,tzlfdty^ bcbyb itvjcekb aekb'
veifj,ty& itskt,c rb ,fyrb lblb ghjwtynbc uflf[lfc^ 'e
htfkehfl aekb fh itvjedblf~
3& dblht ,fyrib aekc itnfylt' lfbynthtclb' vbcb
abyfycehb vlujvfhtj,b'&
4& fh itbnfyj' erfyfcrytkb lfyfpjub^ hflufy fh bwb'^
hf vlujvfhtj,f itbmvyt,f^ ufah'[bklb'^ erfyfcrytkb 'fy-
[fw fh lfrfhuj'&

82
 rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

,fyrb~~
1& hf fhbc ,fyrb
,fyrib~~
2& hf hjkc fchekt,c ,fyrbhb ,fyrib
fyf,fhb~~
3& hf fhbc fyf,fhb
ctc[b~~
4& hf fhbc ctc[b
ubhfj~~
5& hf fhbc ubhfj
6& hf fhbc ,fyrbc cfhtpthdj 'fy[f lf hbc'dbc fhbc
cfzbhj~~
bub cfzbhj

fvjwfyf
1& lfdeidf'^ ,fyrc cfre'fhb 100 vky kfhb fmdc^ vtfyf,-
htt,vf rb 10 vky kfhb itbnfytc& hf hfjltyj,bc aekb
eylf ufcwtc ,fyrvf ctc[fl^ 'e htpthdfl vfc 20 |-bc
lfnjdt,f cehc~
2& ,fyrc cfre'fhb 1 vbkbjyb kfhb fmdc^ 5 vbkbjyb rb
vtfyf,htt,vf itbnfytc& hfvltyb kfhb eylf ufcwtc ,fyrvf
ctc[fl^ 'e htpthdfl 6 | eylf lfbnjdjc~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

cfmfh'dtkjc ,fyrt,b

83
 XVII ' t v f
fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b
(X XVIII
(XXVIII -X
XVIII-X XIX ufrdt'bkb)
-XXIX

lqtc xdtyc gkfytnfpt ,tdhb vbkbjythb lf vbkbfhlt-

hbf& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ uhfylbjpekb ghjtmnt,bc lfabyfyct-
,f vf'fw fh iteskbf'& fvbnjv^ cfcehdtkb itltut,bc vbcfq-
otdfl bcbyb [ibhfl th'bfylt,bfy& rjvgfybt,b flhtw th'bfy-
lt,jlyty^ vfufkb'fl^ xdty'dbc rfhufl wyj,bkvf ]jy kjv
'fdbcb fmwbt,bc vtidtj,b' v'tkb cfahfyut'b uffth'bfyf&
'fyfvtlhjdt cfmvbfy vcjakbjib fct' ufth'bfyt,f'f
yfbhcf[tj,t,b fhct,j,ty& vf'ufy th'-th'b .dtkfpt ufdhwt-
kt,ekbf fmwbjythekb cf pj
cfpj ufljt,ff& tc fhbc cfre'fhb
ufljt,
pjufljt,
fmwbt,bc uf.bldb' fmwbjyth'f cf[cht,bc ufth'bfyt,bc cf-
aesdtkpt itmvybkb vtofhvtj,bc jhufybpfwbekb ajhvff^
hjvtkcfw vbybzt,ekb fmdc behblbekb gbhbc eakt,f lf
vjmvtlt,c otclt,bc cfaesdtkpt&
gbhdtkb fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f ofhvjbidf kjy-
ljyib 1553 otkc& byukbctkvf dfzht,vf^ hjvkt,cfw 'fdb-
fy'b dfzhj,bc ufafh'jt,bc vbpyb'^ tdhjgtkt,bc'dbc vt-
nfl cfbynthtcj lf^ fvfc'fy^ ufvjewltk xbyt'c lfflutc
'dfkb& ijhtek xbyt'ib ufvupfdht,f lbl 'fy[t,'fy b.j
lfrfdibht,ekb& fvbcf'dbc vf' fmwbt,bc ufvjidt,f lfbo.-
tc& 'b'jtekb fmwbf 25 ubhdfymf cnthkbyub qbhlf& fv
upb' dfzht,vf itsktc 6000 ubhdfymf cnthkbyubc ituhj-
dt,f& fv aekb' vf' vjfvpfltc cfvb utvb lf vlbyfht
ntvpblfy utpb xbyt'bcrty fbqtc& utvt,vf xhlbkjt'bcrty
mytc gbhb lf wlbkj,lyty xhlbkj-fqvjcfdkt'blfy it-

84
tqobf' xbyt'ib& vfuhfv jhb utvb vsbvt injhvvf uffyfl-
uehf& vf''fy th'fl lfbqegf .dtkf vjupfehbw& vtcfvt
utvc^ hjvkbc rfgbnfyb hbxfhl xtyckthb b.j^ sfkpt ufe-
vfh'klf& bc ufdblf 't'h pqdfib lf vbfqobf hect'fvlt&
rthsjl^ fv;fvbyltk fh[fyutkcrc& flubkj,hbdvf vw[jdht,-
kt,vf utvbc trbgf;b vjcrjdib ofhelubytc bdfyt vhbc[fytc&
hect'bc vtat lfbynthtct,ekb b.j lfcfdkt''fy dfzhj,bc
ufydb'fht,b'^ fvbnjv cnevht,b gfnbdbcwtvb' vbbqj lf
vbfqobf rbltw vf''fy it'fy[vt,fc dfzhj,bc ufydb'fht,bc
itcf[t,& cf[tklj,h^ byukbctk dfzht,c hect'ib 'fdbce-
afkb dfzhj,bc eakt,f vbtwf'& fvfc'fy^ xfvj.fkb,lf th-
'j,kbdb cfofhvj^ hjvtkcfw cbn.dfcbn.db' tojlt,jlf%
@dfzfh-vjupfeh'f vjcrjdbc cfblevkj rjvgfybf f[fkb
reysekt,bcf lf ewyj,b flubkt,bc fqvjxtybcf'dbc#& tc
rjvgfybfw fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f uf[lf&
fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,bc afh'jl xfvj.fkb,t,f
XVII cfereybc lfcfo.bcib lfbo.j& 1602 otkc /jkfylbfib
itbmvyf jcn-byljt'bc rjvgfybf lf f&i&
fhct,j,c lf[ehekb fmwbjyth ekb cfpjufljt,t,b^
fmwbjythekb
rjvgfybt,b^ hjvkt,bw th'vfyt''fy fhbfy ufth'bfyt,ekyb
lf 'fdbfy' cfpjufljt,fib ew[jc fhfdbc eidt,ty& fctdt
fhct,j,c qbf fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b^ cflfw 'b-
'jtek vjmfkfmtc fmdc eakt,f fv cfpjufljt,bc fmwbjyt-
hb uf[ltc& fct't,bf% @ajhlb#^ @rjrf-rjkf#^ @vfrljyfk-
lcb# lf f&i&
fv ,jkj f'b okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cfmfh'dtkjibw xfvj-
.fkb,lf fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b^ hjvtk'fufyfw fqcf-
ybiyfdbf% @vfelb#^ @,jhbc gfbzfsbc cf[tkj,bc thjdyekb
cnflbjyb#^ @fvfk'tf#^ @cfdfzhj cf[kb ,fdid'f cfv.fhj#^
@mfh'e ]ueab#^ @cfdfyt-qdbybc ` 1 mfh[fyf#^ @cfcnevhj
bdthbf#^ @bnthf cfmfh'dtkj#^ @',bk'fv,fmj# lf f&i&

85
 gbhb^ hjvtkbw itbstyc fmwbfc fy fmwbt,bc gfrtnc^
[lt,f fv fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,bc fmwbjythb lf vbcb
vjut,bc yfobkbc vbqt,bc eakt,fc bqt,c& fmwbjythekb
cfpjufljt,bc vjut,bc yfobkb^ hjvtkcfw bqt,c fmwbbc
vakj,tkb^ fhbc lbdbltylb
lbdbltylb&
gthbjlekfl fmwbjytht,b brhb,t,bfy lf b[bkfdty vybi-
dytkjdfy cfrb'[t,c^ hjvkt,bw rjvgfybbc vfh'dfc t[t,f%
dby eylf lfbybiyjc rjvgfybbc lbhtmnjhfl^ hf ufcfvh]t-
kj eylf lftybiyjc vfc^ hf hfjltyj,bc vjut,f eylf
ufeyfobkltc fmwbjytht,c^ hf hfjltyj,bc 'fy[f eylf
lfhxtc ofhvjt,bc ufydb'fht,bcf'dbc^ cfl eylf fityltc
f[fkb mfh[yt,b lf f&i&
cfrb'[t,c ltvjrhfnbek ghbywbgt,pt fye rtyzbc.hb'
o.dtnty& cfrb'[t,bc ufy[bkdbcfc uflfvo.dtn hjkc bc fmwb-
jytht,b fchekt,ty^ dbcfw eahj vtnb fmwbf fmdc& uflfvo.dt-
nb [vbc eakt,b' cfhut,kj,c bc fmwbjythb^ hjvtkcfw
.dtkfpt vtnb fmwbf fmdc^ fye bc^ dbyw fmwbt,bc cfrjynhjkj
gfrtnbc vakj,tkbf&
fmwbt,bc cfrjynhjkj gfrtnb = yf[tdfhb + th'b (50=1)
fy vtnb fmwbf
fmwbf&&
fmwbt,bc cfrjynhjkj gfrtnbc vakj,tkc 'db'jydt
iteskbf e[tkvsqdfytkjc rjvgfybfc^ vfuhfv bub vfhnj
'fdbc 'fdpt fh eylf abmhj,ltc& [tkvsqdfytkb^ gbhdtk
.jdkbcf^ eylf abmhj,ltc vjut,fpt lf bv lbdbltylt,pt^
hjvkt,bw fmwbjytht,vf eylf vbbqjy^ hflufy vjut,bc itv-
wbht,bc itv'[dtdfib fmwbjytht,b 'fdbfy' fmwbt,c uf.blb-
fy lf rjvgfybbc fmwbt,pt afcb lftwtvf&
rjvgfybbc fmwbt,pt afcbc lfwtvf rfgbnfkbc itvwbht-
,ff^ hfw vfc rhf[c emflbc&
fmwbjyth'f cfpjufljt,bc ofhvfnt,fc vbcb gfnbjcyt-
,fw ufycfpqdhfdc^ vfuhfv fhbfy 'fqkb't,bw&
1993 otkc hect'ib itbmvyf fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f
@vvv#^ hjvtkbw 'fdbc fmwbjytht,c fhyf[ek vjut,fc /gbhlt-

86
,jlf& vfy htrkfvt,bc @rjhbfyntkb# lff.tyf& 'fdblfy fmwbf'f
afcb bphlt,jlf& vjcf[ktj,bc lbl yfobkc ufvlblht,bc c]t-
hjlf lf lbdbltylt,bc @jmhjc odbvbc# vjkjlbyib b.j& pjub-
th'b rb tzdbc 'dfkb' e.eht,lf fv abhvbc cfmvbfyj,fc lf
dth uftuj^ cfblfy eylf vjtnfyf vfc lfgbht,ekb lbdbltylbc
lfcfafhfdb aekb& htrkfvf @vsdbydfht,lf#& .jdtklqt ntkt-
dbpbf lf ghtcf fmwbt,pt afct,bc vjvfnt,fc beo.t,jlf& @vvv#
]jy kjc ghbywbgb' veifj,lf& abhvf sdtk fmwbjytht,c
f[fkb fmwbjythbc vbth itvjnfybkb aekb' bcnevht,lf^ vfu-
hfv f[fkb fmwbjytht,bc hbw[db 2-]th eylf ufphlbkb.j&
fct' abyfyceh rjycnhemwbfc gbhfvblf tojlt,f&
[fk[c 'fdbcb jwyt,bc c]thjlf& 'fyfw abmhj,lyty% f[fk
fmwbt,c itdbsty' lf^ 'e afcb lftwtvf^ ew,fl ufd.blb'j&
cfmvt bcff^ hjv @gbhfvblf# cohfafl bvc[dhtdf& abhvfv
aekbc ufwtvf ew,fl ito.dbnf lf [fk[c aekbc yfwdkfl
[tkib e,hfkj mfqfklt,b ithxf&
fv cfmvbc ufvj lblb f;bjnf;b fn.lf& [fk[b [tkvsqdf-
ytkj,bc lfc]fc vjb'[jdlf^ vfuhfv vf' rfhub fldjrfnt,b
ufvjexylyty lf cfmvt vjfudfhtc&
fmwbjytht,bc'dbc aekb erfy fhfdbc lfe,heyt,bf&
vfuhfv .dtkf abhvf fct'b hjlbf^ vfufkb'fl^ @vfrlj-
yfklcb#& fv abhvbc cfmvbfyj,f ofhvfnt,ekfl vbvlbyfht-
j,c lf fmwbjytht,bw rvf.jabkb /.fd'&
vjobyfdt abhvt,b th'b ghbywbgb' [tkvsqdfytkj,ty%
fmwbjyth'f aekb cfmvtc eylf vj[vfhltc^ vjut,blfy vb-
qt,ekb lbdbltylt,b rb ufbwtc&
gbhfvblbc vt'jlb' vjveifdt abhvt,b cfyljyb fh fhb-
fy^ bvbnjv^ hjv vtjht fmwbjythbc aekb' gbhdtkc frvf-
.jabkt,ty lf cf,jkjjl vfhw[lt,bfy&
,ehfnbyjcfdb' ye vjbmwtdb' lf fqfh vjn.edlt,b'&
fk,f' uf[cjd'^ hjujh lfvfh[f ,ehfnbyjv 5 jmhjc vj-
ytnf^ vtht b]lf lf tkjlt,jlf^ hjlbc fvjdbljlf lblb

87
[t^ hjvtkbw jmhjc vjytnt,c vjbc[fvlf&
byukbctkt,b fv,j,ty% ]tynkvtyb^ hjvtkbw aekc fh
b[lbc^ ]tynkvtyb fh fhbc^ bc ,fh,fhjcbfj& hjujhw
fv,j,ty^ ,fh,fhjc'fy cfmvbc lfzthf fhfdbc cehc&
]tynkvtyt,b aekc b[lbfy - fb^ hjujh ;qthc tc wyj-
,bkb byukbcehb ufvj'mvf&
byukbctkt,c cfmvbfyb eh'bth'j,t,bc vhfdfkoktekb
bcnjhbf fmd'& xdty rb fct' eh'bth'j,t,c f[kf dcofd-
kj,'^ vfuhfv erdt ufhxtdfw dbcofdkt'^ 'e hjvtkb gfh-
nybjhb eahj cfbvtljf lf dbcb ylj,f fh itbskt,f&
dbc cehc b.jc ,bpytcvtyb~ cfmfh'dtkjib 10 ufvjrb'[-
ekblfy v[jkjl th'vf ufvj'mdf fvbc cehdbkb& evhfdkt-
cj,f abmhj,c^ hjv ]j,c cf[kib o.yfhfl b]ltc lf fhf-
db'fhb lfhlb fh foe[t,ltc^ 'e [tkafcb rfhub tmyt,f lf
cekfw fh fhbc cfzbhj bvfpt babmhjc^ hjujh veifj,c
cfofhvj&
cfofhvjc [tkvsqdfytkb^ vb' evtntc^ 'e bub vbcb vakj-
,tkbf^ sfkfeyt,ehfl vbcb lfhf]bw [lt,f lf ,bpytcbc
rt'bklqtj,bcf'dbc lqtcf lf qfvtc fcojht,c& fct't,b yfv-
ldbkb ,bpytcvtyt,b fhbfy&
,bpytcb vfh'kfw trjyjvbrbc vfvjshfdt,tkb sfkff&

rb'[dt,b ufvtjht,bcf'dbc

cfpjufljt,f~~
1& hf fhbc fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f
fmwbjythb~~
2& dby fhbc fmwbjythb
3& hf ufyc[dfdt,ff lf[ehek lf qbf fmwbjythek
ijhbc~~
cfpjufljt,t,c ijhbc
gfrtnb~~
4& hf fhbc fmwbt,bc cfrjynhjkj gfrtnb

88
 lbdbltylb~~
5& hfc tojlt,f lbdbltylb
,bpytcvtyb~~
6& dbc cehc uf[ltc ,bpytcvtyb

fvjwfyf
ubjhub lf pehbrj fmwbjytht,b fhbfy& ubjhubc 20 fm-
wbf fmdc^ ubfc rb - 10& hjujh ufbyfobkt,ty bcbyb lbdblty-
lt,c^ 'e vf'b obkb vjut,f 3000 kfhbf~

cfibyfj lfdfkt,f
lfotht' 'tvf%

xdtyb mdt.ybc fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b

89
 ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f
(XXX- XXXI ufrdt'bkb)
(XXX-XXXI

fhct,j,c~~
1& ,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc hf ghbywbgt,b fhct,j,c
2& hjlbc fhbc vbpfyitojybkb cfmvtib xflt,ekb
itvwbht,f~~
rfgbnfkbc itvwbht,f
vjyjgjkbf~~
3& hf fhbc vjyjgjkbf
rjyrehtywbf~~
4& hf fhbc rjyrehtywbf
5& hf fhbc trjyjvbrbc ufydb'fht,bc sbhb'flb vt-
mfybpvb~~
mfybpvb
ltvgbyub~~
6& hfc tojlt,f ltvgbyub
rdjnbht,f~~
7& hf fhbc rdjnbht,f
8& hf fhbc cfmvbfyj,bc ofhvfnt,bc sbhb'flb vj-
trjyjvbrfib~~
nbdb trjyjvbrfib
htrkfvf~~
9& hf fhbc htrkfvf
bvb]b~~
10& hf fhbc bvb]b
eyfhb~~
11& hf fhbc aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhb
byakfwbf~~
12& hfc tojlt,f byakfwbf
fhct,j,c~~
13& byakfwbbc hf ajhvt,b fhct,j,c
ltakfwbf~~
14& hfc tojlt,f ltakfwbf
ljytc~~
15& hf ufycfpqdhfdc [fk[bc w[jdht,bc ljytc
uflfcf[flb~~
16& hf fhbc uflfcf[flb

90
 fhct,j,c~~
17& uflfcf[flbc hf cf[tt,b fhct,j,c
cbvlblht~~
18& hf fhbc cbvlblht
jmhjpt~~
19& dby fotct,c afct,c jmhjpt
,fyrb~~
20& hf fhbc ,fyrb
fyf,fhb~~
21& hf fhbc fyf,fhb
ctc[b~~
22& hf fhbc ctc[b
ubhfj~~
23& hf fhbc ubhfj
'fy[f~~
24& hbc'dbc czbhlt,f ,fyrc cfhtpthdj 'fy[f
cfpjufljt,f~~
25& hf fhbc fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f
26& hf ufyc[dfdt,ff lf[ehek lf qbf fmwbjythek
ijhbc~~
cfpjufljt,t,c ijhbc
gfrtnb~~
27& hf fhbc fmwbt,bc cfrjynhjkj gfrtnb
lbdbltylb~~
28& hf fhbc lbdbltylb
fhcb~~
29& hfib vlujvfhtj,c gbhfvblbc fhcb
,bpytcvtyb~~
30& dbc cehc uf[ltc ,bpytcvtyb
vjvfdfkib~~
31& hf ghjatcbfc fbhxtd' vjvfdfkib

91
 II ntcnb

1& hjvtkb cf[bc afcbfyb mfqfklt,b' bqt,ty lbdb-

ltylc~~
ltylc
f) fmwbt,b'*
,) j,kbufwbt,b'*
u) itvyf[dtkb ,fyrbc obuyfrt,b'&
vjyjgjkbf~~
2& hf fhbc vjyjgjkbf
bct'b cf,fphj cbnefwbf^ hjltcfw ,fpfhpt fhbc%
f) th'b vofhvjt,tkb lf vhfdfkb vjv[vfht,tkb*
,) hfvltybvt vofhvjt,tkb lf vhfdfkb vjv[vfht,tkb*
u) vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb lf vhfdfkb vjv[vfht,tkb&
rjyrehtywbf~~
3& hf fhbc rjyrehtywbf
bct'b cf,fphj cbnefwbf^ hjltcfw ,fpfhpt%
f) vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb lf th'b vjv[vfht,tkbf*
,) vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb lf hfvltybvt
vjv[vfht,tkbf*
u) vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb lf vhfdfkb vjv[vfht,tkbf&
byakfwbf~~
4& hf fhbc byakfwbf
f) afct,bc phlf*
,) afct,bc lfwtvf*
u) afct,bc cnf,bkehj,f&
ltakfwbf~~
5& hf fhbc ltakfwbf
f) afct,bc phlf*
,) afct,bc lfwtvf*
u) afct,bc cnf,bkehj,f&
fyf,fhb~~
6& hf fhbc fyf,fhb
f) ,fyrib itnfybkb aekb*
,) ,fyrblfy ufvjnfybkb aekb*
u) cf,fyrj vjut,f&

92
 r h j c d j h l t,b

1& 'b'jtekb rhjcdjhlbc ,jkjc vjwtvekb rb'[dt-

rb'[dt-
,bc vb [tldb' itfdct' rhjcdjhlt,b*
vb[tldb'
2& itcofdkbkb vfcfkbc vb[tldb' ittwflt' it-
flubyj' vcufdcb rhjcdjhlt,b&

I. 1 2

3 4

4 5 6 7

8 9

10 10

11

12 13

14

15 15

1& cfmvbfyj,bc ufycfre'ht,ekb cf[tj,f*

2& xdtyb cehdbkt,bc ufvjv[fndtkb cbn.df*

93
 3& flfvbfybc vbpfyitojybkb cfmvbfyj,f*
4& ,fyrib ctc[bc lf,heyt,bc ufhfynb*
5& cfrhtlbnj-cfabyfycj lfotct,ekt,f*
6& gbhdtkb mfqfklbc aekbc cfvij,kj*
7& cfl ufxylf gbhdtkfl cbn.df @trjyjvbrf#*
8& fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,bc vbth ufvjidt,ekb
afcbfyb mfqfklb*
9& abpbrehb lf behblbekb gbht,bc cfre'ht,fib
fhct,ekb vfnthbfkehb afctekj,f*
10& flubkb^ cflfw byf[fdlyty ufysc*
11& ufwdkbc cfiefkt,f*
12& th'tekb cfmjykbc fy vjvcf[eht,bc cf.blkfl
uflf[lbkb aekbc jltyj,f*
13& cbdhwt^ cflfw [lt,f .bldf-uf.bldf*
14& ufcf.blfl lfvpflt,ekb ybd'b*
15& fhfgbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flbc cf[tj,f&

94
II. 1

2 3

4 5

8 6

10

11

12

13

14

1& ghjwtcb^ hjvkbc itltuflfw bmvyt,f cfmjytkb*

2& ofhvjt,bc vfvjshfdt,tkb vjnbdb*
3& tmcgjhnb [tkjdyehfl lfmdtb't,ekb afcb'*
4& fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,bc otdhb*
5& lbcwbgkbyf^ hjvtkbw cofdkj,c mfqfklbc aekfl
ybiyt,cf lf ,fyrt,c*
6& 'fy[f^ hjvtkcfw ,bpytcvtyb bqt,c 'fdbc trjyj-

95
vbrehb cfmvbfyj,bc itltufl*
7& aekb^ ufwtvekb rhtlbnbc cf[b' ghjwtynbc
uflf[lbc otcb'*
8& c[df mdt.fyfib ofhvjt,ekb cfmjykbc itvjnfyf*
9& byakfwbbc cfobyffqvltuj ghjwtcb*
10& cfajylj ,bh;bc otdhb^ hjvtkbw dfzhj,c
afcbfyb mfqfklt,b' cfre'fhb [fh]b'*
11& vjytnt,bc lfvfvpflt,tkb cf[tkvobaj cfofhvj*
12& cbnefwbf trjyjvbrfib^ hjltcfw ihjvbceyfhbfyb
vjcf[ktj,bc ufhrdtek yfobkc fhf fmdc cfveifj*
13
13&& cfmjykbc cfmjytkpt ufwdkf aekflb fyufhbicoj-
ht,bc ufhtit*
14& abhvbc vbth ghjlemwbbc ofhvjt,fpt lf[fh]ekb
'fy[f&

96
III. 1

2 3

6 7

1& fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,bc vjut,bc yfobkb^

hjvtkcfw bqt,c fmwbbc vakj,tkb*
2& sdbhafcb athflb kb'jyb^ hjvtkbw flht cfuf-
lfcf[flj cfiefkt,fc ofhvjflutylf*
3& ,fyrib itnfybkb aekb*
4& ufwdkbc cf.jdtk'fj cfiefkt,f*
5& cfdfklt,ekj vjcfrht,tkb^ hjvtkbw 'fdc b.hbc
cf[tkvobaj ,be]tnib*
6& ,bpytcbc jhufybpfwbekb th'tekb*
7& [th[b^ hjvkb'fw v.bldtkc cfmjykbc itcfstyfl
bpblfdty*
8& cfmjykbc cfmjytkpt ufwdkbc jgthfwbf*
9& mfh'ekb thjdyekb aekb&

97
 98

III.
idtekfl% 2& jmhj* 4& ofut,f* 6& abhvf&
'fhfpekfl%1& lbdbltylb* 3& fyf,fhb* 5& uflfcf[flb* 7& htr-
'fhfpekfl%
kfvf* 8& ,fhnthb* 9& kfhb&

II.
idtekfl%3& ltvgbyub* 4& fmwbjythb* 5& ,jybcnbrf* 6& itvj-
idtekfl%
cfdfkb* 7& ctc[b* 9& ltakfwbf&
'fhfpekfl%1& ofhvjt,f* 2& vjut,f* 8& bvgjhnb* 10& lbkthb* 11&
'fhfpekfl%
pfhfa[fyf* 12& eveitdhj,f* 13 ,fhnthb* 14&
lfyf[fh]b*

I.
idtekfl%
idtekfl %1& vjvcf[eht,f* 2& vj'[jdybkt,f* 4& ubhfj*
5& ,fyrb* 7& cf,thsyt'b* 9 mjyt,f&
'fhfpekfl%3& ihjvf* 6& xbyt'b* 8& fmwbf* 10& cfufysehb* 11&
'fhfpekfl%
aekb* 12& afcb* 13& ,fpfhb* 14& cfmjytkb* 15&
fmwbpb&
rhjcdjhlt,bc gfce[t,b
 cfcofdkj 'tvfnbrf lf cff't,bc ufyfobkt,f
'tvt,bc vb[tldb'

'tvt,bc lfcf[tkt,f cff't,bc

`
hfjltyj,f
I ctvtcnhb
1& @trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb# uf[cjd'~ 1
itfvjovt' 'mdtyb wjlyf
2& hf fhbc trjyjvbrf 1
3& ,fphbc fqvjwtyt,f& vbcb elblt,ektcj,f cfmjytkb 2
4& dfzhj,f& cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f 1
5& aekb& aekbc ajhvt,b 2
6& vjvcf[eht,f 1
7& itvjcfdfkb^ lfyf[fh]b^ vjut,f^ ofut,f 1
8& rfgbnfkb 1
9& ,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkb# 1
10& hjujh vjshfj,c rfgbnfkb~ 2
ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f& I ntcnb 2
cek I ctvtcnhib 15
II ctvtcnhb
11&,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc cfvb sbhb'flb ghbywbgb 2
12& vjyjgjkbf lf rjyrehtywbf 2
13& htrkfvf 2
14& byakfwbf lf ltakfwbf 2
15& uflfcf[flt,b 1
16& hf fhbc cbvlblht 1
,fyrt,b lf ,fyryjnt,b 2
17& fmwbjyth'f cfpjufljt,t,b 2
18& ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f 2
cek II ctvtcnhib 17
cek VI rkfcib 32

99
 cfcofdkj rehcbc
ghjuhfvf

I ' t v f & hf fhbc trjyjvbrf

,eyt,f lf flfvbfyb% vj'[jdybkt,t,bc lfrvf.jabkt,bc
itcfskt,kj,t,b& vj'[jdybkt,t,b ofhcekib lf f[kf& cf-
pjufljt,bc fhct,j,bcf lf ufydb'fht,bc cfaesdtkb& trj-
yjvbrf ofhcekib lf f[kf& trjyjvbrf lf w[jdht,bc ljyt&
trjyjvbrf hjujhw vtehytj,f fye cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf[e-
ht,bc ofhvjt,fc'fy lfrfdibht,ekb cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj-
,bc th'j,kbj,f& trjyjvbrf hjujhw vtwybtht,f& trjyjvb-
rehb nhbflf% hf dfofhvjj'~ hjujh dfofhvjj'~ dbc'dbc
dfofhvjj'~

II ' t v f & ,fphbc fqvjwtyt,f& vbcb elblt,ekt-

cj,f cfmjytkb
ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbdb lfyfobkt,f - ,fphbc fqvjwt-
yt,bc v'fdfhb gbhj,f& ihjvbc vofhvjt,kehj,f& ptlvtnb
ghjlemnb lf vbcb hjkb ,fphbc fqvjwtyt,fib& vbcb elb-
lt,ektcj,f - cfmjytkb& cfmjykehb aekbc fqvjwtyt,f&
cfmjykehb aekbc ajhvt,b&

III ' t v f & dfzhj,f& cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj

dfzhj,f
dfzhj,f - ,fphbc th'-th'b fnhb,enb& dfzhj,bc flub-
kb ihjvbc cfpjufljt,hbd lfyfobkt,fib& dfzhj,bc hjkb
ofhvjt,bc ufydb'fht,fib& dfzhj,f-cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,f&
cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f&

100
IV ' t v f & aekb& aekbc ajhvt,b
aekbc fhcb& aekb hjujhw vbvjmwtdbc cfiefkt,f&
aekbc kb'jyeh-ztlehb ajhvf lf vbcb ofhvjij,bc fe-
wbkt,kj,f& dthw[kbc vjyjvtnfkbpvb& ,bvtnfkbpvb& jm-
hjc vjyjvtnfkbpvb& vjytnf& mfh'ekb vjytnt,b& pfhfa[-
fyf& yevbpvfnbrf& mfqfklbc aekb lf vbcb ofhvjij,bc
vbptpt,b& mfqfklbc aekbc egbhfntcj,t,b kb'jybc aek-
'fy itlfht,b'&

V ' t v f & vjvcf[eht,f

vjvcf[eht,f - ihjvbc ufycfre'ht,ekb trjyjvbrehb ajh-
vf& vjvcf[eht,bc cf[tj,t,b& vjvcf[eht,f - 'fyfvtlhjdt trj-
yjvbrehb ufydb'fht,bc vybidytkjdfyb vf[fcbf't,tkb&

VI ' t v f & itvjcfdfkb^ lfyf[fh]b^ vjut,f^ ofut,f

cfdfzhj itvjcfdfkb^ lfyf[fh]b& cfdfzhj vjut,f& of-
ut,f -trjyjvbrbc itvfath[t,tkb vjnbdb&

VII ' t v f & rfgbnfkb

rfgbnfkbc fhcb& rfgbnfkbc oht,heydf& rfgbnfkbc ,heydf&
sbhb'flb lf cf,heyfdb rfgbnfkb&

VIII ' t v f & ,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkb#

,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkbc# fhcb& ,fpfhb - 'db'htuekb-
ht,flb vtmfybpvb& rfdibhb ,fphbc @e[bkfd [tkcf# lf
afct,c ijhbc& afct,pt vjmvtlb afmnjht,b&

IX ' t v f & hjujh vjshfj,c rfgbnfkb

rfgbnfkbc vfvjshfdt,tkb lf vbvfh'ekt,bc vbvwtvb sf-
kf& ,bpytcb lf rjyrehtywbf& abhvbc ofhvfnt,bc cfobylfhb&

X ' t v f & ,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc cfvb sbhb'flb

ghbywbgb
,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc sbhb'flb ghbywbgt,b lf rfgb-

101
nfkbc vjshfj,bc eh'bth'rfdibhb&

XI ' t v f & vjyjgjkbf lf rjyrehtywbf

sbhb'flb cf,fphj cbnefwbt,b& vjyjgjkbbc fhcb& rjy-
rehtywbbc fhcb& rjyrehtywbf - trjyjvbrbc ufydb'fht,bc
sbhb'flb vtmfybpvb& ltvgbyub& rdjnbht,f&

XII ' t v f & htrkfvf

htrkfvbc fhcb lf lfybiyekt,f& htrkfvf lf ]fycfqb
rjyrehtywbf& bvb]b&

XIII ' t v f & byakfwbf lf ltakfwbf

aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhb& byakfwbbc fhcb& byakf-
wbbc ajhvt,b& ltakfwbbc fhcb& byakfwbbcf lf ltakfwb-
bc ufdktyf w[jdht,bc ljytpt&

XIV ' t v f & uflfcf[flt,b

uflfcf[flbc fhcb& uflfcf[flbc cf[tt,b& eh'bth'rfdib-
hb uflfcf[flt,bc cblbltcf lf mdt.ybc cbvlblhtc ijhbc&

XV ' t v f & hf fhbc cbvlblht

cbvlblhbc trjyjvbrehb ibyffhcb& jmhj - rt'bkij,b-
kb kb'jybw lf @.db'tkb tivfrbw#&

XVI ' t v f & ,fyrt,b lf ,fyryjnt,b

,fyrbc fhcb lf v'fdfhb aeymwbf& fyf,fhb& ctc[b& ub-
hfj& ,fyrbc cfhtpthdj 'fy[f^ fye cfdfklt,ekj htpthdt-
,b& wtynhfkehb ,fyrb&

XVII ' t v f & fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b

fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,bc fhcb& fmwbjythb& lf[ehe-
kb lf qbf fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b& fmwbt,bc cfrjy-
nhjkj gfrtnb& lbdbltylb& gbhfvblbc fhcb& mfh'ekb fm-
wbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b&

102
 trjyjvbrehb ktmcbrjyb*
F
fyf,fhb(deposit) - aekb^ hj-
fyf,fhb
vtkcfw abhvf fy wfkrtekb gb-
hjdyt,f ,fyrib byf[fdc&
fmwbf(share, stock) - afcbfyb
fmwbf
mfqfklb (b[& afcbfyb mfqfklt-
,b)^ ufvjidt,ekb fmwbjythekb
cfpjufljt,t,bc (b[& fmwbjythe-
kb cfpjufljt,f) vbth^ hjvt-
kbw fsktdc eakt,fc vbc
vakj,tkc^ vbbqjc lbdbltylb
(b[& lbdbltylb) fmwbjyth'f cf-
pjufljt,bc vjut,blfy (b[& vj-
ut,f)& itvjcfdkbc cblblbc vb-
[tldb' fc[dfdt,ty xdtekt,hbd
lf ghbdbktubeh fmwbt,c& xdt-
ekt,hbdb fmwbt,bc vb[tldb'
ufyfobkt,ekb itvjcfdkt,b
bphlt,f fmwbjyth'f cfpjuf-
ljt,bc vjut,bc phlfc'fy th-
'fl lf^ gbhbmb'^ vwbhlt,f vbc
itvwbht,fc'fy th'fl& ghbdb-
ktubehb fm wbt,bc vb[tldb'
fmwbt,bc
ufyfobkt,ekb itvjcfdkt,b fh
bwdkt,f fmwbjyth'f cfpjuflj-
t,bc vjut,bc wdkbkt,bc itcf-
,fvbcfl& bub obyfcofh lflutyb-
kb abmcbht,ekb cblbltf&
* ktmcbrjyib^ itnfybkbf fv obuyib ufvj.tyt,ekb trjyjvbrehb nthvbyt-
,bcf lf wyt,t,bc ufyvfhnt,t,b&
fmwbpb(excise) - fhfgbhlfgb-
fmwbpb
hb uflfcf[flbc (b[& uflfcf[flb)
th'-th'b cf[tj,f& otclt,f
bct' cfmjytkpt^ hjvtkbw af-
cbcufy lfvjerblt,kfl b.blt,f
ufyecfpqdhtkb hfjltyj,b' lf
fhbc itewdktkb cfvjv[vfht,-
kj cfmjytkb& bub itlbc ifm-
hbc^ xfbc^ fkrj/jkehb cfcvt-
kt,bc^ 'fv,fmjc^ vfhbkbc^ ,ty-
pbybcf lf f&i& afcib&
fmwbpb cf[tkvobaj ,be]t-
nbc th'-th'b vybidytkjdfyb
o.fhjf&
fmwbjythekb cfpjuflj-
t,f (joint-company, stock-com-
pany) - fmwbjyth'f (b[& fmwbjyt-
hb) cf[cht,bc ufth'bfyt,bc
cfaesdtkpt itmvybkb jhufyb-
pfwbf^ hjvtkcfw vbybzt,ekb
fmdc behblbekb gbhbc (b[& be-
hblbekb gbhb) eakt,f lf vjm-
vtlt,c otclt,bc cfaesdtkpt&
fmwbjythb
fmwbjythb(stockholder, sha-
reholder) - fmwbjythekb cfpj-
ufljt,bc (b[& fmwbjythekb cf-
pjufljt,f) otdhb^ hjvtkbw fv
103
cfpjufljt,bc fmwbt,bc (b[& fm-
wbf) itstybc cfaesdtkpt cfh-
ut,kj,c ufhrdtekb eakt,t-
,b'& fmwbjythb bqt,c vbcb vj-
ut,bc (b[& vjut,f) yfobkc lb-
dbltylbc (b[& lbdbltylb) cf[b'^
fuht'dt eakt,f fmdc vbbqjc mj-
yt,bc yfobkb (fmwbt,bc hfjltyj-
,bc vb[tldb') fmwbjythekb cf-
pjufljt,bc kbrdblfwbbc itv-
'[dtdfib&
< ,bpytcb (business) - yt,bcvb-
,fyrb (bank) - cfrhtlbnj-cf-
abyfycj lfotct,ekt,f^ hjv-
kbc v'fdfhb aeymwbff lhjt-
,b' 'fdbceafkb aekflb cf[-
cht,bc 'fdvj.hf lf vf'b ufwt-
vf ctc[bc (b[& ctc[b) cf[b'
lhjt,b' cfhut,kj,fib& itnf-
ybk 'fy[fpt ,fyrb b[lbc ufy-
cfpqdhek ghjwtync^ cfhut-
,tkc (b[& cfhut,tkb)^ ctc[bc
ufwtvbcfc rb ufwbkt,b' vfqfk
ghwtync bqt,c& fv ghjwtynt,c
ijhbc c[dfj,f fhbc cf,fyrj
vjut,f (b[& vjut,f)&
lfrbcht,ekb aeymwbt,bc vb-
[tldb' fc[dfdt,ty wtynhfkeh
(b[& wtynhfkehb ,fyrb)^ rjvth-
wbek^ cfbydtcnbwbj^ bgj'treh
lf f&i& ,fyrt,c&
,fyrbhb (banker) - aekflb
rfgbnfkbc vtcfre'ht fy vtyt-
]thb (b[& vtyt]thb)^ hjvtkbw
104
lfcgtwbfkt,ekbf cf,fyrj jgt-
hfwbt,bc ofhvjt,fib&
,fhnthb (barter) - cfcfmjy-
kj ufhbut,f^ hjvkbc 'fyf[-
vflfw cfmjykbc ufwdkf cfmj-
ytkpt [lt,f aekflb fyufhbi-
cojht,bc ufhtit^ 'fy[bc uf-
lfe[ltkfl&
,bvtnfkbpvb (bimetallism) -
rt'bkij,bkb kb'jybc jhb
cf[tj,bc (dthw[kbcf lf jmhjc)
ufvj.tyt,f aekbc cf[b'&
thb^ gbhdtk .jdkbcf^ cfvtofh-
vtj cfmvbfyj,f^ hjvtkcfw vj-
ut,f (b[& vjut,f) vjfmdc&
,bpytcvtyb (businessman) -
rjvthcfynb^ vtofhvt^ hjvtkbw
,bpytcc totdf&
,jybcnbrf (bonistics) - lbc-
wbgkbyf^ hjvtkbw cofdkj,c
mfqfklbc aekfl ybiyt,cf lf
,jyt,c^ hjujhw bcnjhbek lj-
revtynt,c&
,hjrthb (broker) - iefvfdf-
kb mdt.yt,cf lf ufv.bldtkt,c
ijhbc& bub vjmvtlt,c rkbty-
n'f lfdfkt,b'f lf vf' [fh-
]pt lf vf'ufy bqt,c ufcfvh]t-
kjc& cfajylj ,bh;bc (b[& cf-
ajylj ,bh;f) ,hjrthb .ble-
kj,c lf .blbc afcbfy mfqfk-
lt,c (b[& afcbfyb mfqfklt,b)&
 U ltvgbyub (dumping) - cfmjy-
uflfcf[flb (tax) - cfdfklt-
,ekj vjcfrht,tkb^ hjvtkcfw
b[lbfy hjujhw abpbrehb (b[&
abpbrehb gbhb)^ bct behblbe-
kb gbht,b (b[& behblbekb gbhb)
lf 'fdc b.hbc cf[tkvobaj ,b-
e]tnib& (b[& cf[tkvobaj ,be-
]tnb)& fhct,j,c gbhlfgbhb lf
fhfgbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flt,b&
gbhlfgbhb' b,tuht,f itvjcf-
dfkb lf mjyt,f (vfu&^ vjut,fpt
uflfcf[flb^ cfitvjcfdkj uflf-
cf[flb^ mjyt,fpt uflfcf[flb lf
f&i&)^ [jkj fhfgbhlfgbhb (vfu&^
fmwbpb^ lfvfnt,ek qbht,ekt-
,fpt uflfcf[flb lf f&i&) itlbc
cfmjykbc afcib&
uflfcf[flt,b cf[tkvobaj
,be]tnbc itvjcfdkbc v'fdfhb
o.fhjf&
ufhfynb (guarantee, warran-
tor) - gbhjdyt,f^ jhufybpfwbf^ cf-
[tkvobaj^ hjvtkbw bsktdf
ufhrdtek ufhfynbt,c lf 'dfk-
.ehc fltdyt,c vf' itchekt,fc&
ubhfj (collateral, security) -
,fyrib (b[& ,fyrb) ctc[bc (b[& ctc-
[b) lf,heyt,bc ufhfynb&
L ,b' (b[& afcbfyb mfqfklt,b) &
lfyf[fh]b (expense of pro-
duction) - abhvbc vbth ghjlem-
wbbc ofhvjt,fcf lf htfkbpfwb-
fpt lf[fh]ekb v'kbfyb 'fy[f&
kbc ufnfyf cfpqdfhufht' fye
tmcgjhnb (b[& tmcgjhnb) [tkjd-
yehfl lfmdtb't,ekb afcb'^
rjyrehtynt,bc itdbohjt,bcf
lf ,fphbc lfg.hj,bc vbpyb'&
ltakfwbf (deflation) - by-
akfwbbc (b[& byakfwbf) cfob-
yffqvltuj ghjwtcb^ hjltcfw
mdt.fyfib aekbc hfjltyj,f
vwbhlt,f^ afct,b cfmjytkcf (b[&
cfmjytkb) lf vjvcf[eht,fpt
(b[& vjvcf[eht,f) twtvf^ [jkj
aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b eyfhb
bphlt,f& bub fyuhtdc trjyjvb-
rfc^ [tkc eikbc vtofhvtj,bc^
,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,fc^ fmtlfy uf-
vjvlbyfht^ phlbc eveitdhj,fc&
lbdbltylb (dividend) - vjut-
,bc yfobkb^ hjvtkcfw bqt,c
fmwbbc (b[& fmwbf) vakj,tkb fm-
wbjyth'f cfpjufljt,bc (fmwb-
jythekb cfpjufljt,f) vjut,b-
lfy (b[& vjut,f)& bub .jdtkokb-
ehfl yfobklt,f fmwbjytht,c
(b[& fmwbjythb) ijhbc&
lbkthb (dealer) - cfajylj
,bh;bc (b[& cfajylj ,bh;f) otd-
hb^ hjvtkbw ghjatcbek lj-
ytpt dfzhj,c afcbfyb mfqfklt-
lbkthb jgthfwbt,c cfre'fhb
[fh]b' fofhvjt,c& vfc fhf fmdc
eakt,f rkbtynt,'fy lfljc it-
'fy[vt,f& bub ufhbut,fc fofh-
105
vjt,c ,hjrtht,'fy^ hjvkt,bw
itrdt't,c afcbfyb mfqfklt,bc
itcfc.blfl fy ufcf.blfl bqt-
,ty rkbtynt,bcfufy& lbktht,bc
vjut,ff (b[& vjut,f) c[dfj,f yf-
.bl lf uf.blek afcbfy mfqfk-
lt,c ijhbc&
T lt,c fy bylbdbl'f ]ueat,c
trjyjvbrf (economy, econo-
mics) - 1& vtehytj,f (mdt.ybc^ cf-
ofhvjc^ j]f[bcf lf f&i&)^ cfvt-
ehytj cfmvbfyj,bc th'j,kbj-
,f* 2& vtwybtht,f^ hjvtkbw cofd-
kj,c trjyjvbrfc hjujhw pj-
ufl 'tjhbekb^ bct rjyrht-
nek-ghfmnbrekb re'[b'&
t m c g j h n b (export) - th'
mdt.fyfib ofhvjt,ekb cfmjykb-
cf (b[& cfmjytkb) lf vjvcf[eht-
,bc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) ufnfyf cfp-
qdfhufht' cfufhtj ,fpht,pt
htfkbpfwbbc vbpyb'&
D mjykbcf lf vjvcf[eht,bc (b[&
dfkenf (currency) - mdt.ybc
aekflb th'tekb^ hjvtkbw
vjyfobktj,c cfth'fijhbcj
trjyjvbreh ufwdkfib lf lf-
rfdibht,ekbf aekfl fyufhbi-
cojht,fc'fy cfth'fijhbcj
eh'bth'j,fib& ufhlf fvbcf^ df-
kenfc vbtre'dyt,f cfth'fij-
hbcj aekflb th'tekt,b (vf-
ufkb'fl^ tdhj)^ fuht'dt thjd-
106
yekb aekflb th'tekt,b^ hjvt-
kbw vjwtvek cf[tkvobajib
ufvjb.tyt,f^ vfufkb'fl^ mfh'e-
kb dfkenff kfhb^ byukbcehb
dfkenff ubhdfymf-cnthkbyub
lf f&i&
dfzhj,f (trade) - cfmjykbc
(b[& cfmjytkb) ufwdkf bylbdb-
ijhbc^ ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb ,fh-
nthb' (b[& ,fhnthb) fy eief-
kjl aekb'& fhct,j,c cf,b-
'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f& cf-
,b'evj dfzhj,f uekbc[vj,c
cfvjv[vfht,kj cfmjykbc lb-
lb gfhnbt,b' uf.bldfc cfwf-
kj dfzhj,bc cfofhvjt,pt^ fy
ofhvjt,bc cfiefkt,t,bc vb.bl-
dfc fv ghjlemwbbc vjv[vfht-
,tkb cfofhvjt,bc'dbc& cfwfkj
dfzhj,f cfmjykbc 'b'jtekb
ybveib' dfzhj,ff& ufhlf fvb-
cf^ fhct,j,c fuht'dt cfufhtj
dfzhj,f^ hjvtkbw vjbwfdc cf-
vjvcf[eht,f) tmcgjhnc (b[& tm-
cgjhnb) lf bvgjhnc (b[& bv-
gjhnb)&
P
pfhfkb (loss, losses) - vfnt-
hbfkehb fy abyfycehb lfyfrfh-
ub^ ufvjodtekb cfvtehytj rfd-
ibht,bc vjikb'^ cnbmbehb e,t-
leht,t,b'^ rjyakbmnt,b'^ uf-
abwdt,b'^ e.fbhf'j,b'^ vakfy-
udtkj,b'^ oeylt,ekb ghjlem-
wbbc ufvjidt,b' lf f&i&
pfhfa[fyf (mint) - vjytnt-
,bc^ jhltyt,bcf lf f&i& lfvfvpf-
lt,tkb cf[tkvobaj cfofhvj&
B |-pt vtnbf^ afct,b lf [tkaf-
bvgjhnb (import) - c[df mdt-
.fyfib ofhvjt,ekb cfmjykbcf
(b[& cfmjytkb) lf vjvcf[eht-
,fc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) itvjnfyf
lf vj[vfht,f vjwtvek mdt.f-
yfib& cfmjytkb [bkekb bv-
gjhnbf^ vjvcf[eht,f rb - e[b-
kfdb&
byakfwbf(inflation) - afct,bc
byakfwbf
cfth'j ljybc phlf trjyjvbrf-
ib& vbvjmwtdfib zfh,b mfqfklbc
aekbc (b[& mfqfklbc aekb)
lfuhjdt,f^ hfw bodtdc vbc uf-
eafceht,fc^ fye vc.bldtkj,b-
'b eyfhbc lfwtvfc lf^ fmtlfy
ufvjvlbyfht^ afct,bc phlfc&
fhct,j,c pjvbthb^ ztyt,flb lf
/bgthbyakfwbf& pjvbthbf by-
akfwbf^ hjltcfw ufeafceht-
,f itlfht,b' itevxytdkfl vbv-
lbyfhtj,c& fv lhjc afct,bc
phlbc ntvgb otkboflib 10 |-
pt yfrkt,bf& pjvbth byakfwb-
fc vsbvt trjyjvbrehb itltut-
,b fh vjcltdc& ztyt,flbf by-
akfwbf^ hjltcfw aekb cohf-
afl eafcehlt,f lf otkbofl-
ib afct,b bphlt,f 200 |-vlt&
fv lhjc .dtkf wlbkj,c vjb-
vfhfujc cfmjytkb lf 'fdblfy
vjbijhjc edfhubcb mfqfklbc
aekb& /bgthbyakfwbf byakf-
wbbc sfkpt vfqfkb ljytf& fv
lhjc afct,bc phlbc ntvgb 200
ct,b sfkpt cwbklt,f th'vfyt'c^
erblehtcfl twtvf w[jdht,bc
ljyt& /bgthbyakfwbf v'tk
trjyjvbrfib (b[& trjyjvbrf) mf-
jcc bodtdc& bub bidbf'b vjd-
ktyff^ hfw fh itbskt,f b'-
mdfc v[neyfdb byakfwbbc it-
cf[t,&
behblbekb gbhb (iuridical
person) - abhvf^ jhufybpfwbf^ cf-
pjufljt,hbdb ufth'bfyt,f lf
f&i&^ hjvtkbw rfyjyb' b'dkt,f
cfvjmfkfmj cfvfh'kbc ce,btm-
nfl^ fmdc 'fdbcb cf[tkojlt,f^
bqt,c dfklt,ekt,t,c lf gf-
ce[bcvut,tkbf cfcfvfh'kjc
obyfit&
R
rfgbnfkb (capital) - .dtkf-
athb^ hfcfw itvjcfdkbc vjnfyf
iteskbf (afh'j ufut,b')& cfmvtib
aekbc vjcfut,fl xflt,ekb ae-
kb (dbohj ufut,b')&
rjyrehtynb (competitor) - wfk-
rtekb gbhb fy ufhrdtekb ]ue-
at,b^ abhvt,b lf f&i&^ hjvkt,-
107
cfw fmd' 'fdbfy'b bynthtct,b
cfmvbfyj,bc yt,bcvbth cathjib&
rjyrehtynt,b th'vfyt'c t]b,-
ht,bfy ,fpfhpt ofv.dfyb vlujvf-
htj,bc lfrfdt,fib&
rjyrehtyneyfhbfyj,f (com-
petitiveness) - cfmjykbc eyfhb^
epheydtk.jc rjvthwbekb ofh-
vfnt,f ,fpfhpt rjyrehtywbbc
gbhj,t,ib&
rjyrehtywbf (competition) -
1& vtnjmtj,f cfert'tcj itlt-
ut,bc vbqotdbcf'dbc* 2& ,hsjkf
cfvtehytj ce,btmnt,c ijhbc
cfmjykbc (b[& cfmjytkb) fy vjv-
cf[eht,bc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) yjh-
vt,bcf lf htfkbpfwbbc [tkcf.-
htkb gbhj,t,bcf'dbc* 3& cf,fp-
hj cbnefwbf^ hjltcfw ,fpfh-
pt fhbc vhfdfkb vofhvjt,tkb
lf vhfdfkb vjv[vfht,tkb&
rhtlbnjhb (creditor) - ctc[bc
(b[& ctc[b) ufvwtvb behblbekb
(b[& behblbekb gbhb) fy abpb-
rehb gbhb (b[& abpbrehb gbhb)^
hjvtkbw dfkfl bsktdf hfbvt
'fy[fc&
K ct,bc ufdkf^ ghfmnbrekb ufvjw-
kb'jybc aekb (coinage) -
aekbc kb'jyeh-ztlehb ajh-
vf^ kb'jybc vjytnt,bcfufy itv-
lufhb yfqlb aekbc yfobkb^
hjvtkbw^ 'fdbc v[hbd^ b.jaf
rt'bkij,bkb (jmhjcf lf dth-
108
w[kbc) lf fhfrt'bkij,bkb
kb'jybc (ybrtkb^ cgbktysb)
vjytnt,fl& fhfrt'bkij,bkb
kb'jybc vjytnt,b mfqfklbc
aekbc (b[& mfqfklbc aekb) yf-
bhcf[tj,ff&
kbwtypbf (license) - 1& jab-
wbfkehb yt,fh'df^ ufwtvekb
cf[tkvobajc vbth pjubth'b
cf[bc cfvtehytj cfmvbfyj,bc
ofhvfh'dbc'dbc* 2& gfntynb'
(b[& gfntynb) lfwekb ufvjuj-
yt,bc eakt,bc ufwtvf ufycfp-
qdhekb dflb'&
V
vfrkthb (jobber) - iefvfdfkb
ufhbut,bc lflt,bcfc cfajylj
(b[& cfajylj ,bh;f)^ cfmjykbcf
(b[& cfmjykbc ,bh;f) lf dfke-
nbc (b[& dfkenbc ,bh;f) ,bh-
;t,pt& cfajylj ,bh;fpt vfr-
kthb dfzhj,bc vjyfobktf^ hj-
vtkbw fabmcbht,c ufhbut,t,c
,hjrtht,cf (b[& ,hjrthb) lf
lbktht,c (b[& lbkthb) ijhbc&
cf,bh;j vfrkthfl veifj,bc-
'dbc cfzbhjf cgtwbfkehb reh-
lbkt,f lf cf[tkvobaj kbwty-
pbf (b[& kbwtypbf)&
vtyt]thb (manager) - cfmjy-
kbc fy vjvcf[eht,bc ofhvjt-
,bcf lf vbvjmwtdbc vfh'dbc cgt-
wbfkbcnb^ vvfh'dtkb^ hjvtk-
cfw mbhfj,c cf[tkvobaj^ rjv-
gfybf fy rthsj gbhb& bub [tk-
vsqdfytkj,c abhvbc (b[& abhvf)
cfmvbfyj,fc lf b'dkt,f 'fyfvlt-
,j,bc gbhfl&
vtofhvt (entrepreneur) - ofh-
vjt,bc ghjwtcbc jhufybpfnj-
hb^ hjvtkcfw trbcht,f gfce-
[bcvut,kj,f itvltub trjyjvb-
rehb uflfo.dtnbkt,bc'dbc% hf
fofhvjjy^ hf hfjltyj,b'^
ofhvjt,bc hf vt'jlt,b'&
vjut,f (profit) - c[dfj,f it-
vjcfdkt,cf (fvjyfut,c) lf lfyf-
[fh]t,c (b[& lfyf[fh]b) ijhbc
(hjltcfw itvjcfdkt,b czfh-
,j,c lfyf[fh]t,c)&
vjvcf[eht,f (servise, maint-
enanse) - ihjvbc trjyjvbrehb
ajhvf^ hjvkbc cfcfhut,kj
tatmnb dkbylt,f vfnthbfke-
hb lf fhfvfnthbfkehb vjvcf-
[eht,bc cf[b'& vfnthbfkehb
vjvcf[eht,bc cfcfhut,kj tatm-
nb vfnthbfkbpt,ekb vjvcf[e-
ht,bc cf[b' dkbylt,f& vfc vb-
tre'dyt,f^ vfufkb'fl^ cf.jaf-
w[jdht,j vjvcf[eht,f^ tktm-
nhj -^ ufp- lf o.fkvjvfhfut-
,f^ cfpjufljt,hbdb rdt,bc j,b-
tmnt,bc vjvcf[eht,f lf f&i&
fhfvfnthbfkehb vjvcf[eht-
,bc cfcfhut,kj tatmnb fhf-
vfnthbfkbpt,ek vjvcf[eht,f-
ib ufvjdkbylt,f& vfc vbtre'dyt-
,f^ vfufkb'fl^ cfufyvfyf'kt,kj
vjvcf[eht,f^ reknehek-cfyf-
[fj,b'b vjvcf[eht,f lf f&i&
vjyjvtnfkbpvb (monometa-
lism) - aekflb cbcntvf^ hjvtk-
ibw th'b cf[tj,bc rt'bkij-
,bkb kb'jyb (dthw[kb fy jmhj)
ufvjb.tyt,f aekbc cf[b'&
vjyjgjkbf (monopoly) - 1&
ofhvjt,bc^ dfzhj,bcf lf f&i&
ufycfre'ht,ekb eakt,f^ hj-
vtkbw tre'dybc th' gbhc^
gbh'f ufycfpqdhek ]ueac fy
cf[tkvobajc* 2& vc[dbk vt-
ofhvt'f ufth'bfyt,f* 3& cf,fp-
hj cbnefwbf^ hjltcfw ,fpfh-
pt fhbc th'b vofhvjt,tkb
(ufv.bldtkb) lf vhfdfkb vjv-
[vfht,tkb (v.bldtkb)&
Y
yevbpvfnbrf (numismatics) -
vjytnt,bc itvcofdktkb lbc-
wbgkbyf& yevbpvfnbrfib itlbc
,jybcnbrf (b[& ,jybcnbrf)^ fu-
ht'dt vtlkt,bc^ jhltyt,bcf
lf f&i& rdktdf&
yfqlb aekb (cash) - vbvj-
mwtdfib fhct,ekb mfqfklbc
aekb (b[& mfqfklbc aekb) lf
vjytnt,b (b[& vjytnf)&
J
j,kbufwbf (bond) - ufycfp-
qdhekb dflb' ufvjidt,ekb
109
afcbfyb mfqfklb (b[& afcbfyb rhtlbnjhb (b[& rhtlbnjhb)
mfqfklt,b)^ hjvtkbw itbwfdc ufwtvek ctc[pt (b[& ctc[b)&
vb'b't,ek lhjib ctc[bc (b[&
ctc[b) lfafhdbcf lf ghjwty- H
nbc (b[& ghjwtynb) .jdtkokb- htrkfvf (advertising) - by-
ehb uflf[lbc dfklt,ekt,t,c& ajhvfwbf gjntywbehb vjv[vf-
j,kbufwbt,c eidt,ty cf[tk- ht,kbc'dbc ghjlemwbbc afct-
vobaj lf fmwbjythekb cfpj- ,bcf lf 'dbct,t,bc itcf[t,& bub
ufljt,t,b (b[& fmwbjythekb cf- [tkc eo.j,c rjyrehtywbbc (b[&
pjufljt,f)& rjyrehtywbf) ufydb'fht,fc& htr-
kfvf abhvbc cfmvbfyj,bc th'-
G th'b ajhvff^ hjvkbc vbpfybf
gfntynb (patemt) - jabwbf- vjv[vfht,tk'f hfjltyj,bc uf-
kehb vjovj,f^ ufwtvekb rjv- lblt,f lf fvb' rjyrehtynt,-
gtntynehb cf[tkvobaj jhuf- 'fy egbhfntcj,bc vjgjdt,f&
yjt,bc vbth ufvjvujyt,kbc fy
gbhbc cf[tkpt^ hjvtkcfw uf- C
vjvujyt,tkvf lfe'vj 'fdbcb cf,fyrj ctc[b (bank loar) -
ufvjujyt,f& tc vjovj,f vakj- ,fyrbc (b[& ,fyrb) aekflb cf[-
,tkc fybzt,c ufycfre'ht,ek cht,b ufwtvekb rhtlbnbc (b[&
vjyjgjkbeh eakt,fc& rhtlbnb) cf[b' ghjwtynbc (b[&
gbhfvblf (pyramid) - t&o& ab- ghjwtynb) uflf[lbc otcb'& fc-
yfycehb lfotct,ekt,f^ hjvt- [dfdt,ty vjrktdflbfy^ cfiefkj-
kbw 'fdbc @sdtk# vtfyf,htt,c dflbfy lf uhstkdflbfy ctc[c&
(b[& vtfyf,ht) e[lbc aekc cf,heyfdb rfgbnfkb (wor-
@f[fkb# aekbc vjpbldb'& king capital) - rfgbnfkbc (b[& rf-
ghjwtynb (interest) - 1& hbw[- gbnfkb) bc yfobkb^ hjvtkbw
dbc vtfctlb^ fqbybiyt,f ybiyb' ofhvjt,fc tvcf[eht,f ofhvjt-
- |* 2& itvjcfdfkb (b[& itvjcf- ,bc th'b wbrkbc vfysbkpt lf
dfkb)^ hjvtkcfw vtcfre'ht v'kbfyfl b[fh]t,f& cf,heyfd
bqt,c vbcb cfre'ht,bc j,btm- rfgbnfkc vbtre'dyt,f ytlkte-
nt,bc ufvj.tyt,bc'dbc* 3& af- kb^ cf',j,b^ cfodfdb^ tktmnhj-
cb^ hjvtkcfw b[lbfy c[dbcb tythubf lf f&i&
aekbc ufvj.tyt,bcf'dbc^ fye cfre'ht,f (property, owner-
cfhut,tkb^ hjvtkcfw bqt,c ship) - .dtkfathb bc^ hfcfw fmdc

110
afcb lf tre'dybc dbyvtc& itm-
vybkb ljdkf'bc fy ,eyt,hbdb
cbvlblhbc vb'dbct,bc ufvj
flfvbfyt,c ijhbc xfvj.fkb,t-
,ekb eh'bth'j,t,bc ufvjv-
[fndtkb rfntujhbf&
cfajylj ,bh;f (stock ex-
change) - cgtwbfkehb flubkb^
cflfw dfzhj,ty fmwbt,b' (b[&
fmwbf) lf c[df afcbfyb mfqfk-
lt,b' (b[& afcbfyb mfqfklt,b)^
eahj pecnfl^ afcbfyb mfqfk-
lt,bc sbhb'flb cf[tj,t,bc (fm-
wbt,bc^ j,kbufwbt,bc) jhufyb-
pt,ekb ,fpfhb^ hjvtkbw aey-
mwbjybht,c lflutybkb otcbc
vb[tldb' lf t.hlyj,f dfzhj-
,bc vrfwh otct,c& bub ufycfp-
qdhfdc fv afcbfyb mfqfklt,bc
afcc^ fye^ hjujhw trjyjvbc-
nt,b fv,j,ty^ cf,fphj rehcc&
vcjakbjib .dtkfpt lblb
cfajylj ,bh;t,bf ybe-bjhrbc^
kjyljybc^ njrbjc lf f&i& af-
cbfyb mfqfklt,bc ,fpht,b&
hf [lt,f fct' ,bh;fpt~
lbl lfh,fpib hfvltybvt
f'fcb flfvbfyb brhb,t,f& fm c[df-
lfc[df abhvbc fmwbt,c .blbfy
lf .blekj,ty& afct,b vf'pt bct
cohfafl bwdkt,f^ hjv 'dfkbc
lf[fv[fvt,fcfw dth vjfcoht,'^
aekbc lf'dkf lf th'vfyt'bc-
'dbc uflfwtvf [jv cfth'jl it-
eskt,tkbf^ hflufyfw lfh,fpib
cfibytkb [vfehbf& vt,bh;tt,b
th'vfyt''fy it'fy[vt,bc itv-
'[dtdfib xfyfotht,c 'fdbfy'
tktmnhjyek obuyfrt,ib fabm-
cbht,ty&
cfqfvjc bo.t,f lf'dkf^ 'e
dby dbc hf hfjltyj,bc fmwbf
eylf uflfcwtc^ lf aekcfw b[-
lbfy& pju]th bcbw [lt,f^ hjv
hjvtkbvt vt,bh;t 'fdbc uf.b-
lek fmwbt,c erfydt .blekj,c
lf pfhfkj,c&
hf vj[lt,f^ 'e th'-th'b
vt,bh;t 'fdbc itc.blek fmwb-
t,pt efhc ufyfw[flt,c~ fct'b
itv'[dtdt,b bidbf'bf lf^ 'e vf-
byw [lt,f^ fv gbhjdyt,bc'dbc
,bh;bc rfht,b lfrtnbkbf& vj-
vfdfkib vfc fhfdby tylj,f& fct'
itv'[dtdfib bn.dbfy^ hjv vfy
rhtlbnb lfrfhuf&
cfajylj ,bh;bc ufhlf^ fh-
ct,j,c dfkenbc (b[& dfkenbc
,bh;f) lf cfmjykbc (b[& cfmjy-
kbc ,bh;f) ,bh;t,b&
cfmjytkb (good) - ybd'b^ hj-
vtkbw frvf.jabkt,c flfvbfybc
hfbvt vj'[jdybkt,fc lf ofh-
vjt,ekbf ufwdkbc'dbc^ ,fpfh-
pt ufcf.blfl&
ctc[b (borrowing) - aekflb
cf[cht,bc vbqt,f abpbrehb
(b[& abpbrehb gbhb)^ behblb-
ekb gbht,bcf (b[& behblbekb
gbhb) lf cf[tkvobajc vbth
111
ufycfpqdhekb dflb' lf erfy lt,c vbtre'dyt,f% fmwbf (b[& fm-
lf,heyt,bc gbhj,b'& wbf)^ j,kbufwbf (b[& j,kbufwbf)^
'fvfcemb (b[& 'fvfcemb) lf f&i&
N abpbrehb gbhb (physical per-
nfhbab (tariff) - ufyfrdt''f son) - cfvfh'fkeh'bth'j,bc
cbcntvf^ hjvtkbw ufycfpqd- vjyfobkt gbhjdyt,f&
hfdc c[dflfc[df vjvcf[eht,bc abhvf (firm) - ,bpytcbc (b[&
(b[& vjvcf[eht,f) cfafcehbc ,bpytcb) jhufybpfwbekb th't-
jltyj,fc& ekb^ vtofhvtj,bc .dtkfpt pj-
uflb cf[tkojlt,f&
E aekb (money) - cf.jdtk'f-
eveitdhj,f (unemployment) jl vbqt,ekb uflf[lbc cfief-
- cbnefwbf trjyjvbrfib^ hj- kt,f^ hjvkb'fw itcfskt,tkbf
ltcfw ihjvbceyfhbfyb vjcf[- yt,bcvbthb cfmjykbc (b[& cfmj-
ktj,bc ufhrdtekb yfobkb fh ytkb) fy vjvcf[eht,bc (b[& vjv-
fhbc lfcfmvt,ekb^ fmtlfy uf- cf[eht,f) itstyf&
vjvlbyfht^ fh iteskbf fv eyf- aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b
hbc ufvjb.tyt,f lf tst,c cfve- eyfhb (purehasing capacity of
ifjc& eveitdhj,bc ufhrdtekb money) - aekflb th'tekbc
ljyt - cfveifj sfkbc hbw[jd- eyfhb ufbwdfkjc cfmjykbcf
yj,bc 6-7 | - yjhvfkeh vjdkt- (b[& cfmjytkb) lf vjvcf[eht-
yfl b'dkt,f lf bojlt,f eve- ,bc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) ufhrdtek
itdhj,bc ,eyt,hbd ljytl& hfjltyj,fpt&

A M
afcb(price) - th'tekb cf-
afcb
mjykbcf (b[& cfmjytkb) lf vjv-
cf[eht,bc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) cf-
.blkfl uflf[lbkb aekbc hf-
jltyj,f&
afcbfyb mfqfklt,b (secu-
rities) - lflutybkb ajhvbc lj-
revtynb^ hjvtkibw fbcf[t,f
vakj,tkbc ufhrdtekb mjyt,-
hbdb eakt,t,b& afcbfy mfqfk-
mfqfklbc aekb (paper mo-
ney) - cf[tkvobajc vbth ufvji-
dt,ekb aekflb ybifyb^ hjvt-
kbw b,tzlt,f cgtwbfkeh mf-
qfklpt lf lfwekbf uf.fk,t-
,bcfufy& mfqfklbc aekb mdt-
.fyfib fhct,ekb yfqlb aekbc
90-95 |-c itflutyc&
mjyt,f (property) - vfnthbf-
kehb afctekj,f^ fhct,ekb

112
abpbrehb (b[& abpbrehb gbhb) pjufljt,bc ufydb'fht,bc vj-
lf behblbekb gbht,bc (b[& be- wtvek tnfgpt vjcf[ktj,bc
hblbekb gbhb) cfre'ht,fib& th' cekpt vfnthbfkehb lf
fc[dfdt,ty vjshfd lf eshfd mj- cekbthb ljdkf'bc vj[vfht,bc
yt,fc& eshfdb mjyt,ff vbof lf ljytcf lf [fhbc[c& w[jdht,bc
vfcpt ufykfut,ekb j,btmnt,b& ljybc fvcf[dtkb vfxdtyt,kt,bf%
itvjcfdkbc vjwekj,f* rdt,bc
I ghjlemnt,bc^ fhfcfcehcf'j
itvjcfdfkb (income) - cfmjy- cfmjykbcf lf vjvcf[eht,bc
kbc (b[& cfmjytkb) fy vjvcf[e- nfhbat,b (b[& nfhbab)* ufyf'-
ht,bc (b[& vjvcf[eht,f) ofhvj- kt,bc^ cfvtlbwbyj vjvcf[eht-
t,bc cfaesdtkpt lhjbc ufh- ,bc ufydb'fht,bc ljyt* cfveifj
rdtek vjyfrdt'ib rthsj gb- lqbc [fyuhskbdj,f lf f&i&
ht,bc^ abhvt,bcf lf cf[tkvob-
ajc vbth vbqt,ekb aekflb S
lf yfnehfkehb htcehct,b& sbhb'flb rfgbnfkb (capital
ihjvbc lfyfobkt,f (divi- goods) - cfofhvjj ityj,f-yfut-
sion of labour) - ihjvbc bct'b ,j,t,b^ vfymfyt,b lf vjo.j,b-
jhufybpfwbf^ hjvkbc lhjcfw kj,t,b^ vhfdfk]th ufvj.tyt-
ofhvjt,bc 'b'jtekb veifrb ,ekb ofhvjt,bc ghjwtcib&
cgtwbfklt,f ufhrdtekb jgt-
hfwbbc itchekt,fib fy cfve- O
ifj'f cf[tj,t,bc vb[tldb'& ofhvjt,f (production, manu-
facture) - ghjlemnbc itmvybc
W ghjwtcb&
w[jdht,bc ljyt (standard
of life) - hfjltyj,hbdb lf [f- {
hbc[j,hbdb vfxdtyt,kt,bc cbc- [tkafcb (wage) - ihjvbc af-
ntvf^ hjvtkbw ufvj[fnfdc cf- cb lhjbc th'tekib&

113
 ukjcfhbevbc cnfnbf'f cfsbt,tkb

F T
fyf,fhb trjyjvbrf
fmwbf tmcgjhnb
fmwbpb
fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,f D
fmwbjythb dfkenf
dfzhj,f
<
,fyrb P
,fyrbhb pfhfkb
,fhnthb pfhfa[fyf
,bvtnfkbpvb
,bpytcb B
,bpytcvtyb bvgjhnb
,jybcnbrf
byakfwbf
,hjrthb
behblbekb gbhb
U
R
uflfcf[flb
ufhfynb rjyrehtynb
rjyrehtyneyfhbfyj,f
L rjyrehtywbf
lfyf[fh]b rhtlbnjhb
ltvgbyub
ltakfwbf K
lbdbltylb kb'jybc aekb
lbkthb kbwtypbf

114
 V E
vfrkthb eveitdhj,f
vtyt]thb A
vtofhvt afcb
vjut,f afcbfyb mfqfklt,b
vjvcf[eht,f abpbrehb gbhb
vjyjvtnfkbpvb abhvf
vjyjgjkbf aekb
aekbc vc.bldtkj,b'b
Y eyfhb
yfqlb aekb
yevbpvfnbrf M
mfqfklbc aekb
J mjyt,f
j,kbufwbf
I
G
itvjcfdfkb
gfntynb
ihjvbc lfyfobkt,f
gbhfvblf
ghjwtynb
W
H w[jdht,bc ljyt
htrkfvf
S
C sbhb'flb rfgbnfkb
cf,fyrj ctc[b
cf,heyfdb rfgbnfkb O
cfre'ht,f ofhvjt,f
cfajylj ,bh;f
cfmjytkb {
ctc[b [tkafcb

N
nfhbab
115
 i b y f f h c b

obyfcbn.dfj,f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3
@trjyjvbrf - rt'bkb ]fljmfhb uf[cjd'?
itfvjovt' 'mdtyb wjlyf
(I ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
5
I 'tvf& hf fhbc trjyjvbrf
(II ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
7
II 'tvf& ,fphbc fqvjwtyt,f& vbcb elblt,ektcj,f
— cfmjytkb
(III-
-IV ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
11
III 'tvf& dfzhj,f& cf,b'evj lf cfwfkj dfzhj,f
(V ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
17
IV 'tvf& aekb& aekbc ajhvt,b
(VI-
-VII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
21
V 'tvf& vjvcf[eht,f
(VIII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
28
VI 'tvf& itvjcfdfkb^ [fh]b^ vjut,f^ ofut,f
(IX ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
31
VII 'tvf& rfgbnfkb
(X ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
33
VIII 'tvf& ,fphbc @e[bkfdb [tkb#
(XI ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
37
IX 'tvf& hjujh vjshfj,c rfgbnfkb
(XII-
-XIII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
39
ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f
(XIV-
-XV ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
42

116
 I ntcnb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
44
X 'tvf& ,bpytcbc ufydb'fht,bc cfvb sbhb'flb ghby-
wbgb
(XVI-
-XVII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
45
XI 'tvf& vjyjgjkbf lf rjyrehtywbf
(XVIII-
-XIX ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
49
XII 'tvf& htrkfvf
(XX--XXI ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
55
XIII 'tvf& byakfwbf lf ltakfwbf
(XXII--XXIII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

63
XIV 'tvf& uflfcf[flt,b
(XXIV ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

69
XV 'tvf& hf fhbc cbvlblht
(XXV ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
72
XVI 'tvf& ,fyrt,b lf ,fyryjnt,b
(XXVI--XXVII ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
77
XVII 'tvf& fmwbjythekb cfpjufljt,t,b
(XXVIII--XXIX ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
84
ufdkbkb vfcfkbc ufvtjht,f
(XXX-
-XXXI ufrdt'bkb) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
90
II ntcnb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
92
rhjcdjhlt,b ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

93
rhjcdjhlt,bc gfce[t,b ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
98
cfcofdkj 'tvfnbrf lf cff't,bc ufyfobkt,f 'tvt,bc
vb[tldb' ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 99
cfcofdkj rehcbc ghjuhfvf ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
100
ukjcfhbevb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
103
ukjcfhbevbc cnfnbf'f cfsbt,tkb ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
114
117
 itybidyt,bcf'dbc

118
 ufvjvwtvkj,bc htlfmnjhb w& ybrjkfbidbkb
v[fndfhb f& ,efst
ntmybrehb htlfmnjhb h& fcf'bfyb
rjvgbenthpt lfvrf,fljyt,tkb u& rfgfyfst
rjhtmnjhb h& fcf'bfyb

cf,tzlb mfqfklb 60X84 1/16* gbhj,b'b yf,tzlb 'f,f[b 7^5*

cffqhbw[dj-cfufvjvwtvkj 'f,f[b 7^0&

cfufvjvwtvkj abhvf @cbf[kt#^ ',bkbcb 380030^ .baibsbc 10&

ntk&% 899530487
 ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ
Ó÷åáíèê äëÿ VI êëàññà ñðåäíåé øêîëû
(íà ãðóçèíñêîì ÿçûêå)
Èçäàòåëüñêàÿ ôèðìà "Ñèàõëå"
Òáèëèñè 2003

ECONOMIÑS
Text Book for secondary school VI class
(in Georgian language)
Publishing firm "Siakhle"
Tbilisi 2003