Control of industrial air pollution through sustainable

Development
The environmental issue has become a major subject in the last few decades
affecting science and technology throughout the world due to the serious environmental
impacts caused by industrial air pollution. Consequently, pulse jet filtration has become the
preferred choice all around the world. Researchers are continuously striving for new
concepts of more energy-efficient and compact particulate collector which can meet future
emission limits and operating requirements. The system can also satisfy stringent emission
norms and if required, it can be embedded with new technique for simultaneous control of
particulate and gaseous pollutants. In the recent past, stress is also being given to having
control over the source to reduce or eliminate waste, and finally, on waste management.
Prevention is frequently more cost-effective than control. The paper discusses all these
methodology toward sustainability in the perspective of effective control of industrial air
pollution.

Gas cleaning is of prime importance in many process industries all around the world for
reducing particulate emissions

In generalities through sustainable development, the degree of particulate control normally

found in fabric filter is unheard of in any other type of filter of similar duty. In one of
the structural embodiment, fabric filtration technique is embedded with pulse jet cleaning
system.

Pollution prevention includes equipment or

technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of
products, substitution of raw materials etc.

During filtration, a positive effect is associated with greater filtration efficiency due to cake
filtration, and on the other hand, a negative effect is associated with increased pressure
drop.

Since industrial filters encounter high-dust density (more than 250 g/Nm3), pressure
drop increases steadily with time.

Therefore, filter bags must be periodically regenerated,

usually by pulse jet cleaning. This operation involves injecting high-pressure back pulse
air(3–7 bars) into the filter bags for a very short time (50–150 ms). Back pulse dislodges dust
cake from filter surface, and then filtration process continued regularly so called on-line
cleaning.

Fabric filtration is successful even under very high

temperature and under different chemical conditions. In case of treating kiln gases, fire and
heat-resistant filter fabrics can be used.

A fabric filter system with additional dry absorbent and air toxic such as mercury can be
collected with substantially reduced injection rates of absorbent over ESP’s. Additionally,
when following Dry FGD systems, additional SO2 capture takes place across the filter cake
of the fabric which enhances the total reduction both across the system and at lower
consumption rates over a DFGD and ESP system. The plants with Electrostatic Precipitant
(ESP) system emitted more Hg0 than Hg2?, while the plants with the fabric filter emitted
less Hg0 than Hg2? (Zhang et al. 2008). However, ESP and wet scrubber can also be the
preferred choice in some specific applications (Ray 2004a, b; Wark and Warner 1981)

Previous technologies associated with industrial gas cleaning have required separate
equipment for the respective treatment of dusts and gaseous pollutants (inorganic gases,
volatile organic chemicals etc.) with such systems eventually increasing the cost of
industrial products

The combined use of fabric filters with absorbent injection systems has been utilized for
many years in the municipal incinerator, as well as other industries as a way to enhance the
removal of mercury and other pollutants such as dioxins, furans, and a wide range of heavy
metals. In the process of dry flue gas cleaning, a solid sorbent mostly Ca(OH)2 is injected
into the flue gas in a duct or fluidized bed, and the solid is removed downstream by a
jetpulsed
filter. A major part of the overall SO2 and HCL removal of the flue gas takes place
in the fixed bed of the filter cake. In one of the preferred configuration, the use of dry
additives such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) in combination with COHPAC, also
known as TOXECON, has been demonstrated to achieve high mercury reduction levels on
both coal-fired and waste-to-energy combustors (Mukhopadhyay 2009, 2010).

Electrostatic precipitator is believed to give less running cost in terms of power consumption
than a fabric filter, but a closer look may give a different perception. On the other
hand, scrubber, while controlling air pollution, creates water pollution. For sustainability of
development, one of the main issues is energy-efficient system.

The positive impact on the environment is impossible without a dramatic reduction in three
things: pollution, materials consumption, and energy consumption. Pollution Prevention
involves the practices that reduces, avoids, or eliminates the use of toxic materials and/or
the generation of pollutants and wastes so as to reduce risks to human health and the
environment and to preserve natural resources through greater efficiency and conservation.
Pollution prevention is primarily done by means of change in process and with the use of
alternative raw materials and fuels.

Circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) technology is used to burn

coal and other fuels to produce energy in a clean, environmentally responsible way. CFB is
a clean coal combustion platform with a unique low-temperature combustion process that
can burn both traditional fuels and carbon–neutral fuels, including biomass, waste coals,
tires, and processed waste materials. Around 90 % of the sulfur can be removed as a solid
compound with the ash.

‘Clean coal technology’

describes a new generation of energy processes, some currently available and others being
developed, which have the ability to sharply reduce air emissions and other pollutants.

Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) or SO2 scrubbing process typically uses sodium- or
calcium-based alkaline reagent. The reagent is injected into the flue gas in a spray tower or
directly into the duct. The SO2 is absorbed neutralized and/or oxidized by the alkaline
reagent into a solid compound, either calcium or sodium sulfate. The solid is removed from
the waste gas stream using downstream equipment.
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is another process where water/steam and air or
oxygen is injected into a coal seam. The injected gases react with coal to form a
combustiblegas which is brought to the surface and cleaned prior to utilization. This
relatively
new technology is being used to exploit coal seams that are otherwise impossible to mine
(Philibert and Podkanski 2005; Topper et al. 1994).

Recycle is a concept that can be widely used to protect the environment. Recycling is
processing of used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials. The waste is converted into raw materials for a new product. Recycling
helps reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage, air pollution (from
incineration), and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for
conventionalwaste disposal and lowering greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin
production

Use as source of energy/raw material Coprocessing is the use of waste as raw material,
or as a source of energy, or both to replace natural mineral resources (material recycling)
and fossil.

Waste segregation and disposal Waste segregation and disposal can be a simple and
effective pollution-prevention technique applicable to a wide variety of waste streams and
industries. Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes
wood and related products, metals, and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste
usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness.
Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or nonbiodegradable waste