A Short Introduction to Pall

. .
•

-
•

Traditional -Grammar
.

by

•
.
-
Prof. Sunlanapala Galnlangoda
•
--- -
- --

-
- - -
PGIPBS Library
. - -
-
-
•

- 1111111 1 11 1 111111-
.
•

I - 013882 -

- . ,: '.

.
: .- .
.

Department of Pali and Buddhist Studies.

University' of Kelaniya
1998
•
,

. Please consider that the author is not

re s p 0 n s ib 1 e for the Ch i ne s e
translations in this text.
 ·Preface
,

The present work has been prepared as a handbook for the students of the
Diploma Course Conducted by the Departm ent of Pill and Buddhist Studies. Although
this is not an exhaustive work on the subj� an attempt has been taken to introduce
almost all the aspects of the Piill traditional grammar. For this I have closely followed the
descriptions given in Yen. A.P.Buddhadatta's New Pali Course part I and II and in the
ancient PaH gtainmatical treatises such as BiiliivatQt'll and RiipaslddhJ belonging to the
Kacciiyana tradition which is considered as the oldest. Anyway the differences of
rules related to other grammatical traditions viz.Moggalliiyana , Saddhaniti
(Burmes e) are not mentioned here as this is meant for the beginners.

Through the long experience of teaching Pili for foreign students we have understood
that the Chinese students always face with diftkulties regarding the fundamental
aspects ofPall grammar. Therefore, with the kind assistance of a Taiwan Buddhist Nun
and a Malaysian Chinese Buddhist Monk, some of the explanations and the lists of words
in this book have been banslated into the Chinese language. I am not responsible for
these translations as I don't know Chinese language properly. But I am sure that these
translations will be very helpful to the Chinese students.
.

In this regard I should be very to Prof. W.S.Karunatilaka who

went through the whole text and valuable suggestions. Further my thanks are due to
·Ven. lvfakola,Mangala, a lecturer in our depaIlment Mr.Shiran and Mr.Mahinda who
,

beautifully prepared the manuscript asa print-out. We hope that this little work will be a
successful guide·for the foreign students learning Pili.

Dept .ofPali and Buddhist Studies, Pref. S. Galmangeda.

University of Kelaniya .
Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
25 Mach 1998
 Table of Contents

Lession 1 -
Alphabet
Lession 2 -
Reading
Lession 3 -
Noun Cases An Introduction
-

Lession 4 -
Declension of Nouns
Lession 5 -
Verb Cases An Introduction
-

Lession 6 -
Conjugation of Verbal Roots
Lession 7 -
Sandhi Euphonic Combinations
-

Lession 8 -
IndecJinables
Lession 9 -
Compound Nouns
Lession 10 -
Taddhita Secondary Derivatives
-

Lession 11 -
Kitaka Primary Derivatives
-

Lession 12 -
K§raka- Syntax

,
 -
-
., ,..... , -
- - -
,,- ' -
- '
r'" .=:. \j-'n� ':J�-
• --_ .....
--
- - -.. ---
- - • • , - . , - -
'
- --- .... _- - -
-

1. 1 . (
. \
.- .- '
....
-. ' '-
.
"""' --.,.- )

U e 0 (OS)
- -
-

.,
. .

� :.:l
-
'1 , .
- - - -
.

Con30n..��ts ( ",-:i �
'--
:;:;- j? �,
--0::
I '\
...

1r� 1('"he
••
,
O'"� ,:::" 4 a ,.., '"
-- ....
0- .0-- - -_ ......

.....

ca cne.
• •

, ."
<.I .... jha ne.

i:e. c.a dha :l.�

•

1.- ....
'h
•
-
�
• • • • •

• •

-ene. de. dhe.

•

-
� "'1'>
"c. ---

De.. ohe. . be. ohs. ma

•

-
•
-

ya re. le. va se. ha la am (33)

• ..

1 .2 . The consonants are always pronounced with a vowel as follows •

•

1\...,..
1• •
e. -
-
1 ....
.o..c.
-

c+a -
-
ca
k�-; ].o-
- -
-

, ......
-
-
�c.
�
""
",T a
-
-
ca
Cl.
1 .. -;
C+l.
• • • •
-
, ... , -
-
.:\.7_ .
.::>...:.. -

1.:- 1/" -j
Cl.
• •
- - - -

•
, ..; -
L_ _
f" • , -
_. -
- -
..... T_ -

-
k+u. -
ku c+u -
-
cu

Cll
- - -
-

k+u -
-
ku c+u -
-

k+e -
-
Ke c+e - ce -

k+o -
-
ko c+o -
-
co

1.3 The long vowels - e and 0· - are often pronounced'short before •

•
a dOi.lble consona...71t (sarFyog.a) as follows •

s a."!lec ca, kutettha, -necc8.,

bhojja, potthaka, yogga

•
Lession 2
. .
- Reading

Evalh me sutiuir eluJ,;, SIlIIUlYtuh Blulgavi Slvatthiyam v;'hatatl JetavaM .

Anltluzpll}4lAassa Alha klto tlji ye1Ul bllagavi telUlpaswmJ.
UpasaJik4mitvi saddltilit katluuh sl1f1}lyam
vltlshet'ViI n/sUlL nlsinno klro riji KosaJo
blutgavantam etadavoca: 110 gotamo

Y/I';' Ir/ ttuif SIlnutt4 vadamano

•

tlbh/sambuddlwd, la,;,sammI vadeyya. MilIh Id .

alUlttarlllit

Ye'pi le Mo gotmna

Makkhallgosllo, N iga1J(ho Slliijayo

Allto Te,pi "lIfIlyil lllUdtlftl
l m
JHltI.iinithi"tl pu!tthl SBmlIiJi lUUlitaftllh na
JHlItI}alUlntl. KJIIt pa1UI bhavalh got/lnio dIlIuzro cewzjitiya IUIVO ca pabbajJayad.
-
•

kho, maharaja dltharid IUIlliiiiiitabbi, 1UI JHlrlbhotflbb4.

CIItti,01 kho NI uiiiiitabboj dllharod IUI ptuiblrotabIHJ.
Uftlgo kho daharotJ ·I!iiiliftabbo, 1UI parlbhotabbo. kilo
nuJhI,aja dalulrod IfJI uiliiatabbo, dahal'Od NI paribhotabbo •

Bhiklchu kho mah,'ja dahlUOd 1UI Ililiiatabbo, dllharotllUl paribhotabbo. lme kho .
•

ItUlharaja caJtiro daltttrilti IUJ uiiiiatabbi, 1UI parlbhotabbiti.

Thilna. hi so raDa,;, IaddhalUl

so kuddho tasmJth pd/ulnuzte bhuSllm,
tasmi.tIl1h parlvaDeyya rakkluvit

Game vii Jadi vI, ,aiiie yattlul passe

Daharod nivajineyyalUl parlbhllVe naro.
 Ucclivacehi va1]1)ehi urago carati tejasi,
so iisajJa 4ase ba/am naram nilriiica ekadii,
tastd tam parvajjeyya rakkhamjivitamattano
•

Pahiltabhakkllam jiiJinam piiva.tam kaithavattanilir,

.

daharod nlvamaiiiieyya na tram JNlrlbhave naro.

Id so upidinmh hutvana pivako,

so isaga tlase biltUh IUJram nirliica
tasmi la';' parlva}jeyya rakkhalh}7vitamattano.
I
•

. Vanam yada'ggl t/alulti pivako /ca7Jhavattanl,

Jiyantl tIltt"a parohi •

Yam ca kho bhlklltu tejasii

NI puttil pasavo "yidll dIulnalh ,
fUUIJHlcci adiyidil tillivattlul bhavanti le.

hi palJlllto poso atthan Il ,ft)

pivalUJiica khattiyaiicll
bblkk"",;, ca sammtldeva

DighiJigtlrato rattl- digham santassa yojalUllh

Dlgho bilinam salirsiro .... saddhallUllflm avi}inatam
.
•

Cllrt,;i et! nidldgaccheyya - seyytUIt

Ekactuiyam da/am layiri nattld hi.!e sahilyaQ.
-

hili m' dhaNllft m'attJrj' -Iti !Jilo vlhaiiilati

lid Id Mtt/ri kIlto plltti ,",to dltanam.
-

Yivajivam'pi u balo -pa� paylTUJlisall

•

Na so dhanutllllh viiinitl- tlabbl sli]HU'tlSam ]alha.

111uhuttam ap; ee vliiiili - plJllitam payirupuati

Khipparh dhammt1.1n vijaniitl-jivha suparasamjatlza.

Na lam kammam katam sadhu -yam katvi fllUltappati

YlW'a assumuJcho rodizm - vipiikam Pll!isevati.

Tan ca kallfmO.lit IuJlam satihu yam katva niinutflJ1�ti

-
•

Yossa paJlto SIllllano vipiikam patisevatL

f!..
•
•

•
i�JadhJj'·va maniiati balo -y8va papa';' na paccali
Yadii ca paccati papa';' atha biiJo dukkhali1 nigaccluIti.
-

iWise milse kusaggena -balobhuiijetluI, bhojanam

Na so slllikhatadhammiina";' - ka/am agghat/ sofasim
"

Na hi piipam kala";' kammarh sajju khiram' va muccati

-

I)ahantam ba/am anvetl -bhnsmacchanno'va pavako.

ravadevaanattiya
Rattam biilassa jtJyad
-

Bandba/wa sukkmhsam 1IUI.ddham Qua vipatayam

- •
.'

Asatam bhiivanam lccheyya - purekkharan ca bhlkkhusu

A cflissariyam -pija ca.

Mam eva mta maiiiiantu gihl pabbajl/a ubho

-

Mam ev'ativasii - kJcciikiccesu kismJci

Id ba/assa saitkappo - ;ccha mino ca va44hati •
,"

AniiiihlmbhJjpan�-aiiiianibbanagamJm
Evam etalh abhiiiiiiiya - bhikkhu Buddhassa savako
SakkiIram nibhinandeyya - vivekam .
 ...
.Less':)::l ...., '.-, .Q - 0 ill'"- C2.ses, " ,., _ 0 c.- U r-
T ,., +- .,., ;
-
""
�

.J - � �
- --- -" ._4 ___ ... � ... _U __

, . , .
;:><:>1; � "" ...., �::l. 'tne ·.; ne
-
f'j'l, •..., - ,- 0"
0e c.eclinec. ,
t
•
. -
--�- - --- .J.., �.., _ a.j
C! V,- __ - 1 10 \1-
'fo -- C
. .
.0'" __ _
C'" ....,
- ,.I... �

cases (vio�atti) •
•

-
•

lJ� " -:- ; 7"" - �r; bh_ �t + ; Accusative Case

-
-
....t. __ "" ...... \f_ _ .... _

- ',Instruments' Case

De.ti ve vase
--""
'P
-
"m� -v'_
-:2"'C"-_
_ �__
. . .

o n'� 1: _
..

_
,
, ._
. ..
w
.
- ' b l at ive Case
-
Ch", '-- .... +hi-v;
"'" w_ ;
_ bha+ ....1... _ __ Wo - Genitive or Possessive t;ase
• •

; - -
-
,-:.",:�+�� v; b....,�+t;_ .Locat..�ve Cas e
- ...
c.::. "" '"

-
.

""" !_ _•• ...... __ ._ ..,

. 1
"l._aDpn= -
- v� bh'::!.'C.... - voca \,� ve Case
.... '
. � .
- \,�. ,

3.2 ...'1. ..... c,·;

ACCO .. n0 o-
_ "'''' w
.... 0 +n
'" ' e following declension of the noWl
J. 'amha' (I)
we ca..'1 tL'l'J.derst�'1d how' the mean'; ng of a nOtLl1 changes in, every
•
case •

S i ngular Plural

Pat ha.m::!. aham - I 'lIe

-
•
may3.!!1 -
• •

amhe - us
-
Dutiya mem - •
me ,

may e -
-
Tatiya amh ehi - by us
-
by me

with me
, '
wi th us
may ha m -
-
am.�akam - to us
•

Catutthi •
to me •
"" - - •

P a..'1Cami maya - from me amhehi - from us

-
mayh,c'lln - my
-
Chetthi • • •
arnhak2..'!l. - our
-
Sattami may� - on me amhesu - on us
•

:Ln us
•

:Ln me
•

-
Alapena
*The nOlLl1 'aIhha.' has no a vocative form.

3.3 Examine the following declension also.

1 man
-
• manusso - manussa - men

2. m� nus sam -
•
men menusse - men

3. man u ss ena - by men m?nussehi - by men

with man with men

4. me.n.ussassa mr-tnUSSRnarn
-
- to man - to men
-

for man for men

5. m�'l'J.ussamna - from mpn

- -
m! �sehi - from men
,.
o. m�nussa.ssa. - of man manussanam - of men
•

7. m!l l"'lll ssesu - on men

•

l.n men
•

,�
--

-�" a.s --
�- ..----·"'55 � - 0 ":1e""
- -
'..J .. .. '
- r-, __ _
__ . , ..... -
- . . ... _-
_. 4" _

. .. .. '
. - - " . .
_.- -
 ":;.

. .
0
,-.

.
.
.

..
-n .
" - � ""-'I -�-' -"'"
.

� ,-..
- - .
,,1''', �
-
..,
-- -

,
- ..... -.
'1 . .... , I . " r() ;-",-. -::- .- "�.':.
•

--/e-:-
. ;-.
J ...... 1
"'-
-
j
- .
'....
- .. ' ' ..
. . .
, ...... " ' '- .._
'___ -... ____

.
•

-- ...... __ _ � - -- ..... -
-
-
..... - - --- . ...... - -- - -- - __. . __ -
.... --
-

C
-----� . . �- �-- '-. -� - -' ''' -'' -� -- c -- - 1 ',_
.,
- -

.-' I . '- " . 1 ,

-. . . -

..:J>oJ _V ___
.- ' -. ... -

'... .;� ....

. - . ...... -. ..... ....... - ... ,... ....... - •
. ' .... '. ...... . .� . - ...... _ . • ..... ·
____
'
__ "' ..... � _ ..... ...;.. ___ .... ;. •. -- _ ..... - ......... ..... _ ...... __ ... ---. •

, ·:.",..,u'"SO rTIe..!l e 8.. -: S :'lce

. - •
-
. 1
• ,1._- -.,.j

? T -.., ll-n -;
b J..i,. "'.., +L.. -; - The men eat :,ice
,. ..

ml
- -

"' .,.. "

"

"':',:> "'uQ -v '

. .

" . ---'"...
"-' S:'
- � _ ...
n n ""
� .
-

.
"-- .... --. _

----_.

.J. ... h.� r'71 I see the man

. .
-

mBnuss�m oassami
...

.. --- ..
•
-
•
-
• - - •

p �s saw� - I see the men

--

manusse
.

5.· r.l"::l.nuSsen8. .::1uddho VG.1:ldi to - The Buddha was worshipped

- --
-
--- .. . ..--,
.

by the ma n .

6. Rl2...Tlus s e h i Buddho vp-ndito - The Buddha 'Nas vlorshioped

-----_.
- -

•
by the me n

7. Devo manussassa varam dadati •

� The deity gives a boon
•
---- ---- .. -

to the man

8. Devo manuss;nprn varam dadati - The -deity gives a boon

----- . ....-
. .

, ,

to the men

9.
- -

::;una.lcho manusspmha palayati - The dog r1L."'1S away from the men .'

1 a. S lm akh o ma.'1.ussehi palayati - The dog runs away from the men

11. Aham manUSS8.ssa

-- ----- --- - '
geham pq.ssami - I see the house of ..
man

anam
.

1 2. Aha� manuss
•
geha� passami - I see the house of.men •
•
-

13.
.

,Yakkho manussamhi guneni passati - The devil sees good

-

qualities in man

14. Yakkh o �ani passati - The devil sees good

-

manussesu
-------

qualities :.tn men

15. r:r8J1ussa, dehi me bh 2. t t am - 0 man , give me rJ..ce

•

16. de t ha on3.1.. tam a g i v e me rice

•
• •

me men ,
-

IVlanussa,
-.j..
� '

- �

Vocabulary :
. ..,

En 0'
_

-Pali o- l i sh Chinese
- - - -
__ __ _ _ ---
- ---

sara vowel
."
? j;
VYADJana cons'onant :r a
.

samyoga
•
double consonant
nama
-

vibhe.tti c as e

nom�ne..t]. ve
• • •
-

pathama
..

a c c us ative
-

tatiy2. inst:rumental
catutthi de.ti ve
"""
-

D3.nca.m�
.

' h'l
c.ha L. t
-

.....
• •

.." .
-

S p++��-j locative
. -·e �"
... -

tJ
_ .... ... � . .

�-
.... "-­
,
,
-"

" .-
��
,- I v, ,-- . ...
,J r . .... '" , .. '�
- -

-:::.
--- -

""" _
.
-- ..-
.'
---
-
.- '
- . _"
'"v ..., ...... " --

--
amh::;. I
mpnussa
b hat t a
,

r�ce ;.t- f
•
.

...... :.......

bhllnjati
.
',

eats
rJ] ...
•

,.�
...
,"" '"
"'
. ....
. '
.

. 11

passati se es
Buddha the Buddha
vandati worships·
v·
-

d e va d e i ty - I
•

A... , .-pr
- j

• :" ,

dadati <7i ves

-

I;)

boon
1t� �/J /f-iJl rg .
,
.
.

sunekha dog
/�ii1 .
pal eyati ·runs away
geha hous e
yakkha devil
�e. .
•
goocF: cn1a li t y
deti gives
 -

.:....; � � ''''; ..:..! -

.
... ..-. ....... ...... ....... /, -
""' '!'1
. .
- • ..=lo
,
. l;l·....... � c::'" i
.::. - - -- ---- - U -

4.1 ::ie shou'd l10tice th�t the Pp' inOlLl1.S are declined in the
-

t�ee genders (masculine, fe! Ji n i ne �nd neuter -purise.linga, l

l!l
,

1:WO ::lumbers'
,

(singuler pnd plural - ekavac��a, bahuv�c2na),in addition

to the eight cases.
. -

Purisalin�a
Q
or Dullin�a
- --- -- - - _ �
- fr�sculine Gender _--- ------- -- ---- - ------------ -

- The Buddh� - The Fully Enlightened One

.

The nou,n Buddha

--------------- e-T'-·---------------�- p' lira'----------
Singol
·

?Buddho Buddha
D.Buddham •
Buddhe
T.Buddhena Buddhebhi, Buddhehi
,

C,Buddhaya, Buddhassa Buddhanain

P.3uddha,Buddh�uha,Buddhasma Buddhebhi,Bud�����
-

Ch. Buddhassa Buddhane..'l1 •

S.Buddhe,Buddhamh;,Buddhasmim Buddhesu
A.
..
-

Buddha Buddha
The noun Raja - king
-

------ - - - -- - - - ---- -
•
- -

. raJa raJano
, -

- •
- .- -

raJano
.
.-

raJanam, raJam
•

• •

rajubhi,rajuhi,rajebhi,rajehi
...... - -

ranna, raJena
•

- ... AoO\
-
,,� - -

ra�nam,raJunam,raJana�
.-

renno,raJ;:tno
. . •

• •
•
•
""' ......

rajubhi,ra jUhi,rajebhi,ra jehi

- - - - -

rpnna,rajaffiha,rajasma
""�

rannO,raJlno r�l1.am,raJunam,raJanam
-
a . ..-....... - .- .- .-

. -
..
.-

raJusu,raJesu
. - .

- -
•
-
raJsno
.-

r2.Ja,raJa
, •

The noun Gunavantu - virtuous

'rJ"� 'iBa
� J'.- .

--- - - - ----- - ----

-
•
- ----- --- - --
.
-
-

gun:::. v a•
gtmavanto,gunavanta
• •
,

gi.1..:.'1B. vantam
.

• •
gunavan1:e •

glL�aventebhi,gunB.ventehi
-

gunavata,gunaventena
. .. • =-

gunavB.to,g��avantassa
� .,
gQ�avata�,gunava�tpnam
., .. .. u

- .- -

.gunB.vata,gunavent amha,gUYlavantasma-g1mavantebhi-hi
, • ,.
"* . ,,

glL�e.ve,1: am,gun avp nteDam

.-

gtL.'1B.vato,b12YlB.V,o:>nt:::.ssa
.

• J " .... . .

gU:7e.v2.1:i,2,uY1av:=an"tA.;'!1hi ,gll�?vpYltas!ni!i1 - gunav.::-ntesu

- 0# • _ ....

�l � "r'\ Cll"'" � 'T" � r,"t !';"1 , .,., � v'-' :12-;'1.2. v� � to, gtll1 S VE.l:!t 2-
-

u ----
.� oo:r � ,0 --"�.1!'t:) . +- '"'-
•
•
- . .
 ' . I
--

rt .=. 0� ��
,
! -:- '7'J
- .....
0 SO.l
-: ....
C 1_� _
-

.::J V _
-:- !""'I.:l; 7" n .� � ::" :
__ �40 ___ , ___ ___ ..
-

_�_ .... ..,

- _

..... _ - - -----------
__ .... _
-------------------_

. '. -

..... - - .
• •

�. . .
.... ... "" .

m
....

m,
-
• • • •
_ ; . , . ... 1 .
...
...
· ... ---,.,r- - - -·
... V' __•• .
....... ... .... �.
_ _

-
. -
. en ."
_

• 'J

- - 3-:"1- e on'
-

.:-:
..... T'..-
. ' ''- -;-.", "'-'J.0 ...r1'
. . . ' .

.
. . , . , 'I
.... .....

-
..
a .
•
'"
• • •� .•
"- . ".... v

-
.. .. -

.... __ , .I. _
" \" ....
-

- ..
-)-.., .... -¥ --

...
,
•

"""
-
•

\or v
.

°
__ . _
__

.... - - c
· .
. -

t') . - - - !"'Pt n ":1

. . ..
-. - - '':1
-
. . .-

;- i.I \,.. '-__ _

,..,
, ..:.:. t... 1" ...:.. .:. ... u_ ...:... , � � L". _
"

S , H":';'
� -

.-

S'-C�.9nesu
• •

s..tte... 7J.O
- .-

.:;:
.

�� ( fPr.)
--- ,. "'"

u.., )
'..., ... --

'- I
. .,

gacch�m,gacch��to
-

•
gacchsuto,gacchenta
gacche7J.tam �
g::!.cchante
-

gacchata,gacchentena gacchpntebhi,gacch�ntehi
g�cchato,gacch�ntassa gacchatam,gacche...7J.tpnem • .. w
.-

gacch�ta,ge.cch�7J.ta�,gacchentasma gacchentebhi,gacchanteh
gacchato,g�cchs�t�ssa gacchatam,gacchentanam • •

gacchati,gacch�nte,gacchant amhi,g�cchentasmim - •
gacch&7J.tesu
gaccham,gacch�,gacche gacchanto,gacch?nta
•

.- .

.od ;- ad i
-

- , a dayo
-
-

e..dim •
3.di,adayo
adibhi, adi hi
- -
-
- •

adina
.

e.dino,ed i ssa ?dina m

-

-
- -

edina,adimha,adisma adibhi,adihi
adinam
•

- -

adino,adissa u

e.dim,ado, adimhi, 'iidismim

• •
adisu
adi adi , adayo
-
 __ ....
...... "'
- -....:=:,
.. . n,.· ' .
.
- ..... � -- -- --
. -
- � . . - . • •
.
I .
.'
. ...... . .
.
- .
'

__ .: ::: ... . __
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-
-
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--
-

-o
-

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,...
- .- --� ..
•

t
·

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- . _ •• _ ' '' ' ' . _. "

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•

.
.....
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.... -

-
p

�g0----
p

L..''''''<::l
•
•

C.
.

a6g�::1O, aggl. S S S
•
..

aggl.!l:?, aggl.!Jln�, 2.ggl.sma

• • • •

::>C"�i bhi '" .!2:C" ; h-i..J...

- ..- , .-

,
.-
-

-�o- �_ o - - --

-
•

s.ggl.nam ••

· . . . .. . . . •

aggl.nl.,aggJ..on2,agg1.S mJ..w 8.gg1.SU

..

aggl.
.-
• •
- -
. ' aaC', ':;g0-
fJ'pyO
• •

• •
p • •
•• •

00-'-
p'

- -
-
-- p-- - -- . -

The no UT) D :3.ndi - 'Ehe uerso·n \Vith a stick in hand

. -

-- ---- --- - - ---- -- ------- - ------------------- - ---

• •
- .-

d2,ndi da.Yldi, da.Tldino

. , ., ' '' uo
. �
-

de..,dim,dendinam d::>'!"1di, d.""ndino

0..1 · "

ap.n 1. 1., d a.Tl.d'h'

1. l.
... . - � ., .., ., .
- -
-
dendina . d'bh'
.

__

.. .. . • #,

d::;ndinarn '
.-

d:=>udino, dandissa �
,
., # • . , , . ,
- . -

d?'ldibhi, dpndihi
-

da.Yldina,dr>ndiiTIha,dendisma
.- -

., . " . . .. - .. .. ...
-

dAYldino,dpndissa da..Tl.dinG.m •
.- • •
,
. . .-
-

dendini,d�ndimhi,da.Tl.dismim .
dendisu,d.":lndisu
• J _ • • • • .. .. - . .

derldi dandi,dandino
-

.. � .. .

The noun Bhikkhu - monk

- --- ----- - ---- - -- ------

bhikYhu bhikkhavo,bhi�khu
-

bhikkhum bhiklchavo,bhikkhu
.

� khUDn1.,
_ 1._�_ 'hukkl:m h'
..' DJ.
- -

• bh' _J. .. .

bhik�:huno,bhikkhussa bhikkhtm.=.m . •

bhikkhl.ln·a., bhikkhllm-'I1a,bb; kkhusma bhikkhubhi,bhikkhUhi

bhikkhuno,bhikkhussa
'-

bhikkhunam •
-

bhikkhlli�i,bhikkhumhi,bhikkhusmim
•

bhikkhusu
..

The no�� Satthu - teacher -., -

'r �
-

... .......
:;1' "",,, ....
.�
----------- - ---------- ----
,.
-

•
.

/ -

8atth3.
-

satthe:ro
-
sattheram,satthare sattharo
�
•

sa tth:::ra satthp�ebhi,satthareb;
- - -
-

s.=.t t har r;mam, sat thanam

- -

satthu,satthuno,satthussa
-

S 2.ttn",p..:.T'a . re'Dni
.

Sc��ha
.-

_I",L, o hl.·
o �_
�� �h
- -
-
___ , s_ l.l.. _�

sa -.: -:nu, sa1: ,,!llL."1. 0 , S 2. \: 1:!1US S 2.

. • -
..:&"
- - -

satthp�e�am,satth�nam
• • • •

• •

su
.
t-
- ..... �
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, -
- .""'
r; -,_ ""'" - c -
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- -
-

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j
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-,
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-

,..., t.: .,... 0 , 82:.0 Oe...;,.

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S r:: 1JU r"\

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_..J w"'-.__ _ , �af'\oen""""""'m
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,

Sq·hb " ,.., """' , S q :"I O· '::!"I !lu..::"1 "1

.

Q (""'fro. ...J
_Q�"''''' ' '''''''''' ''''' _ , n- U ...0 n ,.
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S:=: b 0'-''' n��1'1 .."

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�ann�n�" _ "'""' m",

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-
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oJ ......
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_ ... ___ ......____ ...._ .. ... --
,

- """.­

S .s.:J 0 '=l ,.., '1 U

-
• •

w­
,

'1:�9 noun Go
•

- -
•

bull -r
- I
-

•
--- ---- ------- -

�o g3.YO
-

'la"""
. - -

� �
.
ge..v o
-

0-
- --
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.... . ... ,
.... 6

-
,

g2.ven2.,gaven2.. gobhi,gohi
•
- •

g2.yassa,gavassa gavem,gunnam,gonam
-
'" " " . .. ..

- - - - - -
-

gs.va,gava,gave.mha,gava�a,gav�sma,gavasma - gavebhi,gavebhi,
-
-

gavassa, gavas sa "

-

ga Ya.rn,g1.L.'1.l1am,gonarn '" ", ., . . ..

-
- _ . -

gave,gave ,gavaffihi,gavamhi,gavasmim,gavasmim -gave su,gavesu,g • •

co
-

<::> gavo

1)' h
l::1e no"\..m J.:1:U ·- ! e.1:
. , . """ •

: ,.
m"
, _ .. er
--- --- - ------ -- -- -� - - --- -

D J..::G.sr.o .
• • • •
-

...

D�"Ca.rpm
•

oite.re o=itpT'O
•

-
� _ 7�

. "CIttarebhi, n"itarehi, pitubhi!:, pitu

. .- �'
..
.
�, "::1 ,... a ;') 1:-T""""
t.4,L.,;. c.�
. -
· ,
. '

..... __
.", _
- , "'..,:/ ....:. '" - ... .

pitaranam, pi tanam, pitunam.

.. .- -

pitu,pitono,pitussa
• •
•

lJJ."Cara p i t a r e bhi pitar e hi pitub hi , pitu

•

-
• •

-
, ,

'r:, ·-u ) __ nl""UQQ� pi tar·2...71am,pi -cEL'rJ.arn,pi tUnam

"

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,

pi t 2.re s u , p itus u
.. ..

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.
.,
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.

- -T'� I
� _ \01' ...._-_
_ ...
..
-

pita,pita pite r o
-

A,
Jen1:u j e ntu , j pntavo
• •

J PTl1: U Ill J .<::n'Cu, J Pl11: a vo , J an1:lL710 , J 8..L'1t.. uyo

' ,J...
• • • I
-
• • ' .

J en'cuna , j p'rJ.tuhi
.
•
-
• .
- -

J P""1:1lDO, J e·nussa J P!l1:llTl2..m

" " • • -

j t 17T1 2:, j ,'=l1"'J. t 1.ll.!Ih"i , J ,qr.1:usma

• • •
- .

.. a

U
; ,-::ntubh;
. .
- ,

::J,.., , !:""T�1""
, tJ '
.
..... '

''''-:-1l� 0 J P Tt "C 1'''''' E.::!

• •

J
• • -

Le --
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-. ,
-

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a
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.

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.71 �
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oiL
-- -
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- - - ---- - ---------------- -
---- ..... - .---- ... -

--=--��o
-

...... - "" """ C' "-.

llP 1: 1: ,-=-r :4..!1l

- .-
, ,

T' <:: t '

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, :12.L;-CUSSE.
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.,.,
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� �'�!l�� o,
• " • •

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0

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""l=IT' ''' �eon�

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w ..... _ _ _ '" __
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_

n::. t t2.ranam, na t t,o"1am, n� i:unam

•
'-
..a.. ,
• • • •
- - .-
• • • . ,

nattu,natttL�o,nattussa l.
I. •• �

natt2resu,nattusu
-

PT' O
- -

0-'-.1.
, .
>"1
n3.tta
,
-- ..... .... '"'
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.

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-

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•

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ .. -
......
·

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-
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-

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-

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.
,
-
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.

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..

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_ .... ... ____ " - ' ;-!""
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--- -
•
, -
-

• -

V-, ":""1 '7

•
,... ,�.- �

0-
• •
• •

0':: � Cl c-""!
---- - ..........
-

--- 0

Onll�' .-:: n7' 0 -

- .

pql:�,r;;"
...
.. " I .
.

- -'-'"
"'y -
- ....... ... --0

S 1..1;' '" " ----

-+- '"
... """"'" - ho
- - '"
' 'l"'; --- ." 0
C'

•
"!"'\t':Jr"'.:1""j�
� '" "'---- "" -
-
cooking
.
---
-

re !!! e �ilb er:!..n�

• •
-

�1''''
-

O- e'l"" ,.., '::"

• • .
...... - ..� - - .... �
.• .. . , . 1 . 1
.... .-
_ -
, -- .__ T l'
- - ---0

t � h e fol l O\'I';!ltJ_n01J�s_c :::.g_b.e�de cl; r., e d_�§_ �p;{Cj ;

_
..
_
•

isi - sage, S",;,.., t , holy men c.;;.o....... __

mu��
• •

sage, asce��c
•

dheni -
weal thy person
i":: 'I' sun
•

-- - -

CUD'
-

• •

l e o pard, tir.e'l'"
•

. -
-0 -

k::. 'vi po e t, w�se nerson

•

A
-

kani -
-
monkey
ehi -
snAke
• •

as:!. - swora.
I

The foll owin·C'

_ ____________ 0
nouns can be d e c l ine _____________________________ _
as Dandi
• •

•
- -

papakari - evil ao er
dh e.mm2.vadi - sp'eaking according 'Co the do c trine
-
•

- e l eph.ont -

pakkh i - bird
yog� - sage
•

The fo llo'llin.o- nouns can be d e c l ined as Bhikkhu

-_ Q
- - _- -
----- - - - ------------ -- - ---------------

se1:U -
bridge
bhp tm
-

-
sun
•

mac cu - d eath
sattu - enemy, a kind' o f ·cake
• •

J::>U1:U - l iving be ing

-
•

na-cu
-
••
skilful
C2....7J. be de c l ined as Sabba..'Y]7J.u
'-" "'"
.
.
The foll owinr.
____________ o_________________ � ----------

"'h", a�h
• •

the one HnO knOV{S L._.... ....

u. ""_

1::::>
-

a:>"u . ':l!lO
.. - _ ...... -.

-;-"1
•

one l.:'nows
- •

I - ,.,,0
... _-_.. -

�r"- - -::"'-' -
-

..U no 1,.-,., :> \'/ S

. . . ... .. .

-..,
1.._� I, m, -
- -

o�e W!l.O
• • - • - ,

._- ... � _
-
- I. _ __ L.

.
_ .. .. -
---. . .. ..., ....
-

,...
• • •

. . -. -
--

.... _-- r. _
- . - .
. --- __
 . .
._ 0L.i.
-
- ....
..., ;:. cr- · '.I"I"�,,",
- "::'.-
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--
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nn,'�'
.

....
�

.;.� .-"':'
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,
_ .

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r-o o

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•
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, ·
, - . ...

.. --.;.,:......
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\ -
-

" -
.
-

-- - -- ......; - --- -

- ..., -
-
-
-

..... -
- -- - -

-
-----
-
---------
-

-- _ - - ---
----- - -
--- -- - ---- --- --- ---- -

c.0
- --

-- - - -
-

c.; .... -r
- - �'"

.... ,- ..... . - ,-.� ,... . .

... ¥"I
r .
-- - " '!o...- _
. _

--

.....,
-

U:' ''''' e""'" e S ·

. �­
, o

C":'<
.... .. "'­
,....
on -

� ;... �
c · :J ' ...

,..... -
- ------

, a.° I" ' ''' O

...
- - .
- _ ... "'"
· · · . '

-
·

�
-

'
-
,
,

J , . A_"'-.!....!. �
- - ...:. - , �:u �
l.!.

g��Q�aOa� mUSlClS�
.. .. .. .. . "

G1P"l1ussa - ;i1[!.n
•

pisaca - goblin
-

"Oe-;:.:::. - de"Jarted SP l.r1. ""

0 .L.

gho st
, o

-r"'\·1-�
- -

of a a.eC"-:"'oa.Or1
� ,
·..,
one
- .
....
I t:::,±be
. -

- e.Lepna.�1:,
0

"4
,

I
,

.....-
-."
,, "--- 0-
\..
. :;....1
0-- --

-;:ur<lnga - ho r s e
'
.
.

�v3....l.·�he - bo er
-

,
.-

S1.he. - _1.on
.

v"'Jagg!la - tiger
c.c cha - b e e r
kacchapa - turtle, t or t o ise
teraccha - bee T' -

m· - deer, bea s t
•
v
.! 0 c.:;:.,
, !7'�
-

as s a -horse
s ona - dog ..
•

�loka - light, brightnes s

loka - world
nilaya - house
anila - wi nd
dha�ua - do ctrine
s�ngha
-

- the c ommuni ty o:f monks

lobha - greed
kodha - anger
•

gama - vi l lag e

���_f�!!���g_�����_���_��_��£!����-��_g�E�Y�!�
m agha vant u - the go d Spk�a

klll C!.VPl1tu - a person born in high race

-

dhan2.vantu - vJeal thy

balavantu - p owerful

S 2:C 1. m ::":'''11:u .- mindful

. -

.
.

\'�l' S t::-
. - �

i:)U:.:c.�i::�"''r1tu - possessing k!lowled.ge

0
11
-

. :-. -:
, ... � �
o ,

....
"""'!,_ C! ., ., --
-- _ ... .. -
!i � '"':"" -
_

.
- I-"! '";. -""""1 .::::.
-

, ,r-
o•

,,:,--�'."
_
.
_ ...... - ----- .....
_ ....... 0- _ ---
 The followin£ �=e li�e Nattu
,-- - - - ---------------------- -

katta c.oer
•

sotu - hea.:rer
-

datu - 17' lr",, -r

•

0-1--

b -.., , .
<> .!. .!.. 1 1
.L�...... :.,. L,. \,.40. -
•

nusoe.r: d.
 "
•

-
. .-
.
,
-.
. �
.
- -.
.
� - -.-., " -
"e :._, ..� .,
.

.
'V"I ......
, .-> .:��, ....... �...,
•

- --
. .,

. .,.
.
'-- - - _.c __ ...........
.
.
- •

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- ... - _

-- - - ----- -- ---- --- -- - - -- ---

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- -

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.

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-

rattiy�, ratya rattibhi,r2ttihi

, ... . -
- -

re.1: 1..1.y3..,retya ra ttinam -

ra t t i ya, r atya r at t ib hi,r attihi

-
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-

A.
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-
ratti ratti, rattiyc
r atti n am
.
--

rattiya,rs.tya
-
.
-

re.ttisu,ratt isu
-

re.ttiya,ratya,ratyam,rattim,ratto -
-

w �
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The noun Nadi - river

------ - -- - - ----------

-
-

nadi nadi,nadiyo,najjo
- ' . �
na a�m
• •

nadi,nadiyo,najjo
•
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nadiya,ne.jja �dibhi,nadihi
-

- •

nadiya,najja nad�nam'
- -

..
.- -
-

nadiya,najja nadibhi,n3.dihi
-

n a d i ya , na.j ja
-

nadinam
-

ft
.

nadisu
-
-

nadiya,nadiyam,najjam . -
-

nadi
-

nadi,nadiyo,najjo

�g� gS? � �§.g� = £ !£ � = g£�� !

-

-' . _ _ _ _

•
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yagu yagu,yaguyo
-

.- -

yagu,yaguy o
-

yagum
-

y aguya
.
-

yagubhi , yagUhi
-

y agtly (:-�
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yagun.:!.m •
•

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la..;.;.. .... ar �.:.. _!�.,!i a

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nOQ�S cc� be declined as Kann�

-
...

The followin�
Q
-------- ---_ _ - --- ------ -- ---------- - - - -- ---

A�
- -

saddhe. -
1 ,_

medh 2.
-

-
intelligence

1J n .,
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.... "'" -

, �
-
-
wisdom

-#.;!..
,
, ,
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.
v�JJ:3. highest kno\"lledge, charm
-.
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t a.'I1ha
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craV2ng
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mett.:::. -
amity, comoaSSl.on
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gang� rlver
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DerceDtion
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,
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nss
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o;
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.>.r
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tz
j ivh:=. -
tongue

:lml
,
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nava ship
.

The followin�
Q
nouns c�be declined as Ratti
----- -- -- - - _ _ - ------------- --- ---------- - -

1�
-

bhumi -
earth •

p3.1i . -
line

anguli -
finger

ditthi v�ew
o

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k't fai11e 1.1\ �
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., -�.
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mutti -
deliverp'Qce, freedom

suddhi -
purity . �.� \r �
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bodhi enlightenrr!ent V ,i'

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f h
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S P�l.�
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tr3.nquility ·1''
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sUDern::.tu:r2.1 Dor/e!'
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The nO illl
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gunav�nt e ohi,gilll a vant ehi

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., � ' . '»
gunavant e bhi,guna vant ehi
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gu..� ava t o, g�avant as s a gu�avata!p. , glL,?- avantanaIIl

gunavat i ' Gtmavan t e , gunavant �mhi , gu!lavantasmim -
gunav�nt e s u
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•

;;' ',;."7/. �-r(.

:.1 :. .. ,
.'.., .:,
-

S l.n . . _--y.- . )o:J -I

'
• ,,�
-

... - I \ .�'" , I

f or !n
-

-
-

s o ta
\.:J
•
. -

gn &"1.a - no s e , .. I

-tr
,."
�

su....'<:ha - happine s s _\!;�

t-

�
,r

.. -
dukkha - s orr o w
'" f. ;.
.....

-X
� F ,.t:;J.f- d'J\ 'if&.
..,.,

--.
s i l e. - mo ral i ty ..

I
"

mangal e. - go o dn e s s \; f1' .
" J(
�
\�I .@... . ,
. l t-
10 tus
-

. .p adume.
n §\)
-

hadaya - h e ar t I V . IV'", rl" �f\

,

�h�� f�±±����g_�����_��_M���
•

S l.r a - h e a d

p ay a - " mi lk , wat er

ye.s a - fame

- d 2.rkne s s

t an a - aus t er i t y
-

r aJ e. - dus t
•

1-k
aya -
iron

�h� _ f�±±�Y!��g_��_J��h� • •

we:t er
-
•

varJ.
•

' ;
a 1.+ n
_.u. _
- eye

d adhi -
curd
'1' '''' e
- _.
"i -
f' 0 - i 0 '.
,
'/'; .., ....
-;0. "S
_
. T" .., �Y'l.. C,
:..) "-;
�------- -
_ - --

-
- - - - - - - - - - - -
-

- • �

- l1 e "' n o K" O
.

O !l e c:
•

..
"
•

.
•

-- . -- _
..., _ _
I -:
__
et ... , --: -, --
_ _ ..J ..1" _ _ _S_
'l 0

.. , .., 0
-
, .

.
.

_
.
-
-
•

.. 1
-

::: -. - � � -: :- !:':I � -: .., '" "' �. -

- ,... - .. .,
•

-
• • •

,.,
" >'/
-

-- ' .
- - I _.a.
--

"-4 __ ""'" _
t'-

- - --
-- , -J -
,

u
- - - •

_
 .,...
, 'e c 1 (\ .S ., .'D .0 '"l
-

__ s ; 0 Y1 0 0 'n 0 ill"" S \ .
�he s e c o.n be d e c l ine
. � ....

_J .....
"'
...... .,.., ..- J, � .,.
... � �
_ _
...
._ _ _ ...... '" r:1
.. �.L_" ••_"' ,I •

1 !1 � � e �n� e e g enaers 2...""ld !J e u t er ) . The

. . � . .. �

p r onouns in P a l l f o l l o ws
-

•
:.::.::'e as •
•

]. '" r ,') :" n ann a

.... '"
... ....
...
r-: v '"" .,..
Y'.1._
.
S :.1'o O :..: , kat :::. r a , kat a.!na , ubhay a ,
, ,
;-
.... - '- , _ • . '=l_ ,

p u. o 0 .:'.. . P �l .,.. D P' ,.., .:) , d e.k �hin a U 1: "C P ..:..' a ,

...
•

. , ,

• •
""'"'
...... .... . a, ...... . . .... -
•
, .. o.dha:ra , y a , tu, eta , .

&�a , ki m , eka, tuw�a , nmha , ubha, S o me

m '�
C. \1"'2 ,
• ... .
,
...... . 1 ..:.!. ,
�
catu .
-
' b_ o m
.I,,, '" _,,_ • n2ve no vo c at ive forms . f�!o s t ly the d. e c l ens i on in n�u- -

t he s e DrOnOU'l'J.S i s s i mi l ar t o th:::. t o f t he m::::. s c ul i

of -

gende!' exc e p t N o :-ninati ve , ':'. c c us a t ive and Vo c at i ve . The !' e fo

•

i:1 su c h d e c l e n s i o n s only the ::,ifo r :us , '- o f t ho s e t hre e c a s e s ::!.r

gi "',.ren b e l o lN .

The no�'I'J. S abbe.

- - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - -
- al l - -tJJ
T� '.
.:·:as cul �ne
---------

8 2. b oo s ab b e
. ...

s ab ba.r.1 •
sab b e
s abbena s ab b e bhi , s abb ehi
s abbas s a s ab b e s am , s abbesanam . ,

s abbamha , s abbas1I8. sab b eb hi , s abbehi

s abba s s a sab b e sam , sabbesanam • •

sab ba��i , s ab bas��m •

s ab b e su
-

Feminine
--------
!� . s ab b a , s ab be
-

s ab b 2. s ab b'a, sabbs.yo
s ab ba.'11 •
sabba, s abbayo
s abh;lya s abbabhi , sabbahi
sabb�s s a , s ab oaya s ab oas am , sab oasanam
. -

s ab bay a s eb b�bhi , s abbahi

s ab b as s � , s ab b ay a
- .-

s abbas arn, s 2.bb�s·a.'Ylam

. -

s abb ::..s s am , s aooayam , s abo3.ya ..

s ab bssu
..

s ebbe s aboa, s ebbe.yo

N eut er
------

c: a b b ::1
� .... - -0 ' ·
1"'"1
s abbe , s abb3.ni ( -.!'l omin2.t ive )
•

. ...

s a O O8.nJ •
s abbe , s e.bb-:; ni ( Ac c us a t i ve )

s l.? b be. , s ab ha s :::.b be , s e.bor.. n i <.... V O C.G.. .l:: \ "o.. )

 ' e u �1", Q
- - - - - -
_ .
"'"
_ ..

...
-

� '--
':'l ;i ' -
•

7' e ,
• • • • •

.L l.
- -
"C !l e y
• •

- ,, � -
I.. -
. ' ... ... --

1: 3..1!1
•
.l..
•
-
- •
...
•
-

Ijl 'h _. !'e s 'C � s as m2s c ul ine .

- ... o
•

.
•

'ill., ,;:. '. , 0 " !l

" Tt'1- a �... J.'1;
_S
•

-
_ __ _ __ '--'C,..;. ,;.;.J ""
- - - - - - ._ - - - - - - - - - - - -

Has c uline
- - - - - - - - -

eso ete

et 2.:71 , enam ete

I �

e t' a n_ '"" -
'
....... e t e bhi , e t ehi

e t as s e.
-
•

e t e s a m , e t e s a."1arn
.- .
w ..

_ � .;. U J.. _ , e 7' '=' s ..

-
•
p " "" ,.,., "' '''
""
m .:>
• •

'" '-"" ...... e t eb hi , e t ehi

e 'C 2.S S e.
-
•

e t e s am , e t e S 3.!lam
• •

e t,2.mhi , e t as mim etesu

"

Feminine
- - - - - - - -

- - -

esa - e ta , e t ayo .

etam , enam
• •
e ta, e tayo
atay e. e tabhi , et'Phi
. , ,.
- - -

e 'C � s s aya , e 1: � s sa , e"Caya e tas am , e tasanam

" ,

.. ..

e t ay a e tabhi , e t'Phi
e t i s s aya , e ti s sa , e taya e t asam , e tasanam -
. .
- ' -

e t i s s am, e t as s am , etayam , e taYl?- e t as u

_ .

�
. "

rJas cul ine

- - -------

e t .'� m •
e t e , e t alli
-
•

e 1: am •
e t e , e t ani
The' res t i s as ma s c uline .
 'l'
." 0" . , . , ..." " '/1:. /� ...
C"
. _...
...... ,
- ..
""
� .

_ 0 . � _ ,:
_.
. . .- '"
. . .. 0:,..;.
.
.
I
. • _

- - - .... \".4..-
.
.
� .... . , , _
�,_� "'

- .... _ .
. ; . :.-.. -­ . -
-
-. _ - _. . , _ ..

- - - - - - - - - - - - _.. -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

yo ye
. ye
- - �- . . ...
or ' .
. ,
..,
.; ...

�r e o hi , y ehi
./ ..... _
::; .- , ..
- .... 7 e <:! Cl ,., P ffi
J
-

' "" ,... � "" '

t.,J - � I' V "" ,..,
-

,-"
,.
., v , ..J ...... - �- -.
.
�
..
.
&,
.

'T' ''' s m '- y e bhi , y efli

- .-

--� '
I (,:;;,. , _
-
; ,
',1 ,
_.. . . _ _ ..,....
�
....
,
v .
. . ...
"

y e s .s.ffi , y e s anam
m, -
. �

--�

y "" s m� m ..
.

y e su
.

• i 'J " , . • •
....

, '- . ..

..; � .. . .... ,
-- . .

w e :"'; " -; !l e
- .. .. ._ _. _ -

- - - -- --
-

- .-
-
.

ye. y 2. , y ayc

Y
· r.> m
- -

�..
•
y s. , yayo
-
y ay ':i yahhi , yPi1.i
-

- - .- -

y2.s s 8. , y ay � y e.. s am , y :?sP!lam

-

..

y aya
.

ya bhi , yo.hi
.- - -

yas am , y as ane.m
- -

yaS S 3. , yaya
.

� .
-

y as s am , y ayam y �. su
.-

.# •

Neuter
--
- - - -

y e ) J ."'1
-- -
!l'
,
-

y am --

y e , y an 1.
•
-

y ain The r e s t is as mas c ul ine

•

..

The noun Ta -
�hat
- -- - - - - - - - - - -�- - - -

�ilas
- - -
2 uline
- . --- -

so •
- he te - they

n am , t am •
- him ne , t e - t h e m
•
•

t o!l!': �. -- - b v him ...

t e bhi , t e hi - by them

t as s a - t o him t e s am , t e s'an anl -

to them
. .
"

t amha , t a s ma - from hi m t e bhi , t ehi - from them

the ir
· . ,

't as s a - n1.S t e s am , t e s'anam -

• •

'
4-,, 3..1
mh1.' , t asmJ.m - on him tesu - on them '
�

-
Few.inine
- -- -

"' a
- - -.

-1- <> -- 0
- co.J they
- -

l,
-

- -
)

.... e r
t; pm , nam - '\...
•
-

them
-

t a , t .?,yo -

.:.. ., 'o n
' i
.. -
-

t o;; hl.'
-

t :::.y a I" �_ � , t"".;,.

-c as s a , 't ay a L: 2..s a m , 't 2.S eD2.ffi

· , .-
-
.
- - -
,

- n ' ' -' h '

. �
•

- �y � \.o r !:._� , � ....:. �

•
-
- .
..,
.

, .
...
- . -
, .. .- '
.... -

S ::; � 7' <l n.

"
• •
.- - -

'" ':I ."

S�
•

-:- '='
... ��J. , wo _ _. . ...
•
_

•
-

.. ... � _.
-

,.
. •
.�

,
.

.- -.; � _ w ••
- _ __
- - - .....
-
- - ..
'
.
. ". ...
"' ••
-
.. ._ ..:::. l..oI.
· .

)
__ .0
 ,
iJ e u -c e !'
- -

- - - - - -

, ,
-

' - .-
,
,....,
• .

.� ..- .•
... -
.. . ,., ,
, ..."\.,�....I. - -
. . ,

;
•
. . _.. . . . _

k2::1. . !.\. .;.:..... .;.. _

-

i ... ,.. , ,. � .,""'1

,,;.\.. c: ,
"

The r e s t lS m '''' s c 'u. ' ' n ·e .

•

P "l
- ,
-- .. .. -. - - - .

.... -� ·,.,
,

" V ,- • •• , ,
....
" uv c..:I.�1 ... • •
.
tU::'L.1.e ,

t �m , t avam , t v�m , t uv�m

, .
J
;" •

7. v2.ya , -c ay a
.- -
, ,

't V ,, �yh " U h�m 1: umn a..:r am , t UrrL

, . '3 .-::
.... , , .,. .... , ,-,
�. _ , -:"I i!'l
.:.:.l1. ,
""t":
. •_
!:l , .
•
he
. " .

t yay a , t ay2.
- -

t Ulnhe bhi , t umhehi

t ava , tuyham , t ur.�am tu::iliakam ; Y'..!mhe

• • ..

t vayi , t 2.yi

••

anam
•
mayam , p,whe
•
( vo , no )
( vo , n o )
•

mam , mamam amhakam , amhe

� . •

mayo. ( t e , me ) ( vo , no Y
•

arnhe bhi , amh e h i

amhakam , amhe
,

mam a , mC1yham , emh3.:n mamam ( vo , no )

( te , m )
e � . • ..

maye amhe bhi , amhehi

mama , mayham , amh �� , mamam arnh3.kam, amhe ( vo , no )
( t e , me J
• •

mayi amh e s u
 "
,
� ,...... 1 1 ':"'l T "'!'1 �
. "

_ � C" .
-
"
,

- - '-' - -
�"'\ ,
-- ... � .., - .;. ...... �
. . �

- - - .....
"""' ;'::l
-'
.
.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .
-

.
�·C U _I .1.
" .

.' -. �
q .:>
- - - - - - - - -
" ne_

"J "
•
._ ... - ,.. ......, .., � o
_.. ...... . .• .1. .... ...,
•

•
J.. !'!1e
�n�
•

l:TI' n "
• •
� ,.,
-

.-'
__.. _ _
- . .
'-"
.
, i .. __ __
.,
e bhi , ehi , i m e bhi , i mehi

e $ 2..!il , e s -
,
-
.
::: n am , � rne s am � me 5 ane...rn
.

• .. ... I.

e �hi , ehi , ime bhi , imehi

,. 5 5 c:. , , ,., 5 5 ..:.. e 5 am , e 5 ���m , �me 5 �m !.me s an!:!.m

• • •
- -

� l co..
_ �..,
• •

,
�

• •
_ .

, . .
':: 5 m _
",, ' !!1 " �r. � m..!:h�" , � � ':'I S :T"urn
,

, , � :-n
_.. lh _
, , . ......
I
. . . ....
-
..
.
e S U , !.me s u
,
...
,

F e minine .
- - -- ----

, ,
- -

e.y
. am .,
�m:;. , �mayo
In
•
- -

�ma , �mayo
• •

., r:-: ':-;.
..I.. • • •� .. .

-
•

. 'D h
._�' , � ma
- h_�'
-

J.m:=.
.

,
_.
a
-
i ma s am , i m s ana:rn
..
- - - - -
-

as s ay a , as s � , �m� s s aya , �m�s s a , � maya

. . . .

v 0
-

1m2-ya " imabhi , i mo.hi

as say a , assa , imi s s aya , imis sa , imaya im�s am , imaBanam

. . �

• • • •
•
- -

a s s a� , �m� s s am , �mayam • • •
�!Ilasu
N eut er
- - - - - -

,
-

i d ::;m , imam �me , �man!.

. .

•
• •
-

i d a.ln , i lnam ime , imani

. ..
. .

�M_���_��!g}.:=,:"y!g���g�£h . •
. ul " .

':las c lone
"
---------

ko ke
karn ,
.
ke
kena kebhi , kehi .
· kas s a kes am , ke sanam
. , .

kamha , kasma kebhi , kehi

kas s a. kes arn , kesanam . ..

kamhi , kasmim · kesu

•

Fe mi nine
- - - - - - - -

le a ka , kayo
-

A:a ,
,
-

k '-' m
- ... .. -
-
k ay o
,.

J.\. eye..
-

kabb; , k-;hi
1

.��Ta
k .., S _ k
- ":1 S �
"'''
n '" r,'1
.

i ...
. ",';:: ,' '" T'l'! ,
- -

s s
- -
.
, - , , ; ." """""
-- '-- , ---..J -- .- _..

y '" k.::. b h; , kphi

• •

•
- . -

.r c -
'-'"'

"y
---.

- ..... - ..., -, ,, ,,.. �. ,...

..., -
--. 1 -
- ..
•
-:-. •' rJ
- .-
• • & - - -
':"' I r !:l
__ _ _ .;J _
•
_
�

l._
-
• -

.... _ .
. .
----- _.. . .. ..... --
. ... _

' � S"
, _.. . ..

....-. J
,

- -

'
. -
- .- - -. . .....
. . .
...... - .. -r r-
...:.. .:.. .::.
.
.... ,...
� .,
" - - -

.:. .:.. :::..:,. , - . .. , �� ....

.

v
-

. •
- • • - .

'
• . • - -

.
 duve,dve

duve,dve
- -

dvibhi,dvihi

dYinna �,duvinna�
- ' -

dvibhi,dvihi

dvinn QIll, duvinnam

-
" .

dvisu

�g� LgQ�!L!I2h§:_=_!!!2_E�QEJ:�_=_Qg��_�!!�EJ:�E�J:
•
@fJ . � .

ubho , ubhe •
•

ubho , ubhe
ubhobhi , ubhohi , ubhebhi , ubhehi
ubhinnam •

ubhobhi , ubhdhi , ubhebhi , ubhehi

ubhinnam .
..

ubhosu, ubhesu
�h�_!!Q�_��_=_:!:£!��_=_2�!�_�!!_E;!;�E�
-

,
•

Masculine
- - - - - - - - -
Feminine
- - ------
Neuter
------

tayo tisso tini ' •

-

tayo tisso tin; ..

- - - - 1 -

tibhi , tihi
-

tibhi , tihi tibhi , tihi

tinnam:tinnannam
e ·: .. � ,. I:.. •
tissannam ..
'
tinnam, tinnannam
. .. . � . .
.,
.
-
- - - -

tibhi , tihi
-

tibhi , tihi tibhi , tihi

tinnam, tinnannam
-
. . . .. . . .
tissannam
-
..
tinnam, tinnann am
· 4 . .. • .
-

tisu tisu tisu

. .

l\'lasculine
- - - - - - - - -
Feminine
- - - - - - --
Neuter
------

.
-

cattaro , catu;ro •
catasso cattari
cattaro , caturo catasso . cattari '
. - '

catubhi , cat'Ubi
-

catubhi , catuhi
-

c atubhi , catuhi
-

cat unn am ..
cat ass Gnnam •
catunnam ..
-

catubhi , catuhj
- -

c atubhi , catuhj catubhi , catuhi

catunnam ..
catessann:=m •
catunnam ..
.

catusu
-

cetllsu
-

, c atusu
-
 . - �
.

1 ' '' � '' O � -' 1 _

, 1..4. � ;. _ ..:.. �...:.. ..:a
- -
_

- - - -
-
-

e lca - one
d vi - t wo �
-

- .

...
o
� -
, .

- thi"'ee --
-
- .

C G.tu - four " �3

'
.
.
,

lJ PjlC�
.....

- five
.

C h2 . - six · -r
-

." .

- s e ven ,
-
- .

a ...
� I...· .L.
� ho-
:....:. -' e ight I \. •
j, �.

nJ.Ya
•
n�ne 1L .
•

I .
,

das a t en
.
-
-

-1- .... .
-
e kadasa - e l e vr-n - I , ,

dvadas a - · t,,·lil ve -r .- .

t. -
•

t er as a thir t e en
•

'
- -
- -- .

-r l� ,
.
.

c atuddasa - fourt e'en

-+- ; .
'"
.

p e..n c adas a - fift e en

-t-
L -
-
•

chaddas a sixt e en
-

, .
-
"

sat t adas a - s e vent e e n -r t.. .

at tha:das a • •
- e ight e en -t 1
. \. •

-' , e kUna:vi s at i · ... nin e t e en -f 1L ,

t we n ty - �
-

v-i s at i - .

•
•
I •

- f -
-

e kavi s at i - twentyone. - . '

- -

. -
dvavi s at i - twenty t wo _ -f""
I
__ ,

..;- ::::
-
-

t evi s at i . - twenty thre e .:.. -

.- .- .
I
- .

c atuvi s at i ...; twenty four - .J.

- , ,r.:1
�J

t ::[;
•

.... -

p ancavi s at - twent y five . -

-

=- -t � .
- .
-

chavi. s at i - twenty s i x
.

B a...l. t avJ. s a·l.l

1- '
- t wenty s e ven =- t t .
-
.

at thavi sati - t wenty eight -==- t I \. .

-

e kuna t i r: s at i - twenty ni:r:e ::=. t -tu.

.

:::..
tims at i - thirty -- •

,
�
� '

t"'t'D J,
-

,:';1 !
-

c at t al i s at i - fourty •
•

"' ....

u annas a ' .". ...... V

- f �J.
-

_ v

sat thi - s ixty � .

s at t at i - s e venty
.

, -� ;
-- -­
'
•
.._ I ..

'::oh t.. Jr ; \ .-
•
-

::.s iti - t:;. ':

- .l.. '::::
., . ' .

- n�n e �'i
, .

n'::. VU1: �
• •

v -

- ...... .J..
. f"""o
.�
...,; ._ v _
_

-'
..... -
.

..
 L s s s on 5 -
'::!:he Verbal Cas e s
'.n Intr o duc t ion

1. In PaI i there are eight v�rb al cas e s (akhy3.tavibhat t� )

a.s
;

in which. the verb.?.l roo t s : ar e c onj ugat ed . They are ·

follows :
·

i . vattam;na - Pr es ent Tens e 1-(��

ii . P anc?Hd - The Ihlper:;, ti ve:r.s� Thi s i s us e d t o signify
,

c o rrunands. and benedi c t ion irresp e c t iICe of time � ' .

iii . s at tami - OPtativ Ji��b\ ent ial )
·
- This is us e d t d .

s i gnify .p er�ssion �d de cision ( d e s ir ability ) .

iv. Parokkha - Past Inde fini t e - Thi s i s us ed to signify
.

e vent s unD erc e i v�d by the narra t o r .

.
.

This i s us ed to express
st p er ceived
•
j "

or un by the narrator .
·

- .
vi . Aj j at ani - The Aorist - This is. us ed t o express p as t
e vents which ' happ ene d
•
I er per c ej.. ved or
a :

,
uno erc e i ve d by the nar�ator .
=
.

i��'
•

vii . Bhaiissanti - The Futiure Tens e

•

- -

vii i . Kalati D6.t ti - The Condit ional Past - Thi s is us �d

�

an
•

t o · signify the non- c o�� l e tion O f ac t � on that

•

•
.
o c curr ed in th eo( p as t . i�1TJ& �
• •

.':t. hl1 :%" t:.t !� g .

There are two s e t s o� r '
·

fi'fJ ��
tio s
Qvl p a. rv
for each an�
c.
,

e very c as e ment ioned ab o ve . Each s e t o f the m includ e s

six t er:nin3.ti ons . Thus for; one verbal c a s e ther e are
•

. i .

twelve t ermin�t
. ions . The firs
. t six o f the verb�l t erm!n:;,ti ons
. tl-h >fl l1
,::.re c all ed ,acti ve t erminat �on��:Ua}Jas s :lp 9.da ) . The s e c ond �IU-nt�(
�a
s ix o f the verbal t ermin�tions ar e c all e d �p �s�
·� �
s�i�v�e�t r�
e� ��
�a
m�i=n� i�
·�= n�
o� s
( at tanopada ) •

e . g. Pre s ent T ens e

P Aras s3.p ada - 1i.cti ve Termin:;,tions : t !h
ti anti
s� the
•

m�
•
- -.
; • r. •

.
. .. . -

. t �I- :,nopac.a - ? :::.s s i ve

•
fTl
. 1.
-
_ e1:'nu.nc, l- J.. ons .... •

1: e a-n -;; e
• •

,
.
- � ..,
,
v __ ....
.. 0

t:>
-
 •

1"..:.
- ,

'"
•

n a!1ca
..

W\
panca
...
panca.b.n.� , ·p ancah :!.'
' · '"

p an C 3.n.n91!l
..

p ancabhi , p �nc ahi

...

p anc annam •

'"

p ancasu
.

para - o ther , the l at t er

ap ara - other , we s t ern
. .

dakkhina - south •

uttara - north

•
 i , Ac c ording t o the tr.:1di�ion:.:.;.l gr .:;.;n:n:.r t n e ::' e p r e twe n ty
� () JJ '" -
-

prefixe s ( upasagga- �i';: ��. b:; - ., ��

) in ? cl i . The s e ."Ir e s.dded
.
t o the b eginings of noun s and roo ts . In mo s t c as e s prefi xes
,chr-mge .:the mea.'rlings o f nouns end root� . This t o p i c will b e
explained in the Le sson S .· The following ex'ampl es wil l be
•

sufficient t o unders t and how the r o o t s change their forms •

b e c aus e o f prefixes .
e . g.
ro o t
- -- -
pre
-- fix
-
---
stem
-
- - -
§f��r_QQn�Bg!��Qg
-

hera- to t ake a ahare aharati - brings �

rJg am-t o go uJ-.. uggac cha uggac chati-aris es � .
�iY..f.� �
rlbhii- to be pa pabhava p abhavat· �-or�g�na�es
,
« ' .

. ii . Infixe s ( vikars!la - 'u. ..\t� ) §..l s o change the forms · of

verbal ro o t s . These infixe s come b e twe en the ro o t s and the
. . -
.

verbal t erminations . As - the infixes repr e s ent different

conj uge.tion� if P-l � " �Q el have been · i ven under t he different
7. �� :f(." 7 t·ii11 � :l.... ;_
grouD s 0 f t lie rod s . Ac cor �ng t o t h e t· ra d�« t �ona 1 grammar
� ... «�� n •

e
«
-

there ar e s e ven different c onj ugat ions in P al i . Therefore ,

.

the roo t s have been c las s ifi ed int o s e ven group s with their . ."'

r e sp e ctive infixes . They are as fo llows

-
. 1 • . Firs t group - Bhuvadigana - infix - A
llam+a+"ti = namati - worsh2p s 1- u ff
. .
-/

e . g . nam - t o worship
. �
.�

�-

bhikkh - t o b e g :' 15hikkh::: +a+ti = bhikkhati-beg s z tr

bhas : « - t o sp e ak - bhas� .+a+ti = bh�s ati - sp eaks �XJ
2. S e c ond group - Rudh�digp�a - infix -
e . g. ;

rudh- t o k e ep away - ru+m+dh+a+t i =ru..'"ldhati - keeps awa:y 7

- release s �� H t
. •

muc - t o r e l e ase - mU+!!l+� +a+ti =munc ati

I

vid- t o know - vi+�+d+a+t i = . vindati - feels �t?

yuj - t o eng ag e - yu+m+ j +a+ti • •
= ;}Hlnj ati - e ngag e s .t��
 Thoue;h the two s e t s o f t e:::'!n ina t i ons a:::- e c .=.l l e d F.';;, ,�.l:
p as s i ve , the:::' e i s no such a dirf enc e
a verbal ro o t i s c o nj ugat e d in the m .
•

e . g.
P87'as s ep :J.d a ( ac t ive )
.
,

- p(lc ati - c o o ks ( he )
At t anopada ( p a s s ive ) - ' p a c a t e - c o o ks ( he )
3. �'�ll t he verbal t erminations ar e devi d e d into thre e D e r sonz; .

itJ'f� �ft � ?: ltA fit . (& � -�f , m� ��1 �� rE; )

.
•

e . g.
T1'lird p er s on ( HE - THEY ) ti - a..'1ti
S e c ond p er s on ( YOU-YOU ) si - tha
Fir s t D e r s o n ( I-WE ) mJ.
•

•
-
ma
4. Again all the verbal t e rminat ions ar e gr oup e d int o t wo as
s ingul ar and p l u ra l .
•
��! � ., ¥ft. . tik
e . g. .
,

S ingular (g.. Ka.. \l o... e...Q..JV\ 00 PI ural L� � \i\. 'J c... �� "'" a.. �
ti a.'1 ti
si tha
ma
•

IDJ. . ,

5. In t h e c onj ugat ion o f Pall ve.;:-bs � the verbal · t erminat ions

should b e adde d t o the end ot the 'Ve�bal ro o t s . ""'.s�
•

e . g. neca
•
+ ti = p � c at i:-"
,.
� � if. � �lZ- i'l e� tt (�(t ) �lfJq .
p ac a + l'ln .j." J.' = p a? sn t i
' , ' C� � - f.:L ;ffJ :f,rJ � �j fS})
p aca + SJ. = p acas J.
• •

p ac a + tha = p acatha
p ac a + mJ.
. - .

= p ac a�J.
p aca + ma p a c am a
-

In s o me o f the a b o ve exam::>
- les the final vo wel s.... -o f the ro o t s .
:�������� •

ar e .de l e t ed.. S ome Tp.is pro c e s s i s expl !!ine d

in Le s s on
" 7. t�tc<'1���4� � DtrAi -1\ , � � 1i r- k .
6. The fundament al unit o f a verb is c al l e d r o o t ( dhatu- i� ��
S o me r o o t s do no t cha..'1g e t h e ir for�s in c onj ugat ion . Hut
s o me ro o t s chenge their fo rms in c onj ugation b e c aus e o f
s e ver�l � e as ons . � ome o f them ��e es f ol l o ws :

'!;If %P
�J, "'1 tii � �
��� -J.. rrr AI� � i� ta,
-
/.p ·1 ... - C' cz. K.. c

*.1" I-"- �.J ��

:; �tj: a- . "I �� � 91:1
:J .;.� e Q� MH (C 1; tu :11 ;no; J ... '
-

(f l:lp ' , l' to' f...... ,.., 1 1 � 71/- .

"
y ..... �
, ;:-
•
., '- ,/ ' .

1..",-
... " ;:�
-
1 � -0 j.' :£
... JP
.
..;:,..
� rn
.'. .�
" ," I.
,
. - j;"....'- �
' ..... -,::
,
- . .

,
-

.
 . - , - .':Jt -

_ � � a � =�
i v . P al i r o o t s c h"'!lc'Se their forms when pas s i ve j nfixes j p .... e added .
_'�l though the one and .qnly p as s ive inf'ix in PeJ.i is �,
s ome t imes i t c an b e pr e c e de d by the vowel
.
' i ' . Then we have
,

two p a s s ive infixe s as ' ya ' and ' iya '

•
•

I,

11

11

. .

*
. .

The changes o f vo wels and c ons onant s of the abo ve eX'amp l e s

will b e explained .in the Les s on 1. 4-� 112 } � �g � � ) � -t. %� � � ��_

•
 3. Thi::'d. 6TOUP - Di v.J.dig:::u a ; n � ' -:'"
• -

.• - .&.. -_ ..
•

e . g.

d � - t o · p l ay - di v+y� +ti = . di b b a i - p l ays .! Jj� il�

khi - t o e xhaus t - khi +ya+ti = khiya.t i - eX}laus t s �
"

kup -to b e . angl'Y - h.."Up +ya+ti . = kll.p pa t i - b e c ome s a.ngl'Y

ga - t o s ing - ga+ya + t i = gayati - sings " '9($, :W:.
4. Fourth group � Svadigana. - infix •
- no , nu , una
• • • •

� . g.
s u - t o ' he ar - su+no +ti
..
: suno ti -, h e ar s
S ll - t o hear - su+nu+ t e = s��ut e he ars
• •
-

ap a t o ' Arr � ve
• - , ; - - .&..
ta..,1i . 11-
• .

-
- p a +�p a+� a+�� p ap� a �� - arri ve s
J.;L,
=
' '0 "i

5. Fi fth group - Kiyadigana - infix .

- na
,
-...:c_
e . g.
ki - t o excha..�ge - ki +�ia+ti = ki�ti - buys .;­
gah - t o ' t ake - gah+;:a+ti = g aplisti - t akes :%" �
nla - t o measure - ma+na+ti ::: mj nati - me asur e s f
...
:t.-
•

- cu�t�.--:;!'LJ..
...

l u - t o cut - lu+�a+ti = luna ti

5. Sixth group � Tanadiga�a - infix � , yira �

e . g.

t an - t o spr e ad -
,

t��+o + t i ::: t?�oti - spre ads

'i kar - t o do - kar+o +ti = k ar o t i - db e s {�

,

i f
"

ka.r - t o d o , - kar+yira+t i = kay r a�i - do e s 1

.

• S e ve n th group - Curadig?na - , ini'ix - e ,

• •
aye.
e . g. •

c ur - t o s t eal - cllr+e +t i tft:j

= c oreti --: s t e als

c ur . - t o s t e al - cu + y a +ti
r acors.y e� i - s t e als 1ft) =
. .

�J.� .
,

.§&'Q- -to c ount � ga.:.l +e +ti �Sl} e ti c o un t s Jf, f� (3t\�)

= �

i r ' - t o s p e ak - ir+aya-tti = irayati - � p e aks 7 tL .

•

�he Pali roo t s al so ch��ge their f orms b e c aus e of c aus ative

ve r bal
,

�nfixes . �b e s e er e add e d t o t h e ro o t s before the

Et e rminat ions .
-
They ar e a s f o l l o ws : 1i..1t tib A. �� -te.11.. �� fl{ Tf5 1�1 i!zt .
�,
-

eya , ap e , o.p aya

1t� �
-

Kar
.... .
to do
�

�. g. - t o do -
k ar+ e + L, J.. -
-
k 8.1:' e t i -
c au s e s
v.- ."'''''' ''-' y a ....
-

ker - t o d o kar+eya+t i -
to do
. •
- -
- ..... .. l,� C 3.us e s "

,
- -

0 d o - kar +eD e + t i k? an e t i c au s e s
•

k,ar 1,
- -
-
t o 0.0
....
-
I,
- Tl
- -

- - -

1:: 0 c aus e s t o do
• .

k ar - do -
k!!r+ap ay a +t i = k�r ap D.ya t i - I,
 o

.
J
.
-

J .
",
�
- 0

.. - �
I
.�
-- . . - -
- � -- - - - - - .... - -
f" yo '
-
I
..."
.;.. \
­
-- w ';' W o":"
-� - -_ ....

- . •
- - - .. , f":"1
. - • 0
•

.... � - �...
00
-
-

o ttha se Vllam .
-
•

mr :::. �m m n n s .,
• •
-

."
o

- �_..._ w

. .
.::.n a c :::.1: 1:ha
-
•
- •

an ac a an acu �n aca1:1:!!um
0 •

- -
•
- - - -
-

Q "'�
L. "- 'h
. " an acavn " m
•

anE.CO -
� n ac _
..... e.n acase -

..
- - - -

an ac � m
• •

an e.ca -
ap ac smn e. -
e.n ac::"'iJh as e
•
- - -

.
' . or � s "t:
A. �7 -r,:
....
. p i '!"" ...l- •

-
I

l1tU
,

<lI.. -T �"'Q. v-)...G.. i'�IA u

- - -

a
o

,
•
-

�-r �
•

o
•

(7.-\' d�� �m
•
(I)t tha
lI>mha
·
-
se
a mhe
vhp m •

Cl;,t ro.. t..c.. •

0
0
0

• •
-
•
-

an ac� -
-
an acU!n , an acJ.msu
-
.
-
an a c a
-
-
an acu -

s,nac it t ha
.

an e.c o - ap ac i s e -
ap ac i vhem ·
- - - -

• • • • •

anac�m -
ap ec J.mn,e ap a c e -
an ac�mn e .

•
- - -
•

•
•

7. Ehavissen ti: / - Futll;ie t ens e

. • • •

s s a"CJ. ssenti ss a1: e ssent e

•

•
.

•
o
o

s s e.s � s s a.t ha.

•

' ss as e s savhe
•
. -
. .
. . .
•
•

s se m�
-

e'
ssemhe
•

ssa..rn
•

I
.�
•
•
•

n ac i ss e.t i
-
- n ec i s s.enti
-
.
n acis s at e
-
-
n acis sent e
•

•
•

ne.cis s e.s i p aciss avhe

•

-
-
p ac i s s athe. p.e. cJ.ssas e · -

p ac:!.. s s am'
•

• •
•

• •
- -

-
- .

. p e.c i s s ama. pacJ.ssP,!, - n.acJ.s se.mhe

.
•

.
o
-
.

-'

8.
-

Ke.l atip atti. - Conditional . Past

-
.

ssa s s emsu . •
sse.tha . ssimsu •
••
•

sse . s s a ha t •
ssas e s s a.vhe

s semh as e
•
-

s s e.m ssemna ssam'

• •
-
• •
•

an acJ.ssa • -
ap e.c:!..s s e msu an acis s atha -
anac issi msu
• •
- - -

anacJ.s s e an acis s athe. anacJ.s s as e an acis savhe

• •

- . -
- -
.
- -

• •
- -

an acJ.s spm -
apacis s amha an acJ.ss a..rn - an ac is samhas e
• •
- - - -
 -- - � 0 .... s
C 0
- -� - - � � 0"'IiI .,..,
.. ..
"
""; t"'". --. f"""\
v --=.., ""' .;..:,. ..:.:. .... _ Io.J _
-

'J == � .J .- .-
- - -- - - --- ----
- -- -
_ _
_
';..;
' ;:;.
_
--
--

1 . \r _ . "':::> -. c
S .0 .n +- Ijl 0 ,.., S
- -

.-.;. ,� ""'::
....
:"1 ":: ..,., � Q
... .. _ _ _ "'"
-

., c::. �. '"-" _ _ _ _� w

.&.. .; i.: e ? "" � e

• •

-
.-. .,..,I ..:...
' ..:•
.. -
• w _

S� . -
•
-- •n
r1
.1..
.... - a :::: J:J
- -
t:::Jr.
,, � -

m:::. m!!. 0
•
• -

J..•�I , ::.
.� _. -

'l.) ." C -
J:: 1; "! -o ac at e .
•
,

n ac :=." ti n ac .?.,,.t e
•

... � -
- -

• - -

na cas e pac a vne

• •

p ac as � -
p acathi �
-

u a c ::.nlJ. UP C·'!l me.. Dec e o G, c :;.m " e

- - -
• -

- -

- � - -

.
2 ' an
P ... c am1
-

, .

- �m� e=a� � ve
-

• .
-

tu e."tu taIl! ,'=!n�am

•

• •
•

", S 3U
• •

the v.no
•

·
•

111."1.
•
-

ma Q
... ?nlas e

, . • •

n a c a1:U - n acr-m'C·L:,
- ". - -
n acatam •
- p ac e "' ,; am
- •

• •

p ac a , p a cah; - naca:tna p acas su p ac av.!lO

•

•
- -
-

n acamJ
-
-
nacama
-
� ac e
-
-
p ac amas e
•

3.
-

S a t t emi - O n t at i'Ve -

eram ·
.
-

\
.-

eyya . . etha •

. •

..
e yya tha e i.:.ilO
.

• •
·
.

e..s
- -

eyy i
·

,
eyyav.110

e yye.rru
- - -
· .

eYYaJl'
-

eyyema eyyam ...he

- .
•
•

. •

p ac e , p ac eyya -
p ac eyyu.l!l •
-
n ac e tha -
p ac eram •
- . -

:> e. c e tho p ac eyyavho

-

p ac eyyes� -
pac eyyatha -
-

- -
-

p ec eyyarru. p ac eyyama p ac eyyam p ac eyyamhe .

-

- -

4. Past n erfect
-

Pa,.., o klrha -

p., u re
j., ·
. ,=. e t tha h0
I. 1:.L
-

. ,

vho
•

l!1.he
-

!11PJ a •
-

n aD ac e.
-
-
n a:o acu :J anecittha -
n anec1 re
- -

D an e.civho
- - - - -

n aD ac e
= =
-
p ap aci ttha iJ anaci ttho
- . -
-

- -

"; P :J .2. C P n a-:J a c " r;.:1 s.. iJ 2.n ec" m"e

. •
. • •

:J an::= cJ...
-

- -

= - - = .. = - =
 � . \
,

�
""?
• •

D a.c a -
I
Co!].j ug a.t ion o f the verbal l:I.O o t -
t o · cook ' in all t he

"fTeIl b al ca.s e s in Pas s i ve Vo i c e .

-
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -

� 1 . p ac c at i - p a c c �n t i p ac c at e - p ac c ant e
•

~ p ac c as i -

•
p ac c a t ha p ac cas e - p ac c avne
- -
-
.

p ao c am1 - p ac cama p ac c e - p ac camhe

•

I�
�, 2 • p aa ca t u - p a c c an t u p ac catam - u a c cantam .
'
• ..

It paaca, p ac cabi - p ac c atha -

u a c cassu - p ac c avho
- -
•

p a a c am� - p ac c ame
-

p ac c e - 'D ac camas e
-

,
paac e , pac c eyy a - p ac c ey-.ru.? p ac c e tha - p ac c er am ..

paa c erJasi - p ac c eyyatha p ac c e tho - p ee e eyyavho

�amhe
- -
•

p ac c eyySlIll. - p a e e eyyama pae e eyyam - p ee e e

,

- .
,
,
,
,
,
.
I
,

4. papac c a - u a'D ac cu . -
,
,

I'
p ep ac ci ttha , p apac c attha - p apaccire'
,

pepae c e - p ap ae c i t tha
,

,
p ap ac cittho - p ap e c civho , p ap ae cavho
p apac ca - p ep ac cimha p ap ac ci - p ap a c cimhe
·
•

, ,
,

5. apae ca , p ac e a - apaccu , p ac cu
-- - -
-

ap ac c a , pac c a - ap aecu , p ae cu
.
-

I
.

I
, ,

.
,
; .

apac c o , pac c o - ap accat tha, p'ac ca t tha. , ap ac cut tha , p ec cut t h a

-

. , # ' . ' - -
•

ap aceam , p ae eaID , ape e e a , p ae ea ,,- apaecamha , p ae c amha , ap ae e amha , p ae camha

, - . . . ,

. '

ap ae eattha , p ae e at tha - ap a c c at thuT , p ae c at t huT

.

apae eas e , p ae e as e . ' - ap a c c avham , paccavham . • •

.

-- ap ac e amhas e , p ae c amhas e
,
•

ap ae e iIp , p ae eil!l
- ,

6. apac c i , p ac e i - , ap a.c cimsu , p ac c imsu , ap aceum , p ae cum •

• • • •

ap aeei t tha , p a e e i t tha

. epae ci , p ac ci , ap ae eo , p a e c o
.
�- .

'
ap ac eim, paeeim - ap aeeimha. ; p ae e imha:
. . "
'
,

.
·

,. - - . -.
. -

ap ae ci t tha , p ae cittha , ap ae e a , p a c e a ' -.... apa c c u , p ae cu

_ . "

.
.
,

apec cis e , p a e c i s e , ' - ap ac civh8J!l , p ac ci�ha,!,

· '
·

ap ap c am , paccam , apacca ; p ac c a - - ap acei mh e , p ac c i mb e

. ' .
,

82
 •

I
• �
• •
,.... ·., c ,. • •
•

-
• •
� C "'
:) ..;:'. '' - '''' - '
•

""' ..... ..:l S � l.. _

• •

-
- ec "" ""
.OJ
""'"
•
c::: -
- _ .
n 71 -
- - L", -I
-
• •

"..J
. ., o -;... e - "D eC C :!... S S E..!! 1: e
...., _ s s '-- •

iF
--..

!)
- - - -

:14,.
t'.
• • •
- Cl .... .' .., ,....
•

Dc.C C � S S c.S !" -

. ..... '
c:. \.,.. C
-
_ ..;:; .:;, _ l.o 1.:. ..::.
·

-
- oe.C C � S S .3. v!!e
/i'
- - -

u ac c J... S S C�!l�
•
-
•
- • •

o
s o m !'l
-

'D "" C "' , c: :l a.c C :L s s a:n U" c c "' '' s <::! c m n

- ""
• •

- .. '- '-' - ..... -_...- "- o..J • _ "'"'"" _ _ _

•
..
- - -
•

8.
• • • •
-

"' T' C C "' � "" S �

...... _ -
-
o - an 2. C C � S S a!!lSU
""' - - - 2.:l aC C :L S S :L ITlSU
-
-

•
•

a::J ac C !.. S s e - an a c c is s athe. e.n ac c i s s es e - e.n ac c i s s 2.yhe

� "" p � I"" '=t s c m
- - - -

. ..
-

eveC C � S S e l!l - e��C C � 3 S 2mnes e

. - .

- a-0 2C C 2 S S .3.!TI i''1 S.

• ..

- ;...I _
""""' _ _ _. .. .

.. •
- - - - -

S o me 0 '" r O O 1: S ", -n C, "C e !!.s e

· • • • • •
"" ""'
'I I
t�eir ac ti ye vo !.. c e D r e S e!lL:
.,
--

__ (;;;. _ • •

p erson s ingu 1 pr f o rms p-e given b e l o w .

ro o t n r e s ent t ens e form
-- -- � - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -

7\ . g a c CIl 2.";; gac chati

•
". "
gam-to go go e s
. .

, -

bend t (��)
...

nam-to Tl "' m c
_ __ .i..l..... na.'!la ti ..:. worshi'D s
fi\
-

puc ch-to ask nuc cha puc cha t i - e.S.!rs

.
•

•
-

�-e:
. - •
� .
• •

.vi d-to kno w VJ.nc.a VJ.::lUa. I.-� - p er c e :!. ves , f e els

khad-to eat
•

. �z.,. ,¥ . kha da t i - se s
....
l.

O !llm J a
•

b huj t o e at vz
•

'" "" � ,
...
L ·
Dnu-r J e. I.�
.. . .

. tJJ
•

cmd-to cut ·chi!lde.ti - ·cut s

. , d h�
•

badb.-to OJ. Il . .z." b e"' c..n

" a barf.1hati - b inds •

� 1', *
.

ber:�rto t ak hare , har ati - t akes

��
• •

d e s � - t o preach aese d e s e t i - pre e.che s

katb.-to + 0 1 1<- ':� /I!

•

O'� "'" �
- ka.the kathe ti - . ta.lks • •

kpT'-to do kere ka.T' o t i - · do e s

- .... . n�
k. � .,
or ' "Iq
·
pib a
� .

o p � b a l. :!. - ar�n!{s
....
p a- I.
. .

govern·. � �� p e.l e t i - go ve rns

_. ..

-
•
-
,, "

d . b�
pal -to p al e
 ,

Lesson 7
Itl 1t{ �i1f q �� i�. .
S a.'1dhi - Euphon� c Comb�nat� ons
. . . -
----------�!f� �----; 5Z -�fi-�ft.!�-.,-i"i,1t�_=!--�'I' . �t�i1� ..
.
The J o�rung of two l e t t ers ' or S Q1lDds
=
' For easy
..
pro min c �e:t:�on
i s c alled, spndhi ")
'

.
. Norm2.lly thi s j oinin� or co mbin9. i.2!l:\. 9. c c�s
;: - � � �f 'J.-&!: ;:a. �?' � � 1t� 11'1 �"Gt � . ,
b e tween the last let t er of the "'¥ � >t,,, -r d "and1\. tne I irs '
-

r
•
of the s e c ond word . The former ; if it i s a vowel , is c alled
• •

' pubbas 2.r a ' and if , a c ons onant · ' pub bavya�.j ",'l19. ' . .The l at t er is ' ,
called ' par.asara t a-'ld ' p araV'lJ euj ::'I 1"1 a ' r e sp e c t i Yely . The following
example will c l ar ify the fact .
e . g . loka + agga - lok@ - p ub b � sar a
<@;gga p ara.s�.ra
s am + � hana
-
s e@) - pubbavypnj ena
•
- -

th a p aravyanj ana
•

-
In sandhis o f vowels and c ons onant s the following me thods are
.
normally us e d . �� �J.t li � f� ) -.tt!t � � qll � t( :
i . l o p a - elision . { ri.
- .
ii . ades a - cbanging or replaci ng
iii . agama ins ert ing i' ;;'"
. ' - -
iv. digha - lengthening �t�
v. ras sa - short , ening � �i
vi . dvitva -. doubling or reduplicating � :1."i:g
-r�
Ac cording t o s ome of the Pall tracli:tional . grammar bo oks the
s andhis are fourfold . ,ff."it'l� ffu�Jt .f., j{� if.i r!!J a :
,
. i . serasandh;i. - vowel s sndhi 4� 1l � .
.... '1 � 1-J. ;'
ii . VY,a nj anasandhi - , c ons onpnt sandhi <J� }� 1· ..

iii. ni ggah1tasandhi' - s andbi s regar ding the l e t t er ' rp ' �.�11�

.
� v . vomis s akasend hi - mi xe d sandhi )a A
1Ibb- (� �,'lf: El
�
. .
1 . Vowe I s andb-� ...A-,..'l J� � '
' : '''7-(9�i3 .
JH. � ..l. ..QI.. :ir. .J-' � � .s. HQ � �';2.
. "-1 Q "'t l:l 1 PiJ � F.1 ""5. r d-' El 0I.'f::,-
•

i . A vowel . . followed by a vowel i s ' e l i de d ( sar a , sar e . lopap ) .

,.

e . g . yass a+ind.r.iyani . = yassi ndriyani

no hi+etam = ' no�e t am
- . - -
•
• •

-
.,

s arnet u+ayasma = s a'1letayasma

, .,
loka+aggo = l okaggo ,
 -.
•

Conj ugat ion o f the ver b al r o o t I <i . \

D aca t o cook t
�n a1 1
.

t he
.
- _
-

verbal c as e s in Pas s i ve Vo i c e . �"'1Lt- H t! t �3 �-'£. fi !U � :Hj :X.. . ( pc.c.c.c..-

.

, -
- -
-- - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - -

1
•

• p ac c at i - paccen t i p ac c at e - p ac c an t e
p ac c ag � p ac catha
•

p ac cs-se - p ac c:avhe
•

•
-

p ac caml p ac c ama
-

p ac c e - p ac camhe
-

p ac catu - pac c a.t."'1tu D ac c a:: am - p ac c an t am •

-
..

p a c c a , p ac c ahi - p ae c a the.
•

p a c cassu - p a c c avho
-

.
p ap c am� - p a c c ama p ac e e - p a. c c amas e
- . . - -

« .. ..,

pac e e , p ae e eyya - p ae c ey-JU.'P p ao c e tha - pac c er am •

p a c c e yya s i - p ac c eyyatha p ac c e tp.o - pac c e1Yavho

-

p a Q c eyyami
-

- pac c eyyama pa'c c eyyazp - p /i;c c eyy9.mhe

-

4. p apac c a �- p ap ac c u p ap ac cittha , pepac cat t ha - papac cire

p apa c c e - p ap a c c i t tha p ap ac citthe' - p ap ae c i vho , papac cavho
•

;papac ca - p ap.ae cimha p ap ac c i ' - p apaccimhe

5. apac ca , p ac ca - apac cu , p a c c u
,ap a c c a , pac ca - . ap a c c u , p ac cu
- -
- -

apac c o , pac co - ap ac c at th..a: , p ac cattha t apaccut tha , pac cut tha ·

ap, e. c c am, p a c c am , apab c a � p ae ca -. apaccamha , p ac c amha , ap ac c amba , paccamha.

. .
..
•

ap a.c c attha , p ac c at tha - . apa c c a t t hum, pac c at.thum • •

. . .

apa.c c as e ; p ac caae - apa c c avham , pac c avham • •

ap accirp, p ac ci'!1 ' _ . ap ac c amhas e , p ae c amhas e

., .

· 6. apac ci , pacei - ap ac c imsu , p a c cimsu

..
, ap ac cum, p ac cum
.. - �
. apac ei , P lil0 Ci , ap ac c o , p ac eD - - ap ac ci t tha , .p ac c i t tha
.

ap ac ci.m , pac cim - ap acc imha , p ac c imha

- -

,
.. .. "

sp a c cu , p a c cu
. .-

ap ac ci t tha , p.accittha f a,pac.e a , pac e s. ·

- - .-- -.

- · ·:

ap ae c i s e , p a c e i s e - apacej.vharp , p ac c i vhsrp .

apac c aJ!l , pac.car; , ap ac c a , ·paces. - . ap ac eirnhe , p ac c imh e

•

.
 1-1� ��15 )f�.gij --W'i t �� .
.9. d i s s i mi l ar vo we l is o p t i o nal l y
•

A vo wel af t e r e l i de d
• •

" ,
.J... _ •

( va p e�o as arup a ) .
c a t t ar o m e
-

c at t ar o +ime
,
e . g. =

: ,
cnay a+� va
- -
,-
c h.9.y ava
-
.

.,
=

s o + ah am •
= soham •

.,
vande + aham = vpndeham • •

iii . When the p r e c e ding vowe l i s elided the suc c e eding vo wel. '
i s s ome t i m e s c ha.'"lge d int o a c:i s s imi l ar vo wel ( kvac�sava...YJ.-
... :;t.
•

...
!}� lut t e ) .� tt'( 4 13 i � Qt , 4i:4 � � � f � � /f.- liJ �� -§- "
e . g . na+up e t i = nop e t i
bandhus s a+iYa = ba..1ldhus s e va
iv •
.
When the p r e c e ding vo wel i s el ided the suc c e eding vowel

a�-er� t Fte� 1i�� � el� * -R

-

i s somet ime s l engthene d '( di gham ) •

>
•

s addhe.+i dha = s addhi dha

•
e . g.
-
.

• ca+ubhayaT = cubhaya�
v. When the s �c c e e ding vo we l, i s e lide d t he pr e c eding vo wel i s
I

al s o s omet ime s l engthene d ( pubbo c a ) · � t..a} � i (i � ) ';:J4 � -ttJ fJ"�:.t!

,,
e , g. kimsu+idha =
•
kimsudha •

sa dhu+i t i � , sadhuti
'
'
VJ. •
,
,

•
,

The final ' e ' foll owe d ,by ano ther vowel i s s ome't ime s c hange d
in t o 'y ' ( yame da n as s ad e s a ) � · R7I � -ii <.e...' � � l: �" <f ) ( �l� �1j �ft �)
e . g. me +aYaJ!1 = myayam •

t e +aham = tyanarp �

vii • . The final '0 ' and 'u ' ar e s ome t ime s chang€d. int o ' v ' if
ano ther vo wel fo ll'ows ( vamo dudimtanal!l ) ' . tl}4fr �o � (Lt' � et st.tX. ·v )
e . g. s o +as s a = s vas s a '
(Q<4r� �.� i� � ')
kho +as sa khvas s a ' =

ballu+a.badho = bahv+a.badho , =' bavhab adho

-

viii . .�_ll ' ti ' is s o m e t im e s chsnged ,. i n t o ' c ' and then r edup li c at e d
when a vo wel , follows � h?-ine ) .
•
•

( s abbo c a.I!l , p sr adve bhavo

e.
i t i +e ,t atF
g. ic c e t a� i;.: 't (;X � c. ' , qj..ti 4 � �� f. ;f.t .
= t

i t 1 �·ae s a = i c c a s s a
,

ix . · When followed, by a vo wel ' dh ' i s ' s o me t i m e s chang e d int o ' ' d '
( d o dha.s a 01. ) . 'Jh't�4-� � el� � < A' . .

e . G - 1dha+ahm.m :: idaham
-

•
•
-

A . ',Then followed by n vowel ' i ' end T i ' s ome t imes chr-mg ed i n t o
yI (1 , , Jl.. -f " t:J.. ":; ...J
r
;'i a.r� ne.ve. ) , ' �,2"7 � . � ll% EX 4 t �. •
)

..

e . g . -vutt1 +ass o. = vuttyas s a

v1.'bt1+lJlubhuya"t e vityp:rnohuyat e
- -

=
 -
-rl
"" ..
•

. i
:l/b "'. _n cr e c e d e d b v
...
t... - - �
a vo we l the ' e ' o f ' e va ' �ay b e c hpng e d int o

sho r t e n e d ( e va.di s s a r i pubb o

-

'ri I ::Ll'ld the p r e c e d.ing vo wel

ca r es s o ). � VIA �j � 4� sf , '-e. ' ��C-* � ' r� ' , iV, t.-6J: � �i tf t "

yethe= i ve
-

e . g. yaths +e va =

X�l. .
, ,

Whe ::J. f o l l o we d bv a vowel v

... , V, . D , ."I , m_ ,, R , L
,•• 1 , atl:i G Ar e
. .
-
v
•
- - ,

o p t i o�al l y eug�e�t e d ( yev��adan at aral e c agru!l� ) .

-

,
•

rl a + � !!la s s a n y i �a3 s e
a (y)
. ,
=

-",-,,
+ :;- -_
...., <:. , 1l.a."::'
t"
....
_
, - m
.
...

. (:'tt )
tiv-::n.7,i kam
,

U !':
-
•

I Fl7J.u+e s s � t i = l ahume s s a t i (m)

att a+s.t th3.L1 = a t t adat them ( d ) •

•

' .... - '

•

� I. o nayat � ( n )
•

i t o +aye t i ::

. . .
't asme+�.!l� 't.?sme.'t l.na ( t )
-
, , - .,

s ab bhi +eva ::; s ab bhir e va C r )

che.;-a bhinna. = chalabhinna ( 1 ) • •

Dutha+e va
-
= puthag e 'fra (g)

J:. ) ;t;
2. Cons onant s endhi : d i9 �a �{ . . � •

i. A vowel followe d by aa'c ons onant i s s ome t i m e s l e ngthen e d

end s ho r t e ne d . -lj:- � ."
t�. J -% J �.
•
.
..At,. Ji� � ;0 111 .!;z
"3' .:/ � "G':.... e;7't, <;0:.. ,... � •

muni +c ar e ::: inl;TI �- C a't' e

-

e. g.
-

. aramam = kh8� ti p Aramam

khant i +p . - .

bho Yadi +nama = bhovadI . name.

•

A vowel f o l l owed e c ons onan t i s s ome times

• •

�� . by e l i d e d and
•

of
•

!a' i s augment e d in the p l a c e - .

e l i s ion . ( lo p ailca t atr8.kar o )
- -
-

-e . g . s c +s i l ava = s a sil ava.

U tj hd -4 � � &� �{ �� 'a.' ., >

e s o +dhammo :: e s a dhammo --

s o + ve ;: s a ve
•
•

� � .l. . f o l l o wj.ng twenty fj,ve c orisonan t s in P ali a.r e . c alled

,

The
, . ,

- -

Vaggas or Group s . -
Thes e cons onan t s have b e en c l as s i f i e d
as
!£.�f J-is ;
•

into five groups follows _ :

'

gha ( 1)
•
, .

- ka .group
.

ka , � kh a , . ga , ....ne -

.
_ , _

.....
cha. , j na , - na
. �

ca gr o up ( 2) .
•

ca, -

-
t a , · tha , de , dha. , I!a -
- t a group (J)
. 't a , th'a , da , dha , nu ta. 'gr oup ( 4)
•

• • • • •

DB,
-
pha , ba, bha , ma - p a �'grC l1P (5)
The fir s t a.."ld the third l e t t e rs o f e ac h

o f the above f'i ve group s tU'e' c s , J a d lmaspj rat e s t"nd the

onll.ed aspirates .
,� .;:; " ....
-

- ...
_le
-_ _ ,J!J J!J.
..

;:' '-\1'-- .,...\

,'I:. .:s J'It'J
....
" .1\ " ..
-'
c;; I "'-C- • �
a

� "' ·. ...·�
..:. � ,... ) r e c e d e d "o y Cl.
•

_ _ c O ."' ...:l.., o ._
... .:... \" vO ::le1 is s orn:et i :-:1e s r e c. up 1 i c :::. t e d .
lS :' e c.up l i c . .:t e d . by :!l u....,.�s p irp t e "1....,..,.4;..L . ....
e> . S D '
• • •
•

:!s p l:ra1:: e ?�d p ,... e

• •

.....
. --
'r. ...
J.: ..... - �
.

...
-

r;hi ch b e l o ngs t o
1:: ,., 8
•

any one o � fi ve gro up s ( vaggas ) i s o p t i onal l y cnt'nge d

•

... .
..

J.:!'l1:: 0
... . , 1 e t t e:- o f the same
,
-

"\.-. h e ! J.ns.-. gro up ( vagg��± aT va vagg e )

.

ld .m . · 1 a 'C' o & 4; I.., f? ;: J L :if. I =, "; � Y,

· 1r
.;\" a ....
t". o - k l· nK ; ..l, ::: iJ.)!.
�« .o j
e . g.
1R1� ea � i§"> :r� � ji) � , � rH ti" V)( t8
__ - r
-

s �� + j i t o = sa�j �to
s am + t hi t o = s anthi t o
. - - .
eat{ �
t am +dh ana� • •
= t and h 2n � 1ll •
•

t a�+mi t t am ; t ammi t t am
. . -
-

S o me t ime s Niggahi t a i s · chpnged · i·Ilt o . -' 1 ' when . f o llowe d by

'1 ' . -it; &� � 'i 'i j: ..l,.) � < 0 ' ) � �1 ,;g, -:tf 0 1 .:i 0-:eT
"1-
jpI-. 1�-1t El Jr)\ d ",,- 't;) 1)1.. 1 11./ � " '7 I;)
.

R () .
"

p ull J.ngam
• • • •
e . g. pU:.'TI +llngarn . .
=
-
-

ii . The niggahi t a follo we d . by . 'e ' or · r.n, ' i s op t ionally chang e d

int o ' n ' ( ehenna'TI ) . •

And the 'n ' i s r e dupli c a t e d •

l ) ,J.� � , Ad �I A7
.
>
� ......
' .:1
e . g. p ac ca t t af!1+ e ya =- p ac c at t ann e va 'l!l .j� .e. � I'\. 1J11:.:p
.
'C arn+e va = t a nn e va
... :
..
�) A �'" J
b ,V;:J 1 \ > r9 (]I
''>'\
::; c..
I>
i'
• Q
--- ?- Sl.... ..
t am+nl = t 8..."1. h�·
"

....
•

lll .
-

The nigge..hi t a f o l l o w e d
• • •

by 'y ' may t O g e ther wi t h the l at t er

b e op t i on:3.lly c h an g e d i n t o 'nn ' ( s ay e c a ) .
,
;; ( '/ > , :;I '1
� . � rf) � , ,.., ,,,.. )
e . g. s am +y o g o •
= s an..'l'1 o g o . 1'0 ' -r
q� I 'f
....
[;;J t, �.� V\� 1'\."'-
-

+y ut t arn
""

s am s annut t am
...
=
... . . ..
-

iv. The niggahit a b e c om e s 'm' pnd ' d��when f o l l o w e d by a vowel

( mada ' s are ) .

rt(\' iX (c\ ' ..
e . g. e vam+as s a = e vamas s a
•

e t a�+ a vo c a �
= e t ad a vo c a
-

v. The niggahi t a i s s o m e t ime s augment e d when a vo w e l or l'-;;a

-
, • ' -10' � ,J. -
c ons onant fo l l o ws ( niggahi t sn c a ) m ,1,;) � � -J i[� A..
...
• •

e . g . c akkhu+udapadi = co.kkh� ud apad i

• •

2. Va+Sl:!:'O = avam •
Slro
-

'v'l .
.

!!lggP I"! :!., 'C c. lS s ome ti�e s elided b e f o r e a

• • " · 0 .

c ons o IlFlnt

-C -:: C! c: �
l,.;.. ___
n -rt"'!!l
...
•
 . . ..
B�c. :.. .n. .?!.a \ � c...
,
-
- -
,

= �-
.. -' .-,
- -- -- _. .
-. . ..,.
. "
-. . ',, -. ",
\
•
-

• •

VJ. � . 'I'!1e c.oub l e C O n S 01:8Y! t S "u e c oille s ingl e

. 1 ". c. , (
s e -, ..... "" " o�r-:> '!"1 I ''' n o c a �r. . 0 2'.0 )
Cl " '!"1 n
. . ... . . - '"

- �
•
"
_,
- - '" -"'- - e,.; -�-- y ..;.. - . .

a . g. e v�m+as s � ..
= e va�s a
-
.

elided
,

• • •

vJ.�J. . niggshi ta i s
;..... - C, tn ;::.. J.- e:;
...

. ( p a�o v� A7 J.
.

, ,
S2 ..... 0). 'Y)1. 1� e j '--j- 1:1 1);1 :;:PF;J �
.. . . ..
.

r"'1 � ] � "'71 ..:. ' , v-a b i. J � !Ti \j�

/I
- . .
�

e •
·co
0.:;:> . tJ -.
=
_.. .. . tI _
"
� • .&. . � ..
_

11
_

.. '

•
•

.
•

�. s o ;ne l. �m e s augm e n t e d
,

,
' 0
..
•
,
�s
.
--

e . g. 'Dut ha+e. va
- = pu.t hage va

D a + e va
-

= D ao::e va -

.. ".-. a b"h ' ,

- -

J.� . '1men f o ll o we d by a vo we l .
• • •

o e c o me s ' ao bha l
•

..... _

..
"

�t . � � , (o.hhk)�� Ahh�.
•

...-..
', '0 o""'u '- --::'1 "'
i.f 0
' . .

e . g. a iJ oJ.. +ugga-co =
..L -obe..
.

� .; !":1'; 1 ::> �
1 Y , " -' ' h �
o e c o me s J J� �
• • • •

' adhi '

� �t{t ) & �' �� < ��7
�
... '-'- .
, ,
_ _
"
� .J... _ . tr.,.,; .t.; U.'"' .

__

aj j ho ka s o
�
adhi +okas o
-

adhi +agama = aj j hagama .

-
•

�v.
•

The �in�l vowel of ' -nutha ' b e c o me s 'u' when f o l l ow'e d by

a c ons onant • .
tJ3 � ea-,. plAtl\A f;� ro...' �� ' V. ' .
putha+j e.no = puthuj j �'"10

'0 uthc.+ bhut am

-
•

-
..
= nut hubhutam
-
•

v. �he f o l l o wing s �ndhis s houl d ::.J. s o b e no t i c e d .

ava +ns.ddh3. = on.::. dc.h� Ca-v> G )

su+uD
-
as c..n t am = suV'�n a s :-�Tlt run O u '7 uv:}
. .
-

• . I

s v.:.ky,.iat c
-

SU+ alCKna"C o ( u ) uv )
.. -

= ...

= > y)
.

8.!."1.u+e t i 2...Tlve t i (u

'
,

-
.
• •

� 'u.;-
, .\ n .,...
•

Sa .
- .. .
. ."

. .� T' ,
• ...."
� -' ....
-
" - w -
' , ::: ....
-.; . . ""'.._
..
_"" _ _

b t:..1
� 1....l.u T�
· "' n - '0 �r�" ,'· n ", � ·., o
....
- - - -

�'� \.4.
.J ';::
..
':; 'n o - ". I.: .L _ � ... _ .;.;.. '_ .. ... .

j i vo - , v c:;.
J
-

• • •

sukh"'lh dukkh:.::..'il
-

S UKne r'l u!.rlr'h

�.L e
•

= -
'"
_ .... __
• •
- �

.
' .. -

p at i S e'1khay2;. YOl1i s o :; "'.J at i s a.ni..:-"l8. y o ni s o

-

"I"I -
� •

U- .
� .
- - --

• •..•
-
--

'
';0 ,
I
.

.
•

-
I _

y :' J J. e vo...:�
-

y::.c.l. e '!nm
.
.. ..
''
=

- '-I ,
• •

'0' 0 0'.....
i, ;- ...;.- 6 ; .;) -h- -
- . -
..

0' ..r.
'-

--:-
-

:: b 0 U '" '--: -

�.
•
- -

� .� -:""" , t-""t 0 .....

' •

• __ 'J IaoJ
.

...J
-
_ _ - .. ...
 Le s s o n 8 P":'efL:es ( u'J :::" s e.::-'7e. ) ." "C!. :? q .,.. t i c l e s
-

( n ; o a t .?.. )
....-
-

-- - - .. Q�
"' .oo"! :i
- i>l� .?- Jo�
-"" ,,"i c O
d :;-
� l!.
, ... - �-

. �1: �� 0 T ;1'1 \;1 't."1

P"!'fJ � ,,� rt"
--? t..a� ::.. di : It- -t... � 1, -� >
_ -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -
� �
- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - -

-
..,.,..
L . '

Pre fL�es . 8-"ld o ar t � c l e s l!l p .'=' ' :!' PT'e �nc. e c l J..:2 .:: b l e . .J:' r e fJ.x e s �r e
..,... ....::
.' -r ...." ": Co
'& ' . , . . _
...

.
.. ..

'�" * �� t. i�. i� Gl � w,-?iJ ,

J o lnea. ""only " at: tne b e glnn�ng o f nO lJns verb s . They'7i= �W1�rf.:a..a..
o't · " 'nu c
"

s t r-nd inden endpntl y . P�rt i c l e s

��. Er' lo·n�- I=. n'l' � If
en-endant
-t . . and s t and an31where �.
p,
-
��
'"
'\J 0

11 1i � -itj � � i;a. g f �.,t � t:i .f; iEJa -i7

. �

� l ?1}
•

.A ,11

. . a .� 2:.P � 'It.;,t� lP
the nouns and ver b s t o whi c h they o-re stt ached . S o me t�mes tl1e �� ·
db not affe c t the me anings o f the m . · The p ar t i c l e � �\ �� �- , ;�t� �[ �
. . . ti� 11'; t-/f.I� J:. t: J..
-:;:. 1-0 1» IV · "'It;r", � I!;t: " ta. :; of .1'! ' ;.� IJ.� �� 11 ,, ""'- \� , ft� 10"'1 .;

differ ·nt..... oc.onj; e:ct � . .AI though s anfg -ofS" the pr"e fix s an d "'p l1�:'C ic e s
1. i:� �1.. .'::...'t It.l lil� It. �� , ,,�.;I H� 1;'1 � 'f f.7i i� . �.t�:� Iij .: .
h3:ve p ar l; J. cul ar me ��n�ngs-, we can ' I. def�!u t ely d e t ermJ.ne the�r
. . . .

· ::-:..nd ver b s . There fore the fo l l o wing examp l e s . wl l as is u 0

.
hl J���\ _rge��ti t{u\d�\:s t ending o f their us s.ge . ,.. .

e . :� -
Pr efixe s :
I"

p abh�vati - ori Ginat es · ( pa ) - �i, �f� .

p a +bhavat i
p ar abhava - rui n , disgfac e ( par� ) - p ara+bhava qJ�
-

ni+das s ana � � , iiH. .

.. -

n�da.s s.sma - exampl e ( ni ) -

ntharst i - throws o ut ( ni ) - nl+harati -i�
uggac cha.ti - ari s e s ' ( u ) - u+gac chati 1t�
duggand.ha - b ad smell ( du ) - du+gsndha. ��,
. ' s al!lvut a - s elf c ontro l l e d ( sarp ) - s aItl+vut a r�ij . �J �.tr
'
vimut ti - eman c i p at ion ( vi ) - vi+mut ti �� n{.1
avam�nnat i - de sp i s e s ( a;a ) ' - ava+mannat i �iti .
anurupa - s ui t ribl e ( MU ) anu+rup e. · �iJ fz'. I'I� . � � . -

p ari bhavati - b l arne s 7 ( p ari ) pari +bh ::. vati ,t.#../ � f-:l -

adhigac chati - real i z e s ( adhi ) - adh�+gac chati Yf�� �e ,

abhidh:lmma - sp e c i al d o c trine ( abhi ) - abhi +dham.r.la pq:kli� '
�;, �
� .

pa+r i kara ( pati ) p at i+kara

�
- t r e at ment -
- • ...., " I�

1i
•

s ug c...,dha
. - fragra.'l'lt ( su ) - su+gandha
8.Vo.s e. - dwe lling pl a c e ( a) - a+vB:s e. -11 �u
a t 1 kkent a - gone b eyond ( ati ) - at i +kant a kli l� , i�:;� �

up cm agar8 - vi c inity o f a city ( up a ) up a+nagara t..1.i1.iZ'1f.l1r , -

ap araj j hati - s ins aga ins t C ap ::;. ) o;.pe+raj j hat i �� rr. -

 .,. 0 -
I -
I 0 ",n SU
- I""
.. '" of
, '
·1'\ "n
.
.,., rJ ":""' .!'\ "- " 0 •
...... .., -

J)"' - - -
-
.0 •
- - - - - -- � " _J. __

hi ,
.

:u-a , ne.. , no , kim ,

• • •
-- a
-

....... _- .....- ,
-

S 'lTe , ' ve , , • ...,

. .

ca, �a , ....
1.�..L.. ..i. ,
,

",
::l0 ,
-
---

w
- -

vat e. , �tha , c",-na , n�ma , mLl'la , p ll."1 a , p a.7J.a ,

- - -

S 2.h .::.. ,

avi , beh; , nava , vi�a , nana , ad�ha , p �c c ha ,

- - -

s akka , era , d i v3 ,
-

s o t thi , khe..l u, nenu , yagghe , s ac e , have , s u ve ,

. . .

2.r e , pure , namo , t iro , e.. dho , aho , raho , hiyyo , bhi�70 , ant o ,
• - -

pato , sud am , . kal l am , evam , dhuvam, al :? rn , h � l am s ayam , s ay a.m ,

-
•

.:..- ;,,::. -
• • •
J
•

s amam , S 2-mam , k 3mam , p aram , o r aIn , C ' ....

• •

-
.. ..

hur.9I!l , s aki:n , a t hava

•

•
- - -

, ".
_ . ..
,'
.... !, ,
. . •
• • .. ..
-

-
S 2.!!l.;'nUKna , '"' aT' h'; ,
..

·� ,., t Wo ....
.!. .. a , bahidcil:+2. , yavata , m"' ''' a
..

am
- -

i",. c.-. ,
..,. '!"\ .L.
- -
1
-:: .. 0,..;.. _ .... '. __
'"
Q,J.. " � '"" Cl
-
..... _
- - .....
-
' .

. ayati , up eri , tiriyam , e t ar ehi , e t tavata , s eyyathidam , ap p e ven a..rna ,

-

• ..

bhiyyo s o mat taya . '

e . g. •

c a ra \, 0 C
-
al s o
. ..
-?
��
too , - d i va - day and ni gh t
-

ca"1" . ana , , " as well as ..

."
.�
--

nE'. +- n o t ,
•
no ..:. na ' g9...l1tabba.m - should not go ..

Va;� va or 3uddha or a di s c ipl e - Buddho y; s avz:.ko -

-

rna � do no t - ma g�c cha - do not go

hi ;� c e r t ain l� - no hi e t a� - o ert ainly it i s not s o
!

ve.{t-! c e r t ainl y - s a ve ni bb�na s ant ike - c ertainly he is at ni b baua

no �- not . - no c e dhammam s ar e yyat ha - if not remember the do c trine •

k::i.Ip i5 wha t - tal? kim mannatha what do YO\l )hink • .

-

.
- .J,..
yava!il until yava at thas s a nip phada - unt il the aim is fulfilled
-

ani c c a - va t a s a..""lkhara - all c ondi t ioned t hings

., -

vata � F o ertej �J y
- -

are c ertainly imn erOmenent

-
•

atb a%L� then - atha kho bhagava - then the. b l e s s ed o ne

-

- 9 -
ame. -�es arna bhan t e - 0 y e s venerabl e s � r ,
•

nema t- c al l e d - Vin es si ' nama san'!buddho - t h e Bud dh a c al l e d

-

'
- .
iTi p as s i
- .

i ti;:c�� t hus i t i he t am ;;i�ari8.:nc...- thus we und e r s tand t hi s

"'-
-
..
J

di ve.. B,'Kday d i vs. c a rat t o c a d.ay and ni ght - -

s o t thi �1J suc c e s s s o t thi t e ho tu - :may: yO}l g e t s uc c e s s . -

� if s ac e
s a(; e (''t -
,

-c va:n - . �l
•
. ..

you
have �ac er t ai�ly - s a c c a.m nave s adhut c.rc:.m '" .,.. + 0:" ; 11 1 .·,Jt
,

· truth ['!
-

•
� is - - - "" ...... _
..
-

b e t t er

� th'.1.s - e vam me
e va'1'L:Y�_ ..
�
s ut :;.::: - thus I ,
have h(� o2.rd
.,

s.lf'm � us e l e s s .; M "tlQ l i vi ng
.

'1'"
� .
a ....!
vaC' e Yl Cl here
-

•
- __ _
, "'
1'1"
• w _
Q
- -- .... - - - "- - us e l e s s for

you
•

, .,
C !:l ,- I � '''' ''' - ' . 1 -
-�­
u srol."L."ld t h e worl d c ir c l e
-

. ' ... _ - --- . - _.

. .' .-' ..

... .; :... ",., e""

-

t:d' __
" i, i �-"; no ""'I
- "'- -

- to + ::> � '"
"" - Yl c ;" 0
•

�.,
_ .:..
'"
_ ... ___ . ,__ .., ... .... . �._ u_ "' _ .... ..

� , a. S
-

. _ . ..

'of -;
t;}':"""":
a . .

- '-'
-, - .., "'!""
C' Q '" _ w ___
!'"..l � .. 1 l
V
-...J

1<fT ,.
..-
__ _

. .... e
.. .. •
1-; ... ... ....... ,....
....
- -

,
' - _ .. ., _ ,... - I.... � .. "'t"�
� ... .. -., t:"'.I . ....
.

" ..... n
.-
-.�
- - .

..
., ..... . , •

� - ,' ..
,
.. . w4 ..., C
.,.. __ _- -
-- �- - . .. ..
-
.
"'"""' .. - -
- - ...

_• • • .... -
. .
- . _ •
. ' .. . -
-- -. -
' . 0- -:
. .. ..
..'
 j o ined t o ge ther as one ��i t .

The q o mp o und s are

P al i l a."lguage i s " c onc e rne c. .

•
,

i . To exp re s s the ide as in brt e f M%.ff!l� �4 eH'i'!e.�cf. � t .

ii . To exp r e s s t he i d eas more c l e arly {}.fi�� aJ. �� }. f� !i .
iii . To ad d. a p l e a s a� t rythm o f s O:uJJ,d s t o the expre s s i o!)s,t � � �flt.f� ,
'os �t �j;' 1'z. �� jlik' &a tj.1i11 ":si-1>�;z.. ·
,

Tr::1.di tionally this ' qual i ty

�� i!j;.
o f ;Js oun� s jJst3 c�I l ea 'Ojogw:� t,_
•

Sp e c i ally this qua l i t y o f s o und s i s app l i c ab l e t o p o e ti c

l anguage . J.J!J�{f�� ���'J i1 rf1 �� tt .
iv. To fac il i t at e the poet in c o mp o s j ng ver s e s t o pre s erve
;{;:f ll "' ;� ,,(. .:rt� M t "' � 9 4�
'

the me t r e . \ > 11", l� po II� 1'r

�

� P(J \'1 * _ II!! U '" -rr;:.J- ,1;' l.3/.!- 7 :1 JE 171: k­

..

..

+e.: ea �!l F.I 1'"

.!f. '1 1.. to. r:> .J '- It).
-

y. T o combine the s e v.eral coni! ep t s toge ther in one unit o f' s o tma s .
� - I"

; --HI t�..\;.· ;
,
,
- , �
The •
•

i . 'l'he · : ord s
i which are t o be �'Yli t e d. should �
be in thei?>o iOj inal " forms .
e . g.
-

rat t a l a t a ( r e d
-

creep e r ) - No minat i ve form

,
,
"

221 . d e c l in e d in nOUl1- c �,'.s e s

• • • .

sho ul d b e the
� ,

�he s e c omp ound words Der ore

u s i ne; t he;;! in s en t e n c e s . f. � tt � tt iLt..ft. .

e. g. u c c aruk}:ho - u c carukkha - I� ominD.ti ve

l1c c aruklcham - uc caruk�'� he - Ac c u s a t i ve

,-

u 0 c.; o,!'u.kkhena - U c c arukldJ,e bhi , u c c arulckh ehi - I n s t rument al

to Pali divi :: e d
-

1. A c c o rd i rlg •
tradi t i onal gr �nm ar int o
s ; -:- (l'''''' o up s t �� . (-?: � � �:? .:r- ��
.��?(- \� ,11�<...- \ L-t '
.,:, , _ ... , _
1" 0 1 1 0 :'" ''''
., . , .:> .
.
- - .. ' -
 �'l i21 *'
1. ..J
- �r q v, "', " a" a c::: ; '�'�' s '" T r. a.
� ::> 0 1 1· !l'. ' '0 1 ( Ad verb{� l C () ::l} o und s ) .
-
•
-
• • •
-

.. �- e C O ll!) O tL"1.a S
•

-- -

. �{: .;i}
-

- " - -_ . .. . - .......
- -
..J "'v u- - - -

� �'j
-

,lg t:>-
-

]' J.. .
• •

D v·, .,.., Cl ··· ·' c:

,

sa ' \i' - CO!'!1U o unds

()' .,.. '" .... ..., -;- l (Cu'Dul
� at i ve Como o u.nds ) .
-

:.:l r, '" =-
t:.:-l.�

� � " ? �ai m
. . .. _ ..._ a . ......
-
.. - b e;. .... -

- ,.

( ,\.dj e c t i veJ:� �bmp ounds ) .

• • • .. ,

Comp u W1 d s
- -

.
,
-
, ,
- - - ,. - · ··� � � n a_
......� _
- . '�
.. . .... \...L _
� ...
. 1 ''-- . ..
·�.. J- a �
"" 31m.. a -..J
r- .·.. . " , , _ .
-

�v. n; 1 S :""': f'," .!"'I

. q .
� , �

'· l1n d S ( 1'J U " e "" 1 De t err!1i n a t i ve ). �ii] ��iJf)

-

.. 1\' 1 "; �� ,,-:. ':--. •

v ,_n til.. ,'
•

!71:...4
- -0 ... . . .. _ _ .-
;
"' . \.A. . u ·.... ... _.. �
•

,"' J U _ ... _, ,. I . -r"' q

::l ". UI' " ..... - ..... m'-'

.
. _
-

. _ :::> ...... C o mp ound s ( D e p endent De t erminat i ve

-
,.. � . ....

v. D e t er:nin:l.t i ve
, ..
", ' . "' -" , . .
. -
_
, __ .:.> It._a. ..
. .- -
�_- J .;J .....

'"1;: :?- 1t-{)

' _
-

Comp olUlds ) 1'·I�� •

�

VJ. B ." hu
· . c::.-. bbi hi At tri but i ve C o r.ro olmds ( Re l a t i ve . !tifjU,$f�
-

,
-

• . ___ -.. r.:l O

s ·. · mt,;,;o. � .... ....�
.
-

-
C o mp otL'1d s )

2.
. . ' .... �. "
C l "" '" ....... 1 u and p ar t i c l e s l S
,
I,.,
: . , "

0. 0 of
.
.

..
t:�
"-' ••
-
- -. ,.. 1 ... ... � __

c .:-. l l e d byayi bh-..k Vi..'l.S ;J.IZla·S s. .

.
- -

(;) j i � � .
-

,�

e.g. Pr e f i x e s
- - - - - - - -
c omo o unds
- - -- - - - - -

una -
up aJ1a gar a c l o s e c i ty

nl. n idd a.!' a t ha without bodily ..... ,.l , n

• •

� ...... -
-

In hi m-! :t13 a,ka \ovi thout .pI; o s

•

... _ "

.
- - - - - _. _ - -

,{ ., -'- 1-1 "·­ � n '0 ' 1 c.

y., a .;,""�u ' '-oA._;...;L
�1 }. .",
a c c o r ding t o s e ni o��ty
- -

.
... '-
l. -....-
•
�
•
-

yaYe_ l i fe lo ng
•

•
- -
-

yavaJ l va
•

t ir o t i ro p ahbat a out side the rock

.
an t ooas ':'l d ··'. lnSlae :nanS l o n
. ..
- -

the
. •

,
• •
•
,
_ _ 0 •

"/ '1 .;.;

:
.
� ��.. t wo
..6. -
•
;--" : 1
OI' more ', ••
IV ,:" (1-
., ....
..... �
•

,
-
•

,
.,
'
l-
.,..
t he s �'.m e case are c ombi�ed , the

i s- cal l e d })vc1i1c.. a . i;$7itD �},.t{:.J �:} :i �'J (;1 f� �� �!� .

-

c- e..k lchUil s o -c aHl e y e and e a �

,
-
- -

c e�1d a�) ur iya it10 011 and sUt'1-

•

c 6.r:. d c s ur1.yo -
- _.

Y'� a,..·· t!
'
a e l t l e s and men
.

� '
- -

sure-fL cr e-
•

... " ....,

--
-
V• .-. .1.
.
v l t: ... .. -.

P 8ni .) ada hand and fo o t

-
- -

_.
,- -

.
• •

• • •
•
1 -.
,- - •
... -

"J 0 :nI'• '0 l' n

.

... _ .:>
_ I� the s amas a
, . .l '
-

,.. ...

.. ...

"..· · ct' h
...
\,.... ,

1. R c a l l. D el ..
T.r l .... ,·. ..
-

...... r, - .. ,...
.
•

1 •" • 1......
..
' \ ." . . .' .
_ _ Ck- . .. __ . . _ \0 .... I '0_ .
••
. -
0

]. (. :. \.., 0. ·r· '·.4 1 n t" a - r e d c r e c r.: e r

- - , -

.� "'I ._ '_ ,-. . \'""' ,....

..
�.
,
<.. &0-
. . .
.. .
.- •
. .... .... . . . ,.. r-
0_

v ..... . .... .... . '-'" � .... ....

.
..
° . ' •

_ .
-

·" 0 T) Ur l S O '"Tl
n e �:'son
- -

• • •

" 1
.
,':', '0 ·(l···· l (' . ...
Y .. - - , -.
...L .:;",) �
-

-
-

·lrl '··' . " a� "

_ _ '0

O'I' '""
•

n ur l S O li '" -:" c' 0 ""1

-.
•
, - ,.,
,
, ., .
-. . L•
.) .
0
• •
.

l o o " ( "
t , .- . ,:, _ :J "
.

_
�. .. ...
.

__ _ - to... ., .. """' ... � -

-
U.:" _ �
. -

- ":J -
 -
-.w.t. "
� v.
,�I?'
�tr�Il�
•

Di �us :.�m 2. s a :

�hen the fir s t member o f the adj e c t i v�'..l c om p o und i s a ::lwne::,.al

the SaffiQS a is c 8.1 1 e d Digu .
� ffJ$iSJ-R) 1!.� �4 ( tt$�f) Gd ¥ -i � �t� � .
-

t eyo l o ka - t iloka - thre e worlds

-

e . g.
p en c a indriy;ni - p anc indriya - five s ens e s
•

dasa dhamma - das :,,-dha:nm '" - t en d o c trine s

-

v. Tapp ur i s asa�ss; : 1:kt ¥f -1In��-A � t�1l f.J1 fff � ( Il£.t... � L,s-. )

e l on$ing t o any c as e f�om Ac cus at ive to Lo c at i ve
q� } .
hf�-ttJ
t .... . e r . wora.
� �:f�id
a..'1 the me aning o f c as e � 5 that
.

the s amasa is c al l e d T a pp uri s a .

-

e mohas i z ed ,
-

e . g . gam� g a t o - gamagata gone to the village ( Ac c us a i ve ) t

-

-
•

•
d e vena dat t a� - d e vada t t a - gi ven by the d e i ty ( Ins trumental )
..

s ·::. ll ena 'liddho - s allavi ddha - p i erced by s t ake ( Ins t r umen al ) t

agantukassa bhat tam - i5:gantukabhatt a
•
- ri c e for the gues t
( Dative )
•

raj asmd hhayam - raj abhaya

. . - fear from the king - ( Ablative )
-
.

...... ""'

renno put to - raj aput t a - s on o f the king - ( Po s s e s s i ve )

.

s amsare dtikkham - samsar1'J.dukkha - sufferi)l.g in the exi s t en c e

. . '

. ( Lo o o. l i ye )
•

• •

vi . Bahubbihi
•

When words s igni fying the n&mes o f -o bj e c t s are c ombined

toge ther to s i gni fy the name o f a d i ff erent o b j e c t , the c Oillp ound
is c al l e c: .:ahubbi�i . t� :/Jj �1it. Vd j. �1i� E >f �-J-.�a-- }; - cJh ) �i� �lij f� i. .
e . g. c hi nn a ho.t tha ( ha1'lds cut ) - chinnahat t h a - the p e r s on who s e
hands "i.re cut ·
indriyani ( s ens e s c onquered ) - j i t i ndr i y o · r e c l us e
� -

j i t ani -

l l l e..� e .
-

n.ig gat a j s.na e ft ) Y� � ;: ;1

-

( p e opl e
- if.i t1J�f' or .fIr)} �-J'� ..... 1! 1-a /� 't -f<� % v -1(f\;��
n :t r.- o'ata"lj �o
. �- -

�C>J
�

.
In a way the Bahubbihi c o mpOlmas>' c cl'l t h e d e finea as- tne adj e c -
.

t i v2.1 C OlTIl') ound s t hems el ve s u s e d t o . qual ify an o t h e r nOlL'1 .

e . g. J i t :lll<!riyo Budc:.:'10 g 2I:1' .'.m c:.g:,,,,,,!! 8, s i 'rhc: 3uc.dha who h ,::. s c o nq u e r e d

- -

..

t�II�·t te:. EJ '(.1" ((t 'f-J 1a.i t .

.

l�li s 's en s e s went t o t h e vi l l age ..

in t h e a b o ve s ent e�1 c e the · '. dj e c t :!. val c O:;I�) Q und ' j i t ind!'iya ' dC' :::: a e en
..

usec. �s an ad j e c t i ve fo� the t ers ' 3uddha ' . Th e r e f o r e the former

refe!'s t o the t e r :li ' Buddha ' in t h i s contc:·�t . tl:-l1)·l lt , '{5i: i1.'f �fj fe.··.I � m i
+-
Cl - �) .'O
'ft ,;;. ""
i;j::r ,
.:n,, � ,I'� ft
'1 1 } � - ,;, ,, , ,�1·� 1 1!A...
. .
... "" J b'o
t'- "iLq,' ''>;t.,. 1�
.}C) ) Q-t Qc "-l)"j'1 :1:..c; _ Jl'If'P.' 1'0
•
., . .
 ::. R�{ji1-
L e s s on 1 0 Taddhi t a S e c ond� v D e ri vat i v e s
----�:J{f�-,f. -�;-�(j-i"i liru�1i-1! i!:f �UI ti �.
-

-
- - - - - -

':' h e r e is a CD. t egory o f s uff i xe s C ll e T�a.hi 't c.. ",in P :::.Ii which
- - - - - - - - - - - -

. . '. J711 �I t% > �X!Jtr ,

ha v e
� -::.

. � .:: � d ::r:.&- :t:l: IV.7; :l '1i..

'
,

& J .-(p �'t.At'..;' n� Q l. .a 9;1 ';f '!t ..

f ir s t
•

. \, )

.
- ,

./'<1 ��"* dro � ".1 ,

by a doub l e strengthenin� &I th& voweYs occurs as
.
consonant . The
· fo ll o s : w

a c
b e o ;n e � e
-

� :::.Dd become '" e

-

1
• ,

•
-

• "" 0. U
•

o
-

u --� b e c ome

Al t ho ugh the T ad dh i a suffixes are c fas sified into several

groups in the tradition�l gram�a� , t h e following examples e=e given

t: ; .
f :. ;,.t J 'G� 3 · :
in C OEl:non . It
fJa '" .c- {� :::. ' • !i
.

,� � ,
. J. .

e..�I � . � f. rfftJ . ' , . - , ' .

.

But it should be �r'ft��;J�3fe / lfitt1ftt���fcim.�as 9 a��'�g��ge"�·Jec · ive

than the samasas as far �s the eX?re s s ion o f the . various c onceu t s
-

-,

ar e c cnc e rn e d .

e .g.

word suffix t addhi t a

- - -
- - - - - - - -

a son o f Vasit tha

- - --- - -

Vas i t the • •
•
• •
• •

' K acc2. ay8..'l1a s o n o f Ka c c a

•
-

Eo ggp 1 l a ana r';Ioggallana son o f ; :o gg a l a l

- -

c::I. '
!

D �"1.s a.rs:tna �
-

s on o f Dasaratha
,

Das n.r athi

.

_ ika Sakyaput t i ka s on o f S akyaput t a

C""

ava s o n o f Manu
-

. ., rn
,
..

. S" ' T,· ' r. 0 ';-' a S 011 o f r e c luse

.. -

et '" I .,.
, �
'.- .- - """ ­
-

•
.
•

r'li " '1

' t'j' . e o::>
un
.

. " tl
"'b ' 1.- ,
.; lr., -r ", i�
Io.j -

�. ;-I
..J.. ... .... c. ,. _•
� . ,. - . • .... ..
.... --"'- _ ... '-"
\. .
� ""'" "'"'"'" -
,
. •
0 "

�'l-i k Il,,;.
-

i k� u.
" working L1 shin ( s ai l o r )
- -

' "', <l

..... 40
, 7,1
•• _

1 ·-"
_ _ __
-

s w:a1: J.1C2. 'Norking in c art ( c ar t e r )

.
..
1,.. � ":"
, ,
Cl "
-
, . ..

� '.
�
I. .!\.. '-- L, ," _ A ....
.. •

s ',_' .:.>
.... J' , .!" a t n' e one on he;.:!.d
- - ,

, I,.. �
'I'/ho b e o.rs s ome t hing
• •

_ .:.� . 0. '" _

ab hi d.na:nma s t ud i e s
-
' -

ik:� - a'::lhi dha.'!Eui ka t h e one who abhi dhamma

dovarika
-

d Va2:"a . ik3. gat e-ke e p er

-
-

S i:!A
, -ill,' !:> 1. 3 :l!\:u..?li lcD. -
,
-

i'o 'iil er
,

�
...
_ _
Y. ;.'
•
-- -

� O �'il' ·: ' ··' n " O " , O T 'l, --'.;:J

n ,r
"
,

,
-f'o '"
.
su,r;o" , -r. � uYC1·l D n g e c.
.

." 0-""40 ___ -

"

..
, . .

"" ,.", - - �-
, :t �.! -

. 1 ,
-

,-
. .. l '
�_ _ . ... ..._ -
.. ..

"\ .'0 -
. , - ""' ...
. - -
.
......

( ., 1
.. ..
, .' ,.,. .� , c· 0: '
. { . .---
-. n . .
....; , - . - "" ·· · ·
•
r" '" ' .- r-
• ' . .. . . ,

.
•'_ _
�
... . . .... _ .J .:. _ .....
"

...... ..j
"1
' .I , '
. .
. ," . -
J .-· f...
· - - .�\ ',.. .
,... 1" ("'! en_ , '" 1'1
. "':-
� - � - - - ... ..
:
-
- -'- -.. � ..
.
...
. .
-·u -
·..··. v ..., �) _ .. .. ..,;.

T C O ':C , ...
�
� - ". 1 -"1
-
. c,,:::. .:�
- _ ........
,

- - .-
. o ' ... •
..•' D
- -
,
-
," ..

. .. O !J
.

, . . .., . . ,- .. _ .....
.. � n . �,. ' ;-' i l , ,' .� ..
_ . .. .

.
.. ' .. !.,.;) - ... � - .� -
-
.. ... -...
-
�
. "-"
�
.-. _

•
 ., c� V)... !:: 1 1 +-- i C'i n 01 'D e O �
�
-

.!..
-

.' <
., .,-. .
�
' -" c:. ......
, , , , ,.

..J V
..... .....
I
-
r· ,-"t .
v w _
r.J
� - ", _ _ _ _
,
� f.;
'-
-
• •

-
-
•

...

(1 � '.T a -
l ;-;
- .

::lo r e
.

d aye. alu
...
...
- - -
�

...... � C O !1lD :..:.s s i onat e

"
:.J
-
•

. S U 'w:.... '."':: ,-, Q '[,- '., � � >"' " '' ," .;:d.' g o l d.
... " .-. 1 '\
,
';
.. ": ':""1 r- • ,'-; . I �· ' : l · ""'" �. , . .
-
- --� ... .. - ... .. . -- -� ..·v ..
� '

...'
'-_. "
-

J
_ _
•
- - •• ..

• •
... .

'11 p erson p o s s e s s ing in t e l ligenc e

.

+ ' 1 '
,

t, l�l e -L l. ge!!.1:
;
'
.

�
)

-U!� ,- , . .... � "" ,�

f · - u
.
:�o o d qual i t i e s
,
- .. , .. ... ...-.. ("' Y',
...
.... � l't
: I . ,
o
..'
.-""
' _ '-
' 1 :-'
.... J .-
.

"",- . � '- _ .... '..

" "

" " ";

.... - - -
o

� ';"" ll O " '

�
-_.

4
-

" ""'" s \I
. �
..:.. ..;.. "

u d
sati iJ1.r! d I U.LIl e S S ( f!ll. n I U.L )
11' '''''
.
- o::l ....
"
.... , .•,
� , " � �

;-. ,� l,.. J, ��_

.
. ...
..L , L .

-;J aD e, . a n ap 8.. t e.:r a rno re v'l i c k e d.

"
- -

c ......
•

""' c_
, . - -

'.'11
" 0 l;:e d
-

n aD a t ame. D6.D at ams.

.
-
-

. . -
;':;0 s t
.
-

- -

p ap iy a more wi c ke d "

n an e. i t tha D ao i t t ha IT! o s t wicked

-

4 • .
- - - -
-

eka •
onc e

d a s ::. dha das a c ha t enfo l d , .. en T'

'-" 1. .':1.=.
. ... V '"
. • •
-

.;...
e..J

i: a :nUClU1: a s o ftne s s
, .
- -

mudu
•

- so di s o o ur s e by di S C O ur s e
,
s u � 't: c. s ut t as o
.

..

•
 - 'I T( ' " . 117 >( iB
: '1-5.- -'- .
,

1 _..... .,... , . '�T';'j� ..

-

',' _
,:> _
'-;:
_ .......
; ·e s s o n '"' l 'ra , '
- - -
"--

-
e
-
...,
-
-
L 1 T"
.... ';' �:" .;, ... _ - w ..-

.'? he1)ol:��rtj:"�V[��U1-';i g:-J.e�f ��jj >:B�j"icr- - - - -- ---

-
_

Ki t akas are "fo � me . by a d a i n g th� ' K:j. t;-.: 1gl ��ffi-�es t o t �

i';t.;f 'Or '1 6-;r- l=;- i)·� 1:!l9. 1 HU ?J?
"

! r.�7{;:j �1; fQ J.. � id �.z:..:. ,nsonan t s tnat oc �U!' '.'lhen' ·

'"
ver o 2...l.. roo 'C s . The cha.."1g e s O I vo we l'EI and. c o
. "
, � ,

t he s e s uffix e s ar e add e d t o the ro o t s , s ho ul d b£ :u.nder)}:t '2 �d_ ag cj> rq.in f}

.
Lle
::; a'Yldnl r u1 S.s 7 ex? l sJ. n e a. III 1.Je s s o n 7 .
... , . . , . �
, ral!.l �:1i] ��1�J � �. 1r� '.X 'Ad� ?� �,(f
to
.
,"6� -1";'l
"1''''' , '.., � 'Z.l) � .
0::.- " 1 oH r ;fr� -:: j "i1 r111, if..: b.. �.H . . ., , =- -
Al t notw.:n ......
tne p :' 1. : ,1ary
-

-tr o at the
-

vat 1. ve s ve rb al ,9 '"' e no t but

J - ,.

.
a erl. are
ri1 tft�1�- ·lt l�Hj lL�.{\G (iT>g rrJ�<' � � ,
I}> fm.e d roo t s , t hey yer b s
,
S o .::..I: ney S110 Ulu o e d e l l.ned. in t he no un cas e b e f'o ! e o e l ng us e d
.

n o un s . '

,-g. h �!} �� } �.� j� C�I.f) �� ;(� �Il t£.. i , /fl �t ttt,.� , '
ln 'C !l.e s ent enc e s .
. . .

:ilany 0 1
�_ ,..

'C_ e rU.L e s e X p .Lalne a l.n e s s?>n 0 reg :�.rall1g

s houl d al s o D e aD u l i e d �n + 'n o
,

the c o n j ug at i o n o f ve r b al ro o t s io r:na t i o n
•

,, - �
. �
•

o f p .!'i r.l-9..r'Y d e r i vati ve s .

In t h � P).l i t r c.di t i o n a l gl:-9..mmar , a l l t h e Ki t Fks suffix e s

-

are d i vided i n t o t wo g.::' oup s a s fol l o 'vvs : '(}i&;t��r},'!J ';� 1fj 1. t h-B ti (;�� }� :
. ;t� ':!Jr7tt it tt
tFt.fl£ 2. -if� rl- ,..
Pas s ]. ve..\,."'P.Q,r-c i c lp e s' ax e form e d by t he s e S UI f�xe s .
. .
i. Ki c c a
.

... � � � $ d:t.ltirf :ii1 c.\'

-

Ki t a - Ac t i ve p8.:i.. ti�tapl� and o ther nouns a:-- e f o rme d b y

.

ii . ...

-
� �;r � "" the s e s uffixe s .
......,., 7) 'n! � U
1 • ....... c c a suffix e s :
-

t abba , aniya , ya , i c ca , t syya

e . g.
s uf f i x
- -- form
ro o t
-
-
-
- _ ._ -

-
•
-
- -

t ab b a k at t a b b a should b e done
-

kar - t o do

ga:n- t o go t abba gan t a "O D a shoul d b e· !:"'

<:>
o ne
,
c :3.r- t o go . t abba c 3.r i t abba. s houl d be fo l l o we d

shoul d b e g l ve n
-
•
.. 'Of ;J.. ., ..
-

d ::: - t o give t abba ua \. a D o a

" 0 (;..
, , . , b
-'i'a!'!d - t o worship .. r> "'..L U ' _' ''' 1"\ shoul d b e wors h io n e d
J.. . ,
"" "-_ .J
, q � " -:- , �
_v ·

'
-
. � _ � .
&.11 - -

S U- 1: 0 Lle a!' t abba suni t ab b a ., d 'o e

,
snoul.
,

o uc c !: 2.- t o a ues -c 1 on - ·C .:W 0 .::, nuc c hi t abba should be J ue s t i o n e d

. . . ... .
.

•
•
'
• •
-

t ab b a 'oj,\l Q -r",-
t.. '- !.J �-.'.
L. ahb s }lo uld b e d e ve l o p e d
-
-

bhu- t o be ,-"" \
-

.:::. +h ��ra- t o -I" .', v e � 'na -r; should oc

-
•

+
,
'o ba
•

.:.... _ .. "" <>

-
c.t,J. __ _ ,....

h'�Lra- t a t :lk e ta � ba narJ.. 1: a a O J,

. ' ": ,

shoul d be c·8.l"ri e c.
..

. .
C. -t..'0 ve arl'yn ya s ho u l d b e fel t
- -
,

feel
, .. .,
, •
-"- � Yl.:. -
•
•

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budh - t o re al i z e Juddha reali z e d

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_ �

.....
�0
_
s e ·"' .L. D
..
" �l • - ,
..
.;
_
· -; .. .f:" .::"
-Cl
' .:..l ..:> C..'=' 1·1 ·l. -:-' -. ':1 ,� � 1� "':' .. ..
-

".r
n" c· Cl
.!. .1. 1., ( _.
n Cl ('f
-.J .....; '- .• , • • \,. __�. (_L

.
.--.
.- ..n•
. .• • .• "
..

...:J "",t.J. 1. �.-:

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...
. y llJ . -
u ) ..
•

V, l"· .,�;" , -;:

_

C C.. !n ..1 IJ
•

. "" 9. C (' " ].. S &.::J (..:

".l..;.1 ",r-
- -

.. . l: ,. , H;l. ..: f... :.. wi l l b e gO lng

.- ..

0 ' � C' r.1 ", "' r " -

.. •
. ..
. .a..L
.
� .- . - '"
·,....
.. .. .
'"
"
.
·

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<-""l.
-

\- \.....
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' ''' r1 iJ - i O QO
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"

Le s s on 1 2 - S t r c t u r e o f t h e S e n t en c e s ( Syrtt ax )

t h e U s e s o f I'l oun Ca s e s
- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

of the S e n t en c es :
3 � ?iJ ��£ �t �.{I1 b'J i.. tt �!lJ�,I i.. f� ,
s t ruc ture

.
�d�!' 'Ol :} .� lJI· � 1� �
in . the for egoing. l e s s ons , we shoula. a l s o haVe a . gener 1.l.II d e r s t anding
.. '" l.. >
<J iLL:!..
-t o ' ....
- . �

, �tU11i r:r: �* 1r�j � 7 :rt.i!£IJ�;o� � 1i! �1{-f]C?. hl lfl (� . ' . -·

d.e I l. ni fe · m e �i ng s "they have b e en ' us e d in P al ';...
·

nOllD c as e s have s ome ,

e ns e s . The s t ud e n t s al s o
"
_ .

.' '
literature with additional in Pali should
I� � J I .;f- 10 •
1: r 1. er 1� ij� �I 111 7 . .
1 ' . . . ,

. : ' 1l:Z ·�1��1 � J- � .\{. � � /;1 1:;"Ft;Sd. 6.. (·fl t,�.; '� - m � J 13,. . , .
The a�m of le s ,.
1 2' � s 1. 0 5� ve you a-or�ef uny;erst1lIlding
.
of the
-

the Pal i s ent enc e s and some sp e cd. al us e s o f the

-. '

s truc ture of . nou..i'l

c as e s in differ ent c o n t e xt s � -:.II �';' !:.l ./;.�I � '

�f:) �p. c.I .:r 2..
� �

TP.t' -:3 :
.

1. . .· ':t1 .r/�� � < .b j."Z. /.::- _1-¥ r'rJ

_

S truc ture o f the Pal i S ent en c e s ' : -::

"J f liJ 0) II.J or 7} 114 ""\
i . The simple s tructure of the c ons t � tut e s o f
- I - -

Pali. s;.e ntence s

three main p art s . '
Subj e c t i. &�
• .:1 -
,

Obj e c t and �j�

Verb ib �' , '
' . I
e . g.
"
Buddho dhammam d e s e t. :L. .
' \ � . '

' . . ...- �.ij 1:.) �,,, ' e7�(':JI;-

.and �at thEi end
Usually .
r.:l "'"'� 7 -''' � -
. .

,
-t: �' -1!. � �!
> .L"

'' � ;<f\ � � .,. C/1 -:N'1 I/''--� .. "

-

o rder i s S e't ime§ . cha.71 rd e r t o e rrm h a.s � z e ·

--
'

.
the verb . This 11 �n •

s ome m e anings deno t e d nOu....

•

by the '1s , ver b s and o t h e r p ar t s of '

- .
sp e e c h . ' � 1 � "" '/-
�/!� I� �ff ! i M. f.Lt�-; .
. "l:r ' .
-

.
.

ii . There ar e mainly' tvvo dnd s o f s ent enc e s . ['.3 Ac t i ve and P as s i ve .

In ac ti ye s 0 n t enc e s the s ub j e c t shoul d b e in n O ;:ii. na t i 'le cas e
and the o b J e c t in �i. c cus a t i ve c as e . ��i7 �+ � , �i� m i t; �_£�rf.J �t� .. I

ga c c h a t i
-

e . g. Nar o. .
gamam
�n
.
CJ.
- -1 "
.
- '

r·
,
,-

no;u�na l, � ve
-

ac cus a t i ve Tb
 . . t ;f�l 'f �i �q � .$.. i �ij ;{;t tL. , .
l1'� agre e ment '.'1 1 t h t h e
s lloulc �e
.'
. � . .

tt. � " .::7 �

1 J. J. . J: h e v e :- b J.n aC 1: J. ve s en t e n c e s
/ � t,.. - ;6 �::r .
� -> .1 c.
. ' , .,,,l> -;-r: ",' !"'1 4. �:;f,;f. , :-;. . '�b-t!. g� r11 'cr :;:: ..A :rJ- '
�
• '

I .L
+� t 'il e S U DJ
- 9 C l: b e l o n g s ': 0 � h e l J. r s t D t r S O n 1 � h e ver b
->-J. -

s u o� e c � o
t �.�� :;.,� q � tr1. �
" , 0

�..:.1. �El �
.

al s o s houl d be in �ir s t p e rs o n . I f the · S'U b j e ct-r J. S i :!� s i'nVi_ E!;'"

. . �l l1iJ 2. rr", �, v �12 l\).Q. .tI:- .

�,,�� , )'Ol\ 1.c yO-.4 tr·) �.-:l' -;;,A�.f. .
e ar l l. e r , the . s U D J e c t s I and.. 'i e o e l o n g 1, 0 th e third p e r s on.

t ut t am:':..p ur i s G. ) and the s ub j e c t s you and y o � t nlura } o elong

(. ma;:: Jo h
· llmapur
·
"

. ...
1, 0 t'ne . e rson
s e c ond p l. s a ) . A l 1 1J
" f.
nef 1-
-b :
1, hA
er . S U D J e c t S
. 0 .

0
. 0

.
. .
.

b e l ong� ��o t 4..� . 'fir s t

,, :> ,:t
( p athamapur i s a ) . I t · should. b e
on
\!t�f'It \" � TLA Cf.f- �.f;l:..te ?�
her� t h"a
•

rememb red � � tto r de r o f p er s ons in thi s c o urs e i s

f o l l o we d ac c ordi::1g to the P el i t rad i t i on al gr a'!lmar . It . is · · ?os

f o l l o ws · : .. l� .
Firs. t pers3h-tpat h amapUrisaJ H e .;. ( So f� . - The1�Pe J
"1. f·Ji.. .( ...
S e c ond .p e r SJ� n t.�aJ J hl.map ui' l. � a':"" Y ou nb You ( Tj,�� )
::.
> ( Tva -
0

0
.

0 • .

.
- - . - "

perso1 �(tliti3..rnapuriSa. r� i rrlJ �'

'- . We ( Maya� "f
_.

Thit'ci �. ;
: ". _t . ; '
,
;
{ Aha , .
1(j

.
In j:.'llgl ish
. -

order i� fo l l o w�d
-,

:
.

Fir s t p ers on
,.-
- .'
-

.L
.

- .
-
�
We

- · Y6u ·
-- :

S e c ond p ersOli Yoti. . " ,

T hird p erson - He They

I t s e e ms t ha� the I l. r s t p 2c e lS gl. ven �o the o ther' p er s ons l.D the · ... .
•

and ';�re ar e gi ven ·t he pl Dce bu-: no t the

•

e a s t ern tra d i t i on . .
I .
hi.ghe s t .

.
.

;:
third . . ,.
" 0 ,
, ,

· t � l� � � � z. .fi3- �i31 --�37,j2 (f.) rfu 1rt1:;;; . .

.

adj e c t i ve s' fOl� the subj e c t and o b j e c t ar e

.

�
.

The norme.l ly 'J l ac e cl

.

f':£· � .-J,� 14
.

. 1r
'1 ',
,- . ' . ,� lL'1 Z. ,@..
-', "

e ad J e c 1: J. ves
o, .:1

t9-e subj B C t and o b j e c t r e s p e c ·c J. vely . A_Dd

""

be.JQr:e
_ '

. ¥ -:f b� �t t."
sflo U'1:d' ' 1) e'- l.21 agr e e m ent wi th t ile s ub j .;; c t a.nd 0 bj e c t in number
•
0 0

'=" le} ·
'--- .r. e y; d e"
<.:.') --
_ .

I{al o gono
-

h i l am " lnam
.L .- .
- .

kh :�dati · . · .
...

.... . o·
-

(';0
i' -
p
� .

\ \
� . •

I.
•
l

\
0, •

i
'
-

, ;.dj e c -:': i ve subj G e t · · ' c'

� Q tJ vc · ' ve a DJ
... .- , � .. , .. I
"

(.'" v ._.. _ e c T,
1111e bl a c l� bul l e F!. 1: S
•
,
 11 l� �1� it.·w> ��1 1f:J
v . Adver b s al s o s oUl d' be o l ac
•
e d b e f ore the verb . It sho uld b e
re:nembered that t he adverbs ( kriya�n s e s �na ) in Pal i g e n e � �ly
take the ac c us at i ve s ingular f o r m .
iIJ -> (I-='if.
--- 1": :I Z 0
o:' �=1 ht:: r:i1 .- ;i '
Gi') b<OJ - � ' 11 � d'X.
16 1;. - '
� 1 ;;- -if; ..
J � va..YJ. �
-

-'-
Manus s a
-

eg . g . sukham
-
. . .

l.
•
- - - - -

Th e me n
•

But t h e adverb s o f t ime sho uld b e p l a c e d a t the b e ginning o f the

s ent enc e . 1�&J t9\ �1 tif �ji' � � ,
•

Ekada d es e s i
-

e.g • .
- -
-
Buddho d
- -

ad verb of t i me
Q!!�_ £§l the Buddha preeched the dhanll!! 8. .

fa � I � lid � i� 1.;t iJ �
vJ. at the
,
•

1ii B1 � g., �'6l � lilt] I!J , -tro ��� .

beginning . And s ome times � p�ti cular word deno t ing int e rrogat i on
-

such as kii!,l ( what ) .Ath; kada ( when ) 11 I>j

ko ( 'llho ) 1'� kuhi � ( where ) Ir'.:r� kat-c:!::J.a ( whe� e ) 1;:[�
kut o ( from whe r e ) 1:tJ� � i s p L:!.c ed at the b eginning of t h e
s ent ence •

namo :J. S i - �Ih".:...:' i,.. l S y o ur name

•

Kim ( H e r e the subj e c t 'you ' i s

-

e . g.
-
•

.� .
�

-
•

'und e r s t o o d by t �: e c ont ext )

- - - - -

Kada tvam gamal7l gac chasi - 7hen d o you go t o the vi l l ag e

-

-
-
--
- I • •
- - -

a'=" t vam - 1.I!ho Hi' e you

•

Ko
-
.:> ....
-... - •
- -

Kuhi:� t vam J 1 vas � · -

-

• • •

3her e do vou l i v� v
- - - - - • - - - - -

V J l va3 � - "rh er" e do yo u l i ve

• • •
-

.
.L r" �:'l
. �.. . . .
..... '-"'" . .. 1' 1
- - - - - - • - - - - -

· l..U 1, 0
K · · ..,r � :n 'a �' c:.
. t-" '' c c .L'''.L c:..
�� '� .J...
'' - "�I'I.le�'" I ::' 0 at
• •

n o you c om e
,

-
-

-
• �
-

.... t.. v c.:.:.. . , . } , � . .....

•
- - - -
- - - - - - -
 � I " C - '"'
V"1. 1. The ""' ''' ''''' � 1. C l e S ' h o:� ' C
, , . ' � .
. � ..,..
.
-
. . . � "
I",
•

;..
,
• \ ' c_ _ ... '... .,. . ... - - ..... -
. ... � ... .

� '�'1 r;' S
- -

0
' 0 '-7 1.1"'" " l e.' r. ::;" 1 " � �, C e s - 0�
..

-' ....
•
.J
- T' "' -r
• ....
.-::
.
u " '7
- �� - - -
"7 "::" c.
.1 "b "' ''
� , ,
... .... ... � - t-:. "' - - V ''- _ '" .. ... .. 0'
"" b ......

- a..L .!. .-
.

e . g. Aho
_
, .
. '
-

..... - � .., ,.... ..... -

" �.,", � "'\
-
� .. 1
�
1
"" ......
•..
"
• • , ,...
" �
. -L.. � _ '-_... .l. I� -L..
.

- .._ -
•

- e '· 'l,
,

., 1I 'I•
wi l l die .
, .
- ,..
;. !
-
" ...�
-0
,
...
_ ... _ - - ·

Ha S .:.:' J ]. 'ra.:.ca
• •
I 1 ,
- - -

- -
,
-.
AI OJ.s
- - - -
• ve s
•

'W'; �l" h..J.. .. _ d e ath .

•
,
, ,
,
,

I f .there

in a sent enc e , 1. S no rmally D l ac e d 1.n

•
,

And one ' ye rb

,

the verb

the t hird ' r.> er s on p lure.l .

.

- -

''''
•

e . g. u 0. , c a t vam ca aham ca
� "

I e at
..

li e j you and
,

r1. c e .

so -

t vam -
.
S e C OI!d. p e r s o n s L1.gul ar
n p '·� s o n ::: i ':"'1 ,1 r
,

-
- -- (l" """-
.;..� 0 '"
-... _.
... �-
•

anunJ f�!7la -, (1-' �rl p G r S on

• .. •
Vtt. ..
" .. I ..
-
.
. .
" ... - '--
,

l.x .
•

o bj ect •

such

o d a110
.
- -
. , ':t ..." 0 ...... Cl
•

.0 ,.,.
....... • :=
•

'"; •
_ . '- ......;.. '"' 1.:. c... .

- ' ''' ·� D
0 0 ·1 "" .... -�
, ,

Co ..!- ..... . ..."" e'" .L "" 1

,
---
. ,
.'

sub j e c t 1.
' !1
,
, � -
I, "
. . v \..� . ,
,
' " .
· ' J 1
'; .� �
.-

.. L ... - I '""
• • •. 1 ' , 1 ,-,
....-. • • ... ... ." .......

.� 0 ,.� ; " re
_ •

,- I . 1..- _ •
_ '
R�I . , ' , _�
.
..._ _..._
•

. , ..... -=--
• •

c as e
.� _

" ,- .
r
.

�1. - -:
'!:'he .,.' ' l e
..
'

' .
.

' . . .. .
' ,' ..
•
. .
L.
/

.\9 t>'<;j "1,/1 ': ".) ?� 1:&7..; � "

x. .. .. ., �.;. 'ver
In conne c t ion wi th.....the � b-
s ,, " ';7 :>�
V/�iC�
r

-
t ake t wo o b j e c t s sucn
•

as

duh - tO l11i l k yac - to beg �j G: il3 ,::r �

r-tJ1 R Z'1 .11L �
c:;; :;t;:.
/1J 5( 1 .:1
.:7

p uc ch - t o que s t i o n �
•

. � ti r"' ':>:l 1�:. t_he l1'lo ...s,O b 9 t s a�e.l k �ne ral ly

J1I..(J� �:�j � � j" .fI!J 7 1�'1l
•

. i� i;t r
i:1� �'i1.�
in ac cusat ive C3.s e . The d �r e c t o OJ e c"t sho ul d b e p lac e a.. :) e J.. ore
;,
the verb and the indire c t o bj e c t b e fo re the dir e c t o bj e c t .
- -

e . g . Puri s� o
� avi m khi r am ' dohat i
� oH
" •

!t).tl
•

�
indirect o b j e c t ,f- 0 ., dire c t \ o b j e c t �o .
The person mi lks the milk from :the cow .

•
The U s e s
-- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1· ;,T o m,'; .. .; �re c ::> s e �..r"

..... �
-
.� .. ..... --� "" ..... 'J
I
'!'l ",
. _
.
- a.

e:'cJlained � ·� -"\ 1 ; � �
•

•
As -
- -..- - - ...;... - .

2 . ..:\. c cus ct i ve cas e : �f� - t"; A

t
� ;ap
t. -:/J � c:... ;�i� r..ij .� �. _
-,d"
,
-.- �
- - - - '

�. The o b j e c t o f ac t i ve s ent enc e s i s a l ways in ac c us a t i ve

•

cas e .

dh.a;mlls. . ,
e g
· · Buddho dhams."'!laIn d e se ti --- - - -
- The Buddha p r e e ch e s the
•
-

7tf. 1!:.' i.. lt,i.,-t &t l"&"\

�� .
• •

Deno t ing the c ont inuit y amon l! the things and ac t i ons .
,

e . g. s aj j hayat i Re c i t e s ��!�!.!g_ �f!. �_ !!Q �� �_ 22�!h .

-

-- -- -

•
-

Saradarn . raiil;:)'l�ya n�di - The river is beauti ful -7 r. + he

-
- -
•

"""

. -
--

-
- - ---

-
�
•
- -
--
-

- •

.
.- --It r.. t r.:- ":> :l , ' '-- ':::1
,

;;L -:1= \l.-==- lOJ GC0 iVr\.1.l J lA �

'I .
.L"fJ p� pc.. .!.�: '.
,

r,
'

In c onne c t �on
· vu· ....\.. h s o me p a.::- t i c ul ar prep o s itions
•

and
• • •
.

, , ,
- - _ .

vi z . ��U ,
•

p a�t i c l e s . p at i , ppri
Pab
---a-a :i i 1t
8'- 1.
- p a :.> oaJ �msu -. ( t h e y )
"
ta�!l g o t ordinat i o n
. .

-� -- ---- •
•

T
C 0 21l�e c t i o n vii t rl
•

�v . n
.... --

ay " -l" l
"
•

,... " , '"

,... ..1- lli"l :." � � .�
.
- \.A_ ';:' 0 oc.t.
-

e . g. �J " C' " .., l'1"1

(.;A,... .. l
� . . .

- -- - - - - O
'7 "' '''''
"""' ..... • • c;&..;. �, ._ •
_ .

_
.
. ....

1-' � '=! D ':> -' 0'1-i -'."1 1 1 a 0

• •
,
m
-
" ."
-
_
-:"'
v ", 1"'
__ _ 0
" ... _ -!" -le
J. � .... "l,./ ;:J;
,
�
to "' 0 to '1'
t:" e
- - - •
- - o
3. cas e
.:z r!7 -:; -Ir '-7 ' =:t � -1-"
•

:r�-:YI � lF � �;I � ;-
� 1�
•

.
In D�s s i ve suoJ e c
·

�s �n �ns tru;�en"C::,:. l c as e .
..... .
i. s e�t e�c e s ... ne
. .

-
I.

c.
' '\-.
e•5• � .....
Jj
u.-1 Cl'h e "'"
....... - ..:..-
, :) '" :- - 0 c. e s i t o - T!le dh2.m.rna was nre e c il e d
. .:,.J. c;;..:. :1. .:..;. -
" - - - - -- - -

• •

��.
- �&:> b urns
-
-

the hut
.
e. f':" C" �
S o _;2'0 __ _
nc. ku t i :n j hap e t i . ..;,. - ( '!!i th f'ire )
• • -- - -- - - - -

��:L . In
• • •

conne c t ion

- -

e . g. Buddho uu e.s akena s addhim gamam gsc chat i .

- - - - -- - - - - � - - - - - - •
,.

�he Buddha go e s t o the vi l l age wi th the d e yo t e e .

- - ---- -- -- ------

¥a� t61 .
D
I e no l. � ng us e - s 0 an�
. e na yas at i - He l ive s vd th fo od .
... .

.
------ - - - - - -,- - ­

'
.4 1. -t
--
-
Itl � ,ft.
� . 3-
.f[i;t. .
v • In the l o cat i ve s ens e •
•

- -

e . g. ����_§�2���g� Bud dha Sav�t thiyam vihasi •

..

�.!: _ :£g�t_ _ t_ ��� , ud a.na 1 � ve d J...

' 'I'l !=: ava1:
• th� .
\ ... .
·,
t ·.ne B ' , ' .
;i

.r. ,r.J- /
;;' 1, 'Y.!: �d� ('(..../
•
• .
..:!-.

YJ. .
•
•
D eno ting the c rnge o f bo dily ap p ear enc e •
-

e . g. Akkhina K:��O - Blind ( �i th eve ) .

------
..
- . - - - - - -� -

:;-" � -t.1!..
"" � ?ri .
� ...

v'"J. l. D eno t il"!g qual i ficat i on •

• •

• •

e . g. Go tt
_ __ e:O'l a r. o t F-r:lO � G o t 2ma O'tT
_ ___ 0 _ �_t_ �'l
__ e_c
_l an
__ _.
 � J> r.
'
:- .>"..(--
-

'0 " �
.

EO! . D.6 t i t'3 C '� S C

•
.. •

�. ; .,., 0-
•

n
•
,J..) .::>
_ ...�,.,
- 0 "-
'" --- 0 •

' �:r '.:l C!. '" r

-

S ,qman.:.: s s :::. C _ a "C o

-
� 7'
• .. � I ·

� �_ .::>
•

:::- O D e 1"''''' C ' u <=" {:I

•

e.g. � ,.,.,
� __ 11 -" _ _
1
..,. _
-
_ .-J •
--
- .... ... _
- --
_ ...... __
•
• to

- -­
•
------ - ------ -

� :!. • l.n c o 2'l...'"l e C 1: :!. 0 n

• •
- , .
•
•

� t:7'h
::suddh� s s e. S ..;-- I -oJ.. .. ·� +
-

e .g. "" .0 to
-
-- - - -

( -: 0 ) -'-}, o Buddn:J.. .
- -------

'0 . S t:
� � S
.,.. .� 1.. ---
- -
•
-
... - -
.�4

- - ------- ---

Tn.s sa s e.:n at e (1 · · 5 e .::)

...
....., I, ..:. �
( t o ) hi ::! .
,

s e. D a- \; O c ')""'s e
•
- -
-
- -- - - ------- -

me kuj j ha. l'na .,., ..:.. l,.. _J..

, '
- -
• •
-

,
-

A-UC.h- 'C O be
. ...
.. ,...., -
."

:L_<';;'
.,
.�1 - � ""'"iI ..:.. _
"" �
.:1 -

,>'1 .0 "" 0 '

--

o gren'C
,

.&.... ...... ..... don ' t b e ;vith

,
-- - - - - -

Buddhas sa p iha.yat i - p:!..na- 'i: O l o ng

,

.::00 ""
. .

.L _
-
---------

.... h .0 Bu..:l u
,-

He likes �:!=---=-::== 'l 'h '" i,

{ o the Buddha ) .

P '1:ribbaj aka s a'iJ.:.mas s a uSUj-ypn l. � - � s s a or usuyya t o en"""J J

•
- - -
....
•
.

------ - - -

The as c e 1;J. C S envy

.... .
,

ne r e clus e ( t o re clus e )
.

·.... , -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -

B'11... k'�'-_';'u
,.
I ,..h SU-1:0 he R .... with p re r. J x
,

bne.t:7'avat o D 3.C C e.s s o sum

- .

•
�
,
•
-

--- - -- - -

�•
n at i - pati la+su+um . -

rn,.,
- �e '.,, 0 ..... k� renli e d.' t o
.. . . ..... -
-
L;".h
the '-'Ud.:! �
_ =:. .!..J ... •

- - - - - - -- - - - - -

, .

��� . ;Yi t h the verbs

.

vc _ _ _ _ 1.
-
.
-

e . g. � '" "1 + ; (I) ac.d.::' e s s (t o ) :-o u - -t" 0 C. l S CUSS

• •

ay � ' L�
,

<> .·.......... 0 ¥ '_

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-n' _ -:- 0
_
.
- __
-

1) 2.::'t i c n 1
•
•
�v. De:r.:.o t ing •

7n
-

17 . _ .:� 1: l"n2.;T 8. 1::1 :1 t: a;TA. S U1{�'1e..:T2.. 1"-;..J.. t

.. .. ,
-

.L. "
- -
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+
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.....
- ___ ..
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.. �f1J.J.� a:1.d. of ", ne c. e J.. L. l 8 S

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p e.� t i c l e
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o Buc.c.�a .
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te oe
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r-·-'o '1 , 7 t:l S -

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e . g. . '" m""
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'r e it .. c:;;...:. ':' L__

-- - - - -

1. 1. . fro m
• •

exore s s -

.
c ora b h ay a.'1.ti J..'''' r orn
- -
•

----
-
They g e -c fear �
- - - -- - - - - - - - - -
J · " e ..i.. .
+'nA t:n _ .:­

1.1.l . J.. !'om

• • •

To •
.t:'
exor e s s •

e. UD � :l
.: J.
· 'a "' ·r
., a!_� � �
......
sik1cha.rn ga.11hat i
- - -

�. . - - ' . . � - .-
•
-
( He ) t akes
•
--- - - - - - --

f:z::o o m the
-------- -- - -----

..Ip

f,��j: !3d ;��,lt,�

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• • • . . ,
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-
I •
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p :1I' t i c ul ar ro o t s •

e . g. The ro o t s ,j i{to
. ::>----
wirP
-
�nd �=-o: ..-"p..-'�;..
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8·1'"' e us ed with t he
' ''' a '
' 'D ara '
•
-

· u
- -
.
r e sp e c t i ve ly .

Cl "",";;' .; .:::> 'r1 .j... ;

•
-

T"I
Bud d.b.a.s ma
- --------
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- - - - � - - --
-
The herat i c s d e f e 2.t

fr o m · the - .!.J
--------
U "�\";"
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•

..... ,:1,
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a .l '1 s '7'\ -:"" '!)
r � � ,.
p:.t: e.s. t r i 'i8:2S
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· � � -'·,' �. a -" -" �

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t... ...:...
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...... "':""' .- � .
son
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with the

c o me •

.:::-
( J
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1;<"';9.\ .. &>

X�� .
• • ...L �
Deno t ing me a.sur e ment :

1.'1 1 ne i n l on cr+
w'n
-

nav�.lvidat tb.iYo ':.. �T •

•
sn a;Ls
-
__ _ _ ___�
_ _ _ _ _ _ w__
•
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s e t tha.t e...'110 -c n e !\lJ.

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e . '---
::> • - - - - - --
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� s the o e s "C .
• , .

�22 . D eno t ing

• • •

He.-I- <:I "" ; +1)'(' ''''

a.m The boy go t
- - -
- � .. ..
�

e. ... . .. 1.,, _ � _ .... .. � .. J.

0m
rudp. "'1tan dArAko p a O DaJ � -
- -- -- --- -- � ------ -
!

-- - --
• •

Ora.2ne."C 20n �EE����£!!y�_£f_ig��l_!���g!!�g_�§E���� ·

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1 o c a"C � ve s en s e
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�V . D enO t... 2n.c­
•

o _ :

e. Kusale. Skillful
-

!:§£E�g�:E����
, .
-

v. DC..,1 0 +: ;
- - ..
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a.,ssa.
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pn'l1isnment
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e . g. S ab b e 't as a.n 't � dand
- - ---- -­
-
All get from
- - --_ ...
• •

7.
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:=-;(,� PI?
.Lo c at i ve c as e : � -: t'

2. D
1 8nO t... 2ng
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•

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··,u·r. I....�n s e ttled

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.

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•

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l."'ude"1 t e s u da.::- ako p e. O O 9. J ], oov go t
-

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p c;. .., ._ . J
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- - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - ---
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i rr e sD e c t i ye o f ( hi s ) l e.r� e !lt
- - - -- -- - - - - -- - -- - - - -- - - -- --- -_ Q
i:"l ? _
n
--
fl.
-
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nt
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s
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1 1.. 1 .
• • •

D e no t ing •
•

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e. ,.. -l" ....
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.! m o n r. + "h o the
- - ,
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e-�
i:;) u or
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1"..,.
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o · """" _
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.
L T 1'1
.... \",.
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best .
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•

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.
.

- - -- _ ..., -
-

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•

---- -
-

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.. .. . - . _ q
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 vi . D e :l o t i ng
•
•

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., .. . .
_
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.... .
•

..... ..., .., C-_(1 0

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•
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-------
\..0 I.. !'!e SO!ll-C S
•

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- -
•

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... .. , .,

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; _ ...:.. .

- ",1[ e n- ' n - n e � o �n' '''' C"

• • •

= - - ":: :" - - ;;:- =- - = = Q

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+- � ..., t;.... do l , ) (�
'tt r.a
i9 i 6\ .IL� � . ><")
r
1\,.\
, - ,,].
'T;� 1. J.. l.n c o nne c t ion �i th the nre fix
-
aqfll
• • • • r •

• • •
•

The Buddha i s 5.L.' e a t a.!nonz

e . g.
- - -- - -
Adhid e ye su Buddho
- -
'Iatl _ _ __

c.
� 0 .:..
---

""
---
"'he ....

-
" t- -i e e! .
"'"

-- - - - -- ....,

eJrfr .'
Vo oati ve :
� � �J- 6!f . tj' �t ! 4
c as e
sg:. =fS-
mh1 s co s e i s us ed to addr e s s s ome one :
-
e . g. o
- wan , come
----
Nara , idha �accha - -- - - b h.
o
here • .

'F-i .� � t! lfJ
Sometimes the p ;J.rt i c l e s
�;t
, etc . ar e used with the

'·iO OS. ti ve fo rm s .
Jlhy did you c o me .
O men.,
- - -- -