OBJECTIVES

Definition of high strength concrete

Mechanical properties – brief review

Advantages and disadvantages

Application - worldwide

IZIIS EXPERIENCE
 WORLD TREND

700 140
600 120
500 100
400 80
300 60
200 40
100 20
0 0
1959
1962
1964
1965
1970
1975
1989
1994
1998
2000

1965

1972

1979

1983

1984

1986

1989
Increase in height, [m] Increase in strength, [MPa]
 INSTEAD OF INTRODUCTION

Is their realization by traditional materials possible?

Possible solution

Investigations and applications of new materials:

light weight concrete, fiber concrete, micro concrete,
high strength concrete, high performance concrete, etc.
 Appropriate
cement type

Resistance to wethering and Resistance to wear and

chemicals deterioration
Appropriate cement type Low W/C
Low W/C Proper curing
Proper curing Dense, homogenous concrete
Alkali-resistant aggregate Wear-resisting aggregate
Suitable admixtures Good surface texture
Use of superplasticizers, fly ash,
polymers or silica fume
Air entraiment

IDEAL HIGH
Controlled proportions PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Material quality control

High performance Controlled placing Controlled Economy

and curing handling Large maximum aggregate size
Good quality of paste Efficient grading
Low W/C Minimum slump
Optimal cement content and Min. cement content
cementitious material Optimal automated plant
Sound aggregate, grading and operation
vibration Admixtures and entrained air
Low air content Quality assurance and control
High-strength
H
I
Definition
G
H

S
T
Time and geographically depended !
R
E
N
G
T
H ACI Committee 363
“ The immediate concern of Committee 363 shell be
C concretes have specified compressive strength for
O design greater of 41 MPa, but for the present time,
N consideration shell not include concrete made using
C exotic materials or techniques.”
R
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H

S
Cement
T
R
E
Aggregate
N
G
T
H
Water

C
O Additives
N
C
R
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H

S
Cement
T
R
E
Aggregate
N
G
T Mineral
H Water

C
O Additives
N
C
R
Hemical
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H

S
Cement
T
R
E
Aggregate
N
G
T Mineral Silica fume
H Water Fly ash

C
O Additives
N
Plasticizers
C
Aerants
R
Hemical Retarders
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H
Cement paste
S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

C
O
N
C
R
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H

Cement paste
S
T
R
E
Cement paste +
N
G
superplasticizers
T
H

C
O
N
C
R
E
T
E
H
I Composite content
G
H

Cement paste
S
T
R
E
Cement paste +
N
G
superplasticizers
T
H

C
O
N
C
R
E
Cement paste +
T
superplasticizers +
E
silica fume
CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS

Cement content (392- 557 kg/m3)

Water / Cement ratio (0.27- 0.50)

Pozzolanic admixtures (10% - 40% of C)

Superplasticizers (<15% of C)
 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS

Proportioning of high strength concrete mixtures consists of three steps:

(1) Selection of suitable ingredients - cement, supplementary

cementing materials, aggregats, water and chemical admixtures

(2) Determination of relative quanitities of these materials in order

to produce, as economically as possible, a concrete that has the
desired strength, durability and rheological properties

(3) Careful quality control of every phase of concrete-making process

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Compression strength

Tensile strength

Modulus of elasticity

Stress – strain behavior

COMPRESSION STRENGTH
 TENSILE STRENGTH

'
Tensile strength ,f r (MPa)
ACI 318-95 0.62  f c'
ACI 363 0.94  f c'
New RC  
1.26 f c'
0.45

Ahmad and Shah 0.44 f c

' 0.67

Setunge 0.44 f c
' 0.65
 25%
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Modulus of elasticity, Ec (Mpa)

ACI 318-95 0.043 1.5 f c'

ACI 363 3320  f c'  6900

  
1.5

( 3320  f  6900 )
c
'

 2320 
0.33
 f c'   
2
New RC 33500k1k 2   
 60   2400 
9500 f 
1
' 3
Lambotte c

2.8  10 5  2.55  f c' 

0.315
Cook
3.38  10 5  2.5  f c' 
0.325

Ahmad

Tachibana 3950 f c'  1560

Stress – strain relationship,
experimental registration
Mathematical formulation of stress-strain relationship for
high strength concrete depends of many parameters:

Type and concrete strength

Quantity and distribution of longitudinal reinforcement

Quantity and configuration of transversal reinforcement

Mechanical properties of steel

Type of loading

Size and shape of confined concrete core

Stress-strain behavior – review of the proposed models
Authors fc fy,trans.
[MPa] [MPa]
Ahmed and Shah (1982) < 69 -
Martinez, Nilson and Slate (1982) 21-83 414
Muguruma, Watanabe et al. (1983) 34-88 161-1353
Fafitis and Shah (1985) * < 62 413
Yong, Nour and Nawy (1988) 83.6-93.5 496
Bjerkeli, Tomaszewicz andJansen (1990) 65-115 -
Muguruma, Watanabe and Komuro (1990) 34-88 -
Muguruma, Nishiyama, Watanabe and Tanaka (1991) < 130 191-1353
Nagashima, Sugano, Kimura and Ichikawa (1992) < 118 784, 1372
Muguruma, Nishiyama and Watanabe (1993) 20-130 191-1353
Li, Park and Tanaka (1994) 35.2-82.5 445/1318
Azizinamini, Kuska, Brungardt and Hatfield (1994) 26.2-103.6 413/827
Cusson and Paultre (1995) 60-120 400-800
CEB-FIP, MC90 (1995) 100 -
Razvi and Saattcioglu (1996) 60-124 400-1000
Kappos and Konstantinidis (1999) 50-125 340-1390
 -  RELATIONSHIP OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

   More linear ascending branch


 Slightly increase of deformation
which corresponding to
 maximum stress

 Stepper descending branch

 Smaller ultimative deformation

 ADVANTAGES AND DISSADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
High Durability
High strength to weight ratio
Increased elastic modulus
Smaller column sizes possible
Increased spans especially in bridge construction
Very tall Conrete building become feasible
High early-age strength

DISSADVANTAGES
Increased cost per unit volume
More stringent quality control
Low workability, high heat of evolution
Stiffness does not increase in proportion to strength
Serviseability problems with horizontal elements
More then 28 days required to achieve full strength
Nonductile failure of structural members
 APPLICATION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE AND
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS

High-strength concrete is a state-of-the-art material and like most of

the state-of-the-art materials, it commands a premium price. In some
instances, the benefits are well worth the additional effort and
expense; in other they are not. The economic consideration regarding
the use of high-strength concrete should generally be examined in
each separate case.

So far, practice has proved clearly defined economic benefits from all
the structures that have partially or totally been designed and
constructed of high-strength concrete. Despite the fact that the price
cost per unit volume of concrete increases with the increase in the
compressive strength (due to the increased expenditures related to
testing, quality control and inspection), the final economic effect is
still positive. Such a reduction of the total price cost of the project is
due to the decreased dimensions of the structural elements and the
reduced workforce costs due to the decrease of the reinforcement
percentage, smaller foundation and reductions in formworks and
scaffolds.
 APPLICATION

ELORN BRIDGE, FRANCE, 83MPa

311 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE TWO UNION SQUARE -

BUILDING - CHICAGO, USA, 83MPa SEATTLE, USA, 131MPa
 APPLICATION

HIBERNIA OFFSHORE PLATFORM

Newfounland, Canada, 69MPa
CONFEDERATION BRIDGE
Prince Edward Island, Canada, 100MPa
“2003-2004 State Department of Transportation HPC implementation survey results”
Source: http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov
 Insufficient ductility
Normal concrete High strength concrete

Application of HSC in seismic

conditions

Application of the
existing codes
IZIIS EXPERIENCE
 OBJECTIVES

 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED MATERIALS-

High Strength Concrete Investigations, (1992-2006)

First Phase of Investigations, (1992-1996-1998)

Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)
Third Phase of Investigations, (2000-2006)

 RECOMMENDATION FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HSC ELEMENTS-

Brief review of world experience and research performed at IZIIS

 CONCLUSIONS
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Scientific-research Projects Carried Out in IZIIS, (1992-2006)

 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY FOR HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Ministry of Science of RM, A.D. ADING, DG BETON, IZIIS – Skopje, (1992-1998)

 METHODOLOGY FOR OBTAINING OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

AND ITS APPLICATION
Ministry of Science of RM, A.D. ADING, DG BETON, IZIIS – Skopje, (1998-2000)

 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED

FROM HIGH STRENGTH MATERIALS
Ministry of Science of RM, A.D. ADING, DG BETON, IZIIS – Skopje, (2000-2003)

 SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE BUILDINGS

Ministry of Science of RM, IZIIS – Skopje, (2004-2006)
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
The Principal Objectives of the Investigations

 Definition of methodology and design mix proportions for obtaining

concrete with compressive strength of up to 100MPa exclusively from local
materials and by use of own technology.

 Experimental and analytical investigations of models of high strength

concrete beam and columns exposed to cyclic behaviour.

 Investigation of strength and deformability characteristics of elements

constructed of high strength materials in conditions of cyclic loading with a
special review of joint behaviour of concrete and reinforcement in the
nonlinear range.

 Suggestions and guidelines for application of high strength concrete in

seismically active regions and creation of a basis for future investigations.

 Following the world trends in development and application of high strength

concrete in seismic areas for the purpose of applying the positive experience,
recommendations and suggestions should be given for the national design
practice.
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Investigations of the portland cement type PC45c w/o additives

Investigated parameters Cement Specimens

CS1 CS2 CS33 CS44

Sieve residual [%] 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

Standard consistency [%] 25.3 23.8 22.2 21.0

Volume stability [mm] 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Mass density [kg/m3] Loose 900 900 900 900

Compact 1578 1578 1578 1578
Binding [hours] Start 2h 49’ 49’ 3h 33’ 49’ 2h 26’ 49’ 2h 21’ 49’

End 5h 10’ 5h 48’ 5h 08’ 4h 01’

Flexural strength [MPa] After 6 days 6.9 6.7 7.9 7.3
After 28 days 7.8 8.3 9.5 9.5
Compressive strength [MPa] After 3 days 25.9 28.1 37.2 35.9
After 28 days 50.2 51.7 61.7 60.7
3 specimen with 1.0% superfluid SFM1
1 without chemical admixtures – referent specimen 4
2 specimen with 0.8% superfluid SFM1
specimen with 1.2% superfluid SFM1
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Investigations of the portland cement type PC45c with added
superfluid and silica fume
Investigated parameters Cement specimens
CS1 CS2 CS33 CS44

Sieve residual [%] 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

Standard consistency [%] 24.0 27.2 28.5 20.6

Volume stability [mm] 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

Mass density [kg/m3] Loose 930 930 930 930

Compact 1490 1490 1490 1490
Binding [hours] Start 2h 19’ 49’ 1h 10’ 49’ 0h 40’ 49’ 2h 00’ 49’

End 4h 39’ 5h 05’ 5h 15’ 5h 10’

Flexural strength [MPa] After 3days 7.7 7.7 7.3 9.3
After 28 days 8.8 8.7 9.3 13.7
Compressive strength [MPa] After 3 days 27.5 31.2 30.9 52.8
After 28 days 54.3 63.9 65.0 80.1
1 without chemical admixtures – referent specimen
2 with 8% silica fume produced by AD ADING, Skopje
3 with 12% silica fume produced by AD ADING, Skopje
4 with 2% superfluid and 8% silica fume produced by AD ADING, Skopje
IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Testing of aggregate separate from Korestica

Investigated characteristics Crushed aggregate-chlorized diabase – Korestica

Grain size [mm]

0-4 4-8 8-11 11-16

Humidity [%] 3.3 1.0 1.2 0.8

Fine particles (under 0.09mm) 7.5 1.3 3.0 5.2
Organic impurities none none none None
Grain shape, L:d>3:1, [%] 10 7

Volume coefficient 0.238

Mass density, [kg/m3] 1750/1820 1700/1750 1720/1730 1740/1800

loose/compact
Specific gravity, [t/m3] 2.75 2.70 2.72 2.75
DESIGN MIX

Concrete components MB60 MB80 MB100

Aggregate (kg/m3 ) 1815 1800 1800

Cement - C (kg/m3 )
Portland cement, PC45C 450 392-557,460
(ACI 363) 500

Water - W (l/m3 ) 180 138 150

W/C 0.40 0.30(ACI 363)
0.27-0.50, 0.30

Superplasticizer - SFL (kg/m3 ) 9.0 (2%-C) 18.4 (4%C) 17.5 (3.5%C)

Silica fume (kg/m3 ) / 40.0 (8%C)
36.8
(5-15) C, C(ACI
%(8% ) 363)

Consistency of the fresh

10-12 8-10 6-8
concrete mix (cm )
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Modulus of elasticity

102,5
* note 83,3
74,5

98
28 day 81,2
59,8

74,8
7 day 67,9
53,2

64
3 day 59,1
46,4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

MB60 MB80 MB100

Beton Laboratory-Skopje
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Modulus of elasticity

MB100
9.12

MB80
7.37

MB60
7.62

0 2 4 6 8 10
 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Modulus of elasticity

34300
MB 100 33400
32500

32032
MB 80 32679
31938

29798
MB 60 31807
31565

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Faculty of Civil Engineering-Skopje
 TEST-PARAMETERS

Experimental programme

3 BEAMS + 3 COLUMNS

 Concrete compressive strength (MB60, MB80, MB100)

 Yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement
 Yield strength of transverse reinforcement
 Longitudinal reinforcement ratio
 Transversal reinforcement ratio
 BEAM ELEMENTS (3 samples)
(Beton Laboratory - Skopje)

6 f 8/15
L=2.29m, b/h=25/40cm
10

5 14f 20
20

1-1
20

1 4f 20 4
1 f 8/7.5 1 4f 20

3 2f 12
4 f 8/7.5
190

90

40

40
2 4f 20 3 2f 12 25
1
20
20
10

50 229

Sample Logituidnal reinforcement Transverse reinforcement

MB
[Mpa] Steel grade Azat.
2
v,mech. Steel grade fyh s h
[cm ] [%] [Mpa] [cm] [%]

MGR60 60 RA 400/500 12.57 0.139 GA 240/360 240 7.5 1.09

MGR80 80 SBPD 1275/1420 5.39 0.095 RA 400/500 400 7.5 1.29
MGR100 100 SBPD 1275/1420 5.39 0.076 RA 400/500 400 7.5 1.29
HIGH STRENGTH STEEL
(NETUREN, JAPAN)

SBPD 1275/1420
 COLUMN ELEMENTS (3 samples)
(Beton Laboratory - Skopje)

6 10f 20

7 f 8/15
L=2.0m, b/h=30/30cm 1 1
1 3f 13.1
1 3 2f 13.1 1 3f 13.1 8 4f 20

4 5 f 8/7.5

3 2f 13.1

4 5 f 8/7.5 2 3f 13.1 2 3f 13.1

1

Sample Longitudinal reinforcement Transverse reinforcemen

MB P/Po
[Mpa] Steel grade Azat.
2
v,mech. Steel grade s h
[cm ] [%] [cm] [%]
MS60 60 0.179 RA 400/500 6.03 0.078 GA 240/360 7.5 2.37
MS80 80 0.126 SBPD 1275/1420 4.04 0.083 RA 400/500 7.5 2.57
MS100 100 0.105 SBPD 1275/1420 4.04 0.066 RA 400/500 7.5 2.57
BUILDING OF THE MODELS
Beton Laboratory – Skopje
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)
 MAIN PURPOSE: To define the interactive behaviour of high strength
materials, (concrete and reinforcement) in the nonlinear range as well as
definition of criteria and recommendations for application of these
materials in seismically active regions.

Quasi-static Investigations of High Strength Concrete Elements

Performed in IZIIS

- Laboratory investigations of concrete components

- Design and construction of beam and column models
- Quasi-static testing of high strength concrete models
- Results from experimental investigations

Analytical Modeling of Nonlinear Behaviour of High Strength Concrete

Elements

- Definition of M- relationship for element cross-section

- Nonlinear behaviour of high strength concrete elements
exposed to cyclic forces
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Quasi-static testing of high strength concrete models

DISPOSITION OF MODELS AND INSTRUMENTATION
(IZIIS Laboratory - Skopje)

Beam disposition Clip-gage

Strain-gage
Column disposition

Instrumentation
BEAMS INVESTIGATIONS - SELECTED RESULTS
(damage observation)

Beam model MGR 60

Beam model MGR 80

Beam model MGR 100

 BEAMS INVESTIGATIONS - SELECTED RESULTS
(recorded values)

MGR60
150

100
max. d=123.48mm
MGR80
Force (kN)

50
150

0
100

-50
Force (KN)

50

-100 0 MGR 100

150
-150 -50
100
-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120
-100
Displacement (mm)
50

Force [kN]
-150
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150
0
Displacement (mm)
-50

-100

-150
-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6
Strain in concrete [‰]
COLUMNS INVESTIGATIONS - SELECTED RESULTS
(damage observation)

Column model MS 60

Column model MS 80

Column model MS 100

COLUMNS INVESTIGATIONS - SELECTED RESULTS
(recorded values)

MS 80 MS 100
150 150

max. d=82.54mm
100 100

50 50
Force [kN]

Force [kN]
0 0

-50 -50

-100 -100

-150 -150
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Strain in concrete [‰] Displacement [mm]
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Definition of M- relationship for element cross-section

Fiber model analysis, Mander (1984)

ε z   ε 0  z * φ

- model for confined HSC !!!

Steel is modeled with

bilinear relationship
Stress-strain behavior – review of the proposed models
Authors fc fy,trans.
[MPa] [MPa]
Ahmed and Shah (1982) < 69 -
Martinez, Nilson and Slate (1982) 21-83 414
Muguruma, Watanabe et al. (1983) 34-88 161-1353
Fafitis and Shah (1985) * < 62 413
Yong, Nour and Nawy (1988) 83.6-93.5 496
Bjerkeli, Tomaszewicz andJansen (1990) 65-115 -
Muguruma, Watanabe and Komuro (1990) 34-88 -
Muguruma, Nishiyama, Watanabe and Tanaka (1991) < 130 191-1353
Nagashima, Sugano, Kimura and Ichikawa (1992) < 118 784, 1372
Muguruma,
Muguruma, Nishiyama
Nishiyama and Watanabe
and Watanabe (1993)(1993) 20-130 191-1353
Li, Park and Tanaka (1994) 35.2-82.5 445/1318
Azizinamini, Kuska, Brungardt and Hatfield (1994) 26.2-103.6 413/827
Cusson and Paultre
Cusson(1995)
and Paultre (1995) 60-120 400-800
CEB-FIP, MC90 (1995) 100 -
Razvi and Saattcioglu (1996) 60-124 400-1000
Kappos and Konstantinidis (1999) 50-125 340-1390
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Definition of M- relationship for element cross-section

Fiber model analysis, Mander (1984)

ε z   ε 0  z * φ

N   EdA

M   Ezε dA
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Definition of M- relationship for element cross-section, MGR100

Experiment
E KS P E RI ME N T
4 f 13.1 c = 1.5 ‰c = 2.55 ‰c = 2.85 ‰
f 8 / 7.5

2 f 13.1

4 f 13.1 s= 3.2 ‰  

 s= 5.98 ‰ 
s= 6.9 ‰ 
 = 1.3 x 10 - 4 rad  = 2.35 x 10 - 4 rad  = 2.71 x 10 - 4 rad
cm cm cm
M = 119.39 kNm M = 253.7 kNm M = 276.4 kNm
  
P = 57.40 kN P = 121.99 kN P = 132.9 kN

Analysis c =0.85‰ c =1.50‰ c =1.70‰

A N A L I ZA
4 f 13.1 c = 0.85 ‰c = 1.504 ‰
c = 1.701 ‰
f 8 / 7.5

2 f 13.1
s =3.26‰ s =5.98‰ s =6.90‰
F =1.14 x 10-4 rad/cm F =2.08 x 10-4 rad/cm F =2.39 x 10-4 rad/cm

4 f 13.1 M=104.5kNm M=235.9kNm

s= 3.26 ‰  s= M=254.3kNm
s= 5.98 ‰  6.9 ‰ 
 = 1.14 x 10 - 4 rad  = 2.08 x 10 - 4 rad  = 2.39 x 10 - 4 rad
P=50.2kN cm P=113.4kN cm P=122.3kN cm
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Definition of M- relationship for element cross-section, MS80

Experiment E KS P E RI ME N T
3 f 13.1 c = 1.42 ‰ c = 2.04 ‰ c = 2.72 ‰
f 8 / 7.5

2 f 13.1

3 f 13.1 s= 0.9 ‰  s= 2.35 ‰  4.0 ‰ 

 s=
rad rad rad
 = 8.85 x 10 - 5  = 1.69 x 10 - 4  = 2.58 x 10 - 4
cm cm cm
M = 139.6 kNm M = 143.9 kNm M = 127.7 kNm
  
P = 88.3 kN P = 91.1 kN P = 80.84 kN

Analysis c =1.26‰ c =1.78‰ c =2.36‰

A N A L I ZA
3 f 13.1 c = 1.26 ‰ c = 1.78 ‰ c = 2.36 ‰
f 8 / 7.5

2 f 13.1
s =1.12‰ s =2.57‰ s =4.37‰
F =9.2x 10-5rad/cm F =1.69 x 10-4 rad/cm F =2.61 10-4 rad/cm
3 f 13.1 M=132.5kNm s= 2.57 ‰
s= 1.12 ‰ 
M=136.6kNm 
s= 4.37 ‰ 
5 rad 4 radM=121.3kNm rad
 = 9.2 x 10 -
cm
-
 = 1.69 x 10 cm  = 2.61 x 10 - 4 cm
P=83.8kN P=86.5kN P=76.8kN
M = 132.5 kNm M = 136.6 kNm M = 121.3 kNm
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Nonlinear behaviour of HSC elements exposed to cyclic forces

IDARC2D

NONLINEAR
ANALYSIS

DRAIN2DX
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Nonlinear behaviour of HSC elements exposed to cyclic forces

MODELING
IDARC2D Column element
Spread plasticity model
NONLINEAR
Smooth hysteretic
ANALYSIS model
RESULTS
DRAIN2DX Displacement
histories
Force histories
P -  relationships
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

 Nonlinear behaviour of HSC elements exposed to cyclic forces

150 4

Experiment

Conrete strain (‰)

2
100 IDARC2D
0
Force (kN)

50 -2

0 -4

-6
-50 Experiment
-8
-100 DRAIN2D
-10
MGR100 MS60
-150 -12
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Displacement (mm) Number of steps

IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

Beam model MGR100 – displacement history

120
Ek sper i ment
90
IDARC2D
P omest u vaw e ( mm)

60

30

-30

-60

-90

-120
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

Br oj na t o~k i
IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Second Phase of Investigations, (1998-2000)

Column model MS100 – force-displacement relationship

150
Ek sper i ment
100
IDARC2D

50
Si l a ( k N)

-50

-100

-150
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
P omest u vaw e ( mm)
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Analysis of Results (1998-2000)

 The computer programme MPHI-HSC has been elaborated for

obtaining moments, curvatures and strains in concrete and steel
for beams and columns constructed of high-strength concrete and
high-quality steel. Taking into account the specific nature of the
high-strength concrete and steel as materials, the corresponding
stress-strain diagrams are introduced in the programme.

 The comparison between the experimentally recorded and the

analytically obtained strains in concrete and steel in the chosen
characteristic profiles point to a good agreement for all beam and
column models.

 The nonlinear response of the beams and the columns

constructed of high-strength materials is obtained using nonlinear
quasistatic analysis by applying of cyclic time history at the free
end of the models.
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Analysis of Results (1998-2000)
The results from the nonlinear analysis of the beams and the
columns are expressed via histories of displacements, forces and
strains in the concrete and in the reinforcement as well as P-
hysteretic relationships compared to the experimentally measured
ones.

 The correlation between the displacement obtained as a

response from nonlinear analysis and applied displacement as an
external load is obvious. The maximum displacements, (applied and
calculated) in the nonlinear range are similar for all elements.

 The comparison between the experimentally recorded and the

analytically obtained P- relationships point to a good agreement.
The obtained hysteretic loops for all models of beams and columns
are stable and show significant capacity of elements for energy
dissipation. The experimentally recorded and the analytically
obtained histories of strains in concrete and steel point to a good
agreement for all beam and column models. The numerical model
gives slightly higher values of strains in the beginning of the
loading cycles.
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Third Phase of Investigations, (2000-2006)
MAIN PURPOSE: To define (analytically) the nonlinear behaviour and
seismic resistance of buildings designed and constructed of concrete
with a compressive strength varying between 60 and 100 MPa under the
effect of actual seismic effects of different intensity and frequency
1

content.
1 1

Cross-section

Characteristics floor plan

 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Third Phase of Investigations (2000-2006)
To realize the this goal, the bearing and deformability capacity of
elements designed of high strength concrete and steel has
analytically been defined. Presented further are the realized
parametric dynamic analyses of the designed models exposed to
actual seismic effects. The subject of the analyses have been four
models of buildings designed as: 7 storey frame structure – model
M1, 15 storey frame structure – model M2, 15 storey structure
composed of frames and walls – model M3 and 25 storey structure –
mixed structural system – model M4.
0.3

0.2 Model_M4(1)
Model_M4(3)

Displacement (m) 0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

Time (sec)
 IZIIS’CONTRIBUTION ……
Fourth Phase of Investigations- (2004-2006)

Results from comparative analysis of M3 model

b/h fY  K T1 Y,top(*) doz,top SBASE CR
[cm] [MPa] [%] [sec] [cm] [cm] [kN]
MB30 75/75 400 1.11 0.218 1.187 4.18 7.50 2576 0.344
MB100(1) 40/40 400 3.6 0.218 1.305 4.49 7.50 2168 0.226
MB100(2) 40/40 1300 1.11 0.218 1.305 4.45 7.50 2168 0264

Time histories of top displacement and shear base force – model M4

0.3 12000

0.2
Model_M4(1) 10000
Model_M4(1)
Model_M4(3) 8000 Model_M4(3)
Displacement (m)

0.1
Shear force (kN)

6000

4000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2000
-0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.2 -2000

-4000
-0.3
-6000

-0.4 -8000

Time (sec) Time (sec)

RECOMMENDATION FOR APPLICATION OF HSC
 RECOMMENDATION FOR ANALYSIS …….
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec (MPa) MB60 MB80 MB100

ACI 318-95 0.043  1.5 f c' 37431 43694 48294

CEB 228 
Eco f c'  Δ f / f cmo  0.3
37239 40169 42671

 
1
Lambotte 9500 f c' 3 34953 38469 41440

2.8  10 5  2.55  f c' 

0.315
Cook 43326 48319 50837
Ahmad 3.38  10 5  2.5 f c'  0.325
36794 41137 43394
Tachibana 3950 f c'  1560 29435 33747 37546
ACI 363 3320  f c'  6900 30329 33953 37147
PBAB 9.253 f bk  10 38000 / /
IZIIS investigations 31057 32216 33400
 RECOMMENDATION FOR ANALYSIS …….
Tensile Strength

fr’ (MPa) MB60 MB80 MB100

ACI 318-95 0.62  f c' 4.37 5.05 5.65

ACI 363 0.94  f c' 6.63 7.66 8.56
New RC 1.26  f c'  7.31 8.32 9.20
0.45

Ahmad and Shah 0.44 f c'  6.03 7.31 8.49

0.67

0.44 f c' 
0.65
Setunge  25% 7.54/4.52 9.13/5.48 10.6/6.4
CEB 228 f ctko ,m  f ck  Δ f   f cko  Δ f 0.6 3.62 4.22 4.76
PBAB 0.25 3 f bk2 3.8 / /
IZIIS investigations 7.62 7.37 9.12
RECOMMENDATION FOR ANALYSIS …….
Stress-Strain Relationship for HSC

Recommended relationships

For analytical investigations

Muguruma, Watanabe et al. (1993)

Cusson & Paultre (1995)

For application in design practice

Triangular distribution

Modified rectangular distribution

 RECOMMENDATION FOR ANALYSIS …….
Stress-Strain Relationship for HSC-stress block parameters

REFERENCES k1k 3  1 k 2  1
ACI 318-95
1.09  0.008 f c'
0.85
0.85  k 2  0.65
1.2932 f c'   0.71k3 DB 
0.0998
Attard & Stewart *

1.0948 f c' 
0.091
 0.67
0.6470 f c
' 0.0324
 0.58k3 SL
CSA94 0.85  0.0015 f c'  0.67 0.97  0.0025 f c'  0.67
NZS 3101:1995 1.07  0.004 f c' 1.09  0.008 f c'
0.85  k1k3  0.75 0.85  k 2  0.65
Mendis and Pendyala 0.85  0.0025 f c'  57 0.65  0.00125 f c'  57
57  f c'  100MPa
57  f c'  100MPa
1  0.85  0.004 f c'  55  0.75 1  0.85  0.008 f c'  30  0.65
Park et al.

Ibrahim et al.
0.85  0.00125 f c'  0.725 0.95  0.0025 f c'  0.70
Macedonian code, PBAB 1=0.809 1=0.416

*The values of the parameters are calculated using probabilistic methods

 RECOMMENDATION FOR DESIGN …….
Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement Ratio for HSC Beams

ACI Committee 363

fy=400MPa
PBAB'87 0,195
f c'

0,123
ρ min
0,452
0,506 4 .5 f y
ACI 363 0,392
0,277

0,569
 max  2.5%
0,509
ACI 318-95 0,441
0,312

0,339
0,304
ACI 318-89 0,263
0,186

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6

MB30 MB60 MB80 MB100

 RECOMMENDATION FOR DESIGN …….
Confinement of HSC Columns

NZS 3101 (1995)

 1.3  pt m  " Ag f c' N *

Ash    sh h  0 . 006 s h"

 3.3  Ac f yt f f c' Ag
h

Amount and configuration of the transverse reinforcement

In correlation with the level of the axial force

 INSTEAD OF CONCLUSIOS

Code revision

Application of HSC in
seismic conditions

Providing of sufficient
“post-peak “ ductility

The results obtained from own experimental and analytical investigations, as well as
worldwide experience show that by appropriate selection of the quality of materials
and proper reinforcement, (especially confinement), HSC elements exposed to cyclic
loads exert ductile hysteretic behaviour with favorable energy dissipation.
 INSTEAD OF CONCLUSIOS

To include higher strength concretes and at the same time to satisfied the criteria for
ductile behaviour of HSC structures in seismic areas.

Definition of criteria and regulations which will be included in the national technical
codes for design and construction of high strength reinforced concrete structures.

Code revision

Application of HSC in
seismic conditions

Providing of sufficient
“post-peak “ ductility
 INSTEAD OF CONCLUSIOS
DOCUMENT COUNTRY Max strength [MPa]
CEB-FIP MC90 International 100 - Cylinder 150/300mm
NS 347, 1992 Norvey 105 - Cube 100mm
Rak MK B4,1983/84
Appendix 1989
Finland 100 - Cube 100mm

ACI 318-89, 1989, ACI 363, 1997 USA Not specified

CSA A23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 1984 Canada Not specified

Specification for high strength 80 -
Japan Cylinder 150/300mm
concrete
Appendix of DIN 1045, Germany 115 - Cube 200mm
DIN 488 and DIN 1055
BBK 79 Sweden 80 - Cube 100mm

Appendix NEN 6720, NEN 5950 Netherlands 105 - Cube 100mm

NZS 3101 (1995) New Zealand 100 (70 for ductile struc.)

BS 8110 (1997) Great Britany 50 - Cube 150mm

EUROCODE 2 (2004) Europe C90/105 - Cube 150mm
PBAB (1987) Macedonia 60 - Cube 200mm
 RESEARCH NEEDS
To enable revision of the existing codes and mass application of high
strength concrete and generally of high strength materials in design
and construction of structures in seismic regions, further investigations
are necessary to be performed in many fields as follows:

 Design and behaviour of structures (definition of minimal percentage,

definition of achieved stresses in the confining reinforcement,
anchorage and anchorage length, computation of the crack width).

 Mechanical characteristics of the material (strength under biaxial

and three axial stress, effect of silica fume on yielding, etc.)

 Testing, methods of control, preparation and curing, durability, etc.

 Definition of dynamic behaviour of elements, parts of structures and

structures exposed to actual seismic loads. The investigations should
be both analytical and experimental, (shaking table tests).

 Definition of criteria and codes for design and construction of

seismically resistant structures that shall be underpinned in the
national technical regulations and standards for design and
construction of structures of high strength materials.
 БЛАГОДАРАМ

Prof. dr. Roberta Apostolska

email: beti@iziis.ukim.edu.mk