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SIMULATION OF MHO TYPE PHASE COMPARATOR FROM THE OUTPUT OF

SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAMS

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Jose Antonio González - Cueto Cruz Zaid Garcia Sanchez

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 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
C E E
SIMULATION OF MHO TYPE PHASE COMPARATOR FROM
THE OUTPUT OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAMS.
Dr.: José A. González-Cueto Cruz*
Profesor Titular Jubilado
Abstract: This paper deals with the simulation
of a type mho distance relay based on the phase
comparison technique. It uses the results of
typical electrical power systems analysis
programs. The variations of the impedance
measured and the operation region of the
comparator in the complex plane are assessed.
These variations are caused by complex voltage
values and the mho polarization type. Two cases
are analyzed: 1) When the operation state is near
the static voltage limit, and 2) During a dynamic
perturbation in the system. The information for
the dynamic perturbations are found from the
outputs of a mid-term stability program. The
simulation of mho phase comparator in the
vicinity of the static voltage limit detects unit
distance elements with impedance measured
near their reach threshold in the steady state.
Dynamic mho simulations in the complex plane
are tested successfully by plotting the phase
difference vs time curves of the comparator
input signals. These curves can be exploited for
the analysis of other applications of phase
comparators and the corresponding models in
the complex plane.
Keywords: Mho phase comparator, distance
relays, electric power network analysis, mid-
term stability, voltage stability.
1 Introduction.
The simulation of protections in electric power
systems is recognized by various authors and
manufacturers as an important option for the
_______
*Correspondig author: José A. González-Cueto Cruz,
C.Rodriguez #64 Santa Clatra, 50100, Villa Clara, Cuba. E-
mail: jcueto@uclv.edu.cu, jagcuetoc@gmail.com.
Zaid Garcia Sanchez: Universidad Central de Las Villas,
Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba. E-mail:
zaid@uclv.edu.cu
1
Dr.: Zaid Garcia Sánchez
Profesor Titular
analysis of its operation and its adjusting
parameters [1-11]. Digital simulation of mho
type distance relay has been developed and
analyzed including different polarization
methods of this protection [12-14]. There is also
precedent in the development of digital
programs for short circuit analysis of this
protection in the complex plane [15-17].
The fundamentals of phase comparators and
mho type relays based on this principle are
explained in this paper. Relevant principles and
techniques used in the design of the programs
are introduced. The paper also describes the
main equations used by the programs and the
output results used to obtain the characteristics
of the protection zones and the impedance
measured by the phase comparator.
Numerical examples are included to assess the
operation of the protection in the complex plane
with respect to the curves of phase difference vs
time of the comparator input signals. The effects
of polarization type and memory usage are
studied in the presence of symmetric and
asymmetric disturbances such as short circuits,
open conductors and power oscillations.
2 Phase comparators.
2.1 Two-input phase comparator.
The input signals of a phase comparator are
given in the most general case by the
expressions, [1, 3, 16]
S 1 = k 1V + k 2 I (1)
S 2 = k 3V + k 4 I (2)
operating condition is reached when the phase
difference of both signals is in the following
interval
 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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θ1 ≤ θ = arg(S 1 / S 2 ) ≤ θ 2 (3) A mho type relay is obtained by applying the

following input signals to the phase comparator
here θ is the phase difference of S1 and S2 . The S 1 = −V + Z r I (9) S2 =V
angles θ1 and θ 2 are constant magnitudes. (10)
Replacing (1) and (2) into (3) an equivalent where k 1 = −1 , k 2 = Z r , k 3 = 1 and k 4 = 0 .
expression for the phase shift is obtained below
The replica impedance Zr is identical to the
S  k V + k2I  desired relay reach. In this general case the mho
θ1 ≤ θ = arg 1  = arg  1
  ≤ θ 2 (4)
 S2   k 3V + k 4 I  is self- polarized and its characteristic in the
complex plane is a circle passing through the
If (4) is divided by I, when its value is not zero, origin when the limits and constants are:
then
θ1 − λ = 90 0 , θ 2 − λ = −90 0 , A = 0 , B = Z r
 k1 Z + k 2  Z − B
θ1 ≤ arg   = arg   + λ ≤ θ 2 (5) and
 k 3V + k 4   Z − A
θ1 = −90 0 , θ 2 = 90 0 , λ = −180 ,
0
k4 k2 k 
where A=− ,B=− , λ = arg  1 
k3 k1  k 3  Hence ZS1 and S1 have a phase difference of
(6) 1800.

Expression (5) may also be written as: This protection requires polarization signal S2
to provide a reliable reference angle. Self-
Z −B Z  polarization is not suited when a bolted fault is
θ1 − λ ≤ arg  = arg S1  ≤ θ2 − λ (7) too close to this signal therefore adaptive
Z 
 Z − A  S2  polarization is used. This may be cross,
combined or memory polarization [16, 18]. The
where Z S1 = Z − B and
first two fail on bold three-phase short circuits,
Z S2 = Z − A (8) only memory polarization solves the problem.
In the case of a mho with combined or dual
The form and dimensions of the characteristics polarization, the S2 signal is given by
of a phase comparator in the complex Z-plane S 2 = V + k pV p (11)
are given by the threshold operating conditions,
which are determined by the equality conditions while for the cross or simple polarization, the S2
in (7). This equality conditions are defined by signal is
the values of k, θ1 and θ 2 . Constants A and B are S 2 = k pV p (12)
the impedance values determining the
The mho threshold operating conditions in the
characteristic in the complex plane, A = Z − Z S 2
complex plane are:
and B = Z − Z S1 . Thus the operation zone of the
 Z −Z r   
comparator in the complex plane is not affected
θ1 − λ ≤ arg  = arg Z − B  ≤θ −λ (13)
by the amplitude and phase variations of the  Z   Z −Ap  2
 S2   
alternating currents and voltages, while the
values of current and voltage can be measured In the mho Ap and B are also impedance values
by the comparator. determining the circle diameter in the complex
plane.
2.2 Mho phase comparator.
B = Zr (14)
In combined polarization

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 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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Z S 2 = (V + k p V p ) / I = Z + Z p (15)
and the variable impedance A p in the complex
plane is
Ap = Z − Z S2 = −Z p (16)
In simple polarization
Z S 2 = k pV p / I = Z p (17)
Ap = Z − Z S2 = Z −Zp (18)
Common dual and simple polarization signals
are shown in [16]. The use of positive sequence
polarization with memory is explained in [18].
Thus, the characteristic of self-polarized mho
will always be static in the complex plane and
equal for all phase and line relays with the same
reach. While for the combined polarization the
characteristics will always be displaced from the
origin in dependence of the value of Zp. For
unbalanced conditions phase to ground and line
to line characteristic protections are different.
The simple polarization behavior in balanced
operation and without memory action is identical
to self-polarized. In unbalanced conditions or
voltage variations under the effect of memory,
(a)Complex plane.
Fig.1
3
the simple polarization characteristics will be
displaced from the origin. In unbalanced
operation all phases and line characteristic
protections are also different in general in the
simple polarization. The following example
illustrates some of these issues.
Three mho typical characteristics, M1 self-
polarized, M2 and M3 with a combined
polarization and |kp| values of 0.15 are shown in
the complex plane in Fig.1 (a). The last one has
a reverse reach of M1 and M2 and the three
have a modular reach of 80% of Zl.
For a three phase fault in F, middle of the line,
M1 and M2 currents are I = 2V/Zl and M3
current is I = -2 V/Zl. The points Ap2 and Ap3
are matching because the characteristic of M3 in
Fig.1(a) is drawn with a phase shift of 1800 in
the complex plane for its reverse reach. M1 and
M2 are activated, while M3 is not. The most
important impedances of the units are shown in
Table1.
The values of the input signals and its phase
shift are shown in Fig. 2(b) and also in the
Table2 for each unit. The current angle
measured by the comparators is causing the
phase shift between Zp and Zr and subsequent
variations in the diameters of M2 and M3,
resulting in a shift of the characteristics.
(b)Arguments (S1/S2).
 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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Table 1
Unit S1 S2 Arg(S1/ S2) Zr Zp AP B

M1 0.6V V 00 0.8 Zl 0 0 0.8 Zl

M2 0.6 V V 00 0.8 Zl 0.15 Zl -0.15 Zl 0.8 Zl

M3 -1.6 V V 1800 0.8 Zl -0.15 Zl -0.15 Zl -0.8 Zl

is not the maximum point and for an increment
3. System analysis programs. in the load the programs can converge for a
point like B, which could be an unstable point.
Other solutions can be found where the
3.1 Static voltage stability.
maximum load and the bifurcation point are
different. A sensitivity test is used in these cases.
The operation limit of a network can be found
(20, 22, 23)
in steady state increasing the load on different
selective forms. This program implements three
algorithms: i) Fast uncoupled Newton-Raphson
algorithm (NR) [19]; ii) Formal NR algorithm
[8, 20] and iii) Continuation power flow
algorithm based on NR [21]. Active and reactive
power graphics vs voltage and load angle are
plotted from the output of these algorithms.
Tabular results are also given with the power
load flows for the critical point.
The voltage collapse point is the point of
maximum load that can be transferred into the
system for constant power loads vs voltage. The
algorithms continue to increase the burden while
the final power of each iteration exceeds that of
the previous iteration. The critical point is found
in the vicinity of no convergence of the power
flow. The voltage vs constant active power
characteristic is a perpendicular straight line to Fig. 2. Vicinity of the critical point.
the power axis.
The solution point is unstable in the sensitivity
The maximum load and the static bifurcation
test if one of the terms of the principal diagonal
point require another proof when considering
loads varying with the voltage. Loads are of JR-1is negative. These terms are the total
represented using equations like (19) below with derivatives of the voltages with respect to the
exponents pv and qv values different from zero. reactive power variations. The matrix JR is a
The sub-index 0 identifies initial state of the reduced matrix found by the following matrix
algorithm. equations, where JPθ, JPV, JQθ and JQV are sub-
qv matrices of the Jacobian of the network.
V 
pv
V 
P = P0  
 Q = Q0   (19)
J R = J QV − J Qθ J P−θ1 J PV (20)
 V0   V0 
Searching for the critical point solutions can be
∆Q = J R ∆V (21)
found where a point with greater load power
than the previous one is unstable with voltage
dependent loads. This situation is shown in the ∆V = J R−1∆Q (22)
Fig. 2 in the vicinity of the critical point. Point A

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The program can do a modal analysis and find
the eigenvalues of the reduced matrix JR with the
variable values of the critical state. The
participation factors of nodes, branches and
generators can be found for the smaller
eigenvalues and the critical elements of the
network. This analysis is a measure of the
vicinity to the critical point and the branches
with high participations are either weak links or
are heavy loaded. [20]. The line with the highest
percent of active power transferred is determined
by equation (23). These elements are useful for
contingency selection and to identify the
protections closer to their reach threshold values
in the critical state.
PMax = YSRVS VR − G RRVR2 (23)
The currents of the branches are found by
 I S   Y SS − Y SR  V S 
 =
Y RR  V R 
(24)
 I R  − Y RS
The results in this program are balanced three
phase and the impedance measured values are
given by voltages on each end of the line
Z SM = V S /[Y SH V S + Y SER (V S − V R )] (25)
Z RM = V R /[Y SH V R + Y SER (V R − V S )]
Hence a curve in the complex plane can be
plotted with the impedance values above for
each stable stage of the solution procedure from
the initial condition to the critical point.
The characteristics of the mho phase
comparators in the complex plane are given at
point B by equation (14) and at point Ap by
equations (15) to (18). Depending on the
polarization type, B and Ap can also be found by
the voltages of both ends of each line for the
balanced conditions in the critical state. These
characteristics are circles with center in
C = (B + A p ) / 2 (27)
and radio
R = (B + A p ) / 2 (28)
The program editor can show plots of the
impedance measured curves and all the zone
characteristics of mho phase comparators in the
complex plane. This can also be done for each
end of all selected lines.
3.2 Mid-term synchronous stability.
The numerical method used in the mid-term
stability program for the solutions of the
differential equations is the implicit trapezoidal
integration method with a ZBus load flow for the
network solution [8, 24]. The principal system
elements and its interrelationships are shown in
Fig. 3. The figure shows the interchange
between the network with:
i. Generators and its controls. The network
and generators interactions are dq-ri
variable transformations, Tdq -Tri.; and
reference and feedback signals, RS, FS,
for the controls. The synchronous
generators may be represented from the
simplest flux model, constant emf, to d
and q sub-transient effects with
saturation. The prime motors may be
(26) steam, gas and hydraulics turbines and
internal combustion motors. Also may
be simulated eolic turbines with
induction generators and photovoltaic
generation.
ii. Active protections, with input signals
and tripping signals, IS and TS. These
protections during simulation may sense
values of frequency, frequency
variation, voltage, active and reactive
power, impedances and inversion of
active power.
iii. Breaker operations and simulated faults,
with matrix modification and-or load
variation, MtxMod and LV.
iv. Loads, with its current injections Ii
under variations of voltage |V|,
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 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
C E E

frequency and load shedding or load

reclosing by the input signals, LV.
v. Shunt SVCs, with its input control
signals IS and output injections of
reactive power Qi.

Fig. 4. Shunt fault simulation.

where
[TS]: is the transformation matrix of sequence
components to phase components.
[Yf]abc: is the fault submatrix in phase
components.
[Yf]012: is the fault submatrix in sequence
components.
Series faults are also represented by three
series admittances. This method is easier than
others for simulation of:
1. Simultaneous symmetrical or
Fig. 3 Element interrelationships in mid-term asymmetrical faults in various points of
stability program. the network.
2. Shunt faults in internal points of the
lines.
3. Breaker switching.

Each term of the YBus matrix is formed by 3x3

sequence component elementary sub-matrix for
each self or mutual admittances of the network.
Thus a shunt fault is represented by the insertion
of a fictitious admittance load in the
corresponding node of the matrix, like shown in
Fig. 4. The type of fault is determined by the
values of the four admittances and the 3x3 phase
component submatrix is obtained by Kron
elimination of the neutral node. Then the
resulting 3x3 fault sequence components sub- Fig. 5. Possible breaker switching.
matrix is found by the transformation:
[Y f ]012 = [TS ]−1 [Y f ]abc [TS ] (29) Active protections or a programmed switching
may trip breakers by a selection form as shown
in Fig. 5.

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The effect of mutual inductance of zero The voltages for each node i and stage k are
sequence in transmission lines may be simulated obtained from the voltage sub-vector
in cases of asymmetrical faults involving
ground. [V i ]abc = [TS ][V i ]012 (33)

The program results are given in graphical of the network voltage vector of the kth stage
form and in tabular form with optional solution
configurations. One of the graphic shows the
variation curves of the impedance measured [V BUS ]012 = [Z BUS ]012 [I BUS ]012 (34)
modules and the angle measured of the apparent
power phasors versus time, in both ends of the And the currents for a line SR by the matrix
lines. The objective is to detect those
relation
protections, which can measure impedances or
oscillatory values near their reach. These values [I ]abc  [Y ]012 [Y ]012  [V ]012 
judge against the value of the line impedance in  S  = [T s ] SS SR
 S  (35)
each simulation instant. The phase difference [I R ] 
abc [Y RS ] [Y RR ]  [V R ]012 
012 012

between the power vectors are also verified in

every instant in the graphic. The characteristics of the mho elements in the
complex plane are defined by the distance
The impedance measured by the phase element selected, the reach and the type of
comparator are obtained from voltages of the polarization. Fig. 6 shows the optional possible
sending and receiving end of the line selected selections, which may be any combination of
and the complex currents in it. Each point of this them, including only one or all of them.
graph in the complex plane corresponds to each
time step k of the simulation program. The
Fig.6. Optional distance elements.
expressions used for the line to line impedance
measured are:
The six possible polarizations implemented in
V ij ( k ) this version of the program are shown in the
Z ij ( k ) = (30)
I i (k ) − I j (k ) Table 2. They are: the self-polarized, two
combined polarizations and three simple
and for the phase to ground impedance measured polarizations. The last one using the positive
V i (k )
Z ph (k ) = (31) sequence voltages and the others using line or
I i (k ) + k 0 I 0 (k ) phase voltages. Only two of the six distance
where units for each case are shown.
Z 0 L − Z 1L
k0 = (32)
Z 1L

Table 2
Unit S2 Self S2 Combined S2 Combined S2 Simple S2 Simple S2 Sec pos
AB V ab V ab + k p V c ∠ − 90 0
V ab + k p V ca ∠ − 120 0
k p V bc ∠ − 120
0
k p V c ∠ − 90
0
V ab1

A V a + k p V bc ∠ + 90 V a + k p V c ∠ − 120 k p V bc ∠ + 90 0
0 0 0
Va k p V b ∠ − 120 V a1

A memory polarization with positive sequence

voltage is also simulated in the program [18]. V1MEM [ k ] = αV1[ k ] + (1 − α )V1MEM [ k −1] (36)
The polarization voltage for each time step k is
determined by where

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C E E
V1MEM [ k ] is the present memorized positive
sequence voltage, which must be used in the step
k as polarization voltage.
V1[ k ] is the actual positive sequence voltage
value.
V1MEM [ k −1] is the previous memorized positive
sequence voltage value.
Fig. 7 Complex plane and related reactance curve. (a)Impedance measured curves and mho
characteristcs, (b) Reactance versus time, (c) Arg. (S1/ S2) versus time.
The curves of the complex impedance
measured and the characteristics zones of the
mho phase comparators are shown in a complex
plane. The curves of impedance measured
modules, resistance or reactance versus time and
θ angles versus time are shown in an optional
way in Fig 7. All these curves can be shown
from the beginning of the simulation up to a
selected time, while the characteristics of the
mho units are drawn for the variable values of
the selected instant time.
Every point of the curves and graphics of the
complex plane can be related with the
corresponding instant time of the simulation.
The accuracy of the complex model of the
characteristics of the mho units may be tested
8
α is the time constant of the memory.
Then for each line selected, with a mho phase
comparator, the values of S1, S2, Ap y B are
calculated for each distance unit protection
selected, for the reach given to each zone, the
type of polarization of the unit and output values
of voltage and current given by the program,
which uses the relations (33) to (35).
with respect the θ vs time curves, based
straightforward in the operating principle of
phase comparison of the input signals of these
units.
All points of the mho characteristics and
impedance measured curves are subtracted from
the line impedance Zl for protections that are on
the receiving end of a line. Thus the graphics for
these protections take as origin of the complex
plane the value of the impedance of the line and
are rotated 180 degrees.
4 Examples.
In following examples of the modeling of
mho type phase comparator is used test system
IEEE 24 nodes Fig. A-1 Appendix 1.
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Example1. The total initial load of the system
is 2850 MW and 580 MVAr. Loads were
increased with the voltage stability program in
proportion to their initial values and was
obtained a total load 1,603 times greater than the
initial, for a critical network condition. The
smallest eigenvalue was 0.0033 determined by a
modal analysis. The node B106, the line L35 and
the generator G10 were the elements with
highest participation factor, for this operation
mode. The voltage vs active power curve in the
critical node B106 is shown in Fig. 8(a).
Protections of the line L20 with higher
percentage of active power transfer can be
observed with the impedance measured curve by
them, from the initial condition to the critical
point, in Fig. 8(b).
The protections of the receiving end are shown,
because its third zone is the closest to the critical
point impedance. The mho characteristics in this
case are three forward zones, first 80, second
120 and third 250 % of the line L20 and a third
inverted zone with 120% of impedance of the
line L20, all with self-polarization.

(a) Critical node V vs P curve.

(b)Complex plane. Impedance measured curve and mho characteristics.

Fig. 8 Static voltage stability curves.
the opening of this line is high by a fluctuation
The impedance measured at the critical point is of the system.
reduced to 10.6 % of its initial value. This point
is in the proximity of the operation zones in the Example2. G10 generator disconnection was
graphic and as a consequence the probability of modeled at the 0.2 seconds in these critical

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conditions in the mid-term stability program.
G210 has the greater participation factor in the
aforementioned operation mode.
Power oscillations were detected with
consequent variations of the impedance
measured in multiple lines in the vicinity of
critical node B6. Line L35 power oscillations are
shown in Fig.9 in the vicinity of 4 seconds.
Impedance measured values were below the
value of the impedance line and the angle values
of the apparent power vectors SS and SR were in
the first quadrant in Fig 9.
The impedance measured curves and mho
operation zones are shown in the complex plane
in Fig. 10(a). Mho protections in sending and
receiving ends of the line L35 have the same
zones as L20 in example 1 but with positive
sequence polarization in all the analyzed period.
The graph time interval is from 0 to 4.13
seconds just when impedance measured values
get out of all protection zones.

Fig. 9 Impedance module and angle of SS and SR time variations in L35.

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Fig. 10 (a) Impedance measured curves and operation zones. (b)Input and (c)Output Z point in operation
zones.
The input and output points in the complex
plane to operation zones are observed with better
accuracy in the vicinity of the protections. The
input point indicated by the lines drawn from the
sending and receiving ends of the line to Z
curves in Fig. 10(b), corresponds to 3.75 sec.
The output point in Fig. 10(c) corresponds to
4.13 sec. The time intervals of the impedance
measured within operation zones vary from 4.8
cycles for the first zones up to 22.8 cycles for
third zone of the receiving end. The intersection
of the impedance measured with the straight line
representing the impedance of the transmission
line is at 4.02 seconds in Fig. 10 just exactly
time of minimum Zab impedance module in Fig.
9.
The environment of operation zones in the
complex plane and impedance measured curves
in sending and receipt are shown in Fig. 11(a)
for a time interval between 3.7 and 4.16 seconds.
The curves of θ, for each phase and line mho
zones are shown in Fig. 11 (b) in the same time
interval. Mho operation zones in the complex
plane and θ versus time curves are the same in
the three phase units and the three line units as it
is balanced conditions. Hence reference is only
made to the sending and receiving zones.

Fig. 11 From 3.7 to 4.16 sec. (a) Impedance measured curves. (b)Arguments of S1/S2.

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Mho operation zones with positive sequence
polarization behave in same way as mho with
self-polarization in Fig. 11. Impedance Zp has
value for all zones but there is not displacement
from the complex plane origin because
measuring voltages and polarization voltages are
identical and in balanced conditions Z = Zp.
Equations (16) and (18) are confirmed by the
coincidence of time and sequencing of input and
output into each protection zone of impedance
curve in the complex plane, with crossing θ
curve of each protection zone the values of 900
and -900. Intersections of θ curves in 00 and 1800
for activated and non-activated zones
respectively at 4.02 seconds coincide with time
instant in which the impedance measured
intercept the straight line representing L35 in the
complex plane.
Example3. Fault BC to earth at the receiving
end of the line L20 is analyzed with only first
and second mho operation zones but with
memory positive sequence polarization in all
time intervals Fig. A-1, point F. The effect of
memory is shown on the displacement of mho
Fig. 12 Impedance measured from receiving end before fault and mho operation zones in fault conditions.
12
operation zones around the complex plane
origin. The sequence of successive changes is
onset of fault at 0.2sec, faulted phases opening at
0.27 sec and a successful re-closure at 0.37 sec.
All phase and line protections overlap in both
zones under pre-fault conditions Fig. 12(a). Also
all load impedance measured are equal as shown
by the straight line from receiving end line to
load impedance value. At 0.2 sec fault onset,
three line protections practically overlap and
therefore two zones are only witnessed while the
six phase operation zones are offset one from
another Fig. 12 (b). All zones operate except the
two zones of phase A because all impedance
measured are very close from the end of the line.
Twelve zones are discriminated very subtly at
0.27 sec end of the fault time interval and all
zones have moved with respect the beginning of
the fault Fig. 12 (c). All zones remain triggered
except the two zones of phase A. The voltage
and current values in all phases and memory
output voltages have variations in the time
interval.
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AB, CA and A zones are shown in Fig. 13 (a)
when B and C phases open at 0.27 second and
impedance measured of this three zones are
outside of their areas. Same six areas have
reduced their dimensions at 0.37 second Fig. 13
(b) and their impedance measured are out of
their reach. Phases B and C are closed at 0.37
second and balanced conditions are restored Fig.
13 (c). The two zones of the six protections
coincide but they are displaced from the end of
the line, because voltages still are not constants.
These voltages and frequency variations produce
also output memory voltages variations. The
adaptive short or not memory vs long memory
have been used by manufacturer to avoid mho
miss-operation in this conditions [18, 25].
The θ curves of twelve operation zones with
polarized positive sequence using memory in
this last example are shown in Fig. 14 for the
interval from 0.15 to 0.4 seconds. The mho
zones behavior in the complex plane from Fig.
11 and 12 agree with results given by θ curves in
the pre-fault, fault and post-fault conditions. The
mho zones displacement equations in the
complex plane are tested again in this example
conditions.

Fig. 13 Mho operation zones with B and C open and post fault conditions.

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 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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Fig. 14 θ curves of mho operation zones.
Fig. 15 Displacement of phase A in the complex
plane, from 0 to 1 sec.
For the last example all positions of the
second zone of phase A are shown in Fig. 15
each 0.01 second from 0 to 1 second. The
characteristic at 0.00 sec, delimits top and right
ends of the variation region in the complex
14
plane. The characteristic at 0.20 sec at beginning
of fault delimits the left and bottom ends of the
region.
5 Conclusions.
The mho phase comparator was modeled in
the complex plane using the results of a static
voltage stability program. This simulation
detects unit distance elements with impedance
values measured near their reach threshold.
The critical system elements also detected can
be used for contingency analysis in dynamic
disturbances.
The dynamic behavior of mho phase
comparators can be modelled using the
method described for results of a mid-term
stability digital program as input. The
simulation of effects of polarization type and
memory usage were tested successfully with
the most important types of disturbances in
two numerical examples. Short circuit
programs achieve similar results for a fault in
an instant of time as it is a particular case of
dynamic simulation.
The model used in the complex plane was
tested by mean of the argument(S1/S2)
curves, designated as θ angle curves. These
curves can be exploited for the analysis of
other applications of phase comparators and
the corresponding models in the complex
plane. This type of comparative analysis is
readily applicable to the amplitude
comparator curves through the modular ratio
of the input signals.
 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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Appendix 1
System IEEE-24. One-line diagram

Fig. A-1 System IEEE-24 in critical conditons.

comparator setup; Z : input complex

Explanation of symbols used in the
taxt
S 1 , S 2 : complex input voltage signals of
phase comparator; k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , k 4 : complex
constants which define the threshold operating
conditions of phase comparator; k p : complex
constant to adjust S 2 value in a mho phase
comparator; V : input complex voltage of
phase comparator; I : input complex current
of phase comparator; θ : angular difference
between S 1 and S 2 ; λ : angular difference
between the complex constants k 1 and k 3 ;
θ1 , θ 2 : threshold angular values of phase
impedance measured of phase comparator;
A , B : complex constant impedances of
phase comparator; Z r : complex replica
impedance of mho phase comparator,
identical to relay reach; V p : complex signal
voltage of mho phase comparator used for
increase reliability polarization voltage; Z p :
complex impedance related to V p ; A p :
complex variable impedance of mho phase
comparator related to Z p ; V : node voltage
module of positive sequence; P : active
power load; Q : reactive power load; pv :
voltage exponent of active power load; qv :
voltage exponent of reactive power load; J R

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 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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: reduced jacobian matrix of node reactive
power injections with respect node voltage
modules; J QV : jacobian sub-matrix of node
reactive power injections partial derivatives
with respect node voltage modules; J Qθ :
jacobian sub-matrix of node reactive power
injections partial derivatives with respect
node voltage angles; J P−θ1 : inverse jacobian
sub-matrix of node active power injections
partial derivatives with respect node voltage
angles; J PV : jacobian sub-matrix of node
active power injections partial derivatives
with respect node voltage modules; ∆Q :
incremental variations vector of node
reactive power injections; ∆V : incremental
variations vector of complex positive
sequence node voltages; PMax : maximum
active power received of a line at steady
state operation for known end voltages; YSR :
mutual admittance module of positive
sequence from sending end to receiving end
of a line; VS : positive sequence voltage
module of a line sending end; VR : positive
sequence voltage module of a line receiving
end; GRR : positive sequence self
conductance of a line receiving end; I S :
vomplex positive sequence current in line
sending end; I R : complex positive sequence
current in line receiving end; Y SR : complex
mutual admittance of positive sequence from
sending end to receiving end of a line; Y RS :
complex mutual admittance of positive
sequence from receiving end to sending end
of a line; Y SS : complex positive sequence
self-admittance of a line sending end; Y RR :
complex positive sequence self-admittance
of a line receiving end; V S : complex
positive sequence voltage in line sending
end; V R : complex positive sequence voltage
16
in line receiving end; Z SM : complex
impedance measured in line sending end at
balanced conditions; Z RM : complex
impedance measured in line receiving end at
balanced conditions; Y SH : complex positive
sequence shunt admittance of a line; Y SER :
complex positive sequence series admittance
of a line; C : center point of a mho circle in
the complex plane; R : radius of a mho
circle; Z ij (k ) : complex line to line
impedance measured in network line end at
instant k; Z ph (k ) : complex phase impedance
measured in line end at instant k; V ij (k ) :
complex line to line voltage ij of positive
sequence for a network line end at instant k;
I i (k ) : complex line current i of positive
sequence in a network line end at instant k;
V i (k ) : complex phase voltage i of positive
sequence in a network line end at instant k;
[V i ]abc : complex phase voltage vector of
node i in phase components; [V i ]012 :
complex phase voltage vector of node i in
sequence components; [TS ] : transformation
matrix of sequence components to phase
components; [V BUS ]012 : bus complex voltage
vector for a network in sequence
components; [Z BUS ]012 : bus complex
impedance matrix for a network in sequence
components; [I BUS ]012 : bus complex current
vector for a network in sequence
components; [Y SS ]012 complex self
admittance sub-matrix of a line sending end
in sequence components; [Y SR ]012 : complex
mutual admittance sub-matrix of a line from
sending end to receiving end in sequence
components; [Y RS ]012 : complex mutual
admittance sub-matrix of a line from
 Centro de Estudios Electroenergéticos. UCLV. CUBA
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receiving end to sending end in sequence
components; [Y RR ]012 : complex self
admittance sub-matrix of a line receiving
end in sequence components; [I S ]abc :
complex phase current vector of a line
sending end in phase components; [I R ]abc :
complex phase current vector of a line
receiving end in phase components; [V S ]012 :
complex phase voltage vector of a line
sending end in sequence components;
[V R ]012 : complex phase voltage vector of a
line receiving end in sequence components.
References.
1. W. D. Humpage, S. P. Sabberwal,
“Developments in phase-comparison
techniques for distance protection”, IEE
Proceedings, vol. 112, no. 7, July 1965,
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2. G. W. Stagg, A. H. El-Abiad,
Compuuter Methods in Power System
Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1968.
3. L. Jackson, J. B. Patrickson, L. M.
Wedepohl, “Distance protection:
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comparators”, IEE Proceedings, vol.
115, no. 2, February 1968, pp. 280-287.
4. G. G. Kothary, K. Parthasarathy, B. S.
Ashok Kumar and H. P. Khincha,
"Computer-aided analysis of high-speed
protective relays", IEE Proceedings, vol.
121, no. 7, July 1974, pp. 687-694.
5. A. Wright and D. J. Rhodes,
"Protective-equipment analysis using a
digital computer," IEE Proceedings, vol.
121, no. 9, September 1974, pp. 1001-
1006.
6. D. A. Bradley, C. B. Gray, and D.
O'Kelly, "Digital simulation of distance-
relay comparators and their response to
primary-system d. c. transients
(Summary)," IEE Proceedings, vol. 121,
no. 12, December 1974, pp. 1577-1578.
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7. G. T. Vuong and G. Paris, "Rule-based
relay modeling for transient-stability
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1306-1309.
8. J. Arrillaga, C. P. Arnold, Computer
analysis of power systems. New York:
John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1990.
9. L. P. Cavero, "Computer-aided
evaluation and application of distance
relays", 46 Annual Conference for
Protective Relay Engineers, Texas
A&M University, April 1993.
10. W. Li-Cheng, L. Chih-Wen, C. Ching-
Shan, “Modeling and Testing of a
Digital Distance Relay Using
MATLAB/SIMULINK”, Proceedings of
the 37th Annual North American Power
Symposium, Iowa State University,
October 2005, pp. 253-259.
11. E. Price, T. Einarsson, “Complementary
Approach for Reliable High Speed
Transmission Line Protection”, 61th
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Engineers, Texas A&M University,
April 2008, pp. 170-179.
12. V. Cook, "Generalised method of
assessing polarising signals for the
polarised mho relay," I.E.E.
Proceedings, vol 122, no. 5, May 1975,
pp. 497-500.
13. A. R. Van. C. Warrington, Protective
Relays: Their Theory and Practice.
Volume 2. London: Chapman and Hall,
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14. A. B. Shah, V. K. Sood, O. Saad, V.
Ramachandran, “Mho Relay for
Protection of Series Compensated Line”,
IEEE Toronto International Conference
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Toronto: Canada, Sept. 2009, pp., 648-
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15. L. P. Cavero, "Computer/aided
evaluation and application of distance
relays", Fifth International Conference
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Protection, Texas A&M University,
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16. H. J. Altuve, J. C. Viveros y E.
Vázquez, "Simulación digital de
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relevadores analógicos de distancia a
nivel de esquema de comparación. Parte
I," X Reunión de Verano de Potencia del
IEEE Sección México (RVP-97),
Acapulco, Gro., México, Julio de 1997.
17. H. J. Altuve, J. C. Viveros y E.
Vázquez, "Simulación digital de
relevadores analógicos de distancia a
nivel de esquema de comparación. Parte
II: Programa", Universidad Autónoma
de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería
Mecánica y Eléctrica, México, 1997.
18. Altuve Ferrer H. J. and Schweitzer E. O.
III, Modern Solutions for Protection,
Control, and Monitoring of Electric
Power Systems. Pullman, WA, USA:
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories,
Inc., 2010
19. Zamora, S., Flujo de carga N-R
acoplado rápido con técnicas para
orientar el análisis en caso de
divergencia, Tesis de Master en
Ciencias, UCLV, Santa Clara,1999.
20. Kundur P., Power System Stability and
Control. New York: Mc Graw Hill, Inc.,
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21. V. Ajjarapu, C. Christy, “The
continuation power flow: A tool for
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IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
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22. Cañizares C. Voltage stability
assessment, procedures and guides,
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23. Z. García Sánchez, Metodología para
estudios estáticos de la estabilidad de
tensión, Tesis de Doctor en Ciencias
Técnicas, UCLV, Santa Clara, Cuba,
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24. E. G. Gate, K. Hemmaplardh, J. W.
Manke, D. P. Gelopulos, “Time frame
notion and time response of the methods
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18
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stability programs,” IEEE Transactions
on PAS, Vol. 103, No. 1, January 1984,
pp. 143-151.
25. L. Wang, E. Price, “New High-speed
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Bionotes.
José Antonio González-Cueto Cruz. He
received the Electrical Engineer degree in 1964
from Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las
Villas, M. S. in 1974 from Universidad de La
Habana, Ph. D in 2000 from Universidad Central
“Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. He had being
working in this University from 1964 until 2003
and was Profesor Titular, Centro de Estudios
Electroenergéticos (CEE), Universidad Central
“Marta Abreu” de Las Villas (UCLV). Actually
he is retired and his main research interests are
in Electric Power Analisys. He also does joint
works with Unión Eléctrica de Cuba and from
1975 has directed research projects in the
develop of Software for steady state and
transient analisys in the topic .e-mail:
jcueto@uclv.edu.cu, jagcuetoc@gmail.com.
Zaid Garcia Sánchez. He received the
Electrical Engineer degree in 2002, M.S in 2004
and PhD in 2011 from Universidad Central
“Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Since 2002 he has
been working in this University. Actually he is
Profesor Titular, Centro de Estudios
Electroenergéticos (CEE), Universidad Central
“Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. His main research
and academic interests are Steady State and
Transient Analisys of Electric Power Systems.
He also does joint works with Unión Eléctrica de
Cuba from 2006 and has conducted technical
consultation on the electrical power system of
Angola. e-mail: zaid@uclv.edu.cu.