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Evaluation and reduction of temperature stresses in concrete pavement

by using phase changing material
Prakash Somani ⇑, Arun Gaur
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Rajasthan 302017, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Due to an increase in the population, the need for good and efficient transportation becomes essential to
Received 6 January 2020 provide better facilities to the people. Nowadays, concrete pavements are more adopted in highway con-
Received in revised form 10 April 2020 struction. The concrete pavement is more efficient because of its higher strength, durability, and reliabil-
Accepted 14 April 2020
ity, but concrete pavements are largely affected due to temperature stresses. This study investigates the
Available online xxxx
potential use of phase changing material (PCM) for the reduction of temperature stresses in concrete
pavements. To inspect compressive strength and temperature differential of concrete mixes at different
Keywords:
substitution levels of PCM. An indoor heat simulator with temperature sensors was used to measure the
Curling
Phase changing material
temperature differential of concrete mixes. The temperature differential is a major factor for generating
Concrete pavement curling in concrete pavement. Results recommend that increment in PCM content reduces the tempera-
Temperature stress ture stresses in concrete pavement.
Bottom up cracking Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Top down cracking Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International
Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development.

1. Introduction
Concrete pavements are constructed for highways to withstand
high vehicular loads. In concrete pavements, stresses are not only
generated due to repeating vehicular loads, but also due to envi-
ronmental loads such as variation in temperature and moisture
gradient [1,2]. The susceptibility of pavement towards stresses
increases due to the combined effect of heavy loading with tem-
perature variations. An initial failure in concrete pavement is
majorly due to temperature variation along with a depth of pave-
ment [3]. Dynamic stability and shear stress are also affected by
the rise in temperature. During the day-time, the top surface of
concrete pavement is hotter than the bottom surface which gener-
ates the downward movement of edges relative to the center of the
slab and upward movement during night-time [4]. This downward
and upward curling of slabs leads to the development of maximum
tensile stresses at the bottom and top of the slab. Concrete pave-
ments are not free to deform under the curling and only restrain
by its self-weight and layer beneath it which generates internal
stresses [5]. Concrete pavement is less capable to resist these
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: prakashsomani197@gmail.com, 2019rce9128@mnit.ac.in
(P. Somani).
tensile stresses which lead to the formation of cracks with com-
bined moving vehicular loads as shown in Fig. 1. The development
of cyclic stresses, due to temperature variation reduces the durabil-
ity and service life of pavement [6]. Failure in concrete pavement is
generated due to temperature stresses are mentioned as bottom-
up and top-down cracking respectively, day-time and night-time.
Therefore, temperature stresses should be majorly considered for
designing concrete pavements. Temperature stresses are calcu-
lated accordingly to Bradbury’s equation in maximum temperature
differential along with the depth of a slab considerable factor [7].
The temperature differential is the difference in temperature
between the top and bottom of a concrete slab. Higher tempera-
ture differential means high-temperature stresses. Therefore, the
maximum temperature differential is to be reduced for a reduction
in curling. The temperature differential of concrete can be reduced
by adding material that changes the temperature gradient of con-
crete. Phase changing materials have the potential to enhance the
thermal behavior of concrete.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are substances that change its
state from liquid to solid and vice versa at a certain temperature
by releasing and absorbing energy in the form of Latent heat. This
phenomenon of releasing and absorbing energy is done at a small
interval of temperature which can be selected to suit operating
temperatures in any particular engineering application. Many

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.214
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable
Development.

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Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.214
2 P. Somani, A. Gaur / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. (a) Bottom up cracking during day time (b) Top down cracking during night time.

kinds of research show that incorporating PCM in concrete
enhances the thermal behavior of concrete [8] and this ability of
PCM can also be utilized to reduce the temperature stresses in con-
crete pavement. Majorly PCM concrete is used for building con-
struction to reduce the energy consumption, thermal discomfort
and in the pavement to reduce freeze-thaw failure [9]. Various
types of PCMs, with a wide range of phase transition temperatures,
are industrially available [10]. PCM with specific phasing tempera-
ture and latent heat can be incorporated in concrete to fulfill the
required temperature conditions of the study area. PCM releases
latent heat at the time of melting by which decreases the temper-
ature gradient of concrete pavement. By reducing thermal stress in
concrete pavement increase service life, and reduce the mainte-
nance cost. Mainly two types of PCMs available in industries that
can be incorporated into concrete: (i) organic (paraffin and non-
paraffins), and (ii) inorganic PCMs (salt hydrates). However, most
inorganic PCMs present high volume changes and potential sub-
cooling, which has resulted in greater use of organic PCMs in com-
bination with concrete [11]. There are direct and indirect methods
for incorporating PCM in concrete. A direct method of mixing PCM
in a dry/solid or liquid/wet state with concrete, this method of
mixing is easiest and more convenient. Encapsulating (macro or
micro) and Impregnation is an indirect method of mixing PCM
which requires more resources and efforts to incorporating in
concrete.
2. Research methodology
2.1. Materials
Raw materials that were used to prepare a concrete are majorly
ordinary portland cement (43 grade) as binder, banas river sand as

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Coarse 20mm Coarse 10mm Fines

100
90
80
70
% passing 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1
Sieve Size (mm)

Fig. 2. Sieve size results of aggregate.

Table 1
Physical properties of raw material.

Property Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate (10 mm) Coarse Aggregate (20 mm)
Consistency (%) 27 – – –
Initial Setting Time (minute) 110 – – –
Final Setting Time (minute) 241 – – –
Specific Gravity 3.15 2.62 2.70 2.70
Water Absorption (%) – 1 0.4 0.41
Fineness Modulus – 2.67 5.79 7.02
Compressive Strength (MPa)
7 days 34.7 – – –
28 days 44.9 – – –

Fig. 3. (a) PCM in solid state (b) PCM in liquid State.

fine aggregates (maximum size 4.75), crushed natural stone as
coarse aggregate (nominal size of 20 mm & 10 mm) and organic
paraffin-based phase changing material. Sieve size analysis of
coarse aggregates (size 20 mm & 10 mm) and fine aggregates of
Zone-II shown in Fig. 2 was confirmed accordingly IS: 383-1970
[12]. Physical properties of cement, fine aggregate, and coarse
aggregate are given in Table 1. For this study is organic-based
PCM is chosen to inspect the thermal and strength parameter of
concrete at different substitution levels. PCM used in the work
was bulk PCM without any encapsulation. The manufacturer has

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not provided the chemical composition of phase changing material tively top diameter, bottom diameter and height. In this research,
because it was a patented commercialized product. Solid-state and poly-carboxylic ether (PCE) based superplasticizer was used in
liquid-state images of used phase changing material are shown in concrete to attain the required workability.
Fig. 3(a) and (b) respectively. This PCM starts melting around at
51 °C and freezing below at 48 °C temperature. Primarily, PCM
2.4. Compressive strength test
was saturated paraffin and organic compounds to achieve phase
changing from 48 °C to 51 °C temperature. The main purpose of
Compressive strength is essential mechanical property to
this PCM is that in Rajasthan the pavement surface temperature
inspect for laying concrete under the guidelines of IS 516:1959
remains near and above at 50 °C during summers. The technical
[16]. A standard 150  150  150 mm specimen was cast to exam-
specifications of the PCM provided by the supplier are mentioned
ine compressive strength. The average strength of three samples at
in Table 2.
different substitution levels of PCM is recorded after 28 days of
curing. The concrete strength after 28 days provides a reasonable
2.2. Mix proportioning estimate of whether the strength of the samples is affected by a
solid or liquid state of the PCM.
Concrete pavement requires 40 MPa minimum 28 day’s com-
pressive strength as per recommendation of IRC 58:2015 [13]. Trial
2.5. Temperature variation
mixing is done under the guidelines of IS 10262:2009 for M40
grade concrete [14]. The coarse aggregates of size 20 mm and
Temperature variation in concrete is calculated with the help of
10 mm were mixed in equal proportions to obtain proper grading.
the Indoor heat simulation setup. The schematic diagram and con-
The proportion of water to cement and cement, fine aggregate and
structed image of indoor heat simulation setup are presented in
coarse aggregate are 0.4 and 1: 1.77: 2.98 are respectively to
Fig. 5(a) and (b) respectively. Indoor heat simulation’s height and
achieve target strength of 48 MPa at a standard deviation of 5.0.
area are calculated based on the solar radiation reflection index
Super-plasticizer (Master Glenium SKY) as an admixture was
of light received by the earth’s surface. India receives 4–7 kWh of
added in the concrete mix to fulfill the demands of the project.
solar radiation per square meter per day [17]. Solar radiation of 7
PCM is directly mixed in concrete in both solid and liquid states
kWh per square meter per day was assumed to be available during
at various substitution levels to evaluate compressive strength.
the summer season in Rajasthan (as it is a desert state of India).
PCM is added at a substitution level of 2 to 12% of the volume of
About 50% of the radiation in the upper atmosphere was found
cement at an interval of 2%. The proportioning of all materials for
to be infra-red radiation [18]. Consequently, 50% of radiations that
different PCM mixes were presented in Table 3. Manual mixing
reached the earth’s surface were assumed to be infra-red radia-
was adopted for mixing solid and liquid PCM to prepare the con-
tions. Therefore, the earth’s surface received 3.5 kWh of infra-red
crete mix. Solid-state PCM was directly mixed in dry ingredients
radiation per square meter per day. As in this location, the sun
and liquid-state PCM were preheated under a constant tempera-
was assumed to be available for 12 h in a day so a radiation per
ture of 50 °C after it directly mixed with other ingredients as
square meter per hour was 291.67 Wh or 0.02916 Wh of solar radi-
shown in Fig. 4.
ations per square centimeter per hour. Most of the bulbs convert
only 10% of input power into visible range and the rest of the
2.3. Slump test power is lost as heat energy [19]. The main form of energy loss
from a bulb is in the form of infra-red radiation. 80% of the input
Slump loss is analyzed according to IS 7320:1974 [15]. Slump is energy lost from the bulb was assumed to be infra-red radiations.
a measurement of the workability of fresh concrete in which sub- Hence, the 500 W bulb lost 400 Wh energy in one hour. Therefore,
sidence of unsupported concrete without the Slump cone. The the area required for the setup box was 13714 cm2. A factor of
dimensions of a cone are 100 mm, 200 mm and 300 mm respec-

Table 2
Technical specification of PCM.

Property Value
Melting Temp (°C) 51
Freezing Temp (°C) 48
Latent Heat (kJ/kg) 172
Liquid Density (kg/m3) 875
Solid Density (kg/m3) 960
Liquid Specific Heat (kJ/kg K) 2.35
Solid Specific Heat (kJ/kg K) 2.02
Fig. 4. Mixing of PCM in liquid State.

Table 3
Proportioning of materials to prepare concrete in kg/m3.

PCM Mix (%) Cement Water Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Admixture PCM
0 399 160 708 1191 2.79 0
2 399 160 708 1191 2.79 2.44
4 399 160 708 1191 2.79 4.88
6 399 160 708 1191 2.79 7.32
8 399 160 708 1191 2.79 9.75
10 399 160 708 1191 2.79 12.19
12 399 160 708 1191 2.79 14.63

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 P. Somani, A. Gaur / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

safety of 2.0 was assumed against this area. Hence, an area
required for the setup box was 6857 cm2. The slant height angle
with vertical was ɵ = 39.4°. It was assumed that all the rays scatter
out of the truncated cone at an angle of 39.4° with the vertical.
Hence, a height of 43.41 cm was needed from the top of the trun-
cated cone to have an area of the projection of this scatter light
equal to 6857 cm2. Hence, the height of 45 cm was kept, above
the specimen. Generally, during the summer season sun’s effect
can be noticed from 10 am to 4 pm which is six hours and a max-
imum peak of intensity is achieved between 12 pm and 2 pm,
which is 2 h. To simulate the effect of the sun top-mounted bulb
of 500 W was used, the whole test was supposed to be done for
a maximum intensity peak duration that was from 12 pm to
2 pm. This was like focusing the sun’s intensity of 6 h into 2 h. To
achieve that, either power should have been increased by 3 times
or area could have been reduced by 3 times, hence the area was

Fig. 5. Indoor Heat Simulation Setup (a) Schematic (b) Image.

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Liquid PCM Mix Dry PCM Mix

130

Slump (mm) 120

110

100

90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
PCM (%)

Fig. 6. Slump values concrete at various substitution of PCM.

Dry PCM Mix Liquid PCM Mix

50.0
45.0
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

PCM (%)

Fig. 7. Compressive Strength of concrete for different PCM Mixes.

reduced to 2286 cm2. Therefore, a hardboard of 53.5 cm  45.0 cm
was selected and the inner surface was lined with an aluminium
wrap to generate maximum reflection, leaving an affective dimen-
sion of 53.0 cm  44.5 cm (2358.0 cm2).
The surrounding temperature of the concrete specimen was
raised inside the heat simulation setup, the top and bottom tem-
perature of specimens were recorded by using the temperature
sensor probe (RTD Pt100) accurate up to 0.1 °C and readings are
displayed in the digital meter. Installation of sensors was done
by drilling the top and bottom of the specimen and after installing
an outer portion was sealed using a sealant. According to the data
provided by the Metrological Department of India, the maximum
atmospheric temperature of the Rajasthan state is 45–47 °C in
the past decade. The surface temperature of pavement is nearly
10–15 °C above to the atmospheric temperature depending on var-
ious environmental conditions, such as moisture content, wind
speed, etc. So for this study continuous recording was done till
the top surface temperature of a specimen inside the setup reaches
near to 60 °C. The indoor heat simulation setup raises the top sur-
face temperature of a concrete specimen to 62° C in 60 min, there-
fore all specimen’s temperature was recorded for an hour at an
interval of 5 min.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Slump test
Slump values are observed to inspect the effect of the PCM addi-
tion on the workability of fresh concrete. The increased substitu-
tion of PCM in the concrete mix is gradually gained by
workability in both types of mixing. The slump value for the con-
trol mix is 98 mm. Dry PCM mix, concrete slump values are lesser
than liquid PCM mix concrete as shown in Fig. 6. The particle size
of PCM affects the workability of fresh concrete [20]. The workabil-
ity gained of mixes containing PCM can be due to the smooth sur-
face of PCM and the non-adhesive property of PCM towards the
water.
3.2. Compressive strength test
The compressive strength of concrete is measured at different
substitution levels of PCM mixing in both liquid and dry state.
Compressive strength decreases with the increment PCM content
in concrete as shown in Fig. 7. The introduction of PCM in concrete
results reduces compressive strength, this might be due to air bub-

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a. PCM Concrete
b. Conventional Concrete

Fig. 8. Failure surface of PCM concrete and Conventional concrete.

Control Mix Top Control Mix Bottom

65

60 6 % PCM Top 6 % PCM Bottom

55 65

50 60
Temperature (oC)

55
45
50
Temperature (oC)

40 45

35 40

35
30
30
25
25

20 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min.) Time (min.)

Fig. 9. Temperature variation at top and bottom of control mix concrete. Fig. 11. Temperature variation at top and bottom of 6% PCM concrete.

Control Mix 6 % PCM 4 % PCM

20
4 % PCM Top 4 % PCM Bottom
18
65

60 16

14
Temperature Difference (ΔT)

55

50 12
Temperature (oC)

45 10

40 8

35 6

30 4

25 2

20 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min.) Time (min.)

Fig. 10. Temperature variation at top and bottom of 4% PCM concrete. Fig. 12. Temperature differential of different concrete mixes.

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8 P. Somani, A. Gaur / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
bles and gaps generated in a concrete matrix as observed in previ-
ous research [21,22]. The reduction of strength is due to the low
strength and stiffness of PCM as compare with other materials in
concrete [23]. Weak bond and low adhesion between the concrete
matrix and PCM lead to a decrement in strength [24]. PCM mixed
in a dry state shows better results than liquid state PCM mix con-
crete. PCM mixing in a dry state is recommended as it shows better
results. A failure surface of PCM mixed concrete was smoother
than the conventional concrete shown in Fig. 8. Compressive
strength for concrete pavement should not be less than 40 MPa
after 28 days of curing as per guidelines of IRC 58:2015 [12]. By
observing compressive strength results, it can be concluded that
6% and 8% substitution of PCM respectively for liquid and dry state
mixing can be used pavement concrete.
3.3. Temperature variation
Indoor Heat Simulation setup was used to measured tempera-
ture variation of a different concrete specimen as discussed in
methodology. According to IRC 58:2015, the Rajasthan state is
considered in a Zone I for which maximum temperature differen-
tials are 12.5 °C, 13.1 °C, 14.3 °C, and 15.8° C respectively for slab
thickness 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm [12]. Temperature vari-
ation at and bottom of concrete with different substitutions of
PCM content are shown in Figs. 9, 10, and 11. PCM modified con-
crete reduces temperature variation in concrete as compared to
the conventional concrete [9,25]. It has been observed form
Fig. 12 that increment in PCM content decreases temperature dif-
ferential from top to bottom of concrete pavement. The maximum
temperature differentials observed were 14.3 °C, 10.9 °C and
17.3 °C respectively 4%, 6% PCM mix, and control mix specimens.
A temperature susceptibility of pavement is enhanced by incorpo-
rating PCM in the concrete which leads to a reduction in curling
stresses.
4. Conclusion
In this research work, the Results of compressive tests and
indoor heat simulation tests on concrete mixes having a different
PCM percentage were observed.
After analyzing the results of compressive strength tests, it
was found that the increment of PCM content to concrete (both
in dry and liquid states) decreases the compressive strength of
concrete. It was observed that the liquid PCM mixed concrete
shows lesser compressive strength as compared to the dry PCM
mixed concrete. It can be due to liquid PCM coats fine and coarse
aggregate which doesn’t allow the cement to make proper bond-
ing with the mixture. Compressive strength reduction caused by
air voids generated by incorporating PCM can be further investi-
gated by performing microscopic analysis. Required characteristic
compressive strength for pavement construction was achieved at
substitution level of PCM 6% and 8% respectively, for liquid-state
and dry-state mixing. Further investigation was done on the dry
PCM mix concrete as it shows better results for compressive
strength.
After observing the test results of indoor heat simulation, tem-
perature and temperature stresses were found. According to these
results, it was concluded that the Conventional Concrete mix
shows the maximum temperature difference of 17.3 °C which is
higher than the allowable temperature difference as per IRC rec-
ommendation. PCM mixed concrete shows a temperature differ-
ence of 14.3 °C and 10.9 °C respectively for 4% and 6% of PCM
content. It was observed that the increment in PCM content
decreases the temperature difference of the top and bottom of
the concrete. This indicates a reduction in temperature stresses.
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Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.214
Temperature and bending stress are reduced by 17% and 37%
respectively for 4% and 6% of PCM content concerning the control
mix concrete.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Prakash Somani: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investiga-
tion, Visualization, Writing - original draft. Arun Gaur: Supervi-
sion, Methodology, Visualization.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Please cite this article as: P. Somani and A. Gaur, Evaluation and reduction of temperature stresses in concrete pavement by using phase changing material,
Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.214