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Vibration Design of Floors: Guideline
Vibration Design of Floors: Guideline
Guideline
Guideline_Floors_EN02.doc – 27.10.2008
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Table of Contents
Summary ...................................................................................3
1. Introduction .........................................................................4
1.1. General ........................................................................4
1.2. Scope ..........................................................................4
1.3. References ...................................................................5
1.4. Definitions ....................................................................6
1.5. Variables, units and symbols ...........................................8
2. Design of floors against vibrations ...........................................9
2.1. Design procedure ..........................................................9
2.2. Related design methods .................................................9
2.2.1. Hand calculation method using measurements ...............9
2.2.2. Transfer function method .......................................... 10
2.2.3. Modal superposition ................................................. 10
3. Classification of Vibrations .................................................... 11
3.1. Quantity to be assessed................................................ 11
3.2. Floor classes ............................................................... 11
4. Hand calculation method ...................................................... 13
4.1. Determination of eigenfrequency and modal mass............ 13
4.1.1. Finite Element Analysis ............................................. 13
4.1.2. Analytical formulas .................................................. 13
4.2. Determination of damping............................................. 14
4.3. Determination of the floor class ..................................... 14
4.3.1. Systems with more than one eigenfrequency ............... 15
4.4. OS-RMS90 graphs for single degree of freedom systems .... 16
A. Calculation of natural frequency and modal mass of floors and other
structures .......................................................................... 25
A.1. Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Isotropic Plates...... 25
A.2. Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Beams.................. 27
A.3. Natural Frequency and Modal Mass for Orthotropic Plates .. 27
A.4. Self weight Approach for natural Frequency..................... 28
A.5. Dunkerley Approach for natural Frequency ...................... 29
A.6. Approximation of modal mass ....................................... 30
B. Examples ........................................................................... 33
B.1. Filigree slab with ACB-composite beams (office building) ... 33
B.1.1. Description of the Floor............................................. 33
B.1.2. Determination of dynamic floor characteristics ............. 37
B.1.3. Assessment ............................................................ 38
B.2. Three storey office building ........................................... 39
B.2.1. Description of the Floor............................................. 39
B.2.2. Determination of dynamic floor characteristics ............. 40
B.2.3. Assessment ............................................................ 42
2
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Summary
Modern large span floors and light weight floors show a tendency to vibrate
under service conditions. This guideline presents a method with which floors
can be easily designed for these vibrations.
The scope of this guideline are floors in office and/or residential buildings
that might be excited by persons walking normally and which can effect the
comfort of other building users. The aim of the design guide is to help
specify comfort requirements for occupants and to perform a design that
guarantees the specified comfort.
This guideline is accompanied by a background document which also
presents alternative and more general ways for the determination of the
floor response to dynamic human induced forces.
The theoretical methods presented here and in the background document
have been elaborated/investigated in the RFCS-Project “Vibration of Floors”.
The guideline and background document are here disseminated under the
grant of the Research fund for Coal and Steel within the project “HIVOSS”.
Guidance for the determination of the relevant dynamic floor characteristics
and application examples are given in the annexes of this document.
3
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
1. Introduction
1.1. General
Floor structures are designed for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
state criteria:
• Ultimate limit states are those related to strength and stability;
• Serviceability limit states are mainly related to vibrations and hence
are governed by stiffness, masses, damping and the excitation
mechanisms.
For slender floor structures, as made in steel or composite construction,
serviceability criteria govern the design.
This guideline gives guidance for:
• Specification of tolerable vibration by the introduction of acceptance
classes and
• Prediction of floor response due to human induced vibration with
respect to the intended use of the building.
For the prediction of floor vibration several dynamic floor characteristics
need to be determined. These characteristics and simplified methods for
their determination are briefly described. Design examples are given in
annex B of this guideline.
1.2. Scope
The procedure provided in this guideline provides a simplified method for
determining and verifying floor designs for vibrations due to walking. The
guideline focuses on simple methods, design tools and recommendations for
the acceptance of vibration of floors which are caused by people during
normal use. The given design and assessment methods for floor vibrations
are related to human induced vibrations, mainly caused by walking under
normal conditions. Machine induced vibrations or vibrations due to traffic etc.
are not covered by this guideline.
The guideline should not be applied to pedestrian bridges or other structures
which do not have a structural characteristic or a the characteristic of use
comparable to floors in buildings.
The guideline focuses on the prediction and evaluation of vibration at the
design level.
4
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
1.3. References
[1] European Commission – Technical Steel Research: Generalisation of
criteria for floor vibrations for industrial, office, residential and public building
and gymnastic halls, RFCS Report EUR 21972 EN, ISBN 92-79-01705-5,
2006, http://europa.eu.int
[2] Hugo Bachmann, Walter Ammann. Vibration of Structures induced by
Man and Machines” IABSE-AIPC-IVBH, Zürich 1987, ISBN 3-85748-052-X
[3] Waarts, P. Trillingen van vloeren door lopen: Richtlijn voor het
voorspellen, meten en beoordelen. SBR, September 2005.
[4] Smith, A.L., Hicks, S.J., Devine, P.J. Design of Floors for Vibrations: A
New Approach. SCI Publication P354, Ascot, 2007.
[5] ISO 2631. Mechanical Vibration and Shock, Evaluation of human
exposure to whole-body vibration. International Organization for
Standardization.
[6] ISO 10371. Bases for design of structures – Serviceability of buildings
and walkways against vibrations. International Organization for
Standardization.
5
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
1.4. Definitions
The definitions given here are oriented on the application of this guideline.
6
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
7
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
B width [m]
l length [m]
K, k stiffness [N/m]
t time [s]
δ deflection [m]
8
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Determine and
verify floor class
9
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
10
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
3. Classification of Vibrations
3.1. Quantity to be assessed
The perception of vibrations by persons and the associated annoyance
depends on several aspects. The most important are:
• The direction of the vibration. In this guideline only vertical vibrations
are considered.
• The posture of people such as standing, laying or sitting.
• The current activity of an occupant is of relevance for his or her
perception of vibrations, for example, persons working in the
production of a factory will perceive vibrations differently to those
working in an office.
• Additionally, age and health of affected people may play a role in
determining the level of annoyance perceived.
Thus the perception of vibrations varies between individuals and can only be
judged in a way that fulfils the expectations of comfort for the majority of
people.
It should be considered that the vibrations levels considered in this guideline
are relevant for the comfort of the occupants only. They are not relevant for
structural integrity.
Aiming at an universal assessment procedure for human induced vibration it
is recommended to adopt the so-called one step RMS value (OS-RMS) as a
measure for assessing floor vibrations. The OS-RMS values corresponds to
the vibration caused by one relevant step onto the floor.
As the dynamic effect of people walking on a floor depends on several
different factors, such as weight and speed of walking people, their shoes,
flooring, etc., the 90% OS-RMS (OS-RMS90) value is recommended as
assessment value. This value is defined as the 90 percentile of all the OS-
RMS values obtained for a set of loads representing all possible combinations
of persons' weights and walking speeds.
11
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Critical Workspace
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Residential
Education
Industrial
Meeting
Health
Prison
Office
Retail
Sport
Hotel
Class
A 0.0 0.1
B 0.1 0.2
C 0.2 0.8
D 0.8 3.2
E 3.2 12.8
F 12.8 51.2
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
12
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
13
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
14
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
20
2
1.8
1.4
0.6 0.7
2.4
2.2
1.2
2.6
0.5
19
0.4
18
0.3
0.2
1.6 22.2
0. 1
3
17
0.8 1
3.2
16
0.6
0. 2
1.8
1. 4
2.4
2.6
2.8
1.2
15
0.5
0.4
5
0.
3
14
0. 7 0. 8
3
1. 6
13
0.
Frequency [Hz]
2
12 0.
3.2
0.3
4
4
0.
22. 2
1.8
1.4
0.
1.2
6
2.4
1
2.6
11
5
2.8
5
7
0.
10
7
0.3
10 13
9 12
0
6
0. 8 0.6 0.5 .4
C
1.6
11
3
9
1
8 4 2 1 1.4 1.2 0. 7
3.
2.24.2 .8 0.6 0.5
17
2
22..6
8
0. 8
0. 7
7 1. 6 1
5
29
1.2
7
6 3 1.
4
6
21
2 1.8
9
10
25
1
2.2
11 13
5 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2
33
2.
4 2. 86 1.4
12
1.8
41
4
2
49
5 3 1. 6
56
17
2.2
E
45
8
2. 4
37
7 2.6
3.2 2.8
3 6 4 2
29 3 2.4
109 2.6
3.22.8
11 5
21 12 4
96 13 8 7 6
11 25 5
6 9
10 6
17 87
15 6
33 11
F
136
216
176196
2 12
7
13
76 9
6
10 8
41 5
21 11 7
49 6 4
9 5
29 12
37 17
8
4
45
56
25 13 10 3 2.8
7 3.2
2.62.42.2
6
1
250 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000
The diagram is applied by entering the x-axis with the modal mass and the
y-axis with the corresponding eigenfrequency. The OS-RMS90 value and the
acceptance class can be read-off at the intersection of the lines extending
from both entry points (see Figure 2).
15
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
10 9 1.6
17
3.2
3
16 29
1312 7 6 4 2.4 1.8 1.41.2
2.6 0.7 0.5
15 17 8
25 11 2.2 0.6
5 2 0.4 0.2
1 0.8 0.3 0.1
14 21
41 33 2.8
37 109 1.6
13 45
49
3.2 0.1
B
3
12 29
1312 7 6 4 2.6
2.4 1.41.2 0.7 0.5 0.2
11 56 17 8 1.8
25 2.2 0.6 0.4
11 5 0.3
76 2
21 1 0.8
10 0.1
41 33 2.8
10
9 37 9 1.6
C
96 45
49 0.2
3.2
3
8 29 0.5 0.1
0.7 0.3
0.4
12
13 7 6 1.41.2 0.2
4 2.62.4 0.6
7 8 1.8 1 0.8
96 17 0.3 0.2
56 25 2.2 2 0.4
11 5 0.5
176 0.3
76 0.7 0.6
276
256 216
236
21 1.6 0.4
D
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
6
196156 116 2.8 0.8 0.5
136 1.2 1 0.3
33 1.4 0.4
41 0.6
10 0.7 0.3 0.2
5 9
37 33.2
0.5
45 2.41.82.22
2.6 0.8 0.4
0.6
0.3
1 0.7 0.5 0.4
196 49 1.6
E
216 4 1.2
376 316 1.4 0.8 0.6
4 396 6 0.7
416
336 236
356276 256
296 2.8
29 7 5 1
1.8 1.2 0.8
0.70.6
12 8 2 1.6
13 3 2.42.2
2.6
1.4 1 0.80.70.6 0.5 0.4
3.2
0.5 0.4 0.3
1.2 0.6
F
0.3
17 0.2
3 0.7
11
0.8 0.4
96 1.8
1 0.5 0.3
25 0.6 0.4
56 1.6 1.4
4 2.8 2 0.7 0.5
2.2 0.8
2.4 1.2 1 0.6
0.7
32.6
3.2 1.8 1.61.4 1.2 0.8 1
256 9
10 6 5 2
21 7 2.8 2.2
2.4 1.8 1.4
1.6
296 4 2.6
3 2
476 376 76 8 3.2 2.2
496 336 196 2.82.4
2.6
756
876 736 596 456396 316 216 5 3
956796
936776 636
616 576 176 12 6 4 3.2
856676
916896 436 356
536 33
2
836
816
716 556 13 11 9 7
656 516 416
696
10 8 5 4
41
37 17 6 3.2
3
276 2.4
5 4 2.8
2.6 2.2
116 29 7 3.23
2.4 21.8
2.2 1.6
1.4
2.8
2.6 1.2
236 156 45 9 6 2 1.8
1.6 1
12
11 4 1.4 0.8
25 3.2 3 2.4
2.2 1.21
8
0.70.8 0.60.7
136 1.4 0.5 0.4
1.81.6
49 1.2
5 1 0.6
10 2.82.6 0.3
21 0.4
2 0.8
0.5
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
16
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
17 17 0.3
2.6 0.8 0.1
1621
1110 8 4 3.22.8 1.6 1 0.7
15 9 5 3 1.8 0.5 0.2
7 1.4
13 2.42.2 0.6
14 12 6 2 1.2 0.4
13 33 0.3 0.1
17
B
29 25 2.6 0.8
12
21
1110 8 4 1.6 1 0.7 0.2
3.2
2.8 1.8 0.5
11 4137 9 5 3
7 1.4
2.4 0.6
13 2.2
10 12 6 2 1.2 0.4
45 0.1
5649
0.3
9
C
33 25 17
29 2.6 0.8
0.2 0.1
8
21
0.7
11 10 8 4 1.6 1 0.5 0.1
76 3.2 2.8 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.3
7 0.2
4137 9 5 3 1.4
136 1.2 0.2
7 2.4
196 116 2.2 2 0.3
13
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
D
176 45 0.8
96 49
56 0.7
0.6 0.2
5
1 0.3
2.6 1.6 0.50.4 0.3
33 17 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.70.6
29 1.2
25 0.4
276216
E
336296
4 356316 196
236 2.8 0.5
256 176 4 3.23
2 1
2.42.2 0.6
21 0.8 0.7 0.50.4
8 5
11
10 0.3
1.6 1.4 1.2 0.60.5 0.4
0.3 0.2
F 9 0.7
3 76 1.8 1
7 0.8 0.4 0.3
2.6 0.60.5
4137 0.7 0.4
6 2 0.5
2.2 1.2 1 0.8 0.6
2.83
3.2 2.4 1.4
1.6 0.7
136 13 12 4 1.8
2 1.2 10.8
1.4
2.6 2.2 1.6
376 5 2.4 1.8
2.8
356 236 3
3.2 2
396
516 416
2.62.2
896
916
676596
556
616
576 456 336 216 4 2.4
856
836736 536
696636 476 256
296 116 8 7 6
2 876
816
796756656 496436
776 2.8
716 3
45
17 10 9 3.2 2.62.4
11 2.2
276 5
316 4
2.8 2 1.8
156 49 32.6 2.4 1.6
1.4
3.2 2.2 1.8 1.2 1
56 2 1.6 1.4
6 2.82.4 1.2 1 0.8
1.8 0.8
0.7 0.5 0.6
196 96 7 2.62.2 1.6 1.4 0.4
25 3 0.6
1
21 12
33 29 0.5
2 1.2 0.4
13 5 0.8 0.3
8 4 0.7
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
17
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
17 6
12
16 13
10 3.2 2.6 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.1
15 5 4 0.4
9 2.8 1.2
11 7 2 1.8 1 0.5
17 8 0.2
14 2.2 0.8
2.4 0.3
21 3
13 25 6
12
B
12 0.1
13
10 3.2 2.6 1.6 0.7 0.6
11 37 5 4 1.4 0.4
9 2.8
7 2 1.2 1 0.5
29 17 11 1.8 0.2
10 8
2.2 0.8
33 2.4 0.3
45
49 41 3
9 21 6 0.1
C
25
12
8
13 0.1
0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2
10 1.6 1.4
3.2 2.6 0.5 0.3
7 5 4 1
37 9 2.8 1.2 0.2
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
116 2 0.8
29 11 7 1.8
D
136 17 8
156 2.2
6
56 33 2.4
76 0.4
96 45 3
41 0.3
49
5 21 6 0.2
25 0.70.6 0.5
1 0.8 0.4 0.3
216
196 1.61.4 1.2
E
0.5 0.3
276
236
4 256 176 12 0.6
2.6
F
0.4
0.7
3.2 2
2.8
13 1.8 0.50.4 0.3
4 2.2
10 0.8 0.6 0.3
5 0.2
2.4
3 1
0.7
9 0.5 0.4
0.3
3 1.41.2
37 0.6
196
7 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.50.4
216
1 0.6
276 116 11 8 2.6 21.8
2.8 2.2 1.2
1.4 0.8
1
316 6 3.2 2.4 1.6
356 29 17 1.8
2 1.2
1.4
4 3
456 2.6 2.2 1.6
876
796
696 576
856
836
776756 536 476
616
676 416336296
5
816
736
716 596 496
636 396 2.8
2.4
2 656 436
556
516 376 136 1.8
3.2 2
156 1.6
3 2.2 1.4
33 12 2.6 1.8
7 2.4 2 1.6 1.2
256236 21 10
4
2.8 1.4 1
56 1.2 0.8
98 6 2.2 1.8 1
13 3.2 0.80.7 0.6
0.5
45 1.6
1.4 0.4
76 41 1.2 0.6
5
3 2.6 0.5
25 2 1
49 0.7
96 2.4
0.8
0.4 0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
18
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
13 10
16
7 2.6 2 1.6 1.21
15 17 98 5
4 2.4 0.6 0.5
6 3.2 2.2 0.4
0.80.7
14 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.2
21 3
13 12 0.1
2.8
11
13
B
12 10
C
1211 2.8
8 49 13
45 10
0.1
2 0.2
2.6 1.6 1.21 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1
7 87 4 0.7
9 2.4 0.8
56 17 5
96 6 3.2 0.2
2.2
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
116
6
D
76
1.8 1.4
29
37 25
41 33 3
5
21 0.3
0.4 0.2
2.8 0.60.5
12 1 0.7 0.3
11 0.8
E
196 1.2 0.4
236
156 2 1.6
4 176
216 4945 13 0.5
10 2.6 0.3
2.4 0.6
2.2 0.4
7 0.2
3 8 0.8 0.5
9 5 3.2 1 0.6 0.4 0.3
6 1.2
176 0.7 0.5 0.4
17 3 0.8 0.6
2.8 2 1.6 1
1.4 0.7
56 2.4
2.6 2.21.8 1.2 0.8
1
196 96
1.6
356 2 1.4 1.2
3.2
476416
396 1.8
816
796 556
616 436
576 496 376 296236 4
736
836 636 456
776
716
696
2 656 536
676 336 3
596516 2.8 2.2
276 116 1.61.4
316 2.4
76 2.6 1.2
256
5
136 29 1211 2
1.8 1
216 6 1.6 1.41.2 0.8
25 10 7
3.2 2.2 1
8 0.80.7 0.6
37 32.8 2.4 1.2 0.50.4
21
33 2.6 21.8 1.4 0.6
41 9 4 0.7
13 0.5
1 0.8 0.4
0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
19
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
11
16 13 9
1.6 1 0.80.7 0.6 0.1
87 4 3.2
3 2.8 1.4 1.2
15 2.2 1.8 0.5
6 5 0.4
2.4
14 17 2.6 2 0.2
12
13 0.3
10
11
B
12 13 9
0.1
1.6 1 0.80.7 0.6
11 8 7 4 3.2
3 2.8 1.4
1.2 0.5
25 6 5 2.2
1.8
29 0.4
10 21 17 2.42 0.2
2.6
33 12
0.3
9
C
0.1
10
11
8 9
13
1.6 1 0.80.7 0.6 0.2 0.1
7 87 4 3.2
3 2.8 1.4 0.5 0.4
76 1.2
49 0.3
45 37 25 6 2.2 1.8
96 56 5
29
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
2.4 2
6 21 17 0.2
D
41 2.6
12
33
5
0.4 0.3 0.2
0.70.6 0.5
0.8
10 1
176
4 196 11
1.6 0.3
E
9 1.4
13 1.2 0.4
0.5
F
3.2 1.8
156 7 4 3 2.8 2.2 0.3
0.6 0.2
3 136 8 2 0.7
0.4
76 0.8 0.3
2.4 1 0.5
49 6 5 2.6 0.6 0.4
196 0.7 0.5
1.61.41.2 0.8 0.6
37 25 1.8 1 0.7
45
2.22 1.2
416 2.8 1.4 1
276 3 2.4 1.6
556
596
516 56 3.2
496 436356
536 96 29
476 396 336 17
21
616 456
636 216
2 576 2.6
376 296 12 1.8 1.2
4
316 256
1.4 1
176 2
236 41 2.2 1.6 0.8
10 1.2
5 1
9 2.4 1.8 1.4 0.80.7
116 7 2.8 0.6
0.5 0.4
3
2.6
33 1.2 1
11 1.6 0.3
8 6 3.2 0.7 0.4
0.8
2 0.6
0.5
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
20
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
9
16
7 6 2.6 0.3
13 2.2 1.2
15 12 5 2.4 0.8
1.6 0.6 0.1
3.22.8 1.8 0.4 0.2
14 4 1
8 2
17
13 1110 1.4
3 0.7
9 0.5
12
B
21 7 6 2.6
2.2 0.3
11 13 1.2 0.8
12 5 2.4 1.6 0.6 0.1
1.8 0.4 0.2
10 3.22.8
25 4
2 1
29 8
17
9 1110
41 1.4
37 0.7
3
C
9 0.5
8
0.1
0.3
49 21 7 0.2
6 2.6 0.1
7 13 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4
5
76 12 2.4 1.6
1.8
3.22.8
D
6
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
56 1
25 4
96 45
2 0.2
3329 8
5 17 0.7 0.5 0.3
11 1.4
41 10 0.4 0.2
3
37 0.6 0.3
E
9 0.8
4
0.2
176
1.2
7 2.6 0.5
156
F
6 1.6
49 21 2.2 0.4
3 0.3 0.2
1.8 1 0.7
13 2.4 0.6
5
2 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3
2.8
3.2 0.7 0.6 0.5
12 4
256 1.2 1
196
216 0.8
236 1.6 0.7
3 1.8 1.4
316 2.2 1.2 1
456 356 76 2.6
436
596
636 8 2.4
576
496
556476 336 116
536
616
516 416
396 2
2 376
136 1
296 1.6
276 25 2.8 0.8
56 1.41.2
3.2 1.8
1 0.7
176 45 0.8 0.6
2.2 0.5
0.4
11 10 6
2
96 0.7
4 3 1.2 0.6
33 17 9 1.6 0.5
29 7 5 1.4
2.6 0.4
2.4
0.8
1 0.3
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
21
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
17 9 7
1.6 0.8 0.6 0.4
8
16
A
6 2.2 0.5 0.1
11 5 4 2.4 1.4 1 0.7 0.2
15 13 2.8 1.8
12 10 2
14 3 1.2 0.3
3.2 2.6
17 0.6
1.6 0.8 0.4
13 7
9
8
12
0.1
B
6 5 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.2
11 11 4 2.4 1
13 2.8 1.8
12 2
10 21 10 3 1.2
2.6 0.3
25 3.2
29
17 0.6
9 1.6 0.4
7 0.8
9
0.1
8
C
8
4133 0.2
5649 0.5
6 5 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.1
7 37 11 4 1
2.4 0.3
13 2.8 1.8
2
45 12
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
D
6 76 10 1.2 0.1
21 3
2.6 0.4
0.6 0.2
25 3.2
96 29
17 0.8
5 1.6
7
0.5 0.3 0.2
9
116
E
8 0.7
4
0.4
33 1.4 1
41
49
F
0.2
56 2.2
6 5 0.3
3 0.6
4 2.4 1.8
136 1.2 0.8 0.5
37 11 2 0.4
2.8 0.3
0.7
3 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
2.6 1
13 3.2 0.8
1.4 1.2 0.7 0.6
256
416 296 1.8 1 0.8
176 2.2
376336 236196 12 10
516
616496 356 1.6
576
476
536 2
396 276 45
556456
2 216
436 2.4
156
316 76 21 7 0.8
1.4 1.2
2.8 1 0.7
2.6 0.8 0.6
25 4 3 1.8 0.7 0.5
1.6 1.2 0.4
1
17 8 5
29 9 1.4 0.6
3.2 0.3
96
0.8
2
6
0.5 0.4
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
22
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
15 13
10
7 6
5 4
3.2
3
2
2.4
2.6
2.8
1.81.6
1.21 0.7
0.8
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.2 0.1
A
14 0.6
11
12 1.4
13
9 8
2.2
12
17 3.2 2 0.1
5 4 0.5 0.4 0.2
11 21 3 1.8 1.6 1
13 7 6 1.2
2.4 0.7 0.3
10 2.6
B
10 2.8 0.8 0.6
11
25
12 1.4
9
98
2.2 0.1
8 4137
C
0.2
3.2 2 0.5 0.4
49 17 5 0.3 0.1
7 29 4
56 3 1.8 1
21 7 6 1.6 0.7
45 13 2.4 1.2
10 2.6
76
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
6 0.8 0.6
33
2.8
0.1
D
11 0.2
25
1.4
5 12
0.4 0.3
9 8 0.5 0.2
2.2
4
E
96 4137
2 1 0.7
3.2
17 5 0.6
1.81.6 1.2
F
3 49 0.3 0.2
4 3 0.8
29 0.4
0.5
56 7 6 2.4 0.3
21 2.6 1.4 0.4
0.70.6
13 2.8 0.5
1 0.8
45 1.2 0.6
216 10 0.7
2.2 1.6
356 21.8 0.8
316
496 1
596 436
416
396 296
476 376 176 1.4
576
556
516
536
2 76
456 0.8
336 256
236 33
196
276 136 1.2 0.7
11 3.2 2.4
3 0.6
1 0.8
2.6
0.7 0.5
156 1.6 0.4
116 1.4
0.6
2.8
4 0.3
12 1.8
25 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.5
8 0.4
5
9 2
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
23
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
A
15 2.8 2.2
2.62.4 0.8
1 0.5
13 12 10 3 0.6
14 1.8
0.7
6 2
13 8 7
9
12
17 5 4 0.2 0.1
11 3.2 0.4 0.3
11 2.6
2.8 2.2 1.6 1.2
2.4 1.4 1 0.8 0.5
13 10 3 0.6
12
B
10 1.8
25 21 0.7
6 2
9
87
9 0.1
8
0.2
29 0.4 0.3
45 17 5 4 3.2
7 11 0.5 0.1
2.62.2 1.6
49 2.8 1.41.2 1 0.8
C
2.4 0.6
13 3
76 41 12 10
6 3733
Eigenfrequency of the floor (Hz)
56
1.8 0.7
21
25
0.2 0.1
2
5 6
87 0.3
0.4
4
9
D 0.2
29
E 0.5
F 17 5 0.6
45 4 1.2 1 0.8
3 3.2 1.6 1.4 0.3
11 2.2 0.7
2.6 0.4
2.8 2.4
3 0.5 0.3
1.8 0.6 0.4
136 49 2 0.80.7
1 0.5
236 1.2 0.6
13 10 1.4 0.7
0.8
356
336 1.6
416
256 12
396 76 41
476
456
2 436376 296 196156
316 33
116 96 37 6
276 1
56
176 2.21.8 0.6
216 1.2 0.8 0.5
21 0.7
2.62.4
2
7 3.2 2.8 1.4 0.6 0.4
25 0.5
1
3
8 4 0.3
1.6 0.8
0.7 0.4
1
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000
24
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
α = 1.57 ⋅ ( 1 + λ2 )
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
B 4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
12.00
α = 1 . 57 5 . 14 + 2 . 92 λ 2 + 2 . 44 λ 4
10.00
8.00
B
6.00
4.00
2.00
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
25
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
8.00
6.00
B
4.00
2.00
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
8.00
6.00
B
4.00
2.00
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
L 0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio λ = L/B
26
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
27
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
b
y
l
x
z
Figure A.1: Dimensions and axis of an orthotropic plate
The first natural frequency of the orthotropic plate being simply supported at
all four edges can be determined with:
π EI y ⎡ ⎛ b ⎞ 2 ⎛ b ⎞ 4 ⎤ EI
f1 = 1 + ⎢2⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ x
2 μ l4 ⎣⎢ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦⎥ EI y
Where:
μ is the mass per m² in kg/m²,
ℓ is the length of the floor in m (in x-direction),
b is the width of the floor in m (in y-direction),
E is the Youngs-Modulus in N/m²,
Ix is the moment of inertia for bending about the x-axis in m4,
Iy is the moment of inertia for bending about the y-axis in m4.
28
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
1 K 1 4⋅ g 18
f = = =
2π M 2π 3 ⋅ δ max δ max [ mm]
Initial System:
29
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Application of loads:
∫
Mmod = μ δ2 (x, y) dF
F
Where
μ is the Distribution of mass
δ(x,y) is the vertical deflection at location x,y
Where
fi is the vertical deflection at node i (normalised to the maximum
deflection)
dMi is the mass of the floor represented at node i
30
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
If the function δ(x,y) represents the exact solution for the mode shape the
above described equation also yields to the exact modal mass.
The following gives examples for the determination of modal mass by hand
calculation:
- Mass distribution
M
μ = total
lx × l y
- Modal mass
31
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
∫
Mmod = μ× δ 2 (x, y) × dF
F
M total ⎡ ⎛ π× y ⎞ ⎤
l
lx y =l2 ⎛ π× x ⎞ lx l2 − 2 x ⎛ π× x ⎞
= × ⎢2 × ∫∫ sin 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ × dx× dy +
∫∫ sin 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × dx× dy ⎥
2
l x × l y ⎢⎣ l ⎜ l ⎟
0 0
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ 0 0
⎝ lx ⎠ ⎥⎦
M ⎛ l ⎞
= total × ⎜ 2 − x ⎟
4 ⎜ l y ⎟⎠
⎝
- Mass distribution
M
μ = total
lx × l y
- Modal mass
2
M ⎡δx ⎛ π× x ⎞ δ y ⎛ π× y ⎞⎤
Mmod ∫
= μ× δ (x, y) × dF = total × ∫∫ ⎢ × sin⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + × sin⎜
⎜ l ⎟⎥⎥
⎟ × dx× dy
2
F
l x
× l y lx ly ⎢⎣ δ ⎝ lx ⎠ δ ⎝ y ⎠⎦
⎡δx 2 + δx 2 8 δx× δy ⎤
= M total × ⎢ + 2 × ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 δ π δ 2 ⎦⎥
32
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
B. Examples
B.1. Filigree slab with ACB-composite beams (office building)
B.1.1. Description of the Floor
In the first worked example a filigree slab with false-floor in an open plan
office is checked for footfall induced vibrations.
It is spanning one way over 4.2 m between main beams. Its overall
thickness is 160 mm. The main beams are Arcelor Cellular Beams (ACB)
which act as composite beams. They are attached to the vertical columns by
a full moment connection. The floor plan shown in Figure 15. In Figure 15
the part of the floor which will be considered for the vibration analysis is
indicated by the hatched area.
33
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
For the main beams with a span of 16.8 m ACB/HEM400 profiles in material
S460 have been used, the main beams with the shorter span of 4.2 m are
ACB/HEM360 in S460.
The cross beams which are spanning in global x-direction may be neglected
for the further calculations, as they do not contribute to the load transfer of
the structure.
The nominal material properties are
34
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
The expected mode shape of the considered part of the floor which
corresponds to the first eigenfrequency is shown in Figure 17. From the
mode shape it can be concluded that each field of the concrete slab may be
assumed to be simply supported for the further dynamic calculations.
Regarding the boundary conditions of the main beams (see beam to column
connection, Figure 16) it is assumed that for small amplitudes as they occur
in vibration analysis the beam-column connection provides sufficient
rotational restrained, i.e. the main beams are considered to be fully fixed.
35
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Figure 17: Expected mode shape of the considered part of the floor corresponding
to the first eigenfrequency
Section properties
- Slab:
The relevant section properties of the slab in global x-direction are:
mm 2
Ac , x = 160
mm
mm 4
I c , x = 3.41 × 10 5
mm
- Main beam:
Assuming the above described first vibration mode the effective width
of the composite beam may be obtained from the following equation:
l l 0.7 × 16.8
beff = beff ,1 + beff , 2 = 0 + 0 = 2 × = 2.94 m
8 8 8
The relevant section properties of the main beam for serviceability limit
state (no cracking) are:
Aa ,netto = 21936mm 2
Aa brutto = 29214mm 2
Ai = 98320mm 2
I i = 5.149 × 10 9 mm 4
36
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Loads
- Slab:
Self weight (includes 1.0 kN/m² for false floor):
kN
g slab = 160 × 10 −3 × 25 + 1.0 = 5 2
m
Live load: Usually a characteristic live load of 3 kN/m² is
recommended for floors in office buildings. The considered
fraction of the live load for the dynamic calculation is
assumed to be approx. 10% of the full live load, i.e. for the
vibration check it is assumed that
kN
q slab = 0.1 × 3.0 = 0.3 2
m
- Main beam:
Self weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
4.2 kN
g beam = 5.0 × × 2 + 2.0 = 23.00 2
2 m
Live load:
4.2 kN
q slab = 0.3 × × 2 = 0.63 2
2 m
The first eigenfrequency is calculated based on the self weight approach. The
maximum total deflection may be obtained by superposition of the deflection
of the slab and the deflection of the main beam, i.e.
With
37
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
18
f1 = = 7.1 Hz
6.4
Modal Mass
According to chapter A.6, example 3 the modal mass of the considered slab
may be calculated as
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to table 1:
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = +1 + 1 + 1 = 3%
With
B.1.3. Assessment
Based on the above calculated modal properties the floor is classified as
class C (Figure 5). The expected OS-RMS value is approx. 0.5 mm/s.
38
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
The floor of this office building, Figure 18, span 15m from edge beam to
edge beam. In the regular area these secondary floor beams have IPE600
sections are laying in a distance of 2.5m. Primary edge beam which span
7.5m from column to column have also IPE600 section, see Figure 19.
The plate of the floor is a composite plate of 15cm total thickness with steel
sheets COFRASTRA 70, Figure 20.
39
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Section properties
Loads
40
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Supporting conditions
The secondary beam are ending in the primary beams which are open
sections with low torsional stiffness. Thus these beams may be assumed to
be simple supported.
Eigenfrequency
For this example the supporting conditions are determined on two ways. The
first method is the application of the beam formula neglecting the
transversal stiffness of the floor.
The second method is the self weight method considering the transversal
stiffness.
• Application of the beam equation (Chapter A.2):
π EI y ⎡ ⎛ b ⎞ 2 ⎛ b ⎞ 4 ⎤ EI x
f1 = 1 + ⎢2⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 m l4 ⎣⎢ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦⎥ EI y
18
⇒ f1 = = 4.78 Hz
14.2
41
Vibration Design of Floors Guideline
Modal Mass
The determination of the eigenfrequency above showed that the load bearing
behaviour of the floor can be approximated by a simple beam model. Thus
this model is taken for the determination of the modal mass:
Damping
The damping ratio of the steel-concrete slab with false floor is determined
according to table 1:
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = +1 + 1 + 1 = 3%
With
D1 = 1,0 (steel-concrete slab)
D2 = 1,0 (open plan office)
D3 = 1,0 (ceiling under floor)
B.2.3. Assessment
Based on the above calculated modal properties the floor is classified as
class D (Figure 5). The expected OS-RMS value is approx. 3.2 mm/s.
According to Table 1 class D is classified as being suitable for office
buildings, i.e. the requirements are fulfilled.
42