&KDSWHU

,QGLUHFW/HYHOLQJ/HYHODQG7UDYHUVH&RPSXWDWLRQV
7RSLFV
 1 1  8/3(
 1 1  /3(3#

To hear audio, click on the box 

2YHUYLHZ
/3(30#(3;2
#@ #32*A
(3((3( '00#?0(;
(2#(3( #
0;#(3( 
>((##((3(3
(?; 0#((0?(( .
D#;?(3(3; 
23?22#((2;((?
*; 
##3*((
,*3 

2EMHFWLYHV
.03#(#?02((;;(((2A
  !;0#(3( 
  !;(3(3# 

3UHUHTXLVLWHV
9

9B !
&1)$ %7
#2((# 6 
;;## +,(((3(0
3# 


##+30##  
9
8/3(C/3(3# 

*+30 "# 
8
(A+(  9
!/3(6 +30  
4((  

!/'(+30+0 

8
+30A ( "# 
9
!2 

((A+0(  
(A+0(  8!
0  
6
./'+ 

!A*+, 
+
!A  8
!A'("  
!A "# 
 

 

)HDWXUHVRIWKLV0DQXDO
(3(2,0( 
 ';(;D(4 ;(
D;(2D 
 (0##D?;((4 .
032#?###;D#(02
### 
 3(#(D?2(4((
02(,3 

32"##(0(>
E2(; +(20 8
9B !
&1)$ %7
 2?02((;,D 82
?02((;,#2
32 .03#(032?(02
32" 02" 

32"(# +(20
 82?02((;,D" 8
2?02((;,#2
32 .03#(032?(
0232" 02"
 


9B !
&1)$ %7
,1',5(&7/(9(/,1*
8(3((;(3((3( 
((2## 

%DURPHWULF/HYHOLQJ
6(3(,(3##(
## ?2##
;3#@?03
(3(3# (;?
;?3(0;## 23?(
;;,( 6(3(
(0302(3(?
  (3;0;(3(0#((03(
30#0 
;00770#(?3;0(
 6(?;;3((0,
D#;3
;##( 2;
;(0#;(;(0
(0;2 ((0
30?D#23002
#(0##( 
6(30;0A(7;?
27;?(# 
(7;";;3(
"# 23?
#(2 
27;((0#0
2(0 8"2(7; 
(#0#(7;?;
((20((##
;(0(# ((#
(7;#3;(0227;
 
3((;;3;(3(
2;0#( '(;(3(?
((;( 027
;;(3(D#(;(2 
27;;(0#320
2, ((?(2##;
2(3((0,2?32(3
;2##(2;(3 8#?#
,2(3;(2(3
(2##; (,2(3
,;##(2;(
 83(;(?#( 

9B !
&1)$ %7&
((#;04(,
#3( 

)LJXUH±'LDJUDPRIDWZREDVHDOWLPHWHUVXUYH\
Figure 18-1227;( 
2,2(3(2<+ =##<+ 6=; 
(;(2 
(3#;0##?(2;
##; 'D#(?(3;2
+ + ?#((2#A

Diff . El. AC &1
 
11 1
&1 D 11
Diff . El. AC   % feet 
1

((3+ ?;(2A
(3P11Q&1C1D11P11Q %P %
.##;?#(3;0
 
23?#+ 6?;(?2;(2A
(3P11R)C1D11P11R)P %
'(?,(3002
3;# 32002#(03
(?((330
(( +0;#((0
02(23,0 ;3
&&; .#;(?30
;3 
;((?3*
(0 

9B !
&1)$ %7
7ULJRQRPHWULF/HYHOLQJ
.3((4((#;22#
,2?(0;##(((
(3;2# ;##((3( 
(3(#((0#;(?32
(3(#;(7 030?
"#(3(##" '
7(3(300#?(2?
(?2#;0 F
303((0;2clinometer?
0;;;0# (3(
;((2##A
8Figure 18-2?#(3(A, 2(#O 
(#B.(#C,2
(03(<((0((= .(# C?
3((<= 4((#
;2 92(
(<OCD=,2 '0,2(0?0,2
(;# 23?(3(?0
(02(##(
<CD= ((3<! = Figure
18-2 ! ;2<8=
(2<#C= #! (#(0
;0##(A?
2(#<OC=G?24(<OD=
 


)LJXUH±'LIIHUHQFHLQHOHYDWLRQLQWULJRQRPHWU\OHYHOLQJ

9B !
&1)$ %7)

((2##0#(
(3( 
  !#(;,?2Figure 18-3 #B ;(2
 3((<=#<=( 
#8?
6! (3
B?
HI = RB + DE + Elev. B.



 )LJXUH±%DFNVLJKW'HSUHVVLRQ0LQXV$QJOH
  !#(?2Figure 18-4 ;(2
?3(( (3C"(8
! 
?
Elev. C = HI RDE RRC.





)LJXUH±)RUHVLJKW'HSUHVVLRQ0LQXV$QJOH

 (3(;,?2Figure 18-5 ;3
?3((#( 8F"((3 C
#(<
=! ?
HI = Elev. C + RC – DE.



9B !
&1)$ %7-









)LJXUH±%DFNVLJKW(OHYDWLRQ3OXV$QJOH

&  (3(?2Figure 18-6 ;3
(#( (3G"(8#(! 
<
=?
Elev. G = HI + DE – RG.









)LJXUH±)RUHVLJKW(OHYDWLRQ3OXV$QJOH

(?4((#
((! 0;;3 '?
"(?2;(2 
  ;;04((;
?#?;#! 
#9
 0
+;?3
0 23?#;
(#;(?Surveying Theory and Practice ;0!3?
'??,( 
  ;;0(#((;
;3 8?(#;3
4(;#! #?;(
3;3(##3((2A
 8(117#

9B !
&1)$ %7%
 ; !(334(
1V&V
 !(33(#1V
&V
 4(3(#1V&V
 .?#(;
#9
 .#?#3#
4((3 
&  (737(4(
(#;2 .#(#?
#(("#2(
3(( 3((;3
(#! ;0(#(0;03(
( 
7HVW\RXU.QRZOHGJH6HOHFWWKH&RUUHFW5HVSRQVH
  6(3(#(3;02
((2N

  +(#(
6  ##
  +(#
!  B(

  6(3((02((20#30N

  /0
6 

 

!  93(

 6(3((;#20N

  0
6  &;&
  &&;
!  &;&

&  .4((#;0?2
((2;#;0(3N

 
#*??#
6  +??
  +?#?
!  ??;3


9B !
&1)$ %7$
/(9(/DQG75$9(56(&20387$7,216
#,(3(3
# (((3(?(
#((2,(3(*;
,2(((3( 8?3(
#(4((;3 
(#((;0#(?#((?
#(;0 ((,
0,,# 

3UHOLPLQDULHVWR&RPSXWDWLRQV
6#?((0,(#(
0 (,(0(0(2
2((0 
(0("<((;;
##(3(# 'D#(?(02#(
27?7?D7(  ;(?
D#(( 8D#(?(02
(# (#30#(#
;?(#;#
4( 
8(30((
((2D#?#(?
30 
2D((2;((;0I*?J2
"(;(((2;(3#3(
;( +##?D#(?((3
2(##D(0"(4?(
-$V-W ((1 W 6
(;"(4?1W2(;3(( 

/HYHO&RPSXWDWLRQV
8,(3(#?;,(3(;030
;;,<6= ,(,62
(32##(0 ,(
0;,(; 
;2,6#<=
;,(,6("((3;2
(6(6 2Figure 18-7 

9B !
&1)$ %71
#(0, 80
( 

)LJXUH±'LIIHUHQWLDOOHYHOFLUFXLWDQGQRWHVIRUGLIIHUHQWLDOOHYHOLQJ

$GMXVWLQJ,QWHUPHGLDWH%HQFK0DUN(OHYDWLRQV
/3((;#3D(3?;
,?(((3( .(3(#(;22
#3(0;(;,3(#(;,
#?(3(;,("(#3(0
;((3 ;22(3;
,,2(,(Figure 18-7
((36$,2; ) && (3
((3(2 ) &- ((3( ) &-
R ) &&P1 1 
3#3(0((32(3(
2 *?"((0;((
2;0((2D#( 
Figure 18-7?(
;26 6$?32((3(2??&1 
(3(6$;1 1,2
(3 *;6)?-?
% 
((((2A
Correction = Error of closuretdistance between the starting BM and the intermediate BM]
distance between the starting and closing BM

9B !
&1)$ %7
6)&&16 ((;2
(6?&1 (1 1 60;
3(;3(?((2A
&&1
Correction  1 1 D   1 11 ft 
&1
+;3(3(6,2(3?
*;6 ?6)?
*(3 & %R1 11 P & %&% *6
-%( 

&DOFXODWLQJWKH$OORZDEOH(UURU
((2;((##"<??
= ((2;(((3(D#
"4(((32(3(
2#( 
((3(<#(30=72, 87(3(?
(((03002;(;,
;,(#(3( ((3(
??((3( '7(3(?((2;(
A
0.050 ft length of the level circuit in miles 

Figure 18-7 60D3

(?02((((3(?&1<
1 &1(= ((2;((??
0.050 ft 0.405  0.050(0.64)  0.032 ft 
+((01 1?((07
# 
'77(3(((0((3 (3(
#0((3((626?
;(;,(6( ((3(2(
(3( 
'7(3(?((2;(
0.035 ft length of the level circuit in miles 
'7(3(3# ((2;(;
0.017 ft length of the level circuit in miles 

$GMXVWLQJ/HYHO1HWV
.(3(3003(?0??*
2,2(0 *2,(3(
*??#?2*3(
** ##
00(0;(3(2( .
(((0;3##

9B !
&1)$ %7
( Figure 18-8 #(3(#BCDEB?AEDA?
EABE 
(
2(
(;3
(3
;2(6 
(3<#(
=
;02 .
2(
(</=
(< =2
;0#
(3(,2
 
Figure 18-9 2
#"
;( ?
?<D#
(#
(=?
(3<! =(  )LJXUH±$GMXVWPHQWRIOHYHOQHWV

)LJXUH±&RPSXWDWLRQVUHTXLUHGWREDODQFHWKHOHYHOQHW

9B !
&1)$ %7
'BCDEB?(R1 &1 ;(
##( ?(BC?

1 &1 D  1 1- feet 
-1
9##( Q1 1-
((F


(3<1 $&Q1 1-PQ 1= (
F

! <(3= #
((2(CD?DE?EBBCDEB 
3##;"(
( (;(3"(4 
(AEDABCDEB?D#
3(ED<Q- 1%Q- = (EABE
3(EA<Q- $-Q- $=BE<Q  
Q  = 8(0(88?#0(8# >
((20((3(#3(0*;
#2( 0((
;4 "2,((0
#0( #0;;
(3 

7UDYHUVH&RPSXWDWLRQV
3###(#*?
(0#;?(##((#*?0
#* 3(20((3#
3 (3##2(3
4(#,2 #32(3
##3(0,2?(,(3?#3,
,( 8#?0(#(0
3 8#02((0#0*
3 

&KHFNLQJDQG5HGXFLQJ$QJOHV
;3#2,,(("
(<(((=2(0
4 '((?,,(,L R 2
((03; ,,,
20( 9D?#((
#(# 

&KHFNLQJDQG5HGXFLQJ'LVWDQFHV
,,(("(3; 
(#
2 80;,(#?,,
;,2(0 '((0?##(0??
# 

9B !
&1)$ %7&
$GMXVWLQJ$QJOHV
'00#&?0(((((2
(3A
  (((%1VD<R=?;
;( 
     D  (  %1VD < Q = ?2 P  ;  (
 
 ;2((
( ( ( )1V 0#0;2  
(((
( 
>*((3;0;((
2((2;(
D"((0
( Figure 18-10 2
32
((2
(?(( 
(
(&&&V$X 60
;((
(<%V1X=?(
(1X?
231\#
(( 3
((
(
(;
((( 
##(0*
((
D#(?0??
*(
"(&&V11X&1\ )LJXUH±&ORVHWUDYHUVHE\GHIOHFWLRQDQJOH
(( PHWKRG
<2(0=
%V11X&1\ ;23( )1V11X11\?(; 

;*((7(3?##(0
*((## 

$GMXVWLQJIRU/LQHDU(UURURI&ORVXUH
#;((<2((2;(
D=3(3((;(
(3 23?;;((0
#(# 

9B !
&1)$ %7
/DWLWXGHDQG'HSDUWXUH
/#3((#4((0;0
#( 8#(0?#;(0
(3 (#3
2# #(0
2((;D#((# 
(3(
((#*7
7#
 #3(
((#*
772#(((
#?2Figure 18-11) 
#O (NS
#?
(EW#(((#
 (AB(AB
#*NS#AB
(AB#*EW 8
3(2
?(2("((
(#2(;4 '
(2
)LJXUH±/DWLWXGHDQGGHSDUWXUH
#2("(((
(2(;4 
92?(
2?(
#;;0#(
(( Figure 18-12 2
3(1 )(;
+)VX (?0
(3(ABC (
AC ';?0,2
4(CAB<(;=
)VX ((G

ACP1 ))VXP&% %).
(3(??"(
#((
(; 
)LJXUH±/DWLWXGHHTXDOVOHQJWK
#?(3( RIWUDYHUVHOLQHWLPHVFRVLQHRIDQJOHRI
CB 2Figure 18-13. EHDULQJ
CBP1 ))VXP&) -).
#3(??"(((
(; 
(3(#
2((2#;( (
;?D#(?(# 8
9B !
&1)$ %7)
#?(#((G
##(2# 








 



 )LJXUH±'HSDUWXUHHTXDOVOHQJWK
RIWUDYHUVHOLQHWLPHVVLQHRIDQJOHRI
 EHDULQJ

Figure 18-14 (3?(;#(

(4(;#(#4 
#((CA"((2(AB
BC #BC"((2#(
#CAAB 



)LJXUH±*UDSKLFVROXWLRQRIDFORVHG
9B !
&1)$ WUDYHUVHE\ODWLWXGHDQGGHSDUWXUH %7-
/LQHDU(UURURI&ORVXUH
8#?(((0
( (((( +((0?
#((02# 
(((# 
'(((#?(
(; 4((;2(
(3(<#(
=(#;(3 
'D#(?0#2((  
(# % 2(3(
( (0#((
(3 600?(0#
"(##D(0)  +##((32?111 11
 0((2(;) A?111 11?2
##D(0"A?111 

&ORVLQJD7UDYHUVH
3(;(;0;((<2
((2;(D?=33 3(
?;((0##(;#((*
(#3(((2A
  ("(((((
3(3;0((3 
  #"(((#
(3(3;0((3 
Figure 18-15 2(32; 

)LJXUH±&ORVHGWUDYHUVHE\EHDULQJVDQGGLVWDQFH

9B !
&1)$ %7%
Figure 18-16 2#(#3
(0## 0?
(Q1 ?#Q & ((?
?

<1   &  =   ) feet 

)LJXUH±)RUPIRUFRPSXWLQJODWLWXGHVDQGGHSDUWXUHV

((3)& %G?(
 )A)& %?;A- 
2((2;(D 2*(
#;0#( +2(#
(,2Figure 18-17 2((
(((##
( 
9D?#((#
( '((?("(
%& 
1 D  1 1- feet 
)& %
((#(G? 
9##(("((
(##(#"((
# ?23?##( 
9B !
&1)$ %7$
7UDYHUVH7DEOHV$GMXVWLQJ%HDULQJVDQG'LVWDQFHV
8#(#?(((;(0
D#;03;( (#0;
;(0;0;( 

)LJXUH±)RUPIRUDGMXVWLQJODWLWXGHVDQGGHSDUWXUHV












9B !
&1)$ %71
Figure 18-18 2#(#;(3(77;3(
"<X= #;(3(3(1X 

)LJXUH±6DPSOHSDJHVIURPWUDYHUVHWDEOH
;3(#?;((3
(#11 '#(3
(?0(#;0;,2?3
(#?#(((2D#( 
+##02(#3(- 
(?;9V 1X ((2#( 8
((CV?0(-1 >)- & 8
(-1)- &?(-11)-& 1 90
 
9D?0(,#(CV((?2
& 1$ (-??
)-& 1Q& 1$P)$% $ 
'((0?1 ?(,#( ?2 1 %& 8
(  1 %&?(1 ;1 1%&?2
1  (3(()$% $Q1 P
)$% $1 6(AB ;?(#3 
!#((20;0#( 
'((0?*(*#(2( 
!3(;0##(0((
# 93(2"(#3(

9B !
&1)$ %7
3#"(
#3# 
(3;(0
; 
.*(
#?02*
(;;0
((383
#(0#;
(3(
(# 
##((
( Figure 18-19 23
(AB2*(
# 
*(;?0(3
(AA'B (A'AB 
((2A )LJXUH±$GMXVWHGEHDULQJDQGGLVWDQFH
IURPDGMXVWHGODWLWXGHDQGGHSDUWXUH
- -1
tan A AB   1 1)&)% 
% %%
 AAB  & 
*;AB, ?9 V&X '*?(3
(AB((2A
- -1 - -1
AB    %&  feet 
 & 1 1)&
*(AB??%&  

3ODQH&RRUGLQDWHV
(#;0#(
;
(#
2
# 
Figure 18-20 22
D
<((>D=
#  
2:
D2
# B(>D
##(
3(#
 B(:D
##(3(2
#  )LJXUH±/RFDWLRQE\SODQHFRRUGLQDWHV

9B !
&1)$ %7
3ODQH&RRUGLQDWHVIURP/DWLWXGHDQG'HSDUWXUH
Figure 18-20 (2(#;2#(
3((#( >
;2> A > B <211 11
="((AB.>(;2:
A : B <2)11 11="(#
AB. ?0,23?0
(# 
Figure 18-21 2(32*(# >
2#(3 30
2,23
?0(#
#O2
2(03
(0
3 
>;
((OD
#3(
(#OD 
>>
!
"((OD?
1 -1 (:
!"(
#OD) 1 
>
"(>!#(
(AD
1 -1Q$ )&P-& & 
)LJXUH±&ORVHGWUDYHUVHZLWKDGMXVWHG
:
"(:! ODWLWXGHVDQGGHSDUWXUHV
#AD
) 1R )P  )% 
>6"(>#((AB
-& &Q $)P$$% 1 
:6"(:#(#
AB
 )%Q ))P% & 
>"(>6(

$$% 1R  P%&& -- 
:"(:6#(#
6
% &Q$1 )P-&% $$ 
9B !
&1)$ %7
>!"(>(
!
%&& --R)$& 1-P1 -1 
:!"(:#
!
-&% $$R$ )$P) 1 
((0#!?3
,0 
>3((2'%7 8
(#?23?22((3(#
(;?(#?
; 

)LJXUH±)RUPIRUFRPSXWLQJFRRUGLQDWHV

/DWLWXGHDQG'HSDUWXUHIURP3ODQH&RRUGLQDWHV
(3((#3((0#
( '3(AB?D#(?
(3(("(;2>A
>B?2((3(#"(
;2:A:B 
2(##20#33?
;D,3#
9B !
&1)$ %7&
;(" 8(;?(
#3??##3? 8(;2?;
(#3 

&RPSXWLQJ$UHDV
B# +
;(2 

$UHDE\'RXEOH0HULGLDQ'LVWDQFH
3("(((
2#3( 
#2(03 
8Figure 18-23?(3(
20D >
((AB"(
(#AB 
D
(BC"(
AB?#((
#AB?#(
(#BC 
Figure 18-23 shows 
CD"(
BC?
#((#
BC?(
#DC.+((0?
AD"(
DC?
(#
DC?(
#AD 
>(2
;((2(
A
)LJXUH±0HULGLDQGLVWDQFHV
  '(3
((3?
"((# 
  ';"3(?"(
#(?#((##
(?#((#(( 23?(;
(H#(#;#
; 
80;(<!!=
(( .(3((3
"(7(#(?!!("(# 
?(D(?!!("(

9B !
&1)$ %7
!!#(?#(##(?#(
#(( 
8;2((027(
3"(;;0(#(0
3(;0(( ((; 80
(#(0#3<2
2(0?((#3=;0#((?0
#((0 80(#(0#3;0
(?23?0(0; 
?0(#(03(;(;0(
;0(?(2(("(2?
;( ?3;(;0 
Figure 18-24 2#!!3
ABCD 6AB (3(?!!AB "(# 
!!BC "(!!AB < ))=?#(#AB < ))=?#(
#BC <$1 )=?%& $- !!CD "(!!BC
<%& $-=?#(#BC <$1 )=?#(#CD <2
$ )$?;=? $ $  !!DA "(!!
CD < $ $ =?#(#!<R$ )$=?#(#!
<R )=? ) 9!!(3("(
#(?;2## 3,
# 
;(AB "(!!(
 ))D $)P ?) $ " 
;(BC "(%& $-<!!=  <(=?
$?)- )" ;(CD 
? $ $ D<7)$& 1-=PR%)1?$% "
;(DA  )D$ )&P 1$?-$& &"
;2;(#(
;(;(2)&-?$1- $" (?
  ?$ )$" /((0D# & ?)1
323953.69
"G?  7.44 A. 
43560


9B !
&1)$ %7)
 )LJXUH±$UHDIURPGRXEOHPHULGLDQGLVWDQFHV

$UHDE\'RXEOH3DUDOOHO'LVWDQFH
0#!!;,;0#
;(#(((<!!= 
2Figure 18-25?#(((
3(77
#(
#((( 
#(((#(((#
(03 
(#(((

?D###(((
?(
# #((((
3(<2DA =
"((( #(((
D(?AB, "(
#(((#(?DA,
#(((#
(DA, #((((
)LJXUH±3DUDOOHOGLVWDQFHV
AB ( 
8((2;3!!
(3(DA"((( !!D(?AB?
"(!!#(?DA?#((#(?DA?
#(((AB( (;0
D#?;(3(?0(#(0
!!;0#(#(0!!;0( 
Figure 18-26 2#!!3
ABCD 9((;;0#!! 

9B !
&1)$ %7-
 )LJXUH±$UHDIURPGRXEOHSDUDOOHOGLVWDQFHV

$UHDIURP&RRUGLQDWHV
62D#(#?(
3ABCD 33?
22((>:D#(0
:>D#2(0?
2Figure 18-27 

)LJXUH±&ORVHGWUDYHUVHE\FRRUGLQDWHPHWKRG

9B !
&1)$ %7%

Figure 18-28 2 82>A"(
(DA?$ )&?:A4 >
B"(>A#((AB $ )&Q $)P%&- )1 

)LJXUH±&RRUGLQDWHHQWULHVIRUFRPSXWDWLRQRI)LJXUH
:B"(#AB? )) >C
"(>B(BC%&- )1R  P)$& 1- 
:C"(:B#(#BC ))
Q$1 )P-)  
>D;3(04G23?#>C
(CD)$& 1-R)$& 1-?23, :
D"(:C#CD-) R$ )$P
 ) #DA?;2##H
23, 

9B !
&1)$ %7$
Figures 18-29 18-30 2;(
 '?(#(0#((0##:>?2
Figure 18-29?# ?(#(0#((0
##?2Figure 18-30?
# ;2<2Figure 18-29=;(
?1&&?$% -)R $-?1 -P)&-?$1 $" 0;(2;
##(,(<u= 8?
 

)LJXUH±)LUVWVWHSIRUWDEXODWHGFRPSXWDWLRQRI)LJXUH

9B !
&1)$ %7 1
 )LJXUH±6HFRQGVWHSIRUWDEXODWHGFRPSXWDWLRQRI)LJXUH

$UHDE\7UDSH]RLGDO)RUPXOD
80#(?2
( '((##?Figure 18-31 
#((2??2;(
##(?;;0( 

)LJXUH±$UHDRILUUHJXODUILJXUHE\WUDSH]RLGDOUXOH




9B !
&1)$ %7 
?(03(0"(3(<
?1 173(=2;0##(2 
##( (("(3(IJ##(
<;22;02;0=) 
>0(0;22##(?##D
?;0(#4?"(#IJ
3;2##( '2(0?D#(?

 h  h2 
d 1 . 
2

("( ?IJ
?((0;D#
((2A
 h  h2 h 2  h3 h 3  h4 h 4  h5 h 5  h6 
Ad  1     
2 2 2 2 2


2,
 h  2h2  2h3  2h4  2h5  2h6 
Ad  1 
2


8?
 h  h6 
Ad  1  h2  h3  h4  h5 
2

+;(Figure 18-31?03
 105  129 
A  50   80  92  121  109 
2

.((#((?$1"##D(01 )
 

$UHDE\&RXQWLQJWKH6TXDUHV
#(#(
### ;0"2
((#(0(;0#;0" 
Figure 18-32 22Figure 18-31 ;#((
###2(("D"
 ."2(?0(?1 %"2

?1 %DP?$1" 

9B !
&1)$ %7 
 )LJXUH±&RPSXWLQJDUHDE\FRXQWLQJWKHVTXDUHV

3DUFHOV7KDW,QFOXGH&XUYHV
9((#((;(0;0( 80
#;#;0(
37720(3 
Figure 18-33 22#(3
#3D#( 8?23?3(ABCD
(3?;0(ABCD#;0
 ((2D#((02
7(37(; 
3;Figure 18-33??
?
((v?(?(;
 
(0;2((( 
#(?0,((2# 
  !(027(<(7(=
; 
  !( 
 +;(37(;0 
&  (37(;0 
(2D#( 6# 
7(0;;0?D#(
# 'Figure 18-33?(32,;?"
G3?$?-)" 

9B !
&1)$ %7
 )LJXUH±$UHDZLWKLQVWUDLJKWOLQHDQGFXUYHGOLQHERXQGDULHVFXUYHG
VHJPHQWV

Figure 18-34 20#(##;(2Figure
18-33 8(2((
<__=2;
3 ###
2#<2202(=(
#;?(
#?;((#(?;(
;2?(
;( 0Figure 18-34?27(
; &?--" '?(9 ; 
(9  
((#(;;03?
;(#2#("(
(3;0 8Figure 18-33?(
3(;;7(?2(3
(; .(?
 &%?%%"% 1 

9B !
&1)$ %7 &
 )LJXUH±&RPSXWDWLRQRIDUHDZKLFKLQFOXGHVFXUYHVHJPHQWV
3;0D(
(3?2Figure 18-35 7
(;03?;0 
0;(3,(
;;0 
#2Figure 18-36 ((2#Figure 18-
34 23?27(;?;32
(( 
A, B, C, D D#(?;
#<8=;;((
# #;
2(2(Figure 18-36 .;,2?
;;#;0;7((<v=### 
(;2"(v 
8?7(#(0?(#?;
(((?3;0?;?7(
 ;D(
### 8Figure 18-35?D(3#(;0
;?2(3;; 
 &%?%%"?2#;(,((;0
( 

9B !
&1)$ %7 
  )LJXUH±$UHDZLWKLQWKHFXUYHDQGLWVWDQJHQWV

)LJXUH±&RPSXWDWLRQRIDUHDZKLFKLQFOXGHVH[WHUQDODUHDRIFXUYHV




9B !
&1)$ %7 )
3ORWWLQJ+RUL]RQWDO&RQWURO
#4((;(2#((#
#3;32 'D#(?(,#(((0
20(;#(3(
##(*(#
 
'(3(?(
@((0(#( '#(3?
A;0#(?;0?;0 

3ORWWLQJ$QJOHVE\3URWUDFWRUDQG6FDOH
*;(3ABCD((2A
3/ 
6 !

AB N 26 09 E 285.14 feet

BC S 7526 E 610.26 feet
CD  S1531W 720.28 feet
DA N 4131W 789.96 feet

Figure 18-37 2#(3ABCD(# 
'((2((,#(4## +(
3###2((NS, #
 
AB;9)V$X +
#2((
A11(NS?
(0)V1$X 
; !2(
A?
((AB
<% &=( 
(6#( 
!2((NSB
#(((NSA?
#
6 BC;
+-V)X +#2
((B11
(NS?(0-V)X
+(NS ?
(BC
<)1 )=((C 
(D 
 # )LJXUH±7UDYHUVHSORWWHGE\SURWUDFWRU
#;( DQGVFDOHPHWKRG
(
#( Figure 18-38((#(( (
NS2(##20#(
9B !
&1)$ %7 -
3 '3#O?(03(##
 #(;02
#(((( 

3ORWWLQJ$QJOHVIURP
7DQJHQWV
+3
;(#(?0
2#(3
((
( ((
3((2A
ABBC -%g@

BCCD $1g-@

CDDA g%@

DAAB )-g&1@

>(#((
;0# /0
3(( (0
D(
;0((
(D
;0#  )LJXUH±3ORWWLQJWUDYHUVHOLQHVE\
SDUDOOHOPHWKRGIURPDVLQJOHPHULGLDQ
23?0
#(0(0
 1#
#;( .0#(
;?
##((0
(3( .0
#(((?
23?
(3(0((20 
'?0(
20
#((( 
Figure 18-39 2
##((
((&V 
(
((?((2
3(#
;
#(2
#2## 8
?03 )LJXUH±3ORWWLQJE\WDQJHQWRIIVHWPHWKRG
#(###3 IURPGHIOHFWLRQDQJOHVODUJHUWKDQGHJUHHV
(((#
9B !
&1)$ %7 %
@(?*3(2 ,
2((##(0##4 +#A?0
2(((0 0(0AO, 1<037
(=( 92?O02(OP
##(AO !2((OP2 8;(?(,
(;()V$1X?2"(1 &$1$% '
OP((2A
OPPAO)V1$XP& $1$%?& $ 
>,2OP"(& $ !2APD(0
AB((AP 
;((3#(?
(203?;
?03#((?0(20
(,;((#(0#0 
;(?,?((;;0
<7= 
#(((((&V?#(0
(<$1V((=; #((BC
Figure 18-39?2(##((2#6 
(##D(01?2#BOJ #(
((BC$1VR-%VXPV X 
(3(V @"(1 1&$- 'O12O1P1
##(BO1. +(3O1P1?02((3
O1P1PBO1V XP 1&$-? 1
92(0O1P1 !2(BP1DG(0
BC((( ?CDDA?#(
20 ,(0# 
,0D(2(((20(#3*, 
.(((&V?##(;0
2Figure 18-40 037(<0
11 11=D(3((#O?O?
2OP##(AO (;2BOBC??
((  VX ((OP
OPPBO VXP11D1 & -1P % 

)LJXUH±3ORWWLQJE\WDQJHQWRIIVHWPHWKRGIURPGHIOHFWLRQDQJOHV
VPDOOHUWKDQGHJUHHV
9B !
&1)$ %7 $
3ORWWLQJE\&RRUGLQDWHV

#(;0
2Figure 18-41  
(;0
2(
 #(6?
?02((0
O>D
"(>B
<%&- )1= !2((
###(
>D?
("(:
B< ))= 
##(
20 

0LVWDNHVLQ&RPSXWDWLRQV
3(3#?
;0!!?
3(3(;
)LJXUH±3ORWWLQJE\FRRUGLQDWHV
((
#;(0(;
 +0#,;(2 

0LVWDNHVZLWK6LJQV
6(33((#<Q7=
##(0(0?;?(#(?3 #3
(?23(2( 
##(#?;2#(
 

:URQJ&ROXPQ
2(,0;02(,
2( 3(,?,;2
(; 

:URQJ4XDGUDQW
.0,"2((?0;03
(3(;2# 
,32(2 8Figure 18-42?
AB BA2 23?ABBA
3( 4?#(2
2( 

:URQJ$]LPXWK
,##("(##(4 +##
;AB Figure 18-42 9&)V 4AB<
=&)V .(ABBA3(?4BA)V 
9B !
&1)$ %7&1
/HDYLQJ2XWD7UDYHUVH/LQH
,
(3<(0((
##3(?
(
# 84
((
(?,,
3(
;## 

:URQJ'HFLPDO3ODFH
#(
(#
, +##?D#(?
0
##D;(;0
(#(0!!Q%& $-
;0(R   8
3(R  
R  ?
(2((; 
)LJXUH±3URSHUFRPSDVVGLUHFWLRQRI
/RFDWLQJ0LVWDNHV DFORVHGWUDYHUVH
8,;(
?2(3;, 0;
3;0((2(0, 

2XWVL]HG$QJXODU(UURURI&ORVXUH
44((0;((
#(, +##?D#(?D7(3
((2(A
9018
11848
154142
14718 

101128
61218

(D7(3(#-1V11X 
;2-1V11X)V%X1-V&X (
;1-V&X2##(20 >((,(
;43 
+##73?;2
7
((/7((%1V '7
3?(; )1V ((<%1V=
(2 /,(;
9B !
&1)$ %7&
((<?(%1V?$1V=?2
(2 
8(;##?(
7((#;;(0
(,

( >0;;((
#(;0#(3
( 2(
((
##(;( 
;0##( 
'D#(?Figure 18-43?((
;D#;
CD?2(;+V X.(?
;3(0+1V X. 6
?3((;0
((AAX  )LJXUH±*UDSKLFDOPHWKRG
WRORFDWHDQJXODUPLVWDNHVLQD
##(;AA'# FORVHGFLUFXLWDQJOH&
(0(0( 
8##(;(
((#0
(?(0(0(#
;3 8Figure 18-
44?;(((
(D#((AB /
AB (;9$V1$X (;2
#(9)V1$X ##(AA'
#0(3 

2XWVL]HG/DWLWXGHDQGRU
'HSDUWXUH(UURURI&ORVXUH
.;(#(
(;0(?#;;(0
,( 
.(0
)LJXUH±*UDSKLFDOPHWKRG
?#(,
WRORFDWHDQJXODUPLVWDNHVLQD
#;;(04(
FORVHGFLUFXLWDQJOH$
 

2XWVL]HG/LQHDU(UURURI&ORVXUH
,((2,2((2((2;(
(4(( 
  3(3;## 
  (#( 
 .#(#?
 (3("(#(

9B !
&1)$ %7&
 ; #"(#(
; 
&  ;###  ;
?;,; 
  ((;#(0 
)  ((#(0 
-  ,( 
8#0,?32((3; 8
"?D(((#( 
F?3(,#(((( 8(
#(((?# 
7HVW\RXU.QRZOHGJH6HOHFWWKH&RUUHFW5HVSRQVH
  6;#;0(?0(#
2((2N

 
(#
6 
((
  ,#(
!  ((;3

)  .0#?I*J 
MMMMMMMMMMMM 

  ;
6  ((
  (3(#
!  "(;(

-  7UXHRU)DOVH/3((;#3D
(3?;,?((#( 

  
6  '(

%  >3*#((3(?)&1 (2
1 .#(3(2,N

  '
6  +
  
!  '

$  .#3#N

  (((
6  ,((
  
!  B02;

9B !
&1)$ %7&
1  >3(;0#(# 82(
03(#(#N

  8
6  8
  82
!  82

  #3(3#43(;
MMMMMM 

  9 
6  9.
  + 
!  +.

  I3J#MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

  (#3(;(
6  ;(3((#
  ((3(
(
!  (#(

  .(#;0"N

  ((###
6  #(
  !3117"
!  !;(

&  ;(3(?;2#
((0;02((230,N

  B23(2
6  !##3(
  ,2(3;(
!  F#(23(

  .034((;#?2
(0,N

  ,(
6  ,
  
!  !##3(

9B !
&1)$ %7&&
6XPPDU\
#00;#
(3(?(;(3( #((
#,(3(3# 
(3(#*;,
(3?((((2;(?*(3( 3
##(3#
*3 
'((0?#(,2((3
 

9B !
&1)$ %7&
5HYLHZ4XHVWLRQV6HOHFWWKH&RUUHFW5HVSRQVH
  .;("27;
;(3(N

  '3
6  2
  
!  '

  7UXHRU)DOVH;##((3(23(
(4((#;22#,2?
(0;##(((
(3;2# 

  
6  '(

 8,(3(#?;,(3(;0
30MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 

  #
6  ;;,
  #;;,
!  ;3

&  .4((#;0?2
((2;#;0
(3N

 
#*??#
6  +??
  +?#?
!  ??;3

  .0(3(2(7
3?200(N

  
6  (
  /3(
!  (

)  .030;0,;,N

  6(;,
6  0
  (
!  6(3

9B !
&1)$ %7&)
-  ((3(<#(30=MMMMMMMM2, 

  '
6  +
  
!  '

%  7UXHRU)DOVH.*(3(?0*((0?
((; 

  
6  '(

$  I(3(JI#(J 2((2
N

 
((
6  B(3((
  8((
!  ((;3

1  2;((#N

  #((0;0(4
6  #((0;0;2(
  "((0(((
!  60;(((

  3###(#*?


  (0#
6  0
  (
!  ((

  7UXHRU)DOVH8#(#?((
;(0D#;03;( 

  
6  '(

  ((;0MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 

  # 
6  #( 
  ( 
!  02((
# 


9B !
&1)$ %7&-
&  .;(3N

 
(;
6  #(
  ((
!  (

  (;(#2N

  602#
6  60;2#
  60;#
!  60(#

)  .*;2!!
!!N

  !!(3(2# 
6  #((( 
  (((# 
!  66

-  03(?202
2(#(N

  (20;#( 
6  (20#( 
  !(#(7
(;?;" 

%  200#3N

  60#((23
6  60",(0#(3(2
##
  60,;(2(;
!  60323(2(###

$  .((2#3
#3N

  !##
6  !##3(
  .4
!  (#

1  .034((?2(0,N

  0(#
6  ##3(
  >
!  6#
9B !
&1)$ %7&%
  0,#(2##
#?0((3(( .,?0?(
0#N

  +(D(0"((G?
(( 
6  ##(;((
(#;( 
  (#(((#( 
!  9G0( 

  .034((;#;((
(?0(,20
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 

  ;2( 
6  ;2# 
  ;2# 
!  ;2( 

  >(032(((G?0
3 .2((0;N

  3(#(((((
6  8(3(
  '(3(
!  /##((((#

9B !
&1)$ %7&$
7UDGH7HUPV,QWURGXFHGLQWKLV&KDSWHU
&OLQRPHWHU ;((?((0
(((#(0(;#( 
 
 
 


9B !
&1)$ %71
$GGLWLRQDO5HVRXUFHVDQG5HIHUHQFHV
##, ((2
2,0 #((
, 

!3?
0 ?'+ '?Z ? 2 ,(?
Surveying Theory and Practice?) ?27((?92>,$%

9B !
&1)$ %7
&6)(1RQUHVLGHQW7UDLQLQJ&RXUVH±8VHU8SGDWH
+' ,30,#(#77( 
.##0(## 803#3(?
0?0##(,?0+' (?
#(2(?##0 6(D
#;?#?(#??##(;( >#2((
;;(
32 ,00
 
.A +' 9-
1#+ 
?$  1
':A %1C$%71%
7(A +' M9
O30 (


MMMM9MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM


3!MMMMMMMMMM#9;MMMM9;<=MMMMMMMMMMMM

!#
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

<F#(=
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

<F#(=>9
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM




9B !
&1)$ %7