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and Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls on Staad Pro

Analysis and Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls on

Staad Pro
by Ubani Obinna Ranks on August 26, 2019 in Concrete, Eurocode 7, Foundations, Reinforced Concrete Design, Slabs, Staad Pro,
Structural Analysis
In this post, we are going to show how cantilever retaining walls can be analysed and designed on Staad Pro software, and
also compare the answer obtained with classical solutions. We should know that retaining walls must satisfy geotechnical,
equilibrium, structural, upheaval, seismic considerations, etc. As a result, the designer must ensure that by appropriate
knowledge of materials, site conditions, etc, he/she will provide suitable dimensions of the retaining wall that will ensure
resistance of the structure to overturning, sliding, bearing capacity failure, uplift, etc. After appropriate sizing of the FACEBOOK
retaining wall, the structural analysis and design will commence to determine the action effects (bending moments, shear
forces, axial forces, de ection etc), and provision of proper reinforcements to resist the action effects.
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STRUCTVILLE RESEARCH

In the past, Structville has published a 17 page document on geotechnical design of cantilever retaining walls subjected to
earth load, pavement surcharge load, tra c load, etc. This loading situation can be found when retaining wall is used to
support embankment carrying tra c road way.  It was interesting to see how Design Approach 1 (DA1) of Eurocode 7 was
used to ensure the geotechnical stability of the wall. Just in case you missed it, kindly download the PDF from the link
below;

Geotechnical Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls to Eurocode 7

In this post, let us consider the retaining wall sized and loaded as shown in Figure 2. This structure has been modelled on
Staad Pro in order to determine the action effects due to the applied load.

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Fig 2: Cantilever retaining wall

The retaining wall is subjected to a 3m thick earth ll, and a variable surcharge pressure of 10 kPa. Given that the retained
earth has an angle of internal friction of 30°, we can obtain the Rankine active earth pressure as follows;

ka = (1 - sin 30)/(1 + sin 30) = 0.333

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underground water tank design

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[Get this publication on Design of Swimming Pools and Underground Water Tanks into your mailbox by clicking HERE or by
How to Estimate the Quantity of Sand
clicking on the book cover]
and Cement Required for Moulding
Blocks
Therefore the actions on the retaining wall that will be input into Staad Pro as are as follows;
How to Calculate the Number of
Blocks Required to Complete a 3
Vertical actions
Bedroom Flat
(1) Self weight (to be calculated automatically by Staad)

(2) Weight of earth ll (19 kN/m3 × 3m) = 57 kN/m2 Structural Design of Steel Fin Plate
Connection
(3) Surcharge load = 10 kN/m2

Analysis and Design of Curved

Horizontal Actions
Circular Beams in a Reservoir
(4) Triangular earth pressure = (0.333 × 19 × 3) = 18.98 kN/m2

(5) Uniform surcharge pressure = (0.333 × 10) = 3.333 kN/m2

Analysis of Trusses Using Direct
Stiffness Method: A Solved Example
The wall has been modelled per metre run on Staad, and plate mat foundation was utilised with coe cient of subgrade

modulus of 100000 kN/m2/m.

PRACTICAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STEEL
ROOF TRUSSES TO EUROCODE 3: A SAMPLE
Steps to adopt DESIGN
(1) Model the retaining wall utilising plate element meshing, assign thickness of 0.4m to the base, and 0.3m to the wall.

Also assign plate mat foundation of subgrade modulus 100000 kN/m2/m to the base in the y-direction.
How to Calculate the Anchorage and
Lap Length of Steel Reinforcements
According to Eurocode 2

Is This Ultimate or Serviceability Limit

State Failure?

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Analysis and Design of Cantilever

Retaining Walls on Staad Pro
 Ubani Obinna Ranks  Aug 26, 2019

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Fig 3: Modelling and meshing of the retaining wall  Ubani Obinna Ranks  Jun 26, 2019

(2) Assign the following loads to the structure Loading and Design of Box Culverts to
Eurocodes
 Ubani Obinna Ranks  Jun 24, 2019
Load Case 1 (LC1)
(a) Self weight to the whole structure

(b) Weight of earth ll to the heel of the retaining wall (57 kN/m2) FOLLOW US
(c) Assume that the base is buried 1m into the ground, hence apply vertical pressure load of (19 kN/m2) to the toe but
neglect all passive pressures.  Facebook

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Fig 4: Permanent vertical actions on the retaining wall base

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CABLE STRUCTURES (1) COLUMN (13)

CONCRETE (8) CONNECTION DESIGN (2)

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 DAILY QUESTIONS (16) DYNAMIC ANALYSIS (4)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (1) EUROCODE 2 (38)

EUROCODE 3 (16) EUROCODE 5 (1)

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PROMOTIONS (7) QUANTITY ESTIMATION (9)
clicking HERE or by clicking on the book cover]
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN (63) SLABS (5)

Load Case 2 (LC2) STAAD PRO (16)

(d) Triangular earth pressure to the wall (18.98 kN/m2)

STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES (15)

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES (21)

STEEL STRUCTURES (22)

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (72) TALL BUILDINGS (3)

THIN PLATES (13) TIMBER STRUCTURES (2)

TRANSFER STRUCTURES (1) TRUSSES (10)

WIND LOAD (2)

 Fig 5: Horizontal active earth pressure on the wall

Load Case 3 (LC3)

(e) Uniform horizontal surcharge pressure to the walls (3.333 kN/m2)

(f) Uniform vertical surcharge pressure to the heel (10 kN/m2)

Fig 6: Surcharge loads on the wall and on the base
Combination (Ultimate limit state)
pEd = 1.35LC1 + 1.35LC2 + 1.5LC3

A little consideration will show that the load cases 1 and 2 are treated as permanent actions, while load case 3 is treated
as a variable action.

(3) Analyse the structure for the load cases

(N/B): You may need to increase the iteration limits for the load cases containing horizontal actions to converge
Fig 7: Main bending moment on the retaining wall

Fig 8: Twisting moment on the retaining wall

 Fig 9: Shear stress on the retaining wall

On considering the bending moment diagram Mx (Figure 7), we can see that the maximum moment close to the base of
the wall is 57 kNm/m. If we add the effect of torsion (Figure 8), the design moment can be taken as 57 + 2.99 = 59.99
kNm/m.

To carry out manual analysis, we will have to follow the steps given below to obtain the maximum moment at the base of
the wall. The actions causing bending on the wall are the horizontal earth pressure and the horizontal surcharge pressure.

Moment from surcharge pressure = [(3.333 × 32)/2] = 14.998 kNm/m

Moment from horizontal earth pressure = [(18.98 × 3)/2] × (3/3) = 28.47 kNm/m
At ultimate limit state, MEd = 1.35(28.47) + 1.5(14.998) = 60.931 kNm/m

A little consideration will show that Staad Pro and Manual calculations gave almost the same value for wall bending
moment. However, I expect the value of base moment from Staad Pro to be lower than the one from manual analysis.
Kindly verify this at your private time.

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2 COMMENTS: 

YOMIRED SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 AT 11:08 AM

the width of the wall is not speci ed for easy comparison of my model and urs .keep up the good work

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UBANI OBINNA RANKS Author SEPTEMBER 17, 2019 AT 4:06 PM

The width of the wall is 1m. Analysis was done per metre length
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