Professional Documents
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Management Accounting Information For Activity and Process Decisions
Management Accounting Information For Activity and Process Decisions
2. An example of a sunk cost is the amount of a guaranteed contract that has not yet been
paid.
a. True
b. False
3. Personal employee responses are not critical considerations for the business decision
maker.
a. True
b. False
5. For a particular decision, differential revenues and costs are always relevant.
a. True
b. False
6. A cost may be relevant for one decision, but not relevant for a different decision.
a. True
b. False
7. Avoidable costs should be evaluated when deciding whether to discontinue a part, product,
product line, or business segment.
a. True
b. False
9. For one-time-only special orders, flexible costs may be relevant but not capacity-related
costs.
a. True
b. False
12. Depreciation allocated to a product line is a relevant cost when deciding to discontinue that
product.
a. True
b. False
13. When replacing an old machine with a new machine, the book value of the old machine is
a relevant cost.
a. True
b. False
14. If a company is deciding whether to outsource a part, the reliability of the supplier is an
important factor to consider.
a. True
b. False
15. Sometimes qualitative factors are the most important factors in make-or-buy decisions.
a. True
b. False
16. If a company is deciding whether to outsource a part, the reliability of the supplier is an
important factor to consider.
a. True
b. False
17. Outsourcing is risk-free to the manufacturer because the supplier now has the responsibility
of producing the part.
a. True
b. False
18. The central goal of the facility layout design process is to streamline operations to increase
operating income.
a. True
b. False
21. In batch processing, workers downstream can identify an upstream problem immediately.
a. True
b. False
22. The theory of constraints focuses on long-term initiatives to increase operating income.
a. True
b. False
23. A processing cycle efficiency (PCE) of 14% indicates better efficiency than a PCE of 50%.
a. True
b. False
24. When using a just-in-time manufacturing, a problem anywhere in the system can stop all
production.
a. True
b. False
25. Implementing a just-in-time inventory system requires a major cultural change for an
organization.
a. True
b. False
26. Global competition led to the development of international quality standards such as ISO
9000 2000 Standards.
a. True
b. False
28. Experience shows that it is more expensive to prevent defects than to detect and repair
them.
a. True
b. False
31. Costs that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future are:
a. fixed costs
b. indirect costs
c. avoidable costs
d. sunk costs
33. Which of the following costs are NEVER relevant in the decision-making process?
a. capacity-related
b. historical costs
c. relevant costs
d. variable costs
34. When deciding to lease a new cutting machine or continue using the old machine, the
following costs are all relevant EXCEPT the:
a. $50,000 cost of the old machine
b. $20,000 cost of the new machine
c. $10,000 selling price of the old machine
d. $3,000 annual savings in operating costs if the new machine is purchased
39. When deciding to accept a one-time-only special order from a wholesaler, management
should do all of the following EXCEPT:
a. analyze product costs
b. consider the impact of the special order on future prices of their products
c. determine whether excess capacity is available
d. verify past design costs for the product
40. When there is excess capacity, it makes sense to accept a one-time-only special order for
less than the current selling price when:
a. incremental revenues exceed incremental costs
b. additional capacity-related costs must be incurred to accommodate the order
c. the company placing the order is in the same market segment as your current
customers
d. None of the above is correct.
41. When deciding whether to discontinue a segment of a business, managers should focus on:
a. equipment used by the segment that could become idle
b. reallocation of corporate costs
c. how total costs differ among alternatives
d. operating income per unit of the discontinued segment
45. If Flowers-For-Everyone replaces the existing delivery van with the new one, over the next
10 years operating income will:
a. decrease by $180,000
b. increase by $150,000
c. decrease by $150,000
d. None of the above is correct.
46. Should Flowers-for-Everyone replace the existing van with the new van? What are the
savings or additional cost?
a. Yes replace, net savings of $15,000
b. Yes replace, net savings of $150,000
c. No replace, additional costs of $120,000
d. No replace, additional costs of $30,000
48. What should Jim do? What are his savings in the first year?
a. Buy the Honda Civic; $9,780
b. Fix the Geo Prizm; $5,518
c. Buy the Honda Civic; $180
d. Fix the Geo Prizm; $5,280
49. If Konrade’s Engine Company accepts the offer from the outside supplier, the monthly
avoidable costs (costs that will no longer be incurred) total:
a. $ 82,000
b. $ 98,000
c. $ 50,000
d. $100,000
51. The maximum price that Konrade’s Engine Company should be willing to pay the outside
supplier is:
a. $80 per TE456 part
b. $82 per TE456 part
c. $98 per TE456 part
d. $100 per TE456 part
53. The maximum price that Melodee’s Preserves should be willing to pay for the decorative
jars is:
a. $0.28 per jar
b. $0.38 per jar
c. $0.72 per jar
d. $1.00 per jar
55. Assuming Product C is discontinued and the space formerly used to produce Product C is
rented for $12,000 per year, operating income will:
a. increase by $6,600
b. increase by $9,000
c. increase by $12,000
d. increase by $14,400
56. Which of the following does NOT need to be considered when evaluating a make-or-buy
decision?
a. savings from an alternative use of the production equipment
b. the original cost of the production equipment
c. the quality of the supplier's product
d. the reliability of the delivery schedule
58. Employee morale at Dos Santos, Inc., is very high. This type of information is known as:
a. a qualitative factor
b. a quantitative factor
c. a differential factor
d. an opportunity cost
61. When evaluating a make-or-buy decision, which of the following does NOT need to be
considered?
a. alternative uses of the production capacity
b. the original cost of the production equipment
c. the quality of the supplier's product
d. the reliability of the supplier's delivery schedule
70. Which model has the greatest contribution margin per unit?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models X and Y
71. Which model has the greatest contribution margin per machine-hour?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models Y and Z
73. If there is a machine breakdown, which model is the most profitable to produce?
a. Model X
b. Model Y
c. Model Z
d. both Models Y and Z
74. How can Lisa Braun encourage her salespeople to promote the more profitable model?
a. Put all sales persons on salary.
b. Provide higher sales commissions for higher priced items.
c. Provide higher sales commissions for items with the greatest contribution margin per
constrained resource.
d. Both (b) and (c) are correct.
76. The implementation of just-in-time production results in all of the following EXCEPT:
a. decreased cycle times
b. reduced amount of waste
c. a slower pace for employees
d. structural changes
77. Characteristics of just-in-time manufacturing include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. the ability to process items in large batches
b. making a product only when the customer requires it
c. no work-in-process inventories
d. a problem anywhere can stop production
78. Measures of JIT (just-in-time) manufacturing reliability include all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. defect rates
b. labor and machine utilization ratios
c. cycle times
d. percent of on-time deliveries
79. Of the four quality costing categories, the most damaging category to the organization is:
a. prevention costs
b. appraisal costs
c. internal failure costs
d. external failure costs
84. As a result of the layout reorganization, reduced levels of work-in-process inventory are
projected to decrease inventory carrying costs by:
a. $12,500
b. $ 9,000
c. $ 6,000
d. $ 3,500
85. As a result of the layout reorganization, incremental manufacturing costs are projected to:
a. increase by $84,000
b. increase by $20,000
c. decrease by $20,000
d. decrease by $16,500
86. As a result of switching to a cellular manufacturing operation, total benefits are projected
to increase by:
a. $216,500
b. $200,000
c. $183,500
d. $176,500
87. After the change, a decreased amount of work-in-process inventory is projected because:
a. of reduced cycle times resulting from a more continuous production flow
b. of lower financing costs and the reduced need for storage and handling
c. larger batches can be processed faster and more efficiently
d. All of the above are correct.
88. After the change, direct labor costs as a percentage of sales are projected to decrease
because:
a. less work-in-process inventory needs to be moved from location to location
b. fewer employees are needed to produce a product due to the new work design
c. less supervisors are needed to oversee operations
d. All of the above are correct.
89. As a result of the layout reorganization, reduced levels of work-in-process inventory are
projected to decrease inventory carrying costs by:
a. $ 2,200
b. $ 7,500
c. $ 8,800
d. $11,000
90. As a result of the layout reorganization, incremental manufacturing costs are projected to:
a. decrease by $22,800
b. decrease by $25,000
c. increase by $25,000
d. increase by $40,000
91. As a result of switching to a cellular manufacturing operation, total benefits are projected
to increase by:
a. $222,800
b. $227,200
c. $272,800
d. $277,200
93. After the change, work-in-process carrying costs are projected to decrease because of:
a. reduced costs in materials handling
b. lower financing costs
c. the decreased need for inventory storage
d. All of the above are correct.
94. Karen’s Cookie Company is considering replacing its giant cookie mixer with a new one.
The following data have been compiled to evaluate the decision.
Existing New
Original cost $8,000 $10,000
Annual operating cost $4,000 $2,200
Remaining life 5 years 5 years
Disposal value now $3,000 ---
Required:
a. What costs are relevant?
b. What costs are sunk?
c. What are the net cash flows assuming Karen’s Cookie Company purchases the new
cookie mixer?
95. Pat, a Pizzeria manager, replaced the convection oven just six months ago. Today, Turbo
Ovens Manufacturing announced the availability of a new convection oven that cooks
more quickly with lower operating expenses. Pat is considering the purchase of this faster,
lower-operating cost, convection oven to replace the existing one they recently purchased.
Selected information about the two ovens is given below:
Required:
a. What costs are sunk?
b. What costs are relevant?
c. What are the net cash flows over the next 5 years assuming the Pizzeria purchases the
new convection oven?
d. What other items should Pat, as manager of the Pizzeria, consider when making this
decision?
Quiett Truck has the option of purchasing part WB23 from an outside supplier at $11.20
per unit. If WB23 is outsourced, 40% of the capacity-related costs cannot be immediately
converted to other uses.
Required:
a. Describe avoidable costs. What amount of the WB23 production costs is avoidable?
b. Should Quiett Truck outsource WB23? Why or why not?
c. What other items should Quiett Truck consider before outsourcing any of the parts it
currently manufactures?
97. Freddie’s Fudge Factory currently makes fudge for retail and mail order customers. It also
offers a variety of roasted nuts. Fudge sales have increased over the past year, so Freddie is
considering outsourcing the roasted nuts and using the roasting space to make additional
fudge. A reliable supplier has quoted a price of $0.85 per pound for the roasted nuts. The
following amounts reflect the in-house manufacturing costs per pound for the roasted nuts:
Required:
a. Should Freddie’s Fudge Factory outsource the roasted nuts? Why or why not?
Discuss all items that should be considered.
b. What incentives can Freddie offer the supplier of the roasted nuts to encourage
continued reliability?
Mike Company has offered to sell to Kirkland Company 10,000 units of the part for
$6.00 per unit. The plant facilities could be used to manufacture another item at a
savings of $9,000 if Kirkland accepts the offer. In addition, $1.00 per unit of fixed
manufacturing support on the original item would be eliminated.
Required:
a. What is the relevant per unit cost for the original part?
b. Which alternative is best for Kirkland Company? By how much?
99. Lewis Auto Company manufactures a part for use in its production of automobiles.
When 10,000 items are produced, the costs per unit are:
Direct materials $ 12
Direct manufacturing labor 60
Flexible manufacturing support 24
Fixed manufacturing support 32
Total $128
Monty Company has offered to sell Lewis Auto Company 10,000 units of the part for
$120 per unit. The plant facilities could be used to manufacture another part at a savings
of $180,000 if Lewis Auto accepts the supplier’s offer. In addition, $20 per unit of fixed
manufacturing support on the original part would be eliminated.
Required:
a. What is the relevant per unit cost for the original part?
b. Which alternative is best for Lewis Auto Company? By how much?
Required:
a. Why do the layout reorganization estimates include
1. a decrease in work-in-process inventory?
2. a decrease in direct material costs as a percentage of sales?
3. an increase in sales?
101. Are sunk costs considered relevant when choosing among alternatives? Explain.
102. Explain what revenues and costs are relevant when choosing among alternatives.
103. Assume you are a sophomore in college and are committed to earning an undergraduate
degree. Your current decision is whether to finish college in four consecutive years or take
a year off and work for some extra cash.
a. Identify at least two revenues or costs that are relevant to making this decision.
Explain why each is relevant.
b. Identify at least two costs that would be considered sunk costs for this decision.
c. Comment on at least one qualitative consideration for this decision.
104. A restaurant is deciding whether it wants to update its image or not. It currently has a cozy
appeal with an outdated décor that is still in good condition, menus and carpet that need to
be replaced anyway, and loyal customers.
105. Are relevant revenues and costs the only information needed by managers to select among
alternatives? Explain using examples.
106. Explain the differences between a process layout, a product layout, and cellular
manufacturing.
110. Discuss cost reductions that can result from reducing work-in-process inventory.
111. Snowboarding is a sport with a great amount of risk involved. On which type of quality
costs should the snowboard manufacturer concentrate? Which costs should not be relied
on? Explain why.
45. New van ($20,000 x 10 years) – Existing van ($35,000 x 10 years) = $150,000 less in
operating costs, which results in a $150,000 increase in operating income.
46. New van ($180,000) + $45,000 + (-$20,000 x 10 years) = costs of ($335,000)
Existing van (-$35,000 x 10 years) = costs of ($350,000)
Replacement results in net savings of $15,000
48. Geo ($3,000 + $2,280) - Honda ($3,000 + $2,100) = $180 cost savings with the Honda
option
49. $40,000 + $10,000 + $30,000 + ($20,000 x 10%) = $82,000
50. Avoidable costs $82,000 – ($85 x 1,000 units) = decrease of $3,000
51. Avoidable costs $82,000 / 1,000 units = $82 per part
52. All avoidable costs are relevant for this decision.
53. Considering only quantitative factors, the company should not pay more than the avoidable
costs of $1.00 per jar. There may be qualitative factors that are also important.
54. $24,000 - $15,000 - $6,000 = $3,000. Product C contributes $3,000 toward corporate
profits. Without Product C, operating income would be $3,000 less than currently reported.
55. $(3,000) + $12,000 = $9,000
70. Model X $50 - $6 - $12 - $4 = $28
Model Y $60 - $6 - $12 - $8 = $34 **highest
Model Z $70 - $6 - $24 - $8 = $32
71. Model X $50 - $6 - $12 - $4 = $28 / 1 = $28 **highest
Model Y $60 - $6 - $12 - $8 = $34 / 2 = $17
Model Z $70 - $6 - $24 - $8 = $32 / 2 = $16
72. Model Y since it has the greatest contribution margin per unit
73. Model X since it has the greatest contribution margin per machine-hour
84. (Before: $125,000 x 10%) less (After: $90,000 x 10%) equals cost savings of $3,500.
85. (Before: $600,000 x 50%) less (After: $800,000 x 40%) equals additional costs of $20,000.
86. Before the After the
Change Change Difference
Sales $600,000 $800,000 $200,000
Manufacturing costs (300,000) (320,000) (20,000)
WIP inventory carrying costs (12,500) (9,000) 3,500
Total benefits $287,500 $471,000 $183,500
89. (Before: $100,000 x 11%) less (After: $80,000 x 11%) equals cost savings of $2,200.
90. (Before: $500,000 x 40%) less (After: $750,000 x 30%) equals additional costs of $25,000.
91. Before the After the
Change Change Difference
Sales $500,000 $750,000 $250,000
Manufacturing costs (200,000) (225,000) (25,000)
WIP inventory carrying costs (11,000) (8,800) 2,200
Total benefits $289,000 $516,200 $227,200
LO1,2
94. a. Relevant costs include the acquisition cost of the new giant cookie mixer, annual
operating costs for both the old and the new cookie mixers, and the current disposal
value of the old mixer.
b. Sunk costs include the original cost of the existing cookie mixer.
c. Net cash flows over 5 years with the giant cookie mixer:
Cash inflow:
Decrease in annual operating expenses ($1,800 x 5) $ 9,000
Sale of the existing cookie mixer 3,000
Cash outflow:
Acquisition of the new giant cookie mixer (10,000)
Net cash inflow (outflow) $ 2,000
LO1,2,3
95. a. Sunk costs include the original cost of the existing convection oven and the
accompanying accumulated depreciation.
b. Relevant costs include:
Acquisition cost of the new Turbo oven
Current disposal value of the existing convection oven
Annual operating expenses for the existing and the new Turbo oven
c. Net cash flows over 5 years with the new Turbo oven:
Cash inflow:
Decrease in annual operating expenses ($2,500 x 5) $ 12,500
Sale of the existing oven 40,000
Cash outflow:
Acquisition of the new Turbo oven (50,000)
Net cash inflow (outflow) $ 2,500
d. Other items the manager should consider when making this decision include:
The Turbo Oven’s reliability and efficiency is still unknown since it is a
brand new product.
If the Turbo Oven bakes faster as it claims, the Pizzeria may be able to
increase sales due to the quicker baking time.
Even though purchasing another oven just six months prior, top
management should consider the Turbo oven option, but they may also
question the decision-making ability of Pat, the current manager.
b. Based on the financial considerations given, Quiett Truck should NOT outsource
WB23 because the $112,000 (10,000 units x $11.20 per part) outsourced cost is
greater than the $110,000 reduction in annual production costs. In other words, the
outsourcing would cost Quiett Truck an additional $2,000 annually.
c. Other factors to consider include the supplier’s ability to meet expected quality and
delivery standards, and the likelihood of suppliers increasing prices of components in
the future.
LO2,3
97. a. Because Freddie’s Fudge Factory can make use of the roasting space, it can be
assumed the facility-sustaining support costs are avoidable. Assuming the unit-
related, batch-related, and product-sustaining support costs are also all avoidable
costs, YES, Freddie’s Fudge should outsource the nuts because the $0.85 per pound
of the supplier is less than the current $0.90 per pound cost to Freddie.
b. Freddie can offer the supplier prompt payment and a guaranteed total purchase
volume to encourage continued reliability.
LO1,2
99. a. Direct materials $12
Direct manufacturing labor 60
Flexible manufacturing support 24
Avoidable fixed support 20
Total relevant per unit costs $116
LO1
101. Are sunk costs considered relevant when choosing among alternatives? Explain.
Solution: No. Amounts that remain the same among alternatives do not add useful
information for selecting an alternative, and therefore, are not considered relevant for
decision making. Sunk costs by definition are those costs that have already been
committed, cannot be changed, and will never differ among alternatives.
LO2
102. Explain what revenues and costs are relevant when choosing among alternatives.
Solution: Amounts that differ among alternatives are considered relevant. Amounts that
remain the same among alternatives do not add useful information for selecting an
alternative, and therefore, are not considered relevant for decision making.
LO2,3
103. Assume you are a sophomore in college and you are committed to earning an
undergraduate degree. Your current decision is whether to finish college in four
consecutive years or take a year off and work for some extra cash.
a. Identify at least two revenues or costs that are relevant to making this decision.
Explain why each is relevant.
b. Identify at least two costs that would be considered sunk costs for this decision.
c. Comment on at least one qualitative consideration for this decision.
Solution:
a. Relevant revenues/costs are those that differ between the alternatives of continuing
with college or taking a year off from college and working. Relevant costs for
continuing your college education without a break include:
1. Earnings lost next year due to the hours you are not able to work because of
classes and homework.
2. As a result of graduating a year earlier, higher wages will be earned a year
earlier as well.
Solution:
For the decision of whether to update the restaurant’s image:
a. Relevant costs include a one-time cost of the renovation for the updated image, a
change in future sales which includes an increase in sales due to the updated image,
decrease in sales due to loss of that cozy appeal, and loss of sales due to being closed
or having a limited serving area during renovation.
b. Costs that are not differential include replacing the menus and the carpet since they
need to be replaced whether the image is updated or not.
c. Qualitative considerations include whether the restaurant will lose that cozy appeal it
currently has, if the restaurant needs to be closed for renovations it may result in loss
of customers, and new customers may not be the type of customer the restaurant
wants to attract.
LO3
105. Are relevant revenues and costs the only information needed by managers to select among
alternatives? Explain using examples.
Solution: No, relevant revenues and costs provide a financial analysis but they do not take
into consideration qualitative implications. In a make-or-buy decision, examples of
qualitative issues include the supplier’s ability to meet expected quality and delivery
standards and the likelihood that suppliers increase prices of the components in the future.
LO6
107. A motorcycle manufacturer is currently using a conventional processing system. Recently
work-in-process has been piling up at two stations along the assembly line. To eliminate
this problem, management discussed the possibility of implementing just-in-time
manufacturing. Discuss the advantages and concerns of implementing JIT.
Solution: The advantages of implementing just-in-time manufacturing include fewer
inventories, which generally result in reduced cycle time, improved quality, and reduced
waste.
Concerns include establishing and maintaining good relations with reliable suppliers and
the structural and cultural change in the work environment.
LO3,6
108. In a just-in-time inventory system, explain
a. why suppliers become very important to the overall manufacturing process, and
b. what incentives can be offered to reward good suppliers.
Solution:
a. In a just-in-time inventory system, suppliers are very important because if good
quality raw materials are not delivered in a timely manner, the entire processing
system will shut down.
b. Incentives that can be offered to reward good suppliers include prompt payment and
guaranteed total purchase volume.
LO6
110. Discuss cost reductions that can result from reducing work-in-process inventory.
Solution: Decreasing work-in-process inventory results in reduced financing costs,
decreased storage and handling costs, and increased sales due to improved manufacturing
cycle times and shorter lead-time for orders.
LO7
111. Snowboarding is a sport with a great amount of risk involved. On which type of quality
costs should the snowboard manufacturer concentrate? Which costs should not be
considered? Explain why.
Solution: In regard to quality, snowboard manufacturers should concentrate on prevention
costs so that only high quality snowboards are manufactured. Emphasis should be placed
on quality engineering so the product is competitive and reliable. The use of external
failure costs could put the company out of business. Lawsuits regarding defective
snowboards causing or attributing to bodily injury on the ski slopes could ruin a snowboard
manufacturer by damaging its reputation or by awarding damages of such magnitude that
the costs would bankrupt the company.