TOWN

PLANNING

Ar.ADLINE
 UNIT-1 (Part E)

Contribution to modern town planning Thoughts

Patrick Geddes
Ebenezer Howard
C A Doxiadis
Lewis Mumford
Clarence Stein
Patrick Geddes
-GEDDISIAN TRAID CONCEPT
-CONURBATION THEORY
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Patrick Geddes

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Patrick Geddes
Idea
Concepts 
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 People(FOLK) Activity(work) Place
(Social) (Economic) (Physical)

Organic relationship between these 3 is a CITY

Concepts
Patrick Geddes
has introduced Conurbation Theory
Two theories in
(City of
evolution ) Constellation Theory
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Conurbation 
Theory
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Conurbation
Theory
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Example for
Conurbation 

theory in India 

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The 
Constellation
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Concept
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MAHARASHTRA
- A CASE STUDY
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MAHARASHTRA ‟
- A CASE STUDY
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MAHARASHTRA 
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- A CASE STUDY 
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Ebenezer Howard-
Garden city concept
 SIR EBENEZER HOWARD (29TH JANUARY 1850– MAY 1ST, 1928)
AN INTRODUCTION -
 Sir Ebenezer Howard was born as the son of a shopkeeper in the City of
London, on 29th of January 1850.
Sir Ebenezer  After schooling, he took on a number of clerical posts.
Howard  In 1871, he emigrated to the frontier country of America to become a
farmer.
 He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago, witnessing it’s
rebuilding following the great fire.
 It was during this time, he began to contemplate ways to improve cities.
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GARDEN CITY
MOVEMENT 

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GARDEN
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CITIES OF
TOMORROW
-The Book
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THE THREE
MAGNETS - 
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 TOWN COUNTRY

POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATICE ASPECTS POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATICE ASPECTS

Social opportunity Closing out of nature Beauty of nature Lock of society

Isolation of crowd High rents and prices Landy lying idle Hand out of work

Wood ,meadow and

Places of Amusement Foul air & murky sky Trespassers beware
forest
Changes of
Slums Fresh air Low wages
employment
High money wages Costly drainage Low rents Lack of drainage
Densed villages,
Well lit Streets Abundance of water
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TOWN- •
COUNTRY
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ORIGINAL GARDEN
CITY CONCEPT
 CORE GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES:
• STRONG COMMUNITY
•ORDERED DEVELOPMENT
•ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED BY :
• Unified ownership of land to prevent individual land.
CORE
•Speculation and maximize community benefits.
CONCEPT •Careful planning to provide generous living and working space
while maintaining natural qualities.
•Social mix and good community facilities.
•Limit to growth of each garden city.
•Local participation in decision about development.
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CORE 
CONCEPT
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 Constantinos A.

DOXIADIS
EKISTICS CONCEPT
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CONSTANTINOS •
A. DOXIADIS

HISTORY •

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EKISTICS
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EKISTICS

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 Doxiadis formulated a set of conceptual models, which formed the foundation of
ekistics. Five of the most important ones are listed here12:

• The five elements of human settlements or ekistic elements: man,

society, nature, shells and networks, and their relationships.

FOUNDATION • The ekistic logarithmic scale (ELS) and the ekistic units.
OF EKISTICS
(5PRINCILES) • The ekistic grid, consisting of units of space and the five elements

of human settlements.

• The model of satisfaction.

• The anthropocosmos model

EKISTIC
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ELEMENTS
EKISTIC UNITS
AND EKISTIC ✓ ✓

LOGARITHMIC ✓ ✓
SCALE ✓ ✓
✓ ✓
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Doxiadis believed that to survive, to live and to achieve happiness, human beings built settlements, which
always followed fundamental principles, and he defined five principles in man’s quest for happiness:
1.Maximum contacts.
Man is continuously reaching out for a greater number of contacts (material, aesthetic, intellectual)
with nature and other people and elements. This maximizing of contacts leads to the expansion of cities.
2. Minimum effort.
Man tries to expend minimum effort to achieve maximum contacts and to reduce energy, time and
cost to a minimum. This leads to higher densities.
3. Optimum space.
Man needs optimum (but not necessarily maximum) space, whether temporary or permanent, for
man as an individual or as the member of a group, for the satisfaction of his needs.

4. Quality of the environment.

The quality of the environment is determined by man’s relation with nature, society, shells and
networks, creating a balance of the ekistic elements. The relationships within the total environment need to be
optimized.
5. Optimum in the synthesis of all principles.
A balanced and beneficial synthesis of the preceding principles has to be created.
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EKISTICS GRID
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INFLUENCES
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 DYNAMIC
GROWTH:
A CRITICAL ❑
ISSUE
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WORKS OF
DOXIADIS: CITY
OF FUTURE , •
ISLAMABAD ,
PAKISTHAN •

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SUSTAINABLE CITY

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BIRTH OF
CAPITAL •
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THE
HIERARCHICAL •
CONCEPT IN
COMMUNITIES,
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LAND USES AND
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM •

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THE MASTER PLAN AND THE
DYNAMETROPLIS CONCEPT
The Islamabad Metropolitan Area is composed of
Islamabad, the old city of Rawalpindi and the National
Park. The latter is a hilly area, containing two large
lakes, the National Sports Centre, the National
University and the National Research Centre. Four
major inter-urban roads delineate the above three major
components of the Metropolitan Area. The overall plan
is based on the “Dynametropolis” concept, giving the
possibility of continuous expansion with the least
possible adverse effects in traffic and generally, in the
functioning of the Metropolis. Both Islamabad and
Rawalpindi, central cores and residential areas, may
expand dynamically.
 THE CONCEPTION OF THE MASTER PLAN
THE LANDSCAPE PATTERN
FORMATION OF THE HIGHWAYS METROPOLITAN AREA
The principal system of axes in the metropolitan area of
• The backbone of the Islamabad Metropolitan Area Master Plan is formed
Islamabad
by two highways, Islamabad Highway and Murree Highway.
defines three distinctive areas:
• The chief characteristic of the landscape is that it runs from NE-SW along
a. the area of Islamabad
valleys formed by a series of hills running in the same direction. more
b. the area of Rawalpindi
highways, by-passing the existing town of Rawalpindi, have been proposed.
c. the National Park area
d. The areas of Islamabad proper and Rawalpindi are • On the basis of the above ideas, a system of 4 highways becomes the basic

both open for expansion towards the southwest, while step for the metropolitan area.

the National Park area is rather districted from the • These axes form a big square, which will define all future transportation
surrounding hills and Soan river to the south-east. systems and all major functions within the metropolitan area.
 ISLAMABAD :

DYNAMETROPOLIS: The central

functions of Islamabad and Rawalpindi

RAWALPINDI

VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN

ROADS

THE NATIONAL PARK

MASTER PLAN OF METROPOLITAN AREA

 •The area chosen for the new north of Karachi, at the beginning the Murree Hills (2000 – 2500 m
altitude) near the Pothwar plateau (avg. 500-600m altitude).
•It forms a gutted landscape by ravines carrying the rain and run off of the capital is 1200 km
(approx.) surrounding hills of lower Himalayan series and erosion of top soil adds to the fragility
of the overall landscape.
•The series of ravines culminates to form the river ‘Soan’ which falls into River Indus after
THE MAKING OF
travelling a 100kms approximate distance in South –westerly direction.
THE PLAN •The site itself has an average altitude of 500 – 600 m with the immediate Margalla Hills having a
1500 – 1800 m altitude.
•The city acts as a centre for trade, commerce and culture for the dispersed villages and small
towns, generally dependent on rain-fed agricultural activity, all over the Pothwar Plateau.
•The new city of Islamabad had to carve out an identity of its own, lying in between - the hills
and the plains, the historic city and the colonial cantonment, amidst the political currents ranging
from ‘Theocracy’, ‘Democracy’, ‘Authoritarianism’ and ‘Totalitarianism’, along with ‘Tradition’ and
‘Modernity’.
 Water Supply System
Water is now being tapped from two springs in
Nurpur and Saidpur, but it is planned to dam the
Swan river to bring water to the town by gravity.
FACILITIES Sewerage and Drainage
Road Construction
The first roads under construction are sections of the two main highways each having a width of two lanes,
which is sufficient for the needs of first stage development. In addition to the two lanes, there is a ten-foot
shoulder on either side. Roads servicing highways and principal roads are also under construction and will
carry all traffic required for proper development of residential and industrial areas.
ISLAMABAD MASTER PLAN- ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY DESIGN
The planners envisaged Islamabad eventfully absorbing Rawalpindi entirely and stretching well to the west of
Grand Trunk Road. Islamabad was designed to provide a healthy climate, pollution-free atmosphere, plenty of
water and lush green area.
It is a modern and carefully designed city with wide tree lined streets, large houses, elegant public buildings and
well organised bazaars/ markets/ shopping centres.
The city is divided into 8 basic zones administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational sectors,
industrial sectors, commercial areas, rural and green areas. Each sector has its own shopping area and public park.
Each sector was kept separated through green belts which also act as ‘Oxygen Generators’.
CLARANCE PERRY’S
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT
  The ‘neighborhood unit’ as a planning concept evolved in response to
the degenerated environmental and social conditions fostered as a
consequence of industrial revolution in the early 1900s.
 One of the earliest authors to attempt a definition of the
‘neighborhood unit’ in fairly specific terms was Clarence Arthur Perry
(1872-1944), a New York planner.
NEIGHBORHOOD
UNIT  Perry’s neighborhood unit concept begenas a means of insulating the
community from the ill-effects of burgeoning sea of vehicular traffic.
concept
 However, it evolved to serve a much broader purpose ofproviding a
discernible identity for the concept of the neighborhood, and of
offering to designers a framework for disseminating the city into
smaller subareas
 EVOLUTION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE
NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT by the parry's and after that many
urban planners had given their own neighborhood concepts
 NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT

 The neighborhood is the planning unit for a town.

Concept  Evolved due to the advent of industrial revolution and
evolved due to degradation of the city environment caused due to
 High congestion,
 Heavy traffic movement through the city,
 Insecurity to school going children,
 Distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc.
 To create a safely healthy physical environment in which
􀂉 Children will have no traffic streets to cross on
 Their way to school, schools which are within walking
distance from home;
 􀂉 An environment in which women may have an easy walk
Concept- to a shopping center where they may get the daily households
evolved for goods,
 􀂉 Employed people may find convenient transportation to
and from work.
 􀂉 Well equipped playground is located near the house
where children may play in safety with their friends for
healthy development of their mind and spirit.
 Clarence A. Perry’s Conception of the Neighborhood Unit
Clarence A. Perry’s
Centre the school in the neighborhoods that a child's walk to school was only about one-
Neighborhood Unit of 1929 quarter of a mile and no more than one half mile and could be achieved without crossing a
major arterial street.
Size the neighborhoods sufficiently support a school, between 5,000 to 9,000 residents,
approximately 160 acres at a density of ten units per acre.
Implement a wider use of the school facilities for neighborhood meetings and activities,
constructing a large play area around the building for use by the entire community.
Place arterial streets along the perimeters so that they define and distinguish the
"place" of the neighborhood and by design eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the
neighborhood. In this way, major arterials define the neighborhood, rather than divide it
through its heart.
Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local streets from
arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for both safety and aesthetic purposes.
Streets, by design, would discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance the safety of
pedestrians.
Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to the main entrance of
the neighborhood, thus excluding nonlocal traffic destined for these commercial uses that
might intrude on the neighborhood.
Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to parks and
open space, creating places for play and community interaction" The neighborhood was
embraced for its community idealism, and many of the public sectors in those countries
which were exposed to the theorem have since adopted its purpose; of protecting and
promoting the public health and of considering the safety and welfare of citizens.
 Perry outlined six basic principles of good neighborhood design. As may be
understood, these core principles were organized around several institutional,
social and physical design ideals
 Protective Strips
Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through
residential neighborhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries
of the neighborhood;
SIX BASIC  Street System
PRINCIPLES OF Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed through use of
good neighborhood design
cul-de-sacs, curved layout and light duty surfacing so as to encourage a
quiet, safe and low volume traffic movement and preservation of the
residential atmosphere;
 Population
The population of the neighborhood should be that which is required to
support its elementary school
  Facilities
The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally
located on a common or green, along with other institutions that have
service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries
SIX BASIC  Neighborhood Walkways
PRINCIPLES OF The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of one quarter mile
good neighborhood design thus precluding a walk of more than that distance for any elementary
school child; and
 Unit of Urban Planning
Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods preferably
at major street intersections
CLARANCE STAIN
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT
RADBURN THEORY
Clarence Stein’s 1942 Diagram of Neighborhoods
 His (Clarence Steins )concept is the developed from of neighborhood unit
of Clarence parry’s in 1929
 Clarence Stein placed the elementary school at the center of the
neighborhood unit and within ¼ mile radius of all residents.
 A small shopping center for daily needs is located near the school.
 Most residential streets are suggested as cul-de-sac or ‘dead-end’ roads
to eliminate through traffic, and park space flows through the
neighborhood in a manner reminiscent of the Radburn Plan.
 He further expanded the definition of neighborhood center by connecting
the neighborhoods together to create towns.
 The diagram shows the grouping of three neighborhood units served by a
high school and one or two major commercial centers, the radius for
walking distance to these facilities being one mile.
  We did our best to follow Aristotle's recommendation that a city
should be give its "Town for the Motor Age" is truly a "Town for
Tomorrow“ built to inhabitants security and happiness“‐ Clarence
Stein

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED

RADBURN • Rapid Industrialization after World War I
• Migration of Rural to Cities
THEORY • Dramatic growth of Cities apartment units
• Housing Shortage
• The need to provide housing and protect from motorized traffic

THIS RADBURN CONCEPT conceived by

STAIN & HENRY WRIGHT
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INTRODUCTION 

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RADBURN’S PLANNING 
1929 Radburn Created 
25000 people
149 acres
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430 single houses
90 row houses 
54 semi attached houses
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93apartment units
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 GLEN ROCK BOLDER
1. SEPARATION of pedestrian and
vehicular traffic
2. SUPER BLOCK large block‐
surrounded by main roads

ERNIE RAIL ROAD

3. houses grouped around small
CUL ‐DE SACS each accessed

SADDLE
4. from main road, Living, Bedroom
faced gardens & parks, service
areas to ACCESS ROADS
5. remaining land ‐ PARK AREAS
6. WALKWAYS ‐ designed such
that pedestrians can reach
social places without crossing
automobile street
SADDLE BROOK
FINANCIAL PLANNING
 Parks without additional cost from Residents
 Savings from minimizing roads ‐ requires less
road area
 25% less area gave 12‐15% of total park area
Lewis Mumford
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Lewis
Mumford’s •

THEORY OF PLANNING •

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Mumford’s plan for urban design:
1. Densities must be kept low.
2. The size of cities must be limited
3. People must live in natural, open, green environments.
4. Most interaction must be kept on a primary level to assure
mental health and the quality of social relationships
5. The family, as the most important primary group, is the focus of
redevelopment.
6. Neighborhoods are the main units of redevelopment and
settlement.
7. Education, both formal and informal, is stressed
8. Vehicular and pedestrian traffic are separated
9. Mumford’s new cities are complete communities.
 ALL
THE
THANK YOU BEST