Pahura Book

myqr —m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.
hg w;aje<la˜ 2017 1
myqr
—m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.hg w;aje<la˜
2017
2 myqr —m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.hg w;aje<la˜ 2017
myqr —m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.hg w;aje<la˜ 2017 3
myqr
—m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.hg w;aje<la˜
2017
ixialdrljre
uq,áhk Oïufidau ysñ
r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ
j,a,leáfha kd,l ysñ
uiamkafka fyaur;k ysñ
m%ldYkh
tlai;a NsCIq l%shdldÍ lñgqj
myqr Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys wka;¾.; ish¨ ,smsj, woyia ta ta

f,alLhka i;= jk neúka ixialdrljrekaf.a woyia ms<sìUq
fkdjk nj ie,l=j ukd h' ,smsj, wCIr úkHdi" ,l=Kq" weomo"
mo fnoSu wdosh ta ta f,alLhdf.a wNsu;h mßos fhdod we;
m%:u uqøKh( Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2560

jHjydr j¾I 2017
myqr —m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.hg w;aje<la˜ 2017
© uq,áhk Oïufidau ysñ
r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ
j,a,leáfha kd,l ysñ
uiamkafka fyaur;k ysñ
ISBN 978-955-30-.........-...........
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iqrlskak fjr±rE
;=kal,a ÿgq
h;sjr ,l=Kg
msfok Wmydrhhs
tlai;a NsCIq l%shdldÍ lñgqfõ mKsúvh
nqÿiuh udkj YsIagdpdrh kj u.lg fhduq l< nj

wms oksuq' tu nqiq iiqfka cSjkd,sh j;auka NsCIQka jykafia
hs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia wjfndaO lr .;a o¾Ykh wiñka ta
wkqj hñka tod isg wo olajdu;a NsCIQka jykafia lghq;=
lrñka isá;s' ta iòyd NsCIQka jykafiag ud¾f.damfoaYh ,nd
ÿkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia hs' nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a O¾u
m%pdrl ld¾hNdrh ienúka u wiu jQjls'Wkajykafia Y%djl
msßila we;s fldg Tjqkag Wmfoia § WmdhYS,S O¾um%pdrl
fiajhl fhÿKy' Wkajykafiaf.a WmfoaYh wl=rg ms<smÈñka
Wkajykafiaf.a o¾Ykh uyckhd w;rg f.k .sh O¾u ¥;hd
NsCIQka jykafia hs' nqÿrÿka ;u O¾u m%pdrl fiajh wdrïN
lrk úg tys jQfha 60 kula jQ l=vd NsCIq lKavdhuls'nqÿrÿka
;u m<uq Y%djl 60 ku wu;d ;udg wh;a ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ<s
lrñka foid jodf<a"
zzpr: NslaLfõ pdßlx nyqck ys;dh nyqck iqLdh
wF:dh ys;dh foajukqiaidkx' foafia: NslaLfõ Oïux wdÈ
l<HdKx ucafCè l<HdKx mßfhdidk l<HdKx idF:x
ijH[ackx''''''''''ZZ
wdos jYfhks' fï uQ,sl WmfoaYfhka meyeÈ<s jkafka
fndfyda ckhdf.a ys;iqj msKsi ie,iqï iy.;j Wml%uYS,Sj
yd ishqïj lghq;= l< hq;= njhs' fuu WmfoaYh bIag lsÍu
iòyd NsCIQka jykafia,d fl;rï lem ùfuka lghq;=
lf<a±hs lsjfyd;a wõj jeiai" Èjd ? fkdn,d O¾um%pdrfhys
kshe¿Ky' tod Ndr;Sh iudcfha nyq;r ckm%sh ixialD;sh
jQfha jiaidk iufha ;u ksjiakg ù lghq;= isoaO lsÍuhs'
tfy;a nqÿ rÿkaf.a kshuh wl=rg l%shd;aul l< nqÿ iõfjda
wõ jeis fkd;ld ;u ld¾hNdrfhys ksr; jQy' fï fya;=fjka
we;s jQ uyck úfrdaOh ksid u nqÿ rcdKka jykafia jyd u
úkh kS;s mkjd ;u Y%djlhka ld,Sk iudchg wkq.; fldg

ydksfhka j<lajd .;a wjia:d o Ydik b;sydifha ±lsh yels
h' fufia l,ska l,g wjYH mßÈ iudchg wkq.; fjñka
NsCIQka jykafia,d uyck fiajh tod isg wo olajd u ;a
lrf.k tñka isá;s' fï ms<snò mQ¾K m¾fhaIK jd¾;djla
j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhka úiska z,laÈj nqÿ iufha b;sydihZ
kñka ,shd m< fldg fldg we;s w;r tys oy jk ishji f;la
nqÿ iufha b;sydih mQ¾K m¾fhaIKhlg ,la fldg we;'
tfuka u Wkajykafiaf.a u zNsCIqjf.a WreuhZ kï lD;sfhys
hg;a úcs; hq.fha isg tf;la NsCIqjf.a Ydiksl ld¾hNdrh
ms<n
s ò jeo.;a lreKq rdYshla olajd ;sfí'hlalvqfõ ysñhkaf.a
zwfma .uka u.Z"Wvlekaoj, irKxlr ysñhkaf.a zigkl
igykaZwdos lD;sj, tu NsCIQka jykfia,d úiska f.k .sh
jevms<sfj< ms<snò lreKq igyka lr ;sfí' fun`ÿ fmd;m;
u`.ska fuf;la NsCIqj ;u Ydiksl ld¾hNdrh isÿlrñka
meñKs wdldrh ms<snò lsishï woyila ,nd .; yelsh'
uq,a hq.fha isg u NsCIQka jykafia,df.a fuu cd;sl
wd.ñl ld¾hNdrh iòyd rdcH wkq.%yh o fkduòj ,enqKq
nj fmfka' wfYdal hq.fha § thjvd;a ;Sj% úh' wfYdalf.a
wkq.%yh ,o NsCIQka jykafia,d úúO m%;Hka; ÈYdjkag jevu
fldg ta ta foa Y hka y s o nq ÿ iuh jHdma ; l<y' ta ta
foaYhkays iudc miqìïj,g wkq.; fjñka NsCIQka jykafia,d
ld,dkqrEmSj nqÿ iuh jHdma; l< w;r ta ksid u nqÿ iuh
flakaø lr.;a úúO ixialD;Ska f.dvke.S we;'
iudchl m% . ukh iòyd uQ , idOlh jka f ka
wOHdmkh hs' ta ksid u NsCIQka jykafia,d ±jeka; wOHdmk
wdh;k ìys fldg ta yryd uyckhd YsIagdpdr.; lrñka
uyck fiajh isÿ l<y' kd,kaod" c.oao,d" úl%uYs,d jeks
Ndr;Sh wOHdmk wdh;k;a uyd úydrh" wNh.sßh wdÈ
,dxflah wOHdmk wdh;k;a ìys jkafka ta wkqj hs'
f,dalfha uq,a u úYajúoHd,h ìys lsÍfï f.!rjho ysñ
jkafka fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,dg hs' uq,a hq.fha mej;s fuu
foia úfoia wOHdmk wdh;k ish,a,la u wdh;kfha kñka u

ye`ÈkajQjd ñi tajd y`ÿkajk fmdÿ kduhla fkdjQ nj fmfka'
tfy;a kQ;k úYajúoHd,hj,g tyd .sh wOHdmk ;;a;ajhla
tajdfha meje;s nj kï meyeÈ<s h' ta ksid u kQ;k úh;a;=
fuu wOHdmk wdh;k úYajúoHd,h hk kñka u y`ÿkaj;s'
tys lsis`ÿ fodaIhla wmg o fkdfmfka'
úoHudk idOl wkqj f,dalfha m<uq jk úYajúoHd,h
kd,kaodj hs' j¾. ls'ó' 10«05 m%udKhl úys§ mej; we;s
fuu wOHdmk wdh;kfhys tljr isiqka 15000la muK
wOHdmkh yodrd we;s nj jd¾;dj, ths' wdishdfjka fuf;la
yuq ù we;s úYd,; u úYajúoHd,h jkqfha o kd,kaodj hs'
óka ; mq Í "kd,ka o dfjka miq j Ndr;fha bÈ jQ ±jeka ;
wOHdmk wdh;kh hs' ls%'j' 660-705 ld,fha úiQ ,f.damd,
rc;=ud úiska bÈlr we;s fuu wOHdmk wdh;kfha 12000la
muK isik q a wOHdmkh yodrd we;' úl%uYs,dfõ l,la wêm;sj
isá §mxlr YS% {dk ysñfhda ^ls%'j' 980-1053& óka;mQßfha
uydhdkh yod< §ma;su;a YsIHfhl= jk w;r úl%uYs,dfõ
§ma;su;a u hq.fha kshuqjd o jQy' §mxlr YS% {dk ysñhkaf.a
hq.fha § úl%uYs,dj kd,kaodj o wNsNjd bÈßfhka isá nj
jd¾;dj,ska meyeÈ<s fjhs' úl%uYs,dj O¾umd, f;rekaf.a
Wmfoia u; O¾umd, rc;=ud úiska ^ls%'j' 770-810& lrjk
,oaols' kd,kaodfõ u ifydaor wdh;khla f,i bos jQ fuys
.=rejre 108 fofkl= yd ;j;a fiajlhka 06 fofkl= fiajfha
fhÿKq njg jd¾;dj, úia;r ths' ;ka;%hdkhg uQ,sl;ajhla
ÿka c.oao,d kï wOHdmk wdh;kh ls%'j' 1077-1129 ld,h
;=< rclï l< rdumd, rcqf.a wkq.%yfhka bÈ jQjls' §mxlr
Y%S {dk ysñhkaf.ka miqj áfngfha nqÿ iuh jHdma; l<
YdlH YS% Nø ysñhka c.oao,dfõ W.;a úYsIag m`ä rejkls'
fï yereKq fldg fidaumqr wdÈ jQ wOHdmk wdh;k rdYshla
uOH hq.fha Ndr;fha .uka u. fufyhjQ nj b;sydifhka
m%lg fõ' fï wdh;k ish,a,lau ;u iajlSh kdufhka
b;sydihg tlaù we;s w;r tajd kQ;k úYajúoHd,h uÜgfï
mej;s wOHdmk wdh;khs' fïjdfha wOHdmk ld¾hdj,sh
fufyh jQfjda NsCIQka jykafia,d hs' fï wdh;k kd,kaod

úYajúoHd,h" úl%uYS,d úYajúoHd,h wdÈ jYfhka kï lsÍug
o kQ;k úh;ayq fnfyúka fm<fU;s' fuu Ndr;Sh wOHdmk
wdh;k tlsfkl w;r úIh Odrdj w;ska fjkia jqj o md,k
jHqyh tlu uõ wdlD;shlg l%shd;aul jQ nj;a oyia .Kka
isiqka m¾fhaIKhkays kshe¨Kq nj;a fmfkhs' .=ma; hq.fha
yd bka miq ld,fha fuu wdh;k §ma;su;aj mej;sKs' ls%'j'
1192 § fudfyduâ nia;shd¾ keu;s uqia,sï wdl%uKslhd
úiska 5000l fiakdjla fhdojd kd,kaodj mq¿iaid úkdY lr
ouk ,§' oka j<|ñka isá NsCIQka oyia .Kkla >d;kh l<
nj;a kd,kaod mqia;ld,h udi yhla .sksf.k ±jqKq nj;a
jd¾;dj, ±lafõ' úl%uYS,dj;a" c.oao,dj;a fuu wdl%uKhg
yiqjQ w;r fidaumqr ìug iu;,d fkdjqK;a tho" l%ufhka
wfkl=;a fn!oaO wOHdmk wdh;k o uqia,sï wdl%uK yuqfõ
úkdY jQ njg;a f;dr;=re we;' yshqxiEx yd hsÜ isx jeks f,da
m;< jd¾;dlrejkaf.a jd¾;d fuu wOHdmk wdh;k ms<snò
fndfyda f;dr;=re imhhs'fuu mq¿,a wOHdmk ld¾hdj,shg
uQ, îchla iemhQfõ f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdfõ O¾um%pdrl
ld¾hNdrfhks'
f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdfõ m%;sM,hla f,i ,xldjg
jevu l< ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia o uydúydrh f.dvk.d
th flaJø lr.ksñka mq¿,a wOHdmk l%shdj,shla ,xldj mqrd
l%shd;aul lrjQy' md,s ;s%msglhg wgqjd kï úfYAIdx.hla tla
lrkqfha uyd úydrfha § ñys÷ udysñhkaf.a kdhl;ajfhks'
,xldjg jevu fldg isxy, wgqjd md,shg mßj¾;kh l<
nqÿf.dia ysñhkaf.a O¾u Ydia;%Sh fiajh uydúydrfha tla
Ydia;%Sh lghq;a;ls' f:rjd§ fn!oaO f,dalfha uQ,flaJøh
o uydúydrhhs' ta ksidu ,xldj O¾uoaùmh kï úreodj,sh
,nd;sfí' wNh.sßh fukau fca;jkh o fï yd iudkju
mej;s wOHdmk wdh;khs' fuhska wNh.sßh f,daflda;a;r
úIhka flfrys muKla fkdj f,!lsl úIhka flfrys o
wOHdmk fCIa;%h mq¿,a l< nj fmfka' uydúydrfha 3000 la
muK o" wNh.sßfha 5000 la muK o .sys meúÈ isiqka Ydia;%Sh
m¾fhaIKhkays kshe<S we;'
kd,kaodj jeks f,dal mQcs; wOHdmk wdh;khkays

wêm;s OQrhg m;a ,dxlsl wdpd¾hjrfhda o jQy' wd¾hY+r yd
O¾umd, f;reka l,la kd,kaodfõ wêm;s f,i lghq;=
fldg we;' tl, kd,kaodfõ mej;s lS¾;sh *dyshkaf.a
jd¾;dj, ±lafjhs' fmdf,dkakrefõ wd<dyk msßfjK wo
ld,fha yeáhg lshkafka kï fuäl,a fld<Scshls' ffjoH
wOHdmkh iòyd muKla u fjka jqKq wOHdmk wdh;khla
fuu hq.fha mej;sfha wd<dyK msßfjfKa muKs' Ndr;fhaj;a
ffjoHwOHdmkh iòydu fjka jqKq wOHdmk wdh;khla
;snQ njg ;ju idOl yuqù ke;' wm fï lreKq fuys iòyka
lf<a uq,a hq.fha wfma foaYSh wOHdmkh mej;sfha lskï
ia:dkhl ±hs lshjkakdg wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSfï myiqj
iòydhs' fldáka u lshf;d;a we;eï wjêhl kd,kaodj
wNsnjd ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ÈhqKqj mej;sKehs lsj yelsh' wo
ld,fha ,xldfõ foaYSh wOHdmkh bka§h wOHdmkh ;rï
ÈhqKqjla fkdfõh hk woyila o fuys ke;'
uydúydrh" wNh.sßh" fca;jkh" wd<dyK msßfjK
jeks uQ,sl wOHdmk wdh;k yereKq úg wIaguQ<dh;k kï
jQ wOHdmk wdh;k lsysmhla o jQ nj b;sydi f;dr;=rej,
ths' óg wu;rj iEu msßfjKla u wOHdmk wdh;khla jQ
w;r msßfjK hkq NsCIQka jykafia,d jevisá ia:dkhs' ta
wkqj NsCIQka jykafia,d jevisá iEu ia:dkhlau msßfjK
kñka ye|skajQ nj;a tajd wOHdmk wdh;k f,i lghq;=
l< nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ' iS.sß l=regq .S fuu hq.fha ,dxflah
wOHdmkfha uq¾;su;a levm;ls' rdcrdc" rdfcaJø" ld,sx.-ud>
jeks wdl%uKslhkaf.a m%ydr yuqfõ fuu wOHdmk wdh;k
úkdYhg .sh w;r wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a hehs ie<lsh
yels lD;sj,ska ;=kla muKla fYaI jk ;rug foaYSh
wOHdmkh ì| jeáKs' fojk mrdl%undyq" yhjk mrdl%undyq
jeks rcjrekaf.a wkq.%yh ,en jßka jr foaYSh wOHdmkh
k.disgqùug ,dxlSh h;sjre lghq;= l<y' uyd mrdl%undyq
rc;=ud ÈUq,d., ldYHm ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia u; fmdf,dkakre
l;sldj; we;s fldg ,xldfõ ksldh ;%h iuÕs lrjd we;s
l< i`.rc mrmqr nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl WmfoaYh

jk ’pr: NsCLfj pdßlx'''''''˜ hk WmfoaYh l%shd;aul lrñka
uyckhdf.a ys;iqj msKsi lghq;= lsÍu i|yd kdhl;ajh
f.k l%shdl<y' oUfoKs wjêfha isg fldaÜfÜ wjêh olajd
jkjdi .%dujdi wxY foflka m;ajk ix>rdchka jykafia
hful=f.a w;g oka; Od;=j ms<s.kajd Tgqkak ysfia m<|kafka
o Tyq rfÜ rcq jkafka h" hk u;fhka uyckhd l%shd l<
njg b;sydi f;dr;=re we;' uyckhdf.a ys; iqj i,iñka
rfÜ wdrCIdj yd iuDoaêh fjkqfjka kdhlFjh f.k
l%shdlsÍu ksid uyd ix>hd jykafia cd;sfha uqr foaj;djka
f,i úreodj,s o ,nd we;'
fldaÜfÜ wjêh ,dxflah wOHdmkfha fY%I a G
a Fjh úoyd
olajk ld, mßÉfPaohls' ùod.u uyd ffu;%S ysñ" f;dg.uqfõ
rdyq, ysñ" jE;a;Efõ ysñ jekakkaf.a ks¾udK óg ksoiqka
h' f;dg.uqfõ úchnd msßfjK" lEr., moaudj;S msßfjK"
mems,shdfka iqfka;%dfoaù msßfjK" fojqkaor bre.,al=,;s,l
msßfjK wd§ fulS fkdlS wOHdmk wdh;k fuu hq.fha
uyck fiajh i|yd NsCIQka mqyqKq l< wOHdmk wdh;khs'
oyih jk is h ji ,dxlS h Ys I a g dpdrfha yerjq ï
,CIhls' oyih jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha isg ,xldjg t,a,
jQ ngysr wdl%uK óg m%Odku fya;j = hs' fï jk f;la ,xldjg
t,a, jQ wdl%uK ish,a,la u fmrÈ. wdl%uKhs' Tjqka m,jd
yeÍfuka miq Tjq k a úis k a fl;rï úkdY fldg ;s n q K o
foa Y S h YsIagdpdrh h<s f.dvk.kakg ,dxlslfhda iu;a jQy'
ta i|yd fmruqK f.k l%h s d;aul jqjdyq NsCIQka jykafia,duhs'
rdcrdc,d úiska wkqrdOmqr rdcOdksh úkdY lsÍfuka miq
fmdf<dkakre rdcOdksh f.dvk.kakg;a ld,sx. ud> úiska
fmdf,dkakrej úkdY lr ±ófuka miq oUfoKs" hdmyq
yd fldaÜfÜ rdcOdks f.dvk.kakg;a uyd jeõ fmdl=Kq
f.dvk.d wdishdfõ OdkHd.drh njg m;ajkakg;a wmg
yels jqfha fuu wOHdmk wdh;k uÕska ,ndÿka ±kqu
wdl,am yd l=i,;d fya;=fjks' tfy;a wmrÈ. cd;Ska wm rg
wdl%uKh lsÍfuka miq ;ju;a tkak tkaku wm cd;shla

f,i w.dOhlg hkq úkd meyeÈ<s ±laula iys; .uklg
wj;S¾K ù we;a±hs wm is;d ne,sh hq;=j ;s f í' wm fuh
jgyd .; hq ; a f ;a fuf,is k s ' mD;= . S i s " ,kafoais" bx.%Sis hk
cd;slhkaf.ka wm rgg t,a, jQ wdl%uKh rdcrdc" ld,sx.
ud> jekakkaf.a wdl%uK jekakla fkdfõ' yqfola th f,dal
iudc l%ufha úldYkhl m%;sM,hls'ta ms<sn| úia;r lsÍu
fuys§ l< fkdyels h' Wvlekaoj, irKxlr ysñhkaf.a
iudc mßKduh jeks lD;s yd fndfyda kQ;k m¾fhaIKjd¾;d
uÕska ta ms<sn| mQ¾K úia;rhla ,eìh yels nj muKla fuys§
u;lalrñ'
l%s( j( 1505§ mD;=.SiSkq;a" 1678 § ,kafoaiSkq;a" 1815§
bx.%SiSkq;a wm rg wdl%uKh l< fyhska Y;j¾I ;=klg wêl
ld,hla ,xldj hg;a úcs;hla f,i mej;s nj wuq;=fjka
lsj hq;= fkdfõ' fudjqkaf.a hg;g m;ajQfha ,xldj muKla
fkdjk nj o fuys,d isysm;a l< hq;= h' fuu wmrÈ.
cd;Skaf.a wNs,dIh jQfha"
wd¾Ól jdis ,nd.ekSu
wd.u jHdma; lsÍu
ixialD;sh jHdma; lsÍu
wdÈ wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSuhs' ta wkqj rgj,a 54
lska hq;a zì%;dkH hg;a úcs; rdcHhZ f.dvke.=Ks' ysre
fkdnisk wêrdcHh f,i b;sydihg tlaj we;af;a thhs'
ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ hg;a úcs; Ndr f,alïjrfhl= m;alr
;snK
q q w;r Tyq hgf;a iEu hg;a úcs;hlu wdKavl q drjrfhl=
lghq;= lrk ,È' óg wu;rj wdishdfõ hg;a úcs; md,kh
Wfoid fmrÈ. bka § h fj<| iud.u uÕs k a ;j;a
fmdÿ wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;alr ;snqKs' mD;=.SiSkaf.a yd
,kafoaiSkaf.a uQ,sl wruqK jQfha wd.u yd ixialD;sh jHdma;
lsÍu jk fyhska tu wjëkays § isxy, fn!oaO ixialD;sh
wka;hgu mßydkshg m;aúKs' wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSfï uQ,sl
wruqK we;sj bx.S%is wdKavqfõ meñKSu;a iuÕ ,xldj ±ä
wd¾Ól fidaodmd¨jlg o ,laúh' wo wm uqyqK § isákafka o

tu fidaodmd¨fõ tla;rd wjia:djlghs' ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k
iufha § WmÈk iEu orejl=u udi lsym s hla we;=<; fN!;Siu
a
lsÍug;a tfia fkdue;s kï ovhlg fyda isr o`vqjulg hg;a
lsÍug;a kS;s mkjd ;snqKs' w;S;fha isg fn!oaO wdrdu kv;a;=
lsÍu i|yd rc orejka lemlr ;snqKq kskao.ï j;=-msá
bv-lvïish,a,lau ;snQ kS;s ta whqßka u ls%hd;aul lrñka
,kafoaiSkaf.a wdOHdmksl yd wd.ñl wdh;kj, kv;a;=j
i|yd fhdojkakg fodkacqjka O¾umd, úiska ksfhda. lrk
,È' w;S;fha § fm%!VFjfhka jecUqKq foaYSh wOHdmk wdh;k
ish,a,la u kgUqka njg m;aúh' NsCIQka jykafia,d urd ±ñKs'
iE" ms<su f.j,a ksoka fydrekaf.ka úkdYhg ,laúh' NsCIQka
jykafia,dg jevisàug ;ekla fkdúKs' isjqrla fmdrjdf.k
lghq;= lrkakg o bvla ,kafoais kS;sh ;=< ;snqfKa ke;'
tfyhska NsCIQka jykafia,d isjqre .,jd ie`.ù ryis.;j
lghq;= lrñka fmd;m; wdrCId lsÍu hq.fha yeáhg isÿlrk
,o uy;a cd;sl jHdmdrhls' tfia fkdjkakg nqÿ oyfuka
l=ula b;sßfõ±hs hk ;;a;ajhl tod iudch mej;s neõ
fmfka' t;rï ìysiqKq wjêhl jqjo ryis.;j ie`.ù isáñka
urKh wìuqj jqj o fmd;m; wdrCId lsÍfuys kshe¨Kq tu
lKavdhu .Kskakdkafia,d f,i b;sydihg tla ù we;'
.Ks k a k dka f ia , d hkq mxi,a j , jevis á is j q r e
fmdrjd.;a NsCIq lKavdhula fkdfõ' Tjqka cSj;a jqfha mxi,
iómfhau we;s ksfjilhs' .Kskakdkafia,d tys oreu,a,ka
we;slr .ksñka .syscSú;hla .;l<y' uyckhd
.Kskakdkafia cSj;a jk ksji ye|skajQfha .fka j<õj kñks'
fuu .Kskakdkafia,d w;r o kdhl .Kskakdkafia,d isá
w;r we;eï wh bx.S%is wdKavqfõ ;k;=re o ord we;' óg
wu;rj fmÜg.ïj, ;snQ fmd;m; wdrCId lsÍu" tajdg u,a
myka mQcd lsÍu wd§ lghq;= we;eï .Kskakdkafia,d w;ska
isÿù we;s nj fmfka' Tjqka w;ska ,shejqKq we;eï ixfoaY
ldjHhka mjd ±lsh yels fyhska meyeÈ<s jkqfha Tjqka o
Ydia;%Sh wOHhkh wdÈh úIfhys Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ njhs' tfy;a
tl, isá isxy, ck kdhlhska msßila ;k;=re" ;dkak - ud-

kak" iïm;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka mr cd;Skag .e;s ù lghq;=
lr ;sfí' tajd ms<snò fjku úuid ne,sh hq;= fõ' fuu ish¨
fÄojdplhka yuqfõ foaYSh wOHdmkhla f,i fuu wjêfha
§ fYaI jQfha ’.Kskakdkafia,d kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ tla;rd
NsCIq lKavdhula úiska O¾u r;akh hk ye`.Sfuka Nla;sfhka
Wfoa yjd u,a myka mQcd fldg wdrCId fldg.;a fmÜg.
ïj, ldjka ld Èrdm;aj .sh mqiafld, fmd;a rdYshla muKs˜'
tajd lshjkafkla fyda lshùug yels wfhla fidhd.ekSu ta
ld,fha yeáhg l¨ksl fydhkjdg;a jvd wiSre ld¾hhla
úh' bx.S%iSkaf.a meñKSu;a iuÕ ;;a;ajh ;j;a nrm;, úh'
ta ms<sn| flá úia;rhla bÈßfha § fï ,smsfha § u lshúh
yelsh'
cd;shla jYfhkafuf,i m,a,ï nisñka ±jeka;
fidaodmd¿jlg ,lajk w;r;=r ta w;ßka ke.S wd ß§ f¾Ldjla
n÷ cd;sl mqkreo jHdmdrh ms<sn|j o hula lsjhq;= fõ' fuu
cd;sl mqkreo jHdmdrfha wdrïNh iksgqyka jkafka je,súg
wirK irK irKxlr i`.rc ys ñ hka f .a wm% ; s y ;
lemùfuks' 1698 cqks 18 jk Èk Wm; ,enQ Wka jykafia
1778 wei< fmdfyda Èk wmj;a jQy' fojk úu,O¾uiqßh" ùr
mrdl%u kf¾Jøisxy" Y%S úchrdcisxy" lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy hk
rdcH ld, y;rla Wkajykafiaf.a cSjk iuh ;=< f.ù we;'
rdcH úfrdaë l%h
s d lsÍu ksid urd ±uqKq iQßhf.dv idufKarhka
irKxlr ysñhkaf.a .=rejrhd hs' rg cd;sh jeà we;s ;ek
ms<ns | yß wjfndaOhla ,nd.;a irKxlr ysñfhda l=vd wjêfha
§ u is,aj;a iud.ula we;sfldg kshulkao" .v,dfoKsh jeks
ia:dkj, wOHdmk wdh;k we;slrjdis,aj;a iud.ug wl=re
Ydia;%h wdÈhyqre fldg merKs isß;a úß;a we;=<;a isxy,
ixialD;sh myod foñka uy;a fn!oaO m%fndaOhla we;slrkakg
iu;a jQy' th hq.fha fmr<shl werUquls' uyck m%idoh
is,aj;a iud.ug jeäùu;a iu. l=ms; jQ .Kskakdkafia,df.a
fla,dï wid rc;=ud irKxlr idufKarhkaj ,.a.,g
msgj
q y,a lrkakg o mshjr .;af;ah' irKxlr idufKarhka
flfrys úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a m%idoh we;sjkakg jQfha

bkaÈhdfjka meñKs nuqfKl=g ms<s;=re §ug iu;a tlÿ
mqoa.,fhl= fkdue;sj wirKj isá wjia:dfõ thg ms<sirK
jQfha irKxlr idufKarhka muKlau jk ksidfjks' nuqKd
iu. l;d lsÍug iu;a tlÿ úhf;l=;a tl, fkdisá nj
fuhska meyeÈ<s fõ' m<uq kdhlal¾ jxYsl rcq jk úchrdcisxy
;udf.a .=rejrhd f,i irKxlr idufKarhka ie<l+ fyhska
Wkajykafiag rdc.=re moúh o msßkeó h' ñhkaudrfhka
yd ;dhs,ka;fhka Wmiïmodj f.kajd .ekSug irKxlr
ysñhkag úch rdcisxy fnfyúka wkq.%y l< o tu lghq;a;
id¾:l lr.ekSug fkdyels ù we;' l%s( j( 1752 § tkï" lS¾;s
YS% rdcisxy rdcH iufha z;d¾ldZ kï ,kafoais kejlska ishug
f.dia Wmd,s ysñhka jvïujd u,aj;= iSudfõ§ irKxlr
idufKarhka Wmiïmodj ,nk úg Wkajykafia 50 jk úfha
miq jQy' úfoaYslhkaf.a wdêm;Hhg k;=j wka; mßydKshg
m;a j ;s n Q foa Y S h ixia l D;s h kej; mK .ka j ka k g
Wkajykafia ;u cSú;hu lem l<y' isrn;a lñka isá f,õfla
rd<f.ka ryis.;j wOHdmkh wdrïN l< irKxlr ysñhka
uy;a is,aj;a iud.ula we;sfldg Wmiïmodj kej; wrUd
wOHdmk wdh;k yryd foaYSh ixialD;sh k.d isgqjkakg tod
isÿl< fufyh fl;rï jákafka o@ we;af;kau th kjhq.
hl wdrïNhls'
irKxlr i`.rc ysñhkaf.ka wdrïN jQ cd;sl m%fndaOh
l%ufhka j¾Okh jkakg úh' irKxlr i`.rc ysñhkaf.a
YsIHfhl= jk .d,af,a fïOxlr ysñhka me,auvq,af,a we;sl<
wOHdmk wdh;kh m<uq úêu;a wOHdmk wdh;khhs' tys
wOHdmkh ,enq j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhka 1841 § r;au,dfka
mruOïufÉ;sh kñka wOHdmk wdh;khla we;s lf<ah'
,xldfõ m<uq jrg lÓldpd¾h Oq r hla ys ñ jQ m<uq
Ns C IQ k a jyka f ia jk ,xld úYa j úoHd,fha lÓldpd¾h
iQßhf.dv iqux., ysñhka tu msßfjfKys wOHdmkh ,enQ
uq,au m`ärejkls' óg wu;rj úÿrefmd, msh;siai ysñhka"
yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñhka" r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal ysñhka
jeks ft;sydisl ysñjre ;u cSjk mkakrh ,enqfha fuu

mruOïufÉ;sh msßfjfKks' ke.S tk fuu cd;sl mqkreo
jHdmdrfha ;j;a wka;¾cd;sl yerjqï ,CIHhls" mdkÿrdjdoh'
tys kdhl;ajh ±rE ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka o fï
msßfjfkau YsIHfhls' Wkajykafia lf;da,l
s oyu;a nqÿ oyu;a
ms<sn|j .eUqre wjfndaOhlska hqla; jq l;dfjys iu;alï
we;s" cd;shgfY%aIaG fufyjrla bgql< ysñ kuls'
fï jk úg mej;sfha bx.Si
% s wdKavj
q hs' cd;sh f.dvke.Sfï
fuu cd;sl mqkreo jHdmdrh l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh fuka u
rfÜ md,k ;ka;%h ms<sn|j o wjfndaOfhka isàu jeo.;a
ldrKhls' tfyhska ta ms<sn|j lreKq lsysmhla o fuys
olajf;d;a jvd;a m%fhdackj;a fõ hehs yef`.a' bx.%i S k
S g
a wjYH
jqfha rfÜ iïm;a iQrdf.k Tjqkaf.a wêrdcHhka kv;a;=
lsÍug wjYH wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .ekSuhs' l%ufhka uqyqÿnv
m%foaYfha isg n,h w,a,d.;a bx.%SiSka rg wNHka;rhg ;u
n,h jHdma; lr.ekSfï ls%hdj,shlkshe,sKs' 1796 isg u
,xldj l%ufhka bx.S%iSkaf.a wdêm;Hhg k;= jQ nj fmfka'
1796 -1798 ld,h fmrÈ. bka§h fj<ò iud.u uÕskq;a" 1798
- 1802 ld,h ;=< fmrÈ. bka§h fj<ò iud.u yd ì%;dkH
lsÍgh yd tlaj oaú;aj md,khla hgf;a o" 1802 isg ì%;dkH
lsÍgh hgf;a o ,xldfõ md,kh isÿ úh' fuhska m<uq
hq.fha § uÿrdis kS;sh hgf;a uqyqÿ nv m%foaY md,kh ù
we;' iQrdlEu uQ,sl wruqK lr .;a bx.%SiSka ±ä nÿ m%;sm;a;s
wkq.ukh lrkakg úh' fmd,a .ia noao" ud¿ noao" ¨Kq
noao" rd - wrlal= noao" ÿïfld<noao fï nÿ w;r by<ska u
jQ w;r M,odj fkd;snqK o fmd,a .ia ksid nÿ .eiSu wdÈh
uy ckhd mSvd lrkakla úh' óg tfrysj ,dxlslfhda 1897
§ ±jeka; wr.,hla Èh;a lrkakg úh' bx.S%iSka le/,a,
u¾okh lsÍfuka miq ñhqrka lñgqj m;afldg úi`ÿï ,nd §
1898 isg oaú;aj md,k l%uhlg ,xldj hg;a flßKs' ta wkqj
,xldj iòyd m;a jQ m<uq wdKavqldrhd jQfha f*âßla fkda¾;a
wdKavlq drhd hs' Tyq iud.ug;a" lsÍghg;a j.lsj hq;= mqo. a ,hd
hs' tfy;a iud.fï ks,OdÍka jeä ,dN bmehSug hdu ksid;a"
isxy, isß;a úß;a lsisjla fkdokakd ksid;a fïmd,k l%uh

t;rï id¾:l lr .ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels jQ neõ fmfka'
ta wkqj 1802 § ,xldfõ md,kh iud.fuka ksoyia fldg
lsÍgh hg;g m;a flßKs' 1805 § m;aj wd wdKavqldrhd jQfha
f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ h'
fuu ld, jljdkqj jk úg irKxlr i`.rc ysñhka
we;sl< mqkreoh ldg;a fydr ryfia ixj¾Okh fjñka
mej;sKs' me,auvq,a, úoHdh;kh" .v,dfoKsh úoHdh;kh
flakaø lr.;a wOHdmk wdh;k yryd foaYSh wOHdmkh
jevq K q w;r rgmq r d is , a j ;a iud.u j¾Okh fjñka
Wmiïmod l¾udÈh isÿ lrñka w;s uy;a uyck m%idohla
wee;slr .ksñka fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh kef`.ñka mej;sKs'
.Kskakdkafia,d fjkqjg Wmiïmod ysñjreka ks¾udKh
ùu;a" wkH cd;Skag hg;aj ;snQ foaYSh ixialD;sh ke`.S isàu;a
ksid we;s jQ uyck m%idoh"lkao Wvrg isxym rcq flfrys
flakaø .; ù ;sìKs' NsCIq ix>hdf.a m%idoh Èkd.ekSu ful,
rfÜ md,kh flfrys fnfyúka jeo.;a jQ idOlhla nj
meyeÈ<s fõ' fï jk úg bx.%SiSkag kqjr rdcOdksh yereKq
úg rfÜ ish¨ m%foaYj, md,k n,h ,eî ;snqKs' tfy;a
fld<U yd ;Sl % K
= du,h jrdhj,a w;r iïnkaO;djhka mj;ajd
.ekSug Tjqkag isÿ jQfha uqyqÿ ud¾.fhks' fl<U ;%sl=Kdu,
jrdhj,a w;r uqyqÿ ud¾. .ukd.ukhg ±ä úhoula hdu"
bx.%SiSkag ksrka;rfhka isxy, rcqf.a ler<sj,g uqyqK §ug
isÿùu" we;eï wjia:djkaj, isxy, rc;=ud ,xfoaiSkag iyh
±laùu wdÈ lreKq ksid bx.%SiSkag uykqjr rdcOdksh w,a,d
.ekSug wjYH jQ nj fmfka' tA wkqj lsÍgfhka m;alr tjQ
f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ tu ld¾hfhys b;d WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= l<
wdKqvqldrjrfhls' irKxlr i`.rc ysñhkaf.ka ke`.S wd
fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg wo mj;sk fï whym;a ;;a;ajhg
m;a ùug úI fnfy;a tkak;a lf<a f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ hehs
lSfjd;a we;af;kau th ksjerÈ hs'tfy;a Tyq ms<snò mdi,a
fm< fmdf;a olajd we;af;a rE,a y;rl flá igykla muKs'
cd;shg wdl,am tla lsÍfï j.lSu mejfrkqfha wOHdmk
fCIa;%hg hs' tfy;a j;auka wOHdmk fCIa;%h fï ms<sn|

lsisÿ yeÕSulska f;drj wkjfndaOfhka l%shdlrk nj lsjhq;=
fõ'’uykqjr rdcHfha n,h fï m<d;aj, mj;skafka nqoaOd.u
ksidh" NsCIQkaf.a n,h b;d úYd,h˜ hkqfjka fmaøsla fkda¾;a
wdKavqldrhd lr we;s m%ldYfhka o"’fkdfhla lreKqj,§
NsCIQkaf.a n,h uqo,sjrekaf.a n,hg;a jvd úYd,h˜ hk
fuÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrhdf.a m%ldYfhka o tl, fn!oaO mqkreo
jHdmdrhg ;snQ n,h yd Yla;sh ms<snò lsishï woyila ,nd
.; yelsh' t;rï n,hla mej;s NsCIqjg wo l=ula isÿ ù o@
b;d WmdhYS,S jQ bx.%SiSka ryis.;j W.=,a wgjd ;u wruqK
fj; ,`.d ù we;s whqre b;sydih uekúka lshd md ;sfí'
b;sydih ;rï .=rejrfhla ke;ehs lsj yelafla tfyhsks'
tfy;a wm rfÜ b;sydih b.ekaùu ms<snò we;af;a b;d my;a
wdl,amhls' cd;sl ye`.Sulska hq;a Woúhf.a n,mEï yuqfõ
uE;l § hï muKlg b;sydih úIh b.ekaùu iòyd fm<
fmd;a ks¾udKh lr we;;a tajdhska iïmQ¾K jerÈ wdl,amhla
iys; b;sydihla W.kajkjd muKla fkdj msßjkaj, b;sydi
wOHdmkh"lshkakgj;a fohla ke;s ;rï my;a ;;a;ajhlg
jeà we;s neõ lsj hq;=hs' rfÜ mj;sk wd.ñl ixialD;sl
;;a ; a j h ms < s n ò ukd wjfnda O hla ,nd.;a fuÜ,ka
wdKavqldrhd fn!oaO NsCIQka yd rdcH w;r mj;sk iïnkaOh
ìò ±óu uykqjr md,k n,h ,nd .ekSug fydòu Wmdh hehs
wjfndaO lrf.k fï iïnkaOh ìò ±óu iòyd WmdhYS,Sj
lghq;= l< wdldrh;a tu jljdkqfõ ;dkak udkak kïnq
kdu lEor lñka lghq;= l< lrf;dg yd fndaj, ia:úrhka
m%uqL meúÈ .sys Woúh;a l%shdl< wdldrh ms<snò b;d meyeÈ<s
úia;rhla j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhkaf.a NsCIqjf.a Wreuh
lD;sfhys wjidk Nd.fha ±lsh yelsh' uyckhd w;r n,
meje;a jQ m%Odk fmf<a ia:úrhkag .re kïnq yd ks,;,
W;aij YS%fhka ,nd foñka wdKavqjg mCImd; lrjd .ekSug;a
tu`.ska m%N+ ia:úrhka w;r u;fNao we;s fldg fNao Nskak
lrùu;a fudjqkaf.a Wmdh úh'lrf;dg" fndaj, foku fufia
m<uqj ix>kdhl moú ,nd .ekSug ;SrKh jQ w;r tys§
fndaj, ysñhkaf.a ckm%idoh ke;s lsÍug uQ,slFjh .kafka

m<uqj kdhl moúh ,enQ lrf;dg ia:úrhkau ùu bx.%iS k
S f
a .a
wruqK fl;rï iM,jQfha o hkakg lÈu WodyrKhls' tod
cd;sl jHdmdrfha fY%aIaG pß;hla jQ l=vyfmd, ysñhkag
fjä;nd urd ±uQ fgdßkagka wdKavqldrhd úiska ,nd ÿka
fuu uykdhl moú ikakia m;%fha§
’ffklYS%ka úrdcudk ffjljqkaÜ fgdßkagka .re;r
,xldKavqldr ;=udKka úiska wmg Ndr fok ,Èka ''''''˜
’tu ksid fï kdhl ia:úr ;ek W;=ï jQ bx.%Sis
wdKavqjg iy wm uy ix> iudchg iqmCIj iqjpj''''˜
’tu m<d;a jeiswfma úydr md¾Yajhg we;=<;a ix>hd
;=<ska fldhskï flfkla kuq;a W;=ï jQbx.%Sis wdKavqjg
iy wfma wd.ñl pdß;%j,g;a úreoaOj ldrK lshk fia
wikakg fhfok rdcfødayslï ojxpd jQ kmqre jQ iud.u ùï
o iïmQ¾Kfhka fidhd n,d tjekakla ±k.;aa úg mq¨jka
läkñka wdKavqjg iy wmg o ksis wdldr okajd fokag;a
´kEh''''˜
wdÈ jYfhka tk mdGj,ska meyeÈ<s jkafka fgdßkagka
wdKavqldrhd fnfyúka j¾Kkd fldg we;s nj;a zkdhl
ia:úr ;ekZ jYfhka olajd uykdhl ysñhkag wf.!rj
fldg we;s w;r uykd ysñhkag mjrd we;s ld¾hNdrh jkqfha
wdKavqfõ .e;af;l= ù wdKavqjg tfrysj lghq;= lrkakka
w,a,d §ug;a ta ms<snòj lreKq fidhd ne,Sug;a h'bx.S%iSka
NsCIqjg kdhllï mjrd iïnqoaO Ydikfha j.lSu o Tjqkag
mjrk nj lSu;a iu. /jgqKq wfma ia:úrhka jykafia,d
f.k .sh ls%hd l,dmh fY%aIaG cd;shl úkdYh iksgqyka
lrkakg iu;a úh' ;E.s fNda. ;k;=re ;dkak udkak
,ndfoñka isxy, m%N+ka ;u ji`.hg .;a bx.%SiSka ro, m%N+ka
yd tlaj l=uka;%Khl fh§ 1815 § uykqjr uÕ=,a uvqfõ §
w;aika lrk ,o .súiqula u.ska rfÜ md,k whs;sh ;ukag
,shd .ekSug bx.%SiSka iu;a úh' fuh cd;sfha uyd mdjd§u
kñka b;sydihg tlaù yudrh' isxy, Och ìu fy<d bx.%Sis

Och tiùu fufyd;la blauka lrùfuka cd;sldkqrd.fhka
TojevqKq jdßhfmd, iqux., ysñhka bx.%Sis fldäh md.d ìu
oukafka fï wjia:dfõ§ h' fujka iïNdjkSh wjia:djl
fkdfydôkd jevla lf<a hehs Wkajykafia úydria:dkj,ska
mjd t<jd ±uqKq nj;a miq lf,l ysrf.org olal f.k .sh
nj;a ysr f.or § wmj;a jqKq nj;a jd¾;dj, ±lafõ'
fkdfhla ;k;=re yd jia;= wdYdfjka hqla; jQ meúÈ
.sys msßilf.a Wjukdj u; bx.Si % k
S a yd 1815 § w;aika flreKq
.súiqfuys zu,nd¾ md,lhdf.a kdhlal¾ jxYhg yd Tyqf.a
[d;Skag Wvrg isyiqk wysñ jk njg;a ;=kajk fcda¾ca rcqg
isyiqk ysñjk nj;aZ .súiqfï uq,ska meyeÈ,s flfrk w;r
miq j.ka;sj,ska zfoaYSh isß;a úß;a wdrCId lsÍu nqoaOd.u yd
fjfyr úydr wdrCId lsÍuZ wd§ j.ka;s we;=<;a ù we;' fcdaka
fvdhs,sg Wvrg m%foaYfha md,kh mejßKs' jeäl,a fkdf.
diau .súiqfï j.ka;s lvùu ksid 1818 § W!j fj,a,iafika
bx.S%iSkag tfrysj le/,a,la we;súKs' fuu le/,af,a§
bx.%Sis fiakdfõ kdhlhd f,i lghq;= l< lemamáfmd,
isxy, fiakdjg tla jQ w;r le/,af,ka bx.%SiSkag fndfyda
w,dNydks isÿù we;' isxy, nyq;rhla urd ouñka le/,a,
uev meje;aùug bx.S%iSka iu;a úh' iQrdlEu uQ,sl m%;sm;a;sh
jQ ksidu bx.%SiSka úiska uy;a nÿ nrla uyckhd fj; t,a,
lrkakg úh' 1848 § l=vyfmd, ysñhkaf.a kdhl;ajfhka
;j;a le/,a,la we;sjkafka mSvdj tkak tkaku W.% w;g
yereKq ksidfjks' f.dúhka úiska nÿ mk;aj,g tfrysj
f.k.sh ikakoaO wr.,hla jk fyhska fuu wr.,h
f.dú wr.,h f,i b;sydihg tlaù we;' f.dka.df,af.dv
nKavd isxy, rcq f,i lsre¿ m<|jd ùr mqrkawmamq yd tlaj
l=vyfmd, ysñhkaf.a kdhlFjfhka fuu wr.,h l%shd;aul
l< w;r bx.%SiSka úiska hqo kS;sh mkjd Èk lsysmhlska
le/,a, u¾okh lrkakg lghq;= lrk ,È' tys§ fgdßkagka
wdKavqldrjrhdf.a wK mßÈ l=vyfmd, ysñhka fjä;nd
urd ±ñKs' wm by;ska i|yka l< uydkdhl ikakia m;%fha
’ffklY%Ska úrdcudk''''˜ wdÈ jYfhka j¾Kkdjg ,la fldg

we;af;a fï whqßka l=vyfmd< ysñhkag fjä ;nd urd ±uQ
fgdßkagka wdKavqldrhd hs' kdhl ia:úrjreka ;dkak -
udkak kïnq kdu Wfoid cd;sfha ùrhka mdjd §ug kS;sfhka
ne`§ isáfha fl;rï kskaÈ; whqßka o@ tod l=vyfmd< ysñhka
m%uqL oyia .Kkla ckhd cSú; mQcd fldg Èkd .;a foa fnd-
fyda hs' fgdßkagka n,fhka fkrmd ±óu" lv idmamq noao" n¨
noao wj,x.= lsÍu yd uqoaor noao" ;=jlal= noao" lr;a; noao"
fndaÜgq noao wdÈh iykodhS f,i ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSu ta
w;ßka m%Odk fõ'
fï w;r jdrfha § irKxlr i`.rc ysñhka wdrïN
l< mqkreo jHdmdrh l%ufhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mej;sKs'
me,auvq,a, O¾udh;kfha wOHdmkh ,enQ j,dfka isoaOd¾:
ysñhka r;au,dfka mruOïufÉ;sh kï msßfjK wrïN
lrkqfha l=vyfmd, ysñhkaf.a kdhlFjfhka 1848 § Èh;a l<
f.dú wr.,hg jir lsysmhlg fmrd;=jhs' yßhgu lsjfyd;a
ta 1841 j¾Ifha§ h' tys W.;a ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka
nqoaO O¾uh fukau l%sia;= O¾uh ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqulska hqla;
jQ ysñkuls'Wkajykafia úiska l%i
s ;
a h
s dks ñIkdÍ iud.ï iu.
f.k.sh jdo jHdmdrh fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha cd;Hka;r
m%fndaOhla we;s lrjkakla úh' 1864 noafoa.u § ;a" 1865 §
jrdf.dv§;a" 1866 § Woïñg§;a" 1871 § .ïfmd,§;a" 1873 §
mdkÿf¾§;a isÿlrk ,o fuu jdo mxpuyd jdohka f,i
b;sydihg tlaù we;' ;;ald,Sk f,aLk fukau miqld,Sk
f,aLkj,ska o fuu jdohka ms<sn| úia;r rdYshla tl;=lr
.; yelsh' fï jkúg uqøK Ys,amh ÈhqKq ù mej;s fyhska
mdkÿrdjdofha fodaxldrh f,dalh mqrd me;sfrkakg úh' foia
úfoia fn!oaO wfn!oaO fndfyda msßilf.a wjOdkh nqÿ oyu
foig fhduqlr .ekSug .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a fuu mxpuyd
jdo fya;=úh'
óg wu;rj yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñhka wdrïN l<
,xldf,dalh mqj;am;" iqu;s ix.%yh" ,lañKs myk wdÈ
i`.rd;a weia uyskao ysñ" mshodi isßfiak" ví' ta' is,ajd

jekakkaf.a f,aLk;a ld,fha yeáhg cd;sldkqrd.h fukau
wd.ñl yd Ydia;%Sh wjfndaOh jv jvd;a mq¿,a lrjkakg
iu;a ù we;' 1873 § yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñhka úfoHdaoh
msßfjK wdrïN lsÍu;a" 1875 È r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal
ysñhka mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr msßfjK wdrïN lsÍu;a hq.fha
isÿ jQ hq. ld¾hNdrhka folls' mdkÿrdjdofha úia;r lk
jel=Kq ´,alÜ;=ud weußldfõ isg ,xldjg meñfKkafka Th
w;r;=rhs' 1880 § weußldfõ isg ,xldjg meñKs ´,alÜ;=ud
oyï fmd;m; ,shñka bx.%Sis fn!oaO mdi,a we;slrñka uy;a
cd;sl jHdmdrhla lrf.k .shy' fld<U wdkJo" kd,kao"
uykqjr O¾urdc" .d,af,a uyskao wdÈ mdi,a wdrïN lsÍug
mqfrda.dó jq ´,alÜ ;=ud fld<U ñhqishia" úYdLd wdÈnd,sld
mdi,a weröugo ;u odhl;ajh iemhSh' 1883 § ñf.Ügqj;af;a
ysñhkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka fldgfyafka§ we;sjQ fn!oaO l%sia;=
flda,dy,fha§ bx.%Sis wdKavqj ,ndÿka ;Skaÿj w.;s.dó tlla
njg m%ldY flfrk ikafoaYhla lsÍgfha hg;a úcs;Ndr
f,alïg heùug o ´,alÜ ;=ud lghq;= lrk ,§' tfukau
mru ú{dkd¾: iud.u msysgqjd ta yryd fn!oaO mqkreo
jHdmdrhg ixúOdkd;aul iajrEmhla ,nd ÿkafka o ´,alÜ
;=ud hs' fï w;r §k jQ cd;shla m%fndaO lsÍug cd;sfhkau
my< jQ fY%aIaG hq. mqreIhd jk wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ukaf.a
hq.h t<ôKs' cd;sh wjÈ lrjñka rgjgd foaYk jHdmdrhla
f.k hñka zisxy, fn!oaOhdZ mqj;am; wdrïN lrñka isxy,
m%N+ka l¾udka; fCIa;%hg fhduq lrñka cd;sl jHdmdrhg
fhdaO msïula f.k§ug lghq;= l< fY%aIaG hq. mqreIfhls"
O¾umd, ;=ud' fu;=ud ms<snòj lreKq yd ±kqu iq,nj
iudc.;j we;s fyhska fuys§ jeämqr hula fkdolajuq' tfy;a
ta ±kqu m%udKj;a hehs woyila bka fkdlshfjk w;r wm
úiska olajkq ,nk fuu úia;rh i|yd th m%udKj;a njhs
thska lshfjkafka'
20 jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a Nd.h O¾umd,;=udf.a neihk
hq.h f,i ye|skaúh yelsh' bx.%SiSkaf.ka rfÜ md,k n,h
flfia fyda ,nd.ekSfï wruqK we;sj ,xld cd;sl ix.uh

werfUkafka fï w;rhs' t*a' wd¾' fiakdkdhl" fmdkakïn,ï
rdukdoka" B' ví' fmf¾rd" B' ta' .=Kisxy wd§ka fuu cd;sl
ix.ufhys m%n, idudcslhka jQ nj fmfka' fudjqkaf.a woyi
jQ f ha bx.% S i s cd;S k a g .e;s l ï fldg md,k n,h ,nd
.ekSuhs' ,xldfõ ish¨ fokdg i¾jck Pkao n,h ,nd §ug
tfrysj ls%hdlf<a ,xld cd;sl ix.uhhs' ish¨ fokdg PJo
n,h ysñjqjfyd;a wkd.;fha § ;ukag n,hg m;aùug
fkdyelsfõh hk is;sú,a,la Tjqk;r ;snQ nj fmfka'
’fï ix.ufha wjidk wruqK ì%;dkH rch hgf;a
wNHka;r md,kh ,nd.ekSughs' th u;l ;nd.kak' wms
ksoyi lshkafka ke;' wms th ljodj;a fkdb,a¨fjuq' th
b,a,Sug ;rï wms fudavfhda fkdfjuq'˜
’wms ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha wLKav fldgila f,i
ks o yia j Bg tla j Q f huq ' ì% ; dkH rcq ì% ; dkH ÿm;a j ,
fukau wmf.a o rcqhs' wmg úYd, yÈiaishla ke;' lekvdjg"
íafÜ%,shdjg" flama fld,kshg m%odkh lr we;a;dla fuka
wNHka;r md,kh b,a,Sug wms iqÿiaika nj m%:ufhkau wms
ì%;dkHhkag fmkakqï lruq' uf.a woyig wkqj wmg th l<
yels tlu u. kï jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhkau wm kshu
ì%;dkHhka ùuhs' tfia ke;sj tu wêrdcHfha fldgialdrhka
ùug wmg whs;shla ke;'˜
,xld cd;sl ix.ufha iNdm;sjrfhl= jQ tÉ'fca'iS' fmf¾rdf.a
uqúka msgjqKq fuu woyiaj,ska ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha wruqKq
uekúka meyeÈ<s lr.; yelsh'
’fï iudcfha iudcslhka iy j;= ysñhka jYfhka
l;d l< mqoa.,hka w;r fjkila ±laúh yels hehs uu
fkdis;ñ' wms jeäfokd j;= ysñfhda fjuq' wfma wjYH;djka
lSm w;lskau hQfrdamd j;= ysñhkaf.a wjYH;djkag iudk
h' Tjqkf.a jeä fokd wmg udj; fmkajQ nj;a furgg m%d.a
Okh f.kú;a wmish,a,g u fi!Nd.H Èkd.ekSfï udj;
fmkaùfï f.!rjh Tjqkag ysñjk nj i;Hhls' wms Tjqkf.a

wämdf¾ .uka l< w;r ±ka wmf.a Wjukdlï iudkh'
,dxlsl j;= ysñhkaf.a wjYH;djka hqfrdamSh j;= ysñhkaf.a
wjYH;djkag iudk h'˜
cd;sl ix.ufha iNdm;sjrfhl=f.a m%ldYhla jk fuu
m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s jkafka ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jYfhka
ksfhdackh lf<a ,xldfõ nyq;r uyck ksfhdackh fkdjk
njhs' yqfola th j;=ysñ Okm;s me,eka;sh ksfhdackh lrk
ixúOdkhla úh' tfy;a bx.%SiSka we;sl< jHjia:d iNdjg
foaYSh jYfhka we;=<;a jQ ksfhdacs;hka m;alr .kq ,enQfha
,xld cd;sl ix.ufhks' l%ufhka foaYSh ksfhdacs;hka msßi
jeä lrñka bx.%SiSka 1948 § bx.S%is .e;s l¨ iqoaoka msßilg
rfÜ md,kh Ndrfok ,È' th o fvdñkshka ;;a;ajhlsks'
tfyhska ta ,enq ksoyiska foaYSh idudkH ckhdg we;s jQ
hym;la fkdùh' O¾umd,;=udf.a fï m%ldYh fuu iudc
;;a;ajh f;areï .ekSug uy;a msgqjy,la jkq we;'
’u;l ;shd .ks,,
a d" ljoyrs iqof
a od fï rg od, hkjd"
Wka hkafk Wkaf. orefjd jf.a l¨ iqoafod úis ;sia odyla
fï rfÜ fnda l<dg miafihs' Bg miafi fï rg md,kh
lrkafk fï l¨ iqoafod'''''''˜
bx.%SiSka úiska Tjqkaf.a wOHdmk l%uh yryd rg
;=< mßmd,k wjfndaOh iys; bx.%Sis .e;s msßila ks¾udKh
fldg Tjqkag md,k n,h § msgùug iQodkï jk nj foaYSh
cd;sl jHdmdrfha lghq;= l<jqkag jegfykakg úh' fuhska
isÿjkafka bx.%Sis lsÍghg hg;aj rg md,kh lrk foaYSh
m%N+ msßila ìys ùu muKs' thska bx.%SiSkag rg md,kh i|yd
wjYH jk kv;a;= úhoï b;sßùu yefrkakg rgla jYfhka
isÿjk hym;la kï fkdúKs' tlu fjki iqÿ cd;sl md,k
ks,OdÍka fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a ksfhda.h l%shd;aul lrk foaYSh
ckhd iqrdlk foaYSh l¨ iqoaoka msßila ìysuhs' we;af;kau
isÿjQfha o thhs' 1946 mej;s uy ue;sjrKfhka ch.%yKh
,nkafka foaYh S Okj;=kf a .ka ilia jqKq tlai;a cd;sl mCIh
hs' fï uyd jHikh l,a ;shd y`ÿkd .;a foaYSh ckhd mQ¾K
ksoyia rdcHhla f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd jdudxYsl foaYmd,k
jHdmdr wrUkakg fhÿKs'lïlre mCIh" iuiudc mCIh"
fldñhqksÜia mCIh ta w;r uq,a;ekla .kshs' Tjqka f.k.sh
cd;sl jHdmdrh wo olajdu;a kef.ñka nefiñka l%shd;aul
fjñka ;sfí' fï ms<sn| b;sydi lreKq kj ks¾foaYh ;=<
mdi,a fm<fmd;g b;d iq¿ jYfhka fyda we;=<;a lr ;sîu
i;=gg lreKls' fuys,d úfYaIfhka lsjhq;= lreKq fláfhka
kuq;a lSug ±ka wrïN lruq'
,xldjg ksoyi ,enqKdh lshk ld, mßÉfPaoh
jkúg úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka fol b;d §ma;su;a
;;a ; a j hl mej;= K s ' hla l vq f õ m% { drdu" ls ß j;a ; = v q f õ
m%{didr" nU/kafoa isß iSj,S" fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s"
j,afmd, rdyq, wdÈ fY%aIaG h;sjre fuu hq.fha úoHd,xldrfha
wdpd¾h moúh fynjQfjda jQy' ,xldjg mQ¾K ksoyia ksjy,a
iudcjd§ wdKavqjla ìyslr.ekSfï uqLH wNs,dIfhka l%shdl<
Wkajykafia,d tl;=j f.k.sh foaYmd,k jHdmdrh ,dxlsl
b;sydifha fkdueflk igykla ;nd we;' 1941 lkakka.r
ue;s;=ud úiska ksoyia wOHdmk mk; m¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a
l< o th kHdh mqi; a lhgj;a od.; fkdyelsj lkakka.rhka
wirK ù isák nj j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhkag wdrxÑ jQfha fï
w;rhs' jyd ls%hd;aul jq Wkajykafia hlalvqfõ ysñhkaf.a
kdhl;ajfhka hq;a tlai;a NsCIq n,uKav,h msysgqjd rg mqrd
±jeka; m%pdrK jHdmdrhla f.k f.dia uyckhd ±kqj;a
fldg md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjrekag mk; iïu; lr.ekSu
i|yd w; tiùug isÿjk ;;a;ajhg m;alsÍug .;jQfha
jirlg;a wvq ld, mßÉfPaohls' 1946fjila fmdfyda Èk
,xldfõ ft;sydisl fmdfyda Èkhls' lsis÷ O¾uYd,djl
O¾u foaYkd fkdmeje;ajqK w;r ksoyia wOHdmk mk;
ms<sn|j uyckhd ±kqj;a lsÍu;a mk;g mCIj PJoh fok
f,i n,lrñka uyck fm;aiula w;aika lsÍu;a isÿjqfha
tÈkhs' mk; idlÉPd jk Èkfha f.da,af*aia msÜgksfha
±jeka; /,shla meje;ajqKq w;r tys § rdyq, ysñhka l:djla
meje;ajQfha jfrka;= msg isáh§ ùu ld,fha yeáhg iqúfYaIS

isÿùuls' tÈk Wkajykafia l< l;dj NsCIqjf.a Wreuh f,i
miqj uqøKfhka m%ldYhg m;aù we;' zrgla fy,aÆ fmd;laZ
f,i b;sydihg tlaù we;s fuu lD;sh fn!oaOhka w;afmd;la
f,i Ndú; lsÍug o iqÿiq jQjls' ksoyia wOHdmk mk; ilia
lsÍfï f.!rjh lkakka.r ue;s;=ukag ysñjqj o th iïu;
lrjd .ekSfï cd;sl fufyjfrys lghq;= isÿl< úoHd,xldr
NsCIQka lsisfia;au wu;l l< fkdyelsh' ksoyia wOHdmk
mk;g tfrysj l%h s dl<jqka w;r ã' tia' fiakdkdhl" tia' ví'
wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl jekakka bÈßfhka isá nj fmfkhs'
NsCIqjf.a Wreuh lD;sfha ±lafjk mßÈ ta ld,fha §u ã' tia'
fiakdkdhlhka cd;sfha mshd f,i ie<l=j o we;af;kau tu
m%ldYh kqjKe;a;ka yskiaik m%ldYhls' ta nj rdyq, ysñfhda
;u lD;sfhys § lSmjrlau i|yka fldg ;sfí' 1946 ue;sjrK
jHdmdrfha § úoHd,xldr NsCIQkaf.a iyfhda.h ysñjQfha
iuiudc mCIhghs' úúO ;dvk mSvk uOHfha l%shd;aul
jQ fuu ue;sjrK jHdmdrfha § rdyq, ysñhkag .=á lEug;a
isrf.hs ,e.Sug;a fndfyda wjia:djkaj, § isÿúh'
fï jkúg úoHd,xldr" úfoHda o h ms ß fjka fol
wOHdmkh w;ska tjl mej;s ,xld úYajúoHd,hg;a jvd
by<ska mej;s fyhska fuu msßfjka fol úYajúoHd,hka
njg m;alr .ekSug hlalvqfõ ysñhka m%uqL úoHd,xldr
NsCIQkag wjYH úh' tu wruqK bgqlr .ekSu i|yd 1956
§ nKavdrkdhlf.a ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg iyfhda.h ÿka
Wkajykafia,d 1959 jkúg msßfjka fol úYajúoHd,hka
njg m;alr .ekSug iu;a jQy' ta iuld,Sk foaYmd,lhskaf.a
uy;a ;dvk mSvk uOHfha hs' msßfjka fol úYajúoHd,hka
njg m;aùfuka miqj o tajdg úYajúoHd,h hehs lSug isxy,
kdhlhka wlue;s jQ neõ hlalvqfõ ysñhkaf.a wfma .ukau.
lD;sfhys WodyrK o iys;j olajd ;sfí' úfoHdaoh úoHd,xldr
úYajúoHd, fol úkdYlr ±óug md,lhka úiska z.=Kj¾Ok
fldñiuZ m;al< wjia:dfõ ta ms<sn| mq¿,a jd¾;djla imhk
hlalvqfõ ysñhka fmkajd fokafka Wiia wOHdmk iNdj
yd cd;sl Wiia wOHdmk mk; ;rï rfÜ wOHdmkhg úk

lrk ;j;a lsisjla ke;s njhs' fï fol wo ld,fha yeáhg
lsjfyd;a úYajúoHd, m% ; s m dok fldñiu yd úYa j úoHd,
mk;hs' hlalvqfõ yduqÿrejkaf.a by; meyeÈ,s lsÍug wkqj
úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj;a úYajúoHd, mk;;a
;rï foaYSh wOHdmkhg úk lrk fjk;a lsisjla ke;s
;rï' fï Èkj, mj;sk ihsgï w¾nqoh ms<sn|j o fï ;=<ska
lsishï woyila ,nd.; yelsh' tod isá úoHd,xldr NsCIQka
wo jev isáfha kï ihsgï .eg¨fõ§ fln÷ wdldrfhka
lghq;= lrkq we;a±hs l,amkd lr ne,sh hq;=h' fldgfyafka
m[a[dls;a;s ysñhka ksoyia wOHdmk mk; ms<sn| uyckhd
±kqj;a lsÍug f.k.sh ld,h mqj;amf;a m%Odk l¾;Djrhd
jk w;r úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha m<uq NdId mSGdêm;sjrhd
o úh' nU/kafoa isß iSj,S ysñhka úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha
m<uq fn!oaO o¾Yk uydpd¾hjrhdhs' wo wm iudcfha fn!oaO
ixialD;sh yd fn!oaO o¾Ykh jYfhka jpk folla mjd
ilia ù we;af;a Wkajykafiaf.a w;suy;a lemùu ksidfjks'
.dkaê;=ud yd tla j bka § h ks o yia wr.,fha mq f rda . dó
fufyjrla bgq l< uqka jykafia .dkaê ;=udf.a l=¿m.
ñ;%fhla o jQy'
1966§ j,afmd, rdyq, ysñhka úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,fha
Wml=,m;s moúhg m;ajk w;r foaYmd,lhkaf.a we`.s,s .eiS-
fuka f;drj úYajúoHd,h mj;ajdf.k hdug Wkajykafia
f.k .sh wr.,h úfYaIfhka isysm;a l< hq;= h' flfia
kuq;a ksrka;rfhka wOHdmk weu;s Bßhf.d,a, yd .egqKq
rdyq, ysñhka 1969 § Wml=,m;s ;k;=r yeroud m%xYh n,d
jevujkafka ,xldfõ wOHdmk ;;a;ajh flfrys f,dalhdf.a
wjOdkh o fhduqlrjñks' 1981 § ,xldjg meñKs j,afmd<
rdyq, ysñhka fn!oaO yd md,s úYajúoHd,h wdrïN lsÍug
o lghq;= lrk ,È' Wvlekaoj, irKxlr ysñhka o fï
hq.fha my< jQ fY%aIaG m`ärejKls' O¾umd,;=udf.a wkq.%yh
we;sj bkaÈhdj n,d hk irKxlr ysñfhda tys§ jx. NdIdj
yodrd bka§h ckhd ixúOdkh lrñka .dkaê;=ud yd tlaj
bkaÈhdfõ ksoyia wr.,hg mK fmjQy' bkaÈhdfõ § muKla

fkdj ,xldfõ§ o wêrdcHjd§ iqoaokag tfrysj wrf.k .sh
wr.,h fya;=fjka Wkajykafia fndfydajr isrNdrhg .ekqKq
w;r we;eï úfgl tx.,ka;fhka bvï ,nd§ isjr q e yrjd tys
mÈxÑhg heùug o bx.%siSka úiska lghq;= iQodkï l< o bka
m,la fkdúKs' f,dal idu uKav,fha l%shdldÍ idudcslfhl=
jQ Wvlekaoj, ysñhkag 1857 § f,kska idu;Hd.h msßkeuqKq
w;r Wkajykafiag lrk f.!rjhla f,i tu j¾Ifha §u
f,dal idu uKav,h ,xldfõ § /iaùug o ;SrKh flßKs'
th wdishdfõ meje;ajQ m<uq idu uKav, /iaùu ùu ,xldjg
f.kÿka úYd, lS¾;shls' ful, odfk f.or § ;a" nK f.or §
;a" msßf;a § ;a wjidkfha tx.,ka;fha fcda¾ca rcqg wdYS¾jdo
lsÍu NsCIQka úiska ks;ru lrk mqreoaola ù ;sìKs' tjka
wjia:dj, jyd t;kska ke.sg hdu Wka jykafiaf.a isß;hs'
túg Wka jykafiag iuÉp,a fldg iskdiSu ks;r isÿúh'
bx.%SiSkag .e;s ù md,k n,h ,nd.ekSfï wruqKska
my;af,i ls%hd;aul jq meúÈ .sys nyq;rhla isá fï hq.fha
úoHd,xldr NsCIQkaf.a yd Wvlekaoj, ysñhkaf.a fiajh
jpkfhka lshd ksul< fkdyelsh' úoHd,xldr NsCIQkaf.ka
miq wjêh ,dxflah b;sydifha wNd.H iïmkak wjêhls'
NsCIQka iqoaokaf.a bkd fnfy; .s,oud we;s w;r ,dxflah
orefjda isÿ jkafka l=ula±hs ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla rys;j weá
flfy,a lE ß,jq fuka kshj kshjd isá;s' §k jQ cd;sh kej;
f.dv.; hq;af;a o wm úiskauhs' ta i|yd mdvï W.; hq;af;a
b;sydifhks' mqÿuhg lreK kï ,xldfõ b;sydi wOHdmkh
flfrys we;af;a b;d my;a wdl,amhla ùuh' uE;la jk
;=reu b;sydih ms<sn| mdi,a úIh ud,dj b;d ÿ¾j, uÜgul
mej;sK' uE;l § b;sydi fm<fmd; ilia jqjo thska wmg
kï ±lsh yelsjkafka b;d jerÈ wdl,amhla b;sydih úIh
yryd cd;shg tkak;a lrk njhs' úisjk ishjfia uq,a Nd.h
f;la hï uÜgul b;sydi lreKq fm<fmd;g wka;¾.;
jqjo úisjk ishjfia isg bÈßhg olajk mdvïj, fndfyda
ÿ¾j,;d mj;sk nj wmg fmkS.sfha fï ,smsh ,shoa§ u h'
fuu l=vd i`.rdj ilia lsÍfï § b;sydih ms<sn|j wfma l=vd

ysñjrekag,efnk wjfndaOh b;d uo fyhska hula lshjd
f;areï .ekSug yelshdj ,efnk mßÈ fuu igyk bÈßm;a
lrkakg wms l,amkd lf<uq' fuys§ b;sydih úIh fld;rï
ÿrg wOHdmk fCIa;f % ha l%h
s d;aul jkafka ±hs fidhd ne¨ wmg
meyeÈ,s jQfha b;sydi úIh lreKqj, w;HjYHfhka i|yka
l< hq;= ft;sydisl hq. mqreIhka lsysm fofkl=f.a úia;r
ys;du;du foda bj;alr we;s njhs' bx.%Sis wOHdmk l%uh yryd
bx.%Sis .e;s mßila ìysfldg Tjqkag rfÜ md,kh Ndr lsÍug
bx.%iS k
S a lghq;= l< wdldrh wms by;ska o ±laùuq' iajNdjfhka
u bx.%Sis msßila njg m;aù lsÍgh hgf;a wNHka;r md,khla
wfmaCIdfjka lghq;= l< ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha ksfhdacs;hka
ms<n
s |j;a ksoyia wOHdmk mk;g tfrysj lghq;= fldg neßu
;ek úoHd,xldrh ì| oud W`ÿ jemsrSug fhdackd l<" fn!oaO
NsCIQkag oka §u mjd kj;d ±uq ã' tia' fiakdkdhl jekakka
ms<sn|j o Wcdrejg lreKq olajd we;s kuq;a ksoyia rdcHhla
fjkqfjka lghq;= l< f,dal mQcs; úh;=ka jk Wvlekaoj,
irKxlr ysñ" j,afmd< rdyq, ysñ" hlalvqfõ m%{didr ysñ"
fldgfyafka m[a[dls;a;s ysu" nU/kafoa isß iSj,S ysñ jeka-
kka ms<sn| b;sydi fm< fmd;aj, lsishïu flá i|ykla
fyda fkd;sîu wfyda fl;rï wNd.H iïmkak o@tfyhska wm
Wru; mejreKq j.lSula wm úiska bIagl< hq;= ld,h ±ka
t<U ;sfí' fuys§ úfYaIfhka hula isysm;a l< hq;= h' tkï
b;sydih lsisÈkl i`.jd ;eìh fkdyels hkakhs' flÈkl
fyda th kej; biau;= jkq fkdwkqudkhs'
myq.sh ishjfia wjika Nd.h jk úg irKxlr i`.
rc ysñhkaf.ka wdrïN jqKq mqkreo jHdmdrfha neiau iks-
gqyka jQ nj meyeÈ<sj fmfka' tys wjika hq.h úoHd,xldr
NsCIq foaYmd,k wjêh hs' b;sydifha ie`.j we;af;a o fuu
hq.fha iudc ld¾hNdrhkays kshe,s isá" irKxlr i`. rc
.uka uf`.a Wmßu;,h fYdaNudk l< hq.mqreIhka ùu
úfYaIFjh hs' fuhg m%Odku fya;=j Tjqka ±rE u;h iudc
.; ùu ;=<ska ck;dj inqoaêl ù md,lhska g tfrysj lghq;=
lr;ehs hk md,lhkaf.a NS;h s o fkd tfia kï rfÜ wOHdmk

ls%shdj,sfha úIh ks¾foaY ilia lrkakkag b;sydih ms<snò
yßyeá wjfndaOhla fkdue;s luo@ fuhg ms<s;=re § we;af;a
wms fkdj O¾umd,;=udh'
’u;l;shd .ks,a,d" wfma yduqÿrejrekag;a Wka rodg
bkdfí;a fokjd' Bg miafi WU,E fld,af,d fl,a,kag
weá flfy,a ldmq ß,jq jf.a ksfhda ksfhda bkak isoaO
fjhs''''''''˜
O¾umd, ;=uf.a fuu m%ldYj,g wkqj ldrKh b;d
fyd`Èka meyeÈ<sh' fuu m%ldYhg wkqj úoHd,xldr hq.fhka
miq ìysjk ix> iudch l¨ iqoaokf.a bkd fnfy; .s,.;a
mrmqrhs' O¾umd,;=ud mjikafka todg WU,f. orejkag
weáflfy,a lE ß,jqkag fuka kshj ksjh b§ug isÿjk njhs'
fï wkqj tod iudchg tnkaola isÿ fkdjk w;r Tjqkaf.a
orejkaf.a ld,fha § ta isÿjk nj fuu m%ldYfhka meyeÈ<sfõ'
fuu m%ldYh fl;rï ¥ro¾YS jQjlao@ we;af;aka u wo isÿj
we;af;a tod O¾umd,;=ud mejiQ foauhs' j;auka NsCIq iudch
;k;=re ;dkak - udkak jia;= iïm;a wdYd we;sj md,lhkag
l;a wÈk msßila njg m;aj we;' O¾umd,;=ud wkqj hk
wfhl= kï b;d fydòska wjfndaO lr.; hq;= lreKla ;sfí'
tkï md,lhd hkq O¾umd,;=udf.a jpkfhka lsjfyd;a l¨
iqoaokah' mdáka muKla fjkila ;sfí' Tjqkaf.a m%;sm;a;s
iqoaokaf.a m%;sm;a;suh' tu l¨ iqoaokag b;sydih ksjerÈj
iudc.; lsÍug lsisfia;a u wjYH;djla ke;' tfia jqjfyd;a
isÿjkqfha Tjqkaf.a j¾.hg j,lmamjd .ekSuhs' tfyhska
md,lhka Tjqkaf.a meje;aug ydks jk b;sydih i`.jd
;eîug yels ieu fohla u isÿ lsÍu fldfydu;a isÿjkakls'
Tjqkga .e;s ù isák lsifs jl=g;a Tjqkf
a .a wjYH;dj bgq lrkq úkd
fjk;a lsij s la isÿ l< fkdyel' ksoyia wOHdmkfha mqfrda.dó
fufyjrla bgql<d jQ o foaYh S wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl ixêia:dk
iksgy q ka lrñka úfoHdaoh úoHd,xldr msßfjka úYajúoHd,hka
njg m;a lsÍfï jHdmdrfha kshe¨Kd jQ o hlalvqfõ ysñhka
m%uqL NsCIQka jykafia,d;a" f,kska idu ;Hd.h ,nñka

c.;a idu uKa v ,fha iNdm;s ;k;= r mjd orñka bka § h
fuka u ,dxlsl ksoyia wr.,fha fhdaO fufyjrla bgq l<
Wvlekaoj, irKxlr ysñhka jeks uE;ld,Sk ùrjreka o
b;sydifhka bj;aj we;af;a ta wkqjhs'
úoHd,xldr wjêfhka miq tf;la cd;s f ha uq r
foaj;djqka f,i cd;shg kdhl;ajh ÿka NsCIQkf a .a ld¾hNdrh
wjika jQ nj;a iqoaokaf.a bkdfnfy;g wiq jQ nj;a by;ska
±laùuq' tf;la ,dxlSh wOHdmkfha kshuqjd f,i lghq;= l<
NsCIqjf.a ld¾hNdrh ksud ù we;' t;eka mgka NsCIQka jykafia
ksoyia wOHdmkh fjkqfjka fmkS isáfha ke;' úoHd,xldr
NsCIQkfa .a wjêfhka miq ksoyia wOHdmkh /l .ekSfï mqfrda.
dó fufyjr bIaG lf<a ,dxflah YsIH jHdmdrh hs' ksoyia
wOHdmkh /l .ekSu iòyd cSú; mß;Hd. l< fjkqr" ;s%ud"
ndf,a" ksIañ jekakka m%uqL YsIH jHdmdrfha wNS; úrejkaf.a
ls%hd l,dmh o b;sydi úIh ks¾foaYhg we;<;a úh hq;= nj
wms Wola u m%ldY lr isákafkuq' w¾nqo yuqfõ cd;shg mK
ÿka ta w;S; ùrjrejkaf.a l%shd ms<sfj; YsIHhkag myod §
wdl,am ixj¾Ok lsÍu fuu hq.fha wmg wh;a ld¾hNdrh
hs' tfia fkdjkakg lsis lf,l;a kskafoka wjÈ j cd;shla
f,i ke.S isàug wmg fkdyels jkq we;' md,lhka bÈßfha
oKska fkdjeà cd;shla f,i wm hd hq;= .uka u`. ksjerÈj
;SrKh fldg l%shdl< hq;= wdldrh iòyd fydòu WodyrK
iemfhkafka fuu uE; ld,Sk hq.mqreIhkaf.ks' wêrdcHjd§
hq.fha ùrjrekaf.a l%shd l,dmh o ta ioyd w;sYhska jeo.;a
jk w;r l¨ iqoaokaf.a l%shd l,dmhka yuqfõ wm l%shd l<
hq;= wdldrh bf.kSug fnfyúka jeo.;a jkqfha b;sydifha
i`.jd we;ehs wms by;ska ±lajQ hq. mqreIhka yereKqfldg
we;af;ka u fjk ljfrl=o@ b;sydih fkd±kSu ksid wm
l%shd l< hq;af;a flfia±hs yß yeá wdl,amhla fkdue;slu
j;auka iudcfha f,dl=u .eg¨jhs' tfyhska j;auka wOHdmk
fCIA;%fha lsishï j.lSula mejÍ we;s wm úiska fï .eg¨jg
úiÿï fidhd .ekSu l< hq;=j we;' úfYaIfhka u fuh l<
fkdyels fohla o fkdfõ' l<hq;j

= we;af;a ksjerÈj b;sydih
b.ekafjk lsishï jevms<sfj<la ilia lsÍuhs'
wm —tlai;a NsCIq l%h
s dldÍ lñgqj˜ wdrïN ùug uQ,l
s u
fya ; = j l= ; a jQ f ha fuhhs ' fï jk úg iïNdjH foa Y S h
wOHdmkh b;d msßyqKq wähl mj;S' rfÜ wd¾Ólhg .e<fmk
f,i wOHdmk fCIa;%h l,uKdlrKh lsÍug md,lhka
m%;sm;a;s ilia fldg l%shd;aul lsÍu fuhg m%Odku fya;=j
hs' ta ms<snòj jeäÿr úia;r fuys§ lsisjla fkdlshk w;r
bÈßfha § Tnj ±kqj;a lsÍug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isáuq'
merKs NsCIq wOHdmk l%uh jk m%dÖk úNd. ms<snò fï jk
úg we;af;a b;d u my;a wdl,amhls' m%dÖk mKaä; úNd.h
ioyd fmkS isák NsCIQka jykafia kula fidhd .ekSu b;d
ÿ¾,N lreKls' bka tyd we;s m%dÖk úNd. ms<snò okakd
wfhl=j;a fidhd .ekSu b;d wmyiqh' fï <`.§ uqøKh
fldg m%ldYhg m;afldg we;s úIh ks¾foaYfha tu úNd.j,
kuj;a olakg ke;' thska iudchg hk wdl,amh jkqfha
tjka úNd.hla fkdue;s njhs' ;j ál Èkla hk úg m%dÖk
mKaä; úNd.hg;a Th brKu u w;ajkjd fkdwkqudk hs'
fï jkúg m%dÖk úNd. iòyd ,nd § ;snQ iudc ;;ajhka
l%ufhka lmamdÿ lsÍug;a md,lhka úiska yd wjfndaOfhka
f;dr Tjqkaf.a .e;a;ka úiska lghq;= i,iajñka ;sfí' ±ka
fïjdg úiÿï fiúh hq;af;a ljqo@ we;af;kau fuhg ms<s;=re
fiúh hq;af;a wmuhs' ta wruqfKks" tlai;a NsCIq l%shdldÍ
lñgqj wdrïN jQfha'
2017 m%dÖk úNd.h ms<snò wfma wjOdkh fhduq ùug
úfYaI fya;=jla jQfha fï jk úg wm wOHdmk ,nd§fï
l%h
s dj,sfha fh§ isàuhs' fï ms<ns ò fidhd ne,Sfï § wmg mila
jQfha 2017 j¾Ifha § m%dÖk úIh ks¾foaYh fjkia ù we;s nj
isiqka ;shd we;eï msßfjkaj, .=rejrekaj;a tA ms<sn| fkd±k
isák njhs' jydu fujr úNd.h ioyd fmkS isák YsIHhka
ioyd wmglsishï fohla l<yels±hs idlÉPdjg n`ÿka jQfha
muKla fkdj wm lñgqj msyg s j
q d .ekSug mjd fu;rï blauka
jQfha o ta ksidh' isik

q f
a .a iykh iòyd ckjdß 07 jk Èk isg
wm lñgqj u`.ska m%dÖk m%drïN úNd.h iòyd úNd. i;aldrl
jevigykla wdrïN lrkakg fhÿfKa ta wkqjhs' tys lghq;=
lsÍfï oS m%dÖk úNd. iòyd fmkS isák isiqka uqyqK mdk
.eg¨ rdYshla w;aú§ug wmg yelsúh' we;eï fmd;m;
uqøKh jQfha mjd uE;l§h' fï fya;=j ksid isiqka uqyqK
mEfõ ±ä wiSre;djhlg h' tajd Pdhd msgm;a fldg isiqkag
,nd§ug;aúNd. ioyd wjYH lrk igyka wdÈh ms<f s h< lrjd
úIh m%ùKhka ,jd isiqkag b.ekaùug;a wms lghq;= lf<uq'
fï jk úg;a th l%shd;aul fjñka ;sfí' merKs ks¾foaYh
iòyd wod< úIh ks¾foaYhg hï uÜgul" m%udKj;a mßÈ
wOHdmk myiqlï mej;sh o kj ks¾foaYh iòyd m%udKj;a
;rï wOHdmk myiqlï isiqka fj; fkd,eî we;s nj wmg
mila jQfha iïuka;%K ud,dj l%shd;aul jk w;r;=rhs' thg
ms<shula f,i m%dÖk m%drïN úIh ks¾foaYh iòyd w;aje,la
jYfhka fuu zmyqr ¸Z Tn w;g m;alsÍug woyia lf<uq'
ta;atlalu wm wOHdmk fCIa;%fha m%n, wvqmdvqjla f,i
wm olsk b;sydih fkd±kSfï ÿ¾j,;dj u`. yrjkq msKsi
wm.; hq;= mshjr ±laùug;a b;sydih yodrkakkaf.a myiqj
ioyd;a b;d fláfhka igykla iemhSug;a fuys§ lghq;=
lf<uq' fuys§ wmg iyfhda.h ±la jQ ixialdrl ysñjrekag;a
wka ieug;a lD;{;djh m<lr isáuq'

2017 j¾Ih
f,aLl - f,aLk kdudj,sh

NdId idys;Hh msgq wxl
isxy, idys;Hh lD;s úpdrh
1. mQcdj,sh 01 - 16
mQcH fldax., pkaÈu ysñ
ckikaksfõok úfYaIfõoS isõjk jir
Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
2. ikafoaY ldjHh idys;Hh yd .srd ikafoaYh

ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla 17 - 62
mQcH je,a,jdfha kkaor;k ysñ'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^Y%S'c'mq'ú'&" rdclSh mKaä;"
Ydia;%m;s ^le,Ksh ú'ú'&
wdrdê; lÓldpd¾h"NdId" ixialD;sl wOHhk yd
m%dix.sl l,d wOHhkdxYh"
3. yxi ikafoaYfhka fy<s jk iudc ft;sydisl

f;dr;=re ms<snò wOHhkhla 63 -72
mQcH ljqvd.ïuk r;kidr ysñ'
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
4. O¾u m%pdrl lD;shla jYfhka mshodi isßfiakf.a

—ch;siai iy frdi,ska ˜ lD;sfhys jeo.;alu 73 - 92
fla¡ù¡wd¾¡ tA¡ mS¡ chj¾Ok'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^fmardfoKsh ú'ú'&"
iydh lÓldpd¾h
isxy, wOHhk wxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h¡
5. kjlõ irKsh ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla 93 - 128

mQcH r;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ'
rdclSh mKaä;iydh lÓldpd¾h"
isxy, wOHhk wxYh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h¡
ixialD; idys;Hh lD;s úpdrh
6. mxp;ka;%d.; ñ;%iïm%dma;sh ms<snò úuiqula 129 - 152

mQcH uiamkafka fyaur;k ysñ'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^Y%S'c'mq'ú'&" rdclSh mKaä;
mßfõKdpd¾h" úoHdr;ak úoHdh;kh" fydrK
7. nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hhkaf.a moHpQvduKS
uyd ldjHh 153 - 166
mQcH Y%djia;smqr Ydka;isß ysñ'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^Y%S'c'mq'ú'&"
rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s ^le,Ksh ú'ú'&
lÓldpd¾h" NdId" ixialD;sl wOHhk yd
m%dix.sl l,d wOHhkdxYh"
8. ffjrd.H Y;lh ms<snò wOHhkhla 167 - `79

mQcH uq,áhk Oïufidau ysñ'
Ydia;%m;s ^fn!' yd md,s ú'ú'&
;djld,sl ksnkaOl" NdId" ixialD;sl wOHhk yd
m%dix.sl l,d wOHhkdxYh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
md,s idys;Hh lD;s úpdrh
9. uydj.a. md<s - uydlLkaOlh

^m<uq nKjr fol& yeòskaùula 181 - 199
mQcH uqjmeáf.afj, m[a[df,dal ysñ'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^le,Ksh ú'ú'&" rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s
^le,Ksh ú'ú'&"
úfoHdaoh msßfjfKa wdpd¾h
wdrdê; lÓldpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
10. ixhq;a; ksldfha n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhka

ms<sìUq jk n%dyauK iudch 201 - 210
mQcH fndr,kafoa Oïur;k ysñ'
rdclSh mKaä;" wdrdê; lÓldpd¾h
md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhkdxYh"
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h"

11. cd;lÜGl:d cd;lÜGl:dfjys l=,djl j.a.h
ms<sn| úuiqula 211 - 228
mQcH .,.u lreKdlr ysñ'
Ydia;%m;s ^le,Ksh ú'ú'&
úfoHdaoh msßfjfKa wdpd¾h"
12. Oïumoh ms<snò úuiqula 229 - 245

mQcH iQßhjej iqiS, ysñ'
Ydia;%fõoS úfYaI ^Y%S'c'mq'ú'&
uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s nqoaOmq;% ysñhka úiska

rÑs; mQcdj,sh
mQcH fldax., pkaosu ysñ
ls%(j 13 jk ishjfia fkdfyd;a oUfoks hq.fha úiQ
uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s nqoaOmq;% ysñhka úiska úrÑ; mQcdj,sh
;;a l;_Djrhdf.a mrud¾:hg wkqj nqÿka jykafiaf.a —wryx˜
.=Kh j¾Kkd lrkq jia rpkd lrk ,oaols' nqÿka jykafia
f,daljdiSkaf.a mQcd ,eîug iqÿiq jQ ieá fmkajd fok lreKq
iuQyhla wka;¾.; ù we;s neúka fï lD;sh mQcd¬wdj,S fyj;a
mQcdú, hk wre; fok —mQcdj,S˜ hk kduh ,nd we;1' iqfïO
;dmi ld,fha isg iQúis újrK l;d o cd;l l;d o Wmf;ys
isg mßks¾jdKh olajd nqÿ isß; o iys; mQcdj,sfhys ,la
nqÿ iiqk yd ,laÈj b;sydih ms<snò f;dr;=re o wka;¾.;
ù we;'
oUfoks hq.fha isxyf,ka rÑ; uyd O¾u .%ka:
foflka tlla ,shk ,oafoa uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s nqoaOmq;%
ysñfhda h' Wkajykafiaf.a kshu kduh l=ula±hs wm%isoaO h'
m`äjrekaf.a kdu f,aLkhla ,shQ foajrCIs;dNsOdk mshndyq
uyd ia:úrhka jykafia úiska rÑ; ksldh ix.%yfha § t;=ud
y`ÿkajkq ,nkafka —uhqrmdo˜ hk kñks'2uhqrmd fkdfyd;a
uhqrmdo hkq msßfjKl kuls' tfy;a tys m%Odkshd ta kñka
ye`Èkaùu tl, iïm%odhls'
uq k a j yka f ia àldpd¾h idßmq ; a ; ix>rdchka
jykafiaf.a YsI H jQo m%i soaO jQ .Kúis jxYfhys Wmka
uydfka;% mdouQ, iqux., uyd iajdókaf.a fidfydhqfrls'
l=vd l,u meúÈj fidhqrdKka jykafia fj;ska u O¾u Ydia;%
yodrd nyqY%e;Ndjhg meñKs m`äjrfhls'
fojk merl=ïnd rcq ,jd nqoaO;aj m%d¾:kh uqÿka

muqKqjd .ekSu msKsi;a foajm;srdchkaf.a wdrdOkfhka
mQcdj,sh ,shQ Wkajykafia bka kj jirlg miq N=jfklndyq
ksß`ÿkaf.a wdrdOkh ms<sf.k fhda.d¾Kjh kï .%ka:hla
l< Wkajykafia miq lf,l m%fhda. r;akdj,sh kñka ;j;a
.%ka:hla rpkd lf<a h' mQcdj,sh yereKq fldg wfkla
.%ka: folu ffjoH l%uh fjkqfjka rpkd lrk ,o .%ka:
oajhls'
isxy, idys;H jxYfha woaú;Sh ia:dkhla ,nd .kakd
hq.hla f,i oUfoks hq.h ye`Èkaùug mq¨jk' wvish jilg
wêl ld, iSudjla fuu hq.hg wh;a jqj o úYsIag idys;H
lD;s lsysmhla my< ùu fuhg fya;=jhs' rdc n,h yd w¾:
iïm;a ;rula msßyS ;snqK hq.hla jqj;a oUfoks ld,fha §
úfYaIfhka fojk merl=ï oji oUfoks l;sldj; o we;s
lr nqoaO Ydikfhys we;s jQ wu¾Ykh;a fpda,Sh nqoaOm%sh jeks
m`äjre ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka ,xldjg f.kajd .ekSu;a rdc
wkq.%yh ±laùu;a jeks fya;= ksid tu hq.fha § .oH idys;H
jxYfhys iaj¾Kuh wjêh ióm lr .kakd whqre uhqrmdo
msßfjkam;s ysñhkaf.a by; olajk ,o .%k:a ho rpkd lsÍfuka
o O¾ufiak ysñhka isxy, .oH idys;Hfha uqÿka u,alv jk
ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh rpkd lsÍfuka o l,sld, idys;H i¾j{
mKaä; fojk merl=ïndjka úiqoaê ud¾.h ikaki yd jk
úksi ikaki rpkd lsÍfukq;a meyeÈ<s fõ' ;=kajk úchndyq
rcqf.a ld,h fuu fm%!V iuh f,i ie,lsh yelsh' úchndyq
msßfjK oUfoksfha úch iqkaordrduh jeks úoHia:dk ;=<ska
O¾u Ydia;S%h fuka u NdId idys;H {dkh ÈhqKq ùug u.
ie,iqKs' tfia u YS% ix>rlaÅ;" fïOxlr" jkr;k nqoaOjxY"
wfkdauoiais O¾ulS¾;s" uyfk;a mduq, iqux., fõfoay uyd
ia:úr" uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s" Nø" O¾ufiak" f.!;u wd§
mKaä; NsCIQka jykafia,d o úoHd pl%j¾;S" l,sld, idys;H
i¾j{ mKaä; jeks .Dyia: m`äjreka o ful, ìys ùfuka
fufia Ydiksl iy idys;Hhsl Wkak;sh ìys úh'
rgjeishka fm<k i;=rdg úreoaOj isxy,hka mgka .;a

jev ms<sfjf<a kdhlhd fkdfyd;a cd;sl wd.fï wdrCIlhd
jYfhka uq¨ rfÜ u fyda iEfyk fldgila ;=< fyda ms<s.kq
,eîfï wNs,dih iuyr md,lhka ;=< ;snQ njla fkdfmfka'
ta ;;a;ajh ,eîug W;aiy fldg th ;rula ÿr bgqlr .;af;a
oUfoksh jdi N+ñh lr.;a úchndyq keue;s l=udrhd h'
úchndyq l=udrhd fmdf<dkakrefõ rc l< lsis rc
flfkl=g <`. kElula we;aaf;la fkdù h' tfyhska rfÜ
rclugj;a rg jeishdf.a Nla;shgh;a mdrïmßl whs;sh;a
Tyqg ;snqfKa ke;' tajd ;u oialï j,ska ,nd .kakg Tyqg
isÿ úh' pQ,jxYh yd mQcdj,S l;=jreka úchndyq l=udrhd rc
fm<m;lska mejf;kafklehs lshkafka b;d fkdmeyeÈ<s
wkaoug h' fï fmd;a fofla u l;=jre fï úchndyq rcqg
miqj rclï l< Tyqf.a mq;%hdf.a .=K .ehQ wh nj ie,lsh
hq;= h'3
úchndyq rcqf.a wjEfuka rclug m;a jQfha Tyqf.a
mq;=ka fofokdf.ka jeäuy,a jQ mrdl%undyq l=udrhd h' nd,
mq;d jQ N=jfklndyq l=udrhd hqjrc fyj;a udmd ;k;=rg;a
m;a lrkq ,en l=reKE., jdih lf<a h' fY%aIaG mKaä;fhl=
jQ fojk mrdl%undyq rc f;fï l,sld, idys;H i¾j{
mKaä; hk úreo kduh ,eî h' .sß jxYhg wh;a iqfka;%d
foaúh Tyqf.a fufyish jQjd h' fï rcqf.au rdcH ld,fha
,shk ,o y;a:jk.,a, úydr jxYfha iòyka mßÈ Tyq
isxydikdrEV jQfha nqÿka nqÿ ù wjqreÿ 1824 la .; jQ miq h'
fï j¾Ih ls%(j 1236 jkakg wkqrEm fõ' idyiu,a, rcq
isxydikdrEV jQ Èkh wms ksielju oksuq' ta Èkfha isg .Kka
n,k úg ud. rcq n,hg meñKsfha ls%(j 1215 jekafka § h'
mrdl%undyq rcq rc meñfKk úg ud. rcq fmdf<dkakrej
wh;a lrf.k wjqreÿ 21la .; ù ;snqKs' hk mQcdj,S lshuk
fuhska ;yjqre fjhs' ud. rcq Tyqf.a yjq,l
a re chndyq l=udrhd
fmdf<dkakrefõ fjfiñka È.gu rcrg rclï l< kuq;a
mrdl%undyq rcq rclug m;a ùu;a iu`. ud. rcqf.a rdcH
ld,h wjidk ù hehs i,lkq ,efí' mrïmrd.; j¾I l%uh

wkqj Tyq rclï lf<a wjqreÿ 21la muK h'4mrdl%undyq rcq
rdcH;ajhg m;a ùu;a iu`. oUfoKs hq.fha O¾u Ydia;S%h
lghq;= hï msì§ulska To jefvñka ;sìKs' ta iòyd md,lhdf.a
ld¾hh o uekúka fkdmsßfy,d bgq lsÍug t;=ud j. n,d
.;af;a h' hï hï mqoa.,hkaf.a úfYAI oCI;d .ek m%idohg
m;a rcqka tu mqoa.,hkag Wiia moú wdÈh m%odkh lsÍfuka
yd rdcH W;aij meje;aùfuka .re nqyquka lsÍfï isß;la fmr
mej;=Ks' tfy;a Wiia ;;a;ajfha .%ka:hlg rdcH iïudk
ms § fï W;a i jhla .ek iòyka jkq f ha fuu mQ c dj,s h
iïnkaOfhka muKs' oUfoks merl=ïnd rc;=ud mQcdj,sh ±l
fojk rchla ,enqKdla fuka Wodr jQ ikaf;daIhg m;a úh'
fofmdah;a rcfha fjk;a lghq;= kj;d mQcdj,sh wid wmßñ;
nqÿ .=Kfhys meye§ rdcH mqokakg ;rï i;=gg meñKsfha h'
,laosj fkdfhla m%{djka;hkag fmd; fmkajd fmd; u`.=,e;=
msg ;nd fiai;a Tijd fkdfhla mQcd mj;ajd W;aij lrjd
f.!rj ±laù h'5.%ka:fha fY%aIaG;djhg fuu ft;sydisl
m%jD;a;sh o idOlhls'
fuys m%udKh .;a l;= ysñhka olajk mßÈ mßÉfPao
34lska hqla; fõ' mQcdj,sfha tk my; LKavh thg idCIs
imhhs'
—iQ ; s i s mßÉfPa o hls k a yd iQ ú is oyila muK
.%ka:iXLHdfjlska yd ihdkq nKjfrlska yd i;a ,CI
wgieg oyihla muK wCIr iXLHdfjlska yd wiXLH .Kka
mQcdj,ska Wm,CIs; jQ fï mQcdj,S kï jHdLHdk l:dj''''˜
hkqfjka úia;rd;aulj l;= ysñfhda iajlSh .%ka:fha
wka;¾.; m%udKh fmkajd fo;s' kuq;a by; LKavfha tk
wjidk fm<—wiXLH .Kka mQcdj,Ska Wm,CIs; jQ˜ hkafkka
nqqÿ .=Khla Wfoid ckhdf.a ysf;a we;sjk Y%oaOdfõ ;ru
fkdlshd lshk w;r ;uka lrk W;=ï l%shdfõ uysuh
Y%djlhdg Ñ;a;m%S;sfhka wjHdcj bÈßm;a lrk njlao fuys
há wref;ka u;= fõ'
merl=ïnd rcqg fiajh l< foajm;srdc kï w.ïm;sjrhd

rcqg nqÿjkag jyd m%d¾:kh l< uekjehs lS l,ays mq;%
iafkayh ksid ;u orejka oka §ug fkdyels neúka nqÿ neõ
fkdm;kafkñhs rc;=ud mejiSh' fï nj foajm;srdc weu;sf.
ka wid ±k.;a uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s ysñfhda tu weu;s;=uka
úiska l< wdrdOkhla ksid rcyg fndaêi;aj mdrñ;dfjka
fhÿKd jQ nKla foikq msKi s mQcdj,S kï fuu O¾ujHdLHdk
.%ka:h rpkd l<y'6
wudj;=frys fyda nq;airfKys ni;rï mQcdj,sfha
ni Wiia f,i fkdie,fla' ckdorhg m;a jQ pQ¾Ksl ldjH
.Khg wh;a .oH ldjHhla jYfhka úpdrlfhda ms<s.ks;s'
mQcdj,sfha tk nio hï fyhlska .eñ jyrg iómj mj;S'
tfyhska wik lshjk Y%djl mdGl ´kEu msßilf.a isf;ys
wiSñ; Y%oaOdjla we;slsÍug uhqrmdo ysñfhda iajlSh .%ka:h
f.;a;ï lrkqfha mQcd l;d 34la fhdod .ksñks'
01' mQcd ix.%y l;d
02' wNskSydr u.=,a mQcd l;d
03' újrK u.=,a mQcd l;d
04' fndaê iïNdr mQcd l;d
05' cd;sfNao mQcd l;d
06' oaú;Sh cd;sfNao mQcd l;d
07' idOq kdo mQcd l;d
08' m%;sikaê mQcd l;d
09' m%ij ux., mQcd l;d
10' uyìksluka mQcd l;d
11' fndaê ux., mQcd l;d
12' uyd n%yauhdf.ka ,o idOq kdo mQcd l;d
13' bism;kdrdu mQcd l;d
14' fõ¨jkdrdu mQcd l;d
15' ksf.%daOdrdu mQcd l;d
16' NsCIdgkd§ woaN+; mQcd l;d

17' fca;jkdrdu mQcd l;d
18' mQ¾jdrdu mQcd l;d
19' kuialdrd§ mQcd l;d
20' wioDY uydodk mQcd l;d
21' .x`.d frdayK mQcd l;d
22' ÈjHlrdc mQcd l;d
23' hul m%d;syd¾h mQcd l;d
24' mdKavq lïn, mQcd l;d
25' foafjdafrdaK mQcd l;d
26' m%;sm;a;s mQcd l;d
27' wdodyk mQcd l;d
28' cSjldrdu mQcd l;d
29' iufu;a fkdfhla cd;sfNao mQcd l;d
30' cSú;d§ mQcd l;d
31' m%d;syd¾hhd§ m%;sm;a;s mQcd l;d
32' Woafoaisl mQcd l;d
33' iuHla m%;sm;a;s mQcd l;d
34' Woaafoaisl mQcd l;d
uq¨ f,dajeishka úiska lrk ,o wdñi mQcd m%;sm;;a
mQcdjg iqÿiq fyhska wm nqÿka wry;a kï jk fial hkq wryx
hkafkys w¾:hhs' mQcdj,sh ,shk ,oafoa fuh ;j;a úia;r
lrkq msKsi h' mQcdj,sh ljr mrud¾:hla Wv ,shk ,oaola
o hkak lshk ;ek fun`ÿ úia;rhla o fjhs'
—f,da l Ydifkda m ldrfhys ks h q l a ; jQ wm rcyq
fndfyda O¾u l;d wid [dKjka;j jia;ÿ= fndaêi;a;j a jrhkag
iir ÿla uo kshdj;a wjfYaI jQ i;a;ajhkag iir iqj uo
kshdj;a ÿla fndfyda kshdj;a fndaêi;a;ajjrhkag jvd
wd;au fm%au we;shjqka ke;s kshdj;a ish¨ m%d¾:kdfjka nqÿ
fjïjdhs m;kakd jQ m%d¾:kdj W;=ï jQ m%d¾:kdjla kshdj;a

fndaêi;a;ajjreka iir mdrñ;d iqjfhka iqj úòu nqÿjk
kshdj;a lsishï O¾u jHdLHdk l;djlska rcyg fndaêi;aj
mdrñ;dfjys úNd. y`.jk msKsi isxy, NdIdj okakd
i;amqreI ckhkaf.a fndfyda l,la Y%oaOd nqoaê ckkh lrjd
;%súO jQ iïm;a idod fokq msKsi yd kjjk nqoafOda;amdolaIK
iïm;a;s ,oaod jQ fï udf.a o wNsu; jQ m%d¾:kdj idod .kakd
msKsi˜
rcyg fndaêi;aj mdrñ;dfõ wkqiia y`.jkq msKsi
mQcdj,sh ,shQ nj nqoaO mq;% udysñfhda úfYaIfhka iòyka lr;s'
ksjka ±lSfï ud¾. ;=kla nqÿ iufha b.ekafõ' nqÿ" mfia nqÿ"
ry;a hkqfjka okakd fï l%u ;=fkka ;uka leu;s u.lska
úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSug yels nj f:arjd§yq W.kaj;s' nqÿùfuka
ksjk mila l< hq;h = s hkqfjka b.ekaùula f:arjdo nqoO
a d.fï
fkd±lafjhs' mrdl%undyq rcq nqÿùug we;s ÿIalr;dj i,ld th
fkdleu;s fjoaÈ;a fm/;a;fhkau nqoaO;ajh m%d¾:kd lrùug
fuu mQcdj,sh ,shQ nj uhqrmdo ysñfhda m%ldY lr;s'
ud.ë NdIdfjka ieflúka olajk ,o nqoaO O¾uh
isxyf,ka ,shd m, lsÍu ksid f,da jev wgla isÿ jk nj
mQcdj,S l;=jrhd .%ka:drïNfhys mjihs'
01' rdcH lghq;= ksid wúfõlSj isák md,l mCIhg úfõl
,enqKq úfgl yqol,dj fuu .%ka: lshjd wd;aud¾:
mrd¾: idOkh lr.; yels ùu'
02' rc ìfida wd§ Wiia ldka;djkag is;a fia weúo nK l;d
wi wid mska /ia lsÍug bv uo neúka fuu fmd;a lshjd
mskalug is;a fhduq lr .ekSug wjia:dj we;s ùu'
03' uy weu;s wd§kag rdcldß lghq;= ksid nK wikakg hdu
wmyiq neúka tu mdvqj fuu fmd;a lshùfuka u.yrjd
.ekSug yels ùu'
04' Wiia moú ,o uy ia:ùrhka jykafia,d fuu O¾u .%ka:
lshjd n,d mQ¾j jHjydr jdla m%nkaO wdÈh ±k kqjK
ÈhqKq lr.ekSu'
05' wCIrdNHdih fldg.; fkdyelsj úo¾Ykdfjys fhÿK

NsCIQka jykafiag kqjK yd ie±ye is;a jvd .ekSug
Wmldr ùu'
06' nK lSfuys iu;a uyd m`äjrhka fuu .%ka: lshjd n,d
fkdfhla w¾: jHdLHdk ksmoùu yd ;u ±kqu msßisÿ
lr .ekSu'
07' wl=re okakd i;amqreI ck;dj fuu .%ka: b.ekSfuka
ksrjoH cSúldjlg fhduqùu'
08' fkdÈhqKq fmfoiaj, ie±ye;s ckhd wkqka lshjkq wid
fof,dj ÈhqKqj i,id .ekSu'
isxy, .%ka: iïmdokfhka ,efnk m%;sM, ms<snòj
fun`ÿ iúia;r ú.%yhla ±la jQ fjk;a merKs isxy, .%ka:hla
ke;s neúka fuh úfYaIfhka w.h lsÍfuys we;s jrola
ke;'
mQcdj,S l;=jrhd iajlSh .%ka:fha l;djia;= wdrïN-
fha§ yd wjidkfha § nqÿka jykafia flfrys meye§u we;sjk
wdldrhg rpkd fldg ;sfí' Wkajykafiaf.a rpkd ffY,sh
ksidu §¾> j¾Kkdjla jqjo lshjkakd yd wikakd ;=< Y%oOa dj
cks; ùu fuu .%ka:fhys ±lsh yels ;j;a ,CIKhls'
29 jeks mßÉfPaoh wjidkfha§ l;= ysñfhda fufia
olaj;s'
—fufia udf.a iajdñ orefjda fï foõo;ayq fkdfhla cd;sj,
o nqÿ jQ cd;sfha o wfkalm%ldrfhka Tyq ;uka jykafiag
lrk ,o fkdfhla jOl m%fhda.fhys fufia fkdfhla
mQcdjka ,;a fyhskq;a tfia jQ mQcd ú`§ug iqÿiq fyhskq;a je¥
iqfodjqka uy rcdKka flfrys o lvqjla bi isidrd ;uka
jykafia urd we`.s,s lmñ fkfh fkfh uyKehs lsh lshd
oõ w`.=u,a fidryq flfryso mh f.k mrilaj, .iñhs y`v
Èú w,õ hl= flfrys o iujQ ffu;%S we;s udf.a nqÿyq w¾y;a
kï jk fial'˜ fujeks iqLdjfndaOh iys; jpk ud,djla
mQcdj,sh mqrd olakd ,efí' nqÿq rÿka ye`Èkaùfï § ksrka;rfhka
u udf.a iajdñ orefjda hkak o tfia;a fkdue;s kï udf.a

iajdñ ore jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia hkqfjka o olajd we;' fuh
mQcdj,sh mqrdu olakg ,efnk ,CIKhls' mQcdj,sfhys tk
l;d fn!oaOhka w;r b;d m%isoAO h' fndfyda fokd okakd ta
l;d mQcdj,sfhka lshjk úsg ,efnkaafka wuq;= rihls' woaN+;
isoaê rij;a fldg lSug Wkajykafia oCIfhls' fkdfhla
fmd;m; lshùfuka msreKq nqoaêhla we;s Wkajykafiaf.a O¾u
fldaIh b;d úYd, h' ;%smsglfhys fkdfhla ;ek tk l;d
Wkajykafiaf.a Èj. f,< ÿka nj fmfka' O¾u {dKfhka
yd mßK; nqoaAêfhka msßmqka uy f;r flfkl=ka úiska ,shk
.%ka:h O¾u NdKavd.drhla jkq fkdje<elaúh yelalls'
O¾uh ms<snò fukau idudcsl cSú;h ms<snòjo Wkajykafia
w;a±lSfuka ,;a ±kqu we;af;ls' we;eï pß; l;djka yd isoaê
úia;r lrk yeu úgu tjeks idudcsl f;dr;=re o .%ka:fhys
we;=<;a l< nj fmfka'
mQcdj,sfha tk udr hqoO
a h l;=jrhdf.a j¾Kkd Yla;hs
iau;= lrhs' fuys § fndai;=kaf.a nqoaO;ajh j<lajkq msKsi
udr msßi meñK jd; j¾Id m¾j; wdhqO wx.dr NIau jd¨l
l,,a wkaOldr hk kj úO jeis jeiaijQy' tfy;a thska lsis`ÿ
úm;a;shla fndai;=kag lsÍug wfmdfydi;a uQ udr f;fï
fufia m%ldY lrhs'
—fld, yeu ysgqkd isoaOd¾:h jyd .kqj wkqj isÿj
ìòj ne`ÿj n,j f.kj iqkq úiqKq lrj nqÿùug ßis m,jj
Tyq fidhd fojhs lsh lshd˜
wkqm%di rifhka wkQk jQ fï wjia:dj wmodkÜG
l;dfõ iòyka jk kuq;a fu;rï úê l%shd ixLHdjla tys
olakg fkdue;'
mQcdj,shg idys;H jxYfhys Wiia ;ekla §ug fndfyda
foka ue,s jk nj fmfka' mQcdj,sfhys tk l;d yd j¾Kkd
j,ska idys;H rihg jvd kef.kafka O¾u rih h' nqoaO
pß;h yd iïnkaO fkdfhla f;dr;=re ±k .ekSug leu;s
fn!oaOfhl=g mQcdj,sh yia;idr jia;j

= la jqjo we;eï idys;H
úpdrlhska thska ,nkafka uo ikaf;daIhls'
md,s fm< fmd;a yd wgqjd lshùfuka tl;= lr.;a l;d
iy wudj;=r nq;airK wd§ merKs .%ka:hkaf.ka .;a lreKq
ish,a, ilia fldg mQcdj,sh ,shQ nj is;sh yel' ;%smsglfha
tk iEu wgqjd àld fmd;la u Wkajykafiag lshjkakg
,enqK nj fmfka' nqoaOf>daI udysñhka md,shg fmr<k ,o
wgqjd fmd;a ish,a, u mQcdj,sfhys fodf<dia jk mßÉfPaofha
kï jYfhka iòyka fldg we;' nqqoaOf>daI udysñhka isxy,
wgqjd md,shg fmr<Sfuka ±kg ;sfnk md,s wgqjd l;d ksmo
jQ nj fndfyda fokd ms<s.kakd kuqÿ nqoaOmq;% ysñhka tfia
fkdms<s.kakd nj Wkajykafia ,shQ my; jdlHfhka meyeÈ<s
fõ'
—u;= Y%S ,xld oaùmfhys § lma ,CIhla fmreï mqrd wd
nqoaOf>daI kï jQ wdpdÍ ia:úrhka úiska udf.a wNsm%dh ±ku
,shk ,o wgqjd l;d jYfhka ;=ka ,CI ieg oyia i;aish
mKia .%ka: ixLHdjla muK fj;s'˜7
nqoaOmQ;% ysñfhda ;u .%ka:h ;=< ,shd we;s j¾Kkd
b;d is;a .kakd iq¨ w;r ta ta ld,hkays Ndr;fha yd ,xld
oaùmfhys mej;s wdrÓl foaYmd,ksl idudcSh yd ft;sydisl
f;dr;=re /ila fuu .%ka:h mqrdjgu ±lsh yels h'
mQcdj,sfha tk mQ¾jdrdu mQcd l;d hk wgf<dia jk
mßÉfPaofha § nqoAOld,Sk Ndr;fha mej;s wd¾Ól miqìu
l;=jrhd olajkafka my; mßosh'
—tl, uev uy isgdfKda iajdñ orejka ;ukaf.a kqjrg
jvkd nj widu mq;Kqjkaf.a ¥ úYdLd kï jQ ;ukaf.a
ñKsìßhka <`.g leòjd mq; f;dmg;a u.=,a wmg;a u.=,a f;ms
f;dm yd iu i;a yeúßÈ jhia we;s mkaishhla isgq l=ußhka
msßjrdf.k mkaishhla r: ke.S uy fmryßka nqÿka fmr
u.g hjhs lSy'˜
Wla; fmf,ys iòyka mßÈ nqÿka ±l jeò ms§u mjd

Okfhka wdVH jQ mjq,a j,g muKla iSud ù ;snqKq njla
olakg ,efí' we;s ke;s iEu fokdgu nqÿkaf.a lreKdj tl
iudk jqjo we;s whf.a is;a we;s whgu muKla ñi ke;s whg
hym;la lrkakg ;rï fid`ÿre jQjd hehs is;sh fkdyel'
mkaishhla isgq l=udßhka meñfKkafka ßh mkaishhl h' isgq
f.aj, isák odis ÈhKshkag nqÿka fmr u.g hdug fkdyela-
fla ßhla ke;s ksid±hs hkak fuys u;=jk mekhls' fuhska
nqoAOmq;% ysñfhda wd¾Ól miqìu fuka u iudcfha we;s ke;s
mr;rh .ek o Y%djlhd ±kqj;a lrkafka nqoaO pß;hg o
ydkshla fkdjk wdldrfhka Y%djlhdg o fkd±kSu h'
mQcdj,sfha tk wioDY mQcd l;d kï jQ 20 jk
mßÉfPaofha my; tk fldgiska o tl, wd¾Ól yd idudcSh
f;dr;=re /ila bÈßm;a fõ'
—fldfid,a rcyq l, lsrjd wm fuys jei .; fkdyelal' ta
f;fï uyd n, we;sfha h' irKla fkdÿfkd;ska trc wmg
ffjÍ fõ' ÿfkda;skq;acd;siïfNao fjhs' irK ÿka uekj
fkdÿk;a uekjehs is;d,d ;ukaf.a uyd uqKaä kï odish
l=iska Wmka ;ukagh odjq jdiNl;a;sld kï ÿj foj`.k fia
irid,d udf.a ÈhKshka f.k hjhs ¥;hkag lS h'˜
fuhska ksu.ak jk wkaoug fuys tk wd¾Ól idOl
kï rdcH md,lhd yd rfÜ Okh;a mjq,a tl;= ù rg md,kh
lsÍu hs' kuq;a tfia lsÍu ;=< Wla; lshukg wkqj we;sjk
iudcuh .eg¨jls' Tjqkaf.a hï hï flrejdj,a ksid is;a
ìfòkafka wirK rgjeishkaf.a h' fuys iòyka wkaoug
rc;=udg ßis fia ÿgq úg ,nd .ekSfï yelshdjla we;' thska
ldf.a is;a ì`ÿK;a Tyqg lï ke;' tfuka u by< me,eka;sfha
Woúhf.a w;jrhkag fndfyda úg odi odishka m;a ùug bv
we;' fuys lshefjk jdiNL;a;sld tjeks wkaoul m%;sM,hls'
tl, iudcfha meje;s fujeks l%shd o mQcdj,S .%ka:h yryd
wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdjla nqoaOmq;% ysñfhda ks¾udKh
lr we;'
—tfjf,ys u,a,sld foaù rcacqrejkaf.a Y%S hyka .nvdjg jeo

fYdald;=rj fyd;a rcacqrejka ±l fï lsfula o foaúhks kqU
jykafiaf.a bkaøsfhda wo úldrhg meñKshy' oyj,a fufyla
fkdksuk ,o fYdald;=r jk fialauehs úpd<y' rcacqrefjda
u,a, s l d foa ú hks f;ms ug ,ca c d fkdfokq ± hs úpd<y'
fkdoksñ iajdóks jod< uekjhs lSy' iojila uq¨,af,ys
Tjqfkdjqka mrojd nqÿkag oka § wo kqjr jeishkag mero
.sfhñ' wo oka ÿka okg jvd okafokakd ;nd iß.iajd §
,Su;a ug neßh hs lSy'˜
20 jeks mßÉfPaofha by; oelafjk fldgiska ld,Sk
iudc f;dr;=rla ,nd §ug nqoaOmq;% ysñhka j. n,df.k we;'
wUq ieñhka cSj;a úh hq;af;a tlsfkldf.a m%Yak idlÉPd
lrñks' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a is;a ;=< ielh yg .kafka h'
tys wjidkh wdrjq,ls' kuq;a fldfid,a rcq ;u fufyishf.
ka Wmfoia ,nkafka weh nqoaêu;a ldka;djla jQ ksidfjka u
fkdfõ' Tjqka wUq ieñhka jQ fyhsks'
rdcH md,lhd w;r yd k.r jeishka w;r l=uk fyda
ldrKhla mokï lrf.k ;r`.hla mejf;a kï th nqoaê
ySk;djhls' ukao fï fomd¾Yjfhka flfkla lsmqKq l, tys
wjidk m%;sM,h t;rï hym;a fkdfõ' nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;fha
tfia isÿ fkdfõ hehs is;sh yel' kuq;a j;auka iudcfha
nqÿka cSjudk fkdfj;s' tfyhska j¾;udk iudcfha tfia
isÿ fkdfõ hehs o is;Sug fkdyel' nqoaOmq;% ysñfhda iajlSh
.%ka:fhka nK lshd we;aaf;a todg fkdj wog h'
is,a ke;a;jqka is,a we;a;jqka fia r`.mEu yd j[apd
lsÍu tl,ays o isÿ ù we;s nj mQcdj,sfha tk hul m%d;syd¾h
mQcd l;d kï 23 jk mßÉfPaofoa § yqjd olajhs'
—blaì;af;ka ta rc.ykqjr isgdKkaf.a mqj; wid wms nqÿïy
wms nqÿïy hs m%;s{d fldg weúÈkd jQ Tyq ifoku ta kqjrg
wjq;a mia ojila uq¨,af,a isgdKka msßjrdf.k isgdfKks
fï md;%h wmg foj wms nqÿjïy ry;=ïy fï md;%hg wms
wmsu iqÿiaiïy'˜
NsCIQkag ,efnk fkdfhla ,dN i;aldr ±l tajdg

ßisfhka meúÈ jQ meúoaoka fndfyda fjhs' mQcdj,sfha olajk
mßÈ Tjqka j[apdldrfhda hs' tfuka u ke;s .=K we;ehs
lshñka Wjiq Wjeishka rjgd uqis nia fodvkafkda h' fuh
fld;ekl § ldf.ka isÿ jQ jrola ±hs is;Sug wmyiq jqj o
nqÿka iudcfha isá tjekakjqka miqj o we;sjk nj mQcdj,S
l;=jrhd ±k isákakg we;'
hfYdaord yd isÿy;a hkq wUq ieñhka h' Tjqka ta
fjkq f jka l,a m .Kkla fmreï ms r efõ h' tfuka u
wd;aufhka wd;auhg Tjqka tlsfkld yuq jQy' tys wka;¾.;
ù we;af;a wiSudka;sl jQ fm%auh hs' mQcdj,S l;=jrhd o woaN+;
mQcd l;d kï jQ fidf<dia jk mßÉfPaofha § hfYdaordf.a
fm%auh kej; isys .kajhs'
—hfYdaord foaùka tod nqÿka ;ukaf.a f.g jvkd neõ ±k
mkaishhla mßjdr ia;%Ska yd iu`. flia jeá lmd yer lid
ms<s fmrjd n, n,d isáhdyq nqÿka wjqÈk jevyqka fõf,ys
idrdixLH l,am ,CIhla uq¨,af,ys wdjrKhla ke;sj iu`.ska
ÈjQ fmïj;=re ròjd.; fkdyS fm%aufhka Wu;=j uu ia;%shla
fõo uqka jykafia f,djq;=rd nqÿ fj;a±hs˜
hkq f jka hfYda o rd ;u iir mq r d m;df.k wd
iajdñhdf.a cSú;h yd ;u fm%auh ms<snòj ÿlauqiq wdldrfhka
m%Yak lrk njla fuys § olakg ,efí'
wd¾Ól idudcSh ldrKd fuka u .%ka:h mqrdjg
ft;sydisl f;dr;=re o wka;¾.; ù we;s njla olakg ,efí'
;u urKh <xj tk njla ±k.;a úchndyq rcq mq;=ka fofokd
leòjd Tjqka w;r we;s ifydaor fm%auh /l .kakd fia o tfia
u rcrfÜ isá øúvhkaf.a n, mrdl%uh .ek lreKq iòyka
fldg Tjqka iu`. igkg fkdhk fia o ;u mq;=kag wjjdo
l< nj mQcdj,sfha lshd ;sfí'fï i,a.,a l`ÿlrh udhd msysá
forfÜ iSudfõ msysá ;ekla nj ksiel h'úchndyq rcq l<d
hehs lshk fï wkqYdik;a mqrd;k hq.fha ldjka;siai rcq
;u mq;=ka fofokdg l< wkqYdik;a tlsfklg iudk nj

mQcdj,sfhau lshd ;sfí'8 mQcdj,s l;=jrhd ;u wkqYdilhdf.a
pß; l;dj mqrd;k ùrfhl=f.a pß; l;dj wkqj ms<sfh<
lsÍug jEhï l< nj fuhska fmfka'
mQcdj,sfha tk 22 jk mßÉfPaofha § fhdÿka 300la
muK jk Whka fmdl=Kq msysá nj l;=jrhd m%ldY lrkafka
ft;sydisl f;dr;=rla mdGlhdg bÈßm;a lrk wdldrfhks'
—ta kqjr oCIsK È.a Nd.fhys tfiau i;a rejkauh jQ mjqre
yd fodrgqfhka mßCIsma; jQ ;=kaishhla fhdÿka Ñ;% ,;d
Whk msysáfha h' ta Whk yd kqjr fow;=frys mkia mkia
fhdÿka Ñ;%dh kï pq,a, Ñ;%dh kï fmdl=Kq fol msysáfha
h' ta fmdl=Kq fo;f¾ o mkia mkia fhdÿka Ñ;%d kï pq,a,
Ñ;%d kï forejka w;f<la msysáfha h'˜
nqoaOmq;% ysñfhda ;u .%ka:h iòyd fhdod .kafka
Wmud Wmfïfhka wkQk jQQ .eñ jyrhs' nqÿka jykafiaf.a ysi
u;g foõo;a .,a fmrÆ wjia:dj f.k yer olajk ú,dih
l;= ysñhkaf.a NdId {dKh ksrEmKh jQjd hehs lSug my;
fPaoh idCIs imhhs'
—blaì;af;ka foõo;a uyK Nj;a f.!;ufhda m¾j;fhka
.eyeá iqKq úiqKqj .sfhdfodafydahs lEfia kmqr mQfia kmqr
Wkafia kmqr isáfia kmqr hkd§ka nfiys fodia § weúÈkd
.uka .sfhdafodafydahs wm jekshkag mjd w.iõ ;k;=r fkd§
neyeßka wd nuqKkag ;k;=re §ug ßis mE,dfodafydahs wo
udf.a ukfod< isoaoù hhs i;=gq i;=gqj n,kqfha ;uka fmrÆ
., nqÿkag <`.d úh kqyqkq kshdj;a .skafkys Æ hmd,ula
isidrd kef.k j.aks cd,d fia ., isidrd nqÿ/ia l`ÿ kef.k
kshdj;a ., nqÿ/iays rkajka È,sfik kshdj;a is;ñ
= Ks rejkla
fia È,sfik nqÿrejla ±l Wmka uyd fYdalfhka iqiqï ,,d
;udf.a fjfyrgu m,d .sfha h'˜
fmdÿ ck is;=ï me;=ï wdÈhg yd Tjqka jyrk nigo
b;d <x jk wre;ska yd niska fuu mdGh ilia ù we;s
nj fmfka' foõo;a fmrÆ ., isidrd nqÿ/ia kef.k mßÈ

—.skfa kys Æ hmd,ulg˜ Wmud lr ±laùu úfYaIfhka ie,lsh
hq;a;ls' w¾:h m%n, f,i mdGlhdf.a uki ;=<g msúi ùu
msKsi fh¥ fuu Wmudj kj;djfhka hqla;h' merKs isxy,
.%ka:hkays olakg fkd,efnk kj Wmud Ndú;fhys mQcdj,s
l;=jrhd ;=< msysá iu;alu úoydmdk ;j;a ;eka lsysmhla
fufia h'
—ñ:HdoDIaÀ .;=jkaf.a uqyqKq yeUq,a uev.;a foisf,ô fia
yels, .sfha h' lUqre fndrefjys bÈlgq úlald fia ye,a
fl;la ueo ysò lgqir lkakl= fia wuqKq levQ uy j;=rla
fia msreKq meka l<hla uqyqKska keuQ l, nl nlfha meka
je.sfrkakd fia Èú o<ska Tma ke.+ rka ms<suhla fia ˜
w¾:h yd rih Woa§mkh jk mßÈ fh¥ fuu Wmud
fmdÿck cSú;h yd ióm iïnkaO;ajhla fmkajhs' mQcdj,sh
jeks fun`ÿ .%ka: fmdÿck cSú;j ;=<g lsòd neiSug fun`ÿ
fhÿï fnfyúka bjy,a úh'
mQcdj,s l;=jrhd iajlSh .%ka:fha § cd;l l;d
iïm%odhg wkq.; ù we;s njla olakg ,efnk w;r iEu
l;djla wjidkfha .d:d mdGhla fh§u fuys úfYaI fõ' uq,a
l;d ;=< Ndr;Sh l;d bÈßm;a lrk l;= ysñfhda 33 jk yd
34 jk mßÉfPaoj,§ ,laÈj rcjreka úiska lrk ,o fkdf-
hla mQcdjka .ek iòyka lr;s' fuys§ nqÿka jykafia ,laÈjg
jevu lsÍu uyskaod.ukh wd§ f;dr;=re iuka;mdidÈldj
uydjxYh wd§ ft;sydisl .%ka: uQ,dY% lr.ksñka bÈßm;a
lrhs' oUfoks hq.fha rdcH l< fojk merl=ïndjka úiska
lrk ,o fkdfhla mQcdjka úia;r lrñka .%ka:h ksujd we;'
ft;sydisl lreKq ±laùfï § ;;ald,Sk f;dr;=re .%kaA:hg
tla lrhs' fufia msßlaiSfï § mQcdj,S l;=jrhd o fm< fmd;a
j, wdNdih ,nñka jákd idys;H .%ka:hla isxy, .oH
idys;Hdj,shg tla l< nj lsj yels h'
wdka;sl igyka
1 ch,;d ueoj;a;" iïNdjH .oH idys;H" 117 msgqj'
2 ksjkaou Y%S O¾ulS¾;s" isxy, idys;Hfha iaj¾K hq.h" 216 msgqj
3 ,xld b;sydih" 1 ldKavh" 2 Nd.h" 581 - 82 msgq
4 - tu- " 584 msgqj
5 fydrK jcsr{dk ysñ" isxy, idys;H .%J: m%Èmsld" 119 msgqj
6 - tu - 117 msgqj
7 ksjkaou Y%S Ou_lS¾;s ysñ" isxy, idys;Hfha iaj¾K hq.h" 142 msgqj
8 ,xld b;sydih" 585 msgqj
ikafoaYldjHidys;Hh yd .srdikafoaYh ms<n

s ò
úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla
mQcH je,a,jdfha kkaor;k ysñ
fuu f,aLkfhys uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha .srdika -
foaYh ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhl fhoSu h'.srdikafoaYh
ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhlg mQ¾jfhka ikafoaYldjH
hkq ljr ldjH m%fNaohla o" tys iajNdj-,CIK fln`ÿ o"
ikafoaYldjH iïm%odh ìys jQfha ljr od isg o" Y%S ,dxflah
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a wdrïNh yd úldYh isÿ ù we;af;a
flfia o" isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a wdlD;sh yd mrud¾:h
fln`ÿ o wdos jYfhka lreKq fm<.eiaùu u.ska ikafoaYldjH
ms<snò wNsreÑhla olajk úoHd¾Òkag hï m%;s,dNhla yd kj
m¾fhaIK flfrys úoHd¾Òkaf.a wjOdkh fhduqjk fyhska
tjka wdlD;shlska hqla; j wkqql%ufhka fuys lreKq fm<.
iajd we;'
ikafoaYldjHh hkq"
fmros. idys;Hfha b;d ckm%sh ldjHdx.hla jYfhka
ikafoaY kï jQ ldjHdx.h fmkajdosh yels h' ¥;ldjHh jY-
fhka o fuu ldjH m%fNaoh iïNdú; h' ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a
wdrïNh yd úldYh ms < s n ò fyda .s r dika f oa Y h ms < s n ò
úuiSulg m%:ufhka ikafoaY yd ¥; hkafkys jpkd¾:
yd iajNdj-,CIKh fln`ÿ o hkak uòla úuiSu ne,Sub;d
jeo.;a h' tysoS w;sYh ckm%sh ixialD; fldaI.%ka: foll
tjoka fufia wre;a.kajd we;'
ikafoaY - iï¬osYa->[a" jdÑld¾:l:fk jd¾;dhdï'1
ikafoaY - iï¬osYa->[a" ixjdo#'2
¥; - ÿ¬la;#" ikafoaYyfr" jd¾;dyfr p'3

¥; - ÿ¬la;#" ^¥hf; jd¾;djykdosfk;s&" jd¾;dyr#" ika-
foaYyr#" ikaosIagl:l#'4
Wla; fldaI.%ka:d.; jpkd¾: úuiSfïoS fmkS hkqfha
jd¾;dl:khla" ixjdohla" mKsjqvhla f.khEu wdos w¾:
ikafoaY yd ¥;hk joka Tiafia w¾:j;a jk whqre hs' isxy,
NdId.; uyd isxy, YíofldaIfhys o ikafoaY yd ¥; hkak
iòyd w¾: rdYshla ,nd oS we;'
ikafoaY" ikafoai - wiak" úêu;a ,shuk" yiqk" mKsjqvh"
wdrxÑh" oekaùu" jd¾;dj" f;dr;=r'5
¥; - wkdpdrfhys fhÿKq " mKs ú v f.khka k d" ryia
T;a;=ldrhd" prmqreIhd" rdcH ksfhdað;hd" ;dkdm;shd'6
ta wkqj ikafoaYldjHh yd ¥;ldjHh hk wúfYaI kdu
oajfhys u w¾: ;=,kh lsÍfuka fmkS hkqfha ¥;hl= ud¾.
fhka hjkq ,nk mKsjqvhla" jd¾;djla jia;=úIh fldg rÑ;
ldjH m%nkaOh ikafoaYldjHhlafyda ¥;ldjHhla jYfhka
y`ÿkajkq ,nk whqre hs' fï>¥;h" .srdikafoaY wdosh fuks'
ikafoaY yd ¥; hkafkys jpkd¾:hka tn`ÿ jk w;r"fuu
ldjHdx.h ljr ldjH m%fNaohlg wh;a jkafka o hkak
fuys,d wjfndaO lr.; hq;= ;j;a lreKls' ldjH m%fNaohka
b;d úêu;a j m%fNao.; fldg we;s ixialD; úpdr .%ka:hkays
Y%jH yd oDYH jYfhka m%Odk ldjH m%fNao oajhla olajd we;'
—oDYHY%jHFjfNfok mqk# ldjHx oaúOd u;ï˜'7 thska w¾:j;a
jkqfha Y%jKh fldg ri úòsh yels yd oelSfuka ri úòsh
yels ldjHhka ms<snò hs' Y%jKh fldg ri úòsh yels Y%jH
ldjHhkaf.a úfYaI wkqm%fNao i;rla úpdrlhka fmkajd oS
we;' tkï uqla;l" l=," fldaI" i`Ù>d; jYfhks'
uqla;lx l=,lx fldI# i`Ù>d; b;s ;doDY#

i¾.nJOd`Ù. rEmFjdokqla;# moHúia;r#8
hf:dal;a moHldjH m%fNao i;r w;=ßka i`Ù>d; kï jQ

moH m%fNaohg ikafoaYldjHhka fkdfyd;a ¥;ldjHhka wh;a
fõ' —i`Ù>d;# m%f;Hlmßiudma;d¾:mffoH# l:diudma;s#˜9
hkqfjka tla fohla j¾Kkd lrkq msKsi l< fjka fjka
jQ iïnkaOhla we;s moH iuQyhlska hqla; ùu fuu ldjH
m%fNaofha uQ,sl ,CIKh nj úpdrlhka fmkajd oS we;'
;jÿrg;a th fufia o ks¾jpkh olajd we;'
h;% lúfrlu¾:x - jD;af;ffkflk j¾Kh;s ldfjH
i`Ù>d;# i ks.osf;d - jDJodjk fu>¥;dos#10
ikafoaYldjHfhda LKavldjH jYfhka o fmdÿfõ
y`ÿkajkq ,efn;a' tfy;a LKavldjH .Khg wh;a jkqfha
yqfola ikafoaY ldjHhka muKla fkdjk w;r R;=ixydrdos
fjkia ia j rEmfhka hq l a ; ldjHhka o wka ; ¾.; fõ'
—LKa v ldjHx Nfj;a ldjHffiHlfoYdkq i dß p" h:d
fu>¥;dos#˜11 hkqfjka idys;Ho¾mKfhys tys iajNdj - ,CIK
fmkajd oS we;'
iuia;hla jYfhka uydldjHh fuka mD:q, j j¾Okh
fkdjQ tlfoaYdkqidß l=vd ldjH úfYaIhla jQ;a" ñksil=
fyda fkdñksil= fyda fjk;a mKsúvlrejl=f.a ¥;ud¾.
fhka fjk;a flkl= fj; mKsjqvhla f.k hkakd jQ;a"
¥;j¾Kkh" ud¾.foaYdos j¾Kkh" m%dfoaYSh m%N+ j¾Kkh"
ikafoaY m%;s.%dyl j¾Kkh" Whka fl<s" c,l%Svd" ikaOHd wdos
j¾Kkd" ¥;dYs¾jdoh wdos j¾Kkdjkaf.ka hqla; jQ;a ldjH
úfYaIh ikafoaYldjH fyda ¥;ldjH jYfhka jHjydrm%dma;
ù we;'
ika f oa Y lrKfha wdrïNh yd Ndr;S h ika f oa Y ldjH
ks¾udK
mßmQ¾Ktal .%ka:hla jYfhka ieliqKq merKs;u
ikafoaY lD;sh jYfhka .=m;
a hq.fha úrdcudk he hs ie,flk
ld,sodif.a fï>¥; ldjHh uqLH ia:dkfhys jecfò' tfy;a
¥;hl= ud¾.fhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï mqj;a ld,sodig
by; hq.fhaoS o mej;S we;s whqre yskaÿ yd fn!oaO idys;H

iïm%odh oajfhka u ks.ukh l< yels h'
1. R.a f õofha oijk uKa v ,fha tk bka ø foúhd
úiska irud kï iqkL fèkqj w; mKSka kï j¾Idj
f.kfok foúhka fj; hjk ,o mKsjqvh'12
2. uydNdr;d.; kf,dmdLHdkfhys iòyka ouhka;S
l=ußh úiska k, l=ure fj; yxihka w; hjkq ,nk
mKsjqvh'
3. rdudhKfhys tk rdu l=ure úiska ykquka; kï
jdkrhd w; iS;d fj; hjk ,o mKsjqvh
4. lduú,dm cd;lfha tk yq, ;shk ,o mqreIhl=
úiska ish m%shdïìldj fj; lmqgl= w; hjk ,o
mKsjqvh'
5. N+ßo;a; cd;lfha tk leianEjl= úiska f.k hk ,o
u`.=,a mKsjqvh'
6. Wïu.a. cd;lfha tk mKsjqv yqjudrej iòyd .srd
fmda;lhl= yd ie<,sysKshl= Wmldr lr.;a whqre'
by; olajk ,ÿfha ft;sydisl jYfhka b;d ckm%sh
mqj;a lsyms hla yskÿa yd fn!oaO idys;H iïm%odh oajh wdY%fhka
muKs' fujka ft;sydisl mqj;a miqld,Sk ikafoaYlrejkag
hï wdf,dalhla imhd we;s nj ueoy;a fndfyda úh;=kaf.a
wdl,amh hs' ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a kshudrïNh ld,sodif.a
fï>¥;fhka iksgqyka jQ nj by; olajk ,os' ld,sodif.a
isg Ndr;fha b;d ckm%sh whqßka W;a;rNdr;Sh yd oCIsK
Ndr;Sh jYfhka ixialD; ikafoaYldjHhka ks¾udKh ù
we;' tfia rpkd ù we;s ixialD; ikafoaYldjHhka m%Odk
jYfhka yskÿa yd ffck jYfhka oaúOdldr nj ikafoaY ldjH
ms<snò m%udKj;a úia;rhla"Indian Historical Quarterly"kï
i`.rdfõ f;jeks ldKavhg imhñka Ñka;dyrka pl%j¾;S
iQÍka fmkajd oS we;'13 ld,sodif.a fï>¥;h rpkd ùfï isg
fï>¥;hwkq.ukh lrñka yd fkdlrñka kQ;k hq.h olajd
Ndr;fha ks¾udKh ù we;s tjka ixialD; ikafoaYldjH

rdYshla oelsh yels w;r bka lsysmhla fufia h'
fkñ ¥;h
fOdhslf.a mjk ¥;h
Y%Su;a rEmf.diajdñf.a yxi ¥;h
jc%kd:lúf.a ufkd ¥;h
úIaKqodilúf.a ufkd ¥;h
yßyrlúf.a yDoH ¥;h
cïîlúf.a pJø ¥;h
l¾;D wúksYaÑ; msl ¥;h
fyda,dkd:f.a mdka: ¥;h
úkhúch.KSf.a bJÿ ¥;h
lDIaKid¾jfN!uf.a mod`Ùl ¥;h
l¾;D wúksYaÑ; ;=,iS ¥;h
fjxlgfoaYsl lúhdf.a yxi ¥;h
rEmf.diajdñf.a WoaOj ifJoYh
udOjY¾ukaf.a WoaOj ¥;h
l¾;D wúksYaÑ; lms ¥;h
ffck lúhl=f.a fpf;d ¥;h
ld,sm%idof.a Nla;s ¥;h
reø kHdhjdpiam;syqf.a N%ur ikafoaYh
rduYdia;%sf.a fu> m%;sifJoYh
úIaKq;%d;hkaf.a fldl ifJoYh
jdiqfoajf.a NDx. ifJoYh
,CIaó odihkaf.a Y=l ifJoYh
r`Ù.dpd¾hhkaf.a uhQr ifJoYh
jrodpd¾hhkaf.a fldls, ifJoYh
jdiqfoajhkaf.a pfldr ifJoYh
hf:dla; Ndr;Sh yskaÿ yd ffck m%fNaod.; fuka

u W;a;rNdr;Sh yd oCIsKNdr;Sh m%fNaod.; ixialD;
ikafoaY .%ka:hkays we;eï úfYaI;d o oelsh yels h' tjka
jQ úfYaI;d ms<snò o uò jYfhka fyda wjfndaO lr.ekSu
isxy, ikafoaYldjH wOHhkfhaoS fnfyúka Wmldrj;a jk
fyhska fláfhka fufia olajkq ,efí'
1. W;a;rNdr;Sh ixialD; ikafoaYhkays fnfyúka ¥;hd
jYfhka fhdodf.k we;af;a wÔù jia;=jls' fu>¥;"
fkñ¥;" mjk¥; wdos ks¾udKhkaf.ka th uekúka
mila fõ'
2. oCIsKNdr;Sh ixialD; ikafoaYhkays fnfyúka iÔù
¥;hl= f;dard.ekSug fm<ö we;' Y=likafoYh"
uhQrikafoYh" fldls,ikafoYh" pfldrikafoYh
wdos ikafoaY tys,d ksoiqka h'
3. yskaÿ ikafoaYhkays m%Odk mrud¾:h ù we;af;a YDx.
drh m%dKh fldg.ekSu yd fmïj;=ka yd fmïj;shka
w;r woyia yqjudre lr.ekSfï ikafoaY ks¾udK
l%uh hs' ta w;r WoaOj¥;" WoaOjikafoY" lSrikafoY"
;=,dis¥;" mod`Ùl¥;" mJ:¥;" msl¥;" ufkda¥; wdosh
w;sYh YDx.drj;a yskaÿ ikafoaYhka h' fu>¥;"
fldls,ikafoY" fkñ¥;" mjk¥;" NDx.¥; wdosh
YDx.drh o uqiq lrñka m%Odk jYfhka fmïj;=ka
w;r woyia yqjudre lr.ekSfï mrud¾:fhka rÑ;
ikafoaYfhda h'
4. ffck ikafoaYhka YDx.drhg fyda fjk;a fohlg
m%Odk;ajh ,nd oS fkdue;s w;r Tjqkaf.a wruqK
ù we;af;a wd.ñl woyia ikaksfõokh fyda ffck
wd.fï fY%aIaG;ajh ikafoaYldjH Tiafia yqjdoelaùu
h' iS,¥; jeks ikafoaYhka tys,d ksoiqka h'
5. by; ola j k ,o m% f Na o hka g wu;r j úfYa I
iajNdjfhka hqla; ikafoaY ldjHhka o oelsh yels h'
tysoS pd;likafoaYh hkq ;ud l< jrog nuqKl= úiska

iudj b,a,d rcl= fj; hjk ,o yiqkls' Nla;s¥;h
hkq uqla;s kue;s m%shdïìldj fj; Nla;sh ¥;hl=
fldg hjk ,o yiqkls'
Ndr;fha ks¾udKh ù we;s ixialD; ikafoaYhka yd
tjdfha iajNdj ,CIK fláfhka tfia h' iuia; ixialD;
ikafoaYldjH m%udKh foi ne,SfïoS fmkS hkqfha ikafoaY-
ldjH iïm%odh Ndr;fha uy;a ckm%sh uÜgul ld,dkqrEms
j mej;S we;s whqre hs'
Ndr;fha ixialD; ikafoaYldjHhkag wu;r j øúv
yd u,hd,ï NdIdjkaf.ka rÑ; ikafoaY ldjHhka o oelsh
yels h'14 øúv ikafoaYhla ms<snò m<uqfldg iòyka jkqfha
iÅ.ï ld,fha rÑ; lduh ms<snò jQ .%ka:j, h' fmïj;l=
;u fmïj;shg ll=¿jl= w; mKsjqvhla hejQ nj tu .%ka:j,
iòyka fõ' tfy;a th tal lD;shla fkdjk fjk;a .%ka:hl
iòyka mqj;ls' t;eka isg 14 jk ishji olajd øúv ikafoaY
ms<ns ò iòykla fkdue;' iÅ.ï ld,fhka miq ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ
fn!oaO yd ffck wd.ï me;sÍu;a" ffYj yd ffjIaKj wd.ï
oshqKq ùu;a iu.ska øúv lúfhda oeä fia wd.ug mCI j ldjH
ks¾udKh lsÍug fm<öu øúv ika f oa Y ldjHhka ks ¾ udKh
fkdùug fya ; = j nj øúv úpdrlhka f .a ks . ukh hs '
flfia jqj o ld,dka;rhlg miqj ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ
b;d oshKq q iuhla jQ úchk.¾ hq.h ldjH ks¾udK fnfyúka
iq,N jQ hq.hls' oS¾> ld,hlg miqj ikafoaYldjHhla
ms<snò iòyka jkqfha ful, h' th Wudm;s Ysj%dpd¾hh¾f.a
zfk[apqúvq;+;=Z kï ikafoaYh hs' th ;u is; ¥;hl= fldg
hï wdYs¾jdohla ,nd .ekSu iòyd foúhl= fj; hjk ,o
yiqkls' fuu lD;sh o fnfyúka wd.ñl mCIhg nr jQ w;r
th .=refldg miqld,Sk j ieliqKq fndfyda øúv ikafoaY
ldjHhka o fnfyúka wd.ñl mCIhg nr ù we;' tfia
ks¾udKh ù we;s øúv ikafoaY lsysmhla fufia h'
f;aidl¾f.a fk[apqúvq;+;=
is;ïnrf;aidl¾f.a fk[apqúvq;+;=
;;a;=jrdh¾f.a fk[apqúvq;+;=
wIagdjodksh¾f.a úr,súvq;+;=
lÉÑhmamuqksj¾f.a jKavqúvq;+;=
isÜgñn,mq,j¾f.a ls,aff,úvq;+;=
udßuq;a;=ms,af,f.a is;ïnfr isr¾ úr,súvq;+;=
;ñ<aúvq;+;=
lsreIaKka;+;=
fmdÿfõ úuid ne,SfïoS øúv ikafoaYldjH iïm%odh
t;rï oshqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;a ù fkdue;' m%dudKsl úh;=ka
fï iòyd n,mE we;eï fya;= olajd we;' ta w;r øúv lúhka
øúv ikafoaY Wiia fldg fkdie,lSu tla lreKls' ika-
foaYldjHhka øúv idys;Hfha jeo.;a wx.hla njg m;alr
.ekSug W;aidy fkdlsÍu ;j;a lreKls' wd.ug mgyeks
j iudc ;;= úia;r lsÍug ìh ùu ;j;a m%Odk lreKls' ta
wkqj wx. iïmQ¾Køúv ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh ù we;af;a
b;d uE; wjêhl isg nj m%dudKsl øúv ldjHúpdrlhkaf.a
fmdÿ ks.ukh hs'
Y%S ,dxflah ikafoaY ldjHhkaf.a wdrïNh yd úldYh

Y%S ,dxflah ikafoaY ldjHhkaf.a wdrïNh ms<snò
úuiSfïoS .ïfmd< hq.fhka tyd úoHudk isxy, ikafoaY
lD;shla oelsh fkdyels h' tfy;a j¾;udk úh;=ka wdos;u
ikafoaYldjH oajh jYfhka i,lk .ïfmd< hq.fha rÑ;
uhQr yd ;sir hk ikafoaYldjHhka rpkd ùugfmr o isxy,
ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh ù we;e hs úYajdi l< yels we;eï
idOl yuq fõ'
tysoS Ndr;fha w;sYh m%p,s; j mej;s ld,sodif.a
fï>¥;h jeks ¥;ldjHh ,laosj idys;Hldóka fkduò j
mßyrKh fldg we;s njg ,sÅ; idOlhla 08 jk ishjig

wh;a iS.sß .Shlska mila fõ' isßkd. keue;a;l= úiska rÑ;
tu iS.sß .Sh fufia h'
jkaosñ ysñj,d f;df.diska weh ksfjiakg
msßnqqka m.d u,hqk osj f;da yoyj lsh lshhs15
fndfyda iS.sß .S idudkH ckhdf.a ffki¾.s l
ldfjHda l a ; S k a f .ka iu,xlD; h' tjka iS . s ß .S w;r
ld,sodif.a fï>¥;h isysm;a lrñka rÑ; hf:dla; .Sfhka
o mila jkqfha ¥;ldjH ms<snò ;;ald,Sk idudkH ckhd
o ukd wjfndaOhlska miq ù we;s nj hs'fï>¥;h iòyd
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha ikakhla imhd ;sîu yd fï>¥;fhka
Wmqgd olajd we;s ixialD; moHhla uydfndaêjxi .egmofhys
oelsh yels ùu o hf:dla; ks.ukh ;j;a ;Sj% lsÍu iòyd
wdOdrl idOlhka h'
isxy, ikafoaY ldjHhkaf.a wdrïNh ms<snò úuiSfïoS
iso;ai`.rd ikakh yd t¿iòeia,l=K o we;eï jeo.;a idOl
imh hs' iso;ai`.rd ikakfha lsßhfmr<shg yd yldr úksYaph
iòyd Wmqgd olajd we;s ksoiqka merKs z.S ñhqre ifòiZ kï
ikafoaY ldjHd.; moH fldgia nj isò;ai`.rd ikaklref.a
woyi hs'
zfudkß`ÿ tl,ays mq,ai,.e kjd.kSZ16 ûhQf¾kaøh" ta ikaOHd

ld,fhys Mq,a,Yd,jDCId.%yfhys ksjdiia:dkh flfrys h'&
yldr úksYapfhaoS WodyrK jYfhka tk
zl<jka ì`.= uy;ajk ysre y;ajkZ17 îQ¾hhd wia;m%dma; jk
l,ays NDx.iuQyhdf.a ld,j¾Kh uy;a jQfha h'&
hf:dla; iso;ai`.rd ikakfhys wd m%:u mdGfha
fudkrl= wduka;%Kh lrk whqre yd fojk mdGfha ikaOHd
j¾Kkdjl iajrEmh oelsh yels h' ta wkqj ;;a mdGhkaf.a
iajNdj-,CIK úuiSfïoS tajd ikafoaYldjHhlg oeä ióm
njla olajk moH fldgia fyhska merKs ikafoaYldjHhla

ms<snò tu.ska wkqudk lsÍfuys wjldYh o we;'
t¿iòeia,l=fKys Wmcd;s ;=ÿiamo ieye,a,g oS we;s
kso¾Ykh o lsishï merKs ikafoaY ldjHhlska Wmqgd .;a;la
he hs we;eï úh;=ka fmkajd oS we;'
.sßoeÿfr .=.=rK - ishj. iÿ,a jrl.

flf<kd lsßhyka yh remq fjfy,ale k
.jrKii,uqjjokd ú,suqj k
ñhqre ir;,/õ - ls`ÿre mrmqgq iej, k
foõÿfika n,d ilajd ;sir fm ,
flf<k ñhqre ÿre ueosß hj,ska f, ,
;kk ysid j`ÿrK u,a j.= rK

ñKsuq;= uq;= m`.=rK ì`.= .=.= rK
b;s uqksmd ;UrK ueo ksf;d rK
toek kmd h;rK f;f, w; rK18
hf:dla; .Sfhys wre;a úuiSu b;d wmyiq jqj o

moHdjidkfhys tk ztoek kmd h;rK f;f, w;rKZ hk
fldgiska lsishï flkl= wduka;%Kh lrk iajrEmhla oelsh
yels h' flkl= wduka;%K lrñka fujka iajrEmfhka lrkq
,nk j¾Kkd we;af;a ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a h' tfyhska fuu
kso¾Ykh;a t¿iòeialre lsishï merKs ikafoaYldjHhlska
Wmqgd .kakg we;e hs úh;=ka wkqudk lrhs'
by; ola j k ,ÿfha is x y, ika f oa Y ldjHhka f .a
wdrïNh ms<snò úuiSfïoS yuqjk merKs ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h
lsysmhls' tu uQ,dY%hka Tiafia isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a
wdrïNh merKs hq.fha isg mej; tkakg we;e hs hkak
wkqudk lsÍug hï wjldYhla we;' ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h fkdjqK
o isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a wdrïNh ms<snò úuiSfïoS my;

oelafjk lreKq flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
1. wkqrdOmqr hq.fhys 08 jk ishjfiys isá w.afnda
rcqf.a rdciNdfjys isá fodf<dia uyd isxy, lùka
ms<n
s ò iòyka fõ' tfy;a Tjqka úiska rÑ; tlÿ isxy,
idys;H ks¾udKhla fyda oelsh fkdyels h' iS.sß .S o
fuu ld,hg wdikakfha ks¾udKh ù we;' isßkd.
kue;a;l= úiska rÑ; iS.sß .S w;r tk ikafoaY
ldjHhlska Wmqgd.kakg we;e hs úYajdi l< yels
mdGhla by; olajk ,os' ta wkqj fuu ld, iSudfõ
we;eï iqúfYaI isxy, idys;H ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkakg
we;e hs úYajdi l< yels h'
2. wkq r dOmq r hq . fha rÑ; is h nia , lr kï is x y,
ldjHúpdr .%ka:fha tk foaYdkqrEms kshuhla kï
zfmfoka nq ÿ is ß ;Z hk ks h uh hs ' tkï moH
ldjHh Tiafia nqÿisß; jeksh hq;= h hkak hs' th
b;d uq,anei.;a kshuhla ù we;' oUfoks hq.h olajd
muK fuu kshuh isxy, lùka úiska uekúka wkq.
ukh fldg we;' fujka miqìul f,!lsl mrud¾:
we;s lr.;a ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh jQfha o hkak
tla mfilska .eg¨jls' fï foi fjk;a mfilska o
ne,sh yels h' tkï hf:dla; kshuh ìòsñka ikafoaY
ldjHdos úfYaI isxy, idys;H ks¾udK we;eï isxy,
lùka úiska ks¾udKh l< o tjka ldjH ks¾udK
uydiïm%odh úiska m%;sfCIams; j kIagm%dh jkakg
we;e hs hkak h' ke;fyd;a uydiïm%odh wkq.ukh
lrñka ikafoaYldjHdos iqúfYaIS isxy, idys;H lD;s
ks¾udKh jqj;a tjka ldjH ks¾udKhkays mej;sh hq;=
kshu iajNdj-,CIK tu .%ka:hkaf.ka m%lg fkdùu
fya;=fjka wNdjhg hkakg we;e hs hkak h'
3. md<s NdIdfjka ,laosj rpkd fldg we;s b;d merKs
ikafoai ldjH folla oelsh yels h' bka tlla jkqfha
fodf<dia j k Y;j¾Ifha rÑ; reyq K q ckmofha

uydkd.l=, fkdfyd;a udkdjq¨ mqrfhys isg nqreufha
wßuoaok mqrhg hjk ,o .d:d ieg follska hqla;
udkdjqïkafoih hs' fuys úydr wdrdu rdcOdks
j¾Kkd ù we;;a ud¾. j¾Kkdjla oelsh fkdyels
h' md<sfhka ks¾udKh ù we;s wfkla ikafoi ldjHh
jkqfha 15 jk ishjfia rÑ; jq;a;ud,dikafoii;lh
hs' nyqiïu; ¥;,CIK fuys o oelsh fkdyels h'
ú,a.ïuq,a, udysñhkaf.a nEKkq flkl= jQ .;drd kï
;eke;a;l= úiska .d:d tlish follska hqla; j fuh
rpkd fldg we;' .ukaud¾.h ù we;af;a oeos.u isg
le,Ksh olajd h' rgg;a rcqg;a foúhl= ,jd fi;aisß
ie,eiaùu iòyd fuh rpkd fldg we;' fodf<diajk
ishjfia muKmd<sfhka o ikafoaY ldjH ks¾udKh
ù we;af;a kï merKs issxy, lúhka ikafoaYldjH
ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq fkdlf<a he hs úYajdi lsÍu
;rula wmyiq h'
4. j¾;udkfha úoHudk fndfyda ika f oa Y ldjH
ks¾udKhkays ikafoaY m%;s.%dylhd jkqfha Wmq,ajka
foúhka h' Wmq,ajka foúhka Y%S ,dxflah ckhd
w;r b;d ckm%sh fuka u nqoaOld,h olajd osj hk
foúfhls' fuu foúhka wE; w;S;fha isg fkdfhla
rcjrekaf.a mjd f.!rjdorhg md;% ù we;' Wmq,ajka
foúhka f .a ud¾.fhka fkdfhla wruq K q iM,
lr.ekSug isxy, ckhd uy;a Wkkaÿjla o olajd we;'
uydjxifha uydkdu ysñhka úiska o fuu foúhka
ms<snò olajd we;s w;r wgjk ishjfia muK isá
odmq¿fika rcq lsysß ,Sfhka Wmq,ajka foajrEmhla o
fldg we;' lsys/,s Wmq,ajka hkqfjka m%lg jQfha o
t;eka isg h' fmdf<dkakre hq.fha fojk merl=ïnd
rcq úiska foõkqjr Wmq,ajka foajd,h m%;sixialrKh
fldg jirla mdid wei< fmryer lrk fuka o
kshuhla fldg we;' ;j o fmdf<dkakre hq.fha
zfojk.rZ jYfhka ie,l+ Wmq,ajka fofjd, m<uq

úchndyq rcqf.a o úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la jQ ia:dkhls'
fmdf<dka k re hq . fhka miq j o fuu fofjd,
foaYdka;rhkays mjd ckm%sh ù we;' foõkqjr we;s
ff;%NdId Ys,df,aLkfhka th mila fõ' fujka
idOlj,g wkqj Wmq,ajka foú`ÿkaf.ka wdisß me;Su
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha isg mej;S we;s whqre meyeos,s fyhska
yiqka ud¾.fhka foajdYs¾jdoh me;Su Wmßu jYfhka
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha wjidk iufha isg mej; tkakg
we;e hs úh;=ka wkqudk lrhs'19
5. isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka fnfyúka foajdYs¾jdohg
keUqre jQ ldjH úfYaIhls' foajjdoh Y%S ,xldfõ
.eUqßka ia:dms; jQ hq.hla jYfhka fmdf<dkakre
hq.h fmkajdosh yels h' t;eka isg l%ufhka ,laosj
foajjdoh uq,anei .;a;d ñi my ù .sh wdldrhla
fuf;la oelsh fkdyels h' tfyhska fmd<dkakre jeks
hq.hla ikafoaYldjH rplhka iòyd fhda.H mßirhla
;snQ hq.hls' tfyhska we;eï úh;=ka iso;ai`.rd ikakfha
oelafjk z.S ñhqre ifòiZ kï ikafoaY ldjHh o
fmdf<dkakre hq.fhaoS rpkd fldg we;e hs wkqudk
lrhs'20 øúv n,mEï o merKs hq.fha oelsh yels h'
tfy;a merKs øúv ikafoaYldjH fkdue;s fyhska
merKs hq.fha øúv wdNdifhka isxy, ikafoaYldjH
ks¾udKh jQfha he hs úYajdi l< fkdyels h'
by; ola j k ,ÿfha is x y, ika f oa Y ldjHhka f .a
wdrïNh ms<snò ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h yd wkqudk lreKq lsysmhls'
iuia; lreKq úuid ne,Sfuka fmkS hkqfha j¾;udkfha
úoHudk merKs;u isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkag mQ¾jfhys
oisxy, ikafoaYldjHhka ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkakg we;e hs
hkak h'
j¾;udkfha úoHudk merKs;u ikafoaYldjHhka
oelsh yels jkqfha .ïfmd< hq.fha h' fuu hq.h ol=Kq
bkaoshdkq n,mEï" foajjdoS n,mEï nyq, j mej;s hq.hls'

fou< ixialD;sh yd isxy, ixialD;sh w;r .eàula we;s jQ
hq.hls' fou< ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a oSma;su;a wjêh jYfhka
ie,flk úchk.¾ hq.h o .ïfmd< hq.hg iuld,Sk h'
,laosj wOHdmkfha m%uqLFjh oerE NsCIQka jykafia,d lsysm
kula u Ndr;fhka meñKs wh ù we;' ta wkqj wx. iïmQ¾K
ikafoaYldjHhka ks¾udKh ùug b;d fhda.H jQ ld,iSudjla
njg .ïfmd< hq.h m;a ù we;'fuu hq.fha rpkd ù we;s
m%isoaO isxy, ikafoaYldjH folla oelsh yels h' tkï
;sirikafoaYh yd uhQrikafoaYh hs' fuu ikafoaY ldjH
foflka ljrla m<uq j rpkd ù we;af;a o hkakRcq j mejish
fkdyels h' ;sirikafoaYh rpkd ù we;af;a miajeks merl=ïnd
rcquq,afldgf.k h' uhQrikafoaYh rpkd ù we;af;a miajeks
nqjfkalnd rcq uq,f
a ldgf.k h' fï whqßka .ïfmd< hq.fhka
werUqKq isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a úldYh kQ;k hq.h
olajd oelsh yels h' úúO rcjre" ix>rdc f;rjre" mqoa.,sl
mrud¾: uq,afldgf.k tjka ikafoaYldjH ks¾udK ù we;'
tysoS fldaÜfÜ hq.h mfrú" ie<,sysKs" .srd" yxi" fldals, hk
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.ka w,xlD; ù we;s w;r tu hq.h isxy,
ikafoaY ldjHhkaf.a iaj¾Kuh hq.h jYfhka o nyqudks;
h' thg fya;=j kï ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a ldjHuh w.h;a"
ldjHuh mrud¾:h;a b;d Wiia ;;a;ajhlska fldaÜfÜ hq.fha
rÑ; ikafoaYhkays úoHudk ùu h' iS;djl hq.fha rpkd ù
we;s iejq,aikafoaYh o úh;=kaf.a úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la jQ
ikafoaYhls' bkamiq o fndfyda ikafoaY ldjHhka ks¾udKh ù
we;;a tu ks¾udK iïNdjH ;;a;j a fhys,d i,lkq fkd,efí'
hï fyda uÜgul we.hSug ,la j we;af;a lyl=reïkafoaYh
jeks ikafoaY lsysmhls'
iuia ; hla jYfhka is x y, ika f oa Y ldjHhka f .a
oSma;su;a wjêh .ïfmd< yd fldaÜfÜ hq.hka h' bkawk;re
j rpkd ù we;s isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka iïNdjH ;;a;j a fhka
yd ldjHuh w.fhka l%ufhka msßyS we;' iuia;hla jYfhka
.ïfmd< hq.fha isg isxy, ikafoaYldjH iïm%odh isxy,
ckhd w;r b;d ckm%sh ldjHud¾.hla jYfhka uq,aneif.k

we;s whqre úYd, m%udKhla jQ isxy, ikafoaYdj,sh foi
ne,Sfuka mila fõ'
isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a wdlD;sh yd mrud¾:h

ljr ldjHl,djla iïnkaOfhka jqj o lsishï ldjH
wdlD;shla oelsh yels h' ikafoaYldjH iïnkaOfhka o
ksYÑ
a ; yd nyqiïu; wdlD;shla oelsh yels h' tysoS ikafoaY
ldjH iïnkaOfhka ms<.s ;a yd nyqiïu; wdlD;sh fufia h'
• l:dkdhlhd fyda l:dkdhsldj m%isoaO ;eke;a;l=
fyda ;eke;a;shl ùu"
• ixfoaYydrlhd jxYj;a ùu"
• wdYs¾jdohlsk"a b;sydi l:djlska fyda jia;k
= ¾
s foaYhlska
l:dj wdrïN lsÍu"
• ¥;hdf.a iqjÿla úuiñka ¥;hd j¾Kkd lsÍu"
• hd hq;= ia:dkh m%ldY lsÍu"
• ud¾. j¾Kkd lsÍu"
• k.r j¾Kkd lsÍu"
• kdhlhdg ia;=;s lsÍu"
• ixfoaYh Ndr§u"
• ¥;hdg wdYs¾jdo lsÍu"
hf:dla; ikafoaYldjH wdlD;sh isxy, ikafoaY ld-
jHhka wdY%fhka uekúka úuid ne,sh yels h' fuu ldjH
wdlD;sh isxy, ikafoaY rplhd ljr ldjH iïm%odhlska Wmqgd
.l;af;a o hkak úuiSfïoS fmkS hkqfha th ixialD;fhka
f.k we;s nj hs' ixialD; úpdr .%ka:hkays olajd we;s ikao-
foaYldjH wdlD;sh foi ne,Sfuka th uekúka mila fõ'
my; oelafjkqfha ixialD;fha olajd we;s ;;a ikafoaYldjH
wdlD;sh hs'
m%isoaOx kdhlS lD;H - mqreIx jd: fhdIs;ï
ixfoYx fm%Ifhoa úoajdka - ¥ff;¾jxYdÈNsYaY=ffN#
b;sydil:d mQ¾judYs#- mq¾ju:dms jd

¥;ka;= j¾Kfhodfo! - l=Y,m%Yak mQ¾jlï
j¾Kdka;rx ;iH- .ka;jH ia:dk lS¾;kï
mYa p d;a ;ÉfP% d IH iS ; Hq l a ; a j d - ud¾. foYdÈ
j¾Kfh;a
;;ia;oafoY k.Í - kdhldkdx .=Kia;=;s#
;f;d jD;a;dka; l:kx - ¥;iHdYs¾jp# mrï21
is x y, ika f oa Y lrejka ixia l D; ika f oa Y ldjH
wdlD;shta whqßka uNdú; fldg we;s whqre ta wkqj meyeos,s
h' il= ldjH wdlD;shg wkq.; jQjd muKla fkdj" isxy,
ikafoaYlrejka fkdfhla j¾Kkdjka o il= ikafoaYldjH
j¾Kkdjkag wkq.; j isÿfldg we;s whqre o oelsh yels
h' tys,d ksoiqka lsysmhla ld,sodif.a fï>¥;h yd isxy,
ikafoaYldjHhka wdY%fhka ;=,kd;aul j my; oelafõ'
fï>¥;fha§ fï>h wu;k lúhd m<uq j ¥;hd úiska hd hq;=
u. mjik nj;a bka wk;=rej /f.k hd hq;= wiak ms<sn|
mjik nj;a fufia iòyka lrhs'
ud¾.x ;djÉPDKq l:h;ia ;;a ;aj;a m%hdKdkqrEmx
ixfoYx fu ;okqc,ofY%dIHis fY%d;%fmhï
Åkak# Åkak# YsLßIq mokakHiH .ka;dis h;%
CISK# CISK# mß,>qmh# fY%d;idx fpdmhqcH22
fï whqßka u m<uqfjka .uka ud¾.h olajd wkq;=rej

ixfoaYh olajk nj mejfik m%;{s dj isxy, ixfoaYldjHhkays
o fufia ±lsh yels h'
tyiqka meiq¿ mjiñ ri kqiqka fldg
wi ±ka ;hk u. i,l=Kq fu;eka isg23
îe<,sysKsixfoaYh&
Wka wdßh ilaú;src ±ye ÿrg

±ka jecfUk hdmdmgqk ;sr fldg
kka isßhq;a imqu,a rc l=uß`ÿg
foka fuyiqka f.k f.dia uñ;=r i;=g24
^fldals,ixfoaYh&
—ñ;=r ri nia kqik
q "a ta wiqka lshñ u;= ±ka fï f;dm ksl;
= j
a k
iõ biqre kquq;a jk fumqr isßir jeKqï ñKsfldf`vd,a ;d
ijka io˜25
îejq,aixfoaYh&
ÿ;hdf.a Wiia nj yd l=,k S nj j¾Kkd lsÍu ixfoaY ldjHh-
kays tla úfYaI wx.hls' ld,sodi lúhd ;u ¥;hd fï>¥;fha§
j¾Kkd fldg we;af;a fufia h'
cd;x jxfY N=jk úÈf; mqIalrdj¾;ldkdx
cdkdñ ;ajx m%lD;s mqreIx ldurEmx uf>dk#
f;kd¾Ó;ajx Fjhs úêjYd;a ¥rnkaOq¾ .f;dyx
hd{dfud>d jruê.=fK kdOfu ,íOldud26
¥;hdf.a l=,k
S nj j¾Kkd lsÍu isxy, ixfoaYlrejka o uy;a
wNsreÑfhka isÿ fldg we;' my; ksoiqka tys,d idOl h'
fidnuka fujka isß;e;shkf.aa ±l=u
foúhka heoe;a yelsfjhs fkd±fka kshu
mkjka wuq;= wm ,;a iem lshkq lsu
wmkka wkdissß w;am;a jeks oekau27
ûhQrixfoaYh&
jkl, f.dÿre url; ñKs ñhqre f,i
fndk l, fmdl=re ó bòe msms mshqï ysi
hk io .uka rúi`ÿ miqle/ wyi
ukl, ñ;=r f;dm hi mjiñ flf,i28
^yxiixfoaYh&
mqkaiò iqß`ÿ iò i,l=Kq w`Èk jr

jka fidò f;,s;=fvZõf;, ;=äks ukyr
ñkaoo ch úß`ÿ ko lrk mshlre
wka fldo fuÈh ;=r f;dm irsjk mjr29
^fldals,ixfoaYh&
tjka whq ß ka is x y, ika f oa Y lrejka ixia l D;
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a j¾Kkdjkag o wkql=, ù we;s wjia:d
úoHudk h' tfy;a ixialD; ikafoaY yd isxy, ikafoaY
;=,kd;aul j úuiSfïoS isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkays úfYaI;d
rdYshla oelsh yels h' tjka úfYaI;d foi ne,SfïoS fmkS
hkqfha isxy, ikafoaYlrejka foaYhg" ixialD;shg" foaYSh
ldjHiïm%odhg fuka u ;d;a;aúl j¾Kkdjkag fnfyúka
keUqre ù we;s whqre hs' isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a oelsh
yels tjka úfYaI;d lsysmhla fufia h'30
1. il= ikafoaYldjHhka w;r w.%.KH lD;sh jk
ld,siodif.a fï>¥;fha mjd ¥;hd wm%dKsl jQfjls'
ld,sodi o fuu wm%dKsl ¥;hd ikafoaYyrKhg
fhda.H fkdjk nj olajd we;;a wjia:dfõ yeáhg
Tyqg fjk;a úl,amhla fkd;sìKs' tfy;a Tyq úiska
ld,amksl ldjHÑka;djka Tiafia wm%dKsl ¥;hd ud¾.
fhka wmQ¾j ks¾udKhla njg fï>¥;h m;alrk ,os'
fuu wm%dKsl ¥;hka fhdod .ekSu miqld,Sk ixialD;
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a o ckm%h
s ms<f
s j; ù we;' mjk¥;"
fkñ¥;dosh úuiSfuka th mila fõ' fufia wm%dKsl
¥;hka fhdod.ekSu W;a;rNdr;Sh ikafoaYldjHhkays
fnfyúka oelsh yels h' oCIsKNdr;Sh ldjHhkays kï
im%dKsl ¥;hka fhdodf.k we;s whqre oelsh yels h'
isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka ish,af,ys ¥;hka im%dKsl h'
fuh úfYaI;djls' ld,sodif.a fï>¥;h ,laosj fn-
fyúka m%p,s; jQ;a iïNdú; jQ;a lD;sh nj fmkS hhs'
tys fndfyda lreKq isxy, ikafoaYlrejka Wmfhda.S
fldgf.k we;s whqre o by; olajk ,os' flfia jqj

o isxy, ikafoaYlrejd ld,sodif.a wm%dKsl ¥;hd
bj;a fldg taiòyd im%dKsl ¥;hl= fhdodf.k we;'
ta wkqj isxy, ikafoaYlrejka ¥;hd f;dard.ekSfïoS
úfYaI;djla olajd we;'
2. is x y, ika f oa Y lrejd ika f oa Y drïNfha o S tk
¥;dYs¾jdoh iòyd oimoyE,a, kï úfYaI moHhla
fhdodf.k we;' fuh il= fyda fjk;a Ndr;Sh
ik a f o a Y l d j H i ï m % o d h l o e l s h f k d y e l s
is x y, ikafoaYldjH rplhkag muKla wkkH jQ
,CIKhls'
3. isxy, ikafoaYldjH .%ka:hkays we;eï ;ekays jD;a;.
Jê ffY,sfhka rÑ; .oH LKav oelsh yels h' fuh
taldldÍ ldjHrgdfjka uòla bj;a fldg mdGlhdg
we;sjk fjfyilr wdhdih mylrkq ,nk wmQ¾j
Wml%uhls' fuu ,CIKh fï>¥;dos Ndr;Sh ikafoaY
ldjHhkays oelsh fkdyels h'
4. ld,sodi wdos ikafoaYlrejka ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKfhaoS
tla jD;a;hlg iSud ù we;' tfia tla úß;lg iSud
fkdù rpkd l< il= ikafoaYldjHhka úoHudk jkqfha
w,am jYfhks' Ndr;fha tjka l%ufõohla mj;soaoS
isxy, ikafoaYlrejka fkdfhla jD;a; Ndú; lrñka
ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh lsÍug fm<ö we;' hy
.Shlska ¥;hdg wdYs¾jdo lrñka" oimoyE,a,lska
¥;hd j¾Kkd lrñka" iuqøf>dIdos fkdfhla úß;a
Tiafia ud¾.foaYdosh j¾Kkd lrñka wjidkfha
oimoyE,a,lska ¥;hdg wdYs¾jdo lrñka ikafoaY
ks¾udKh lsÍu isxy, ikafoaYlrejkag fnfyúka
wNsu; ù we;' uhQr" yxi" .srd wdos ikafoaYldjH
úuiSfuka th mila fõ' tla úß;lg fnfyúka
k;= fjñka rpkd l< tl u isxy, ikafoaYldjHh
jkqfha ie<,sysKsikafoaYh hs' ta iuqøf>daI úß; hs'
tla úß;lg iSud jqj o ld,sodif.a fï>¥;h fuka

u rdyq, ysñf.a ie<,sysKsh o w.%.KH ikafoaY
ldjHhka njg m;a ù we;' tfyhska tla jD;a;hla
Ndú; lsÍu ldjHhg ydkshla fyda kSri nj we;s
lrkakla nj fuhska w¾:j;a fkdfõ' yqfola tu.ska
isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a ckm%sh wkkH ,CIKhla
ms<snò muKla úYo fõ'
5. zieroZ hk jpkh wdos ; u fldgf.k is x y,
ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh ù we;' ziero ;siß`ÿ iòZ"
ziero lsrro iòZ wdosh tys,d ksoiqka h' iero hk
jpkh PkaoYaYdia;d% kql,
= .K msyàs u wkqj k.Khls'
th iqn .Khls' isxy, ikafoaYlrejka wkq.ukh lr
we;s fuu úfYaI úêh o wkkH jQ ,CIKhls'
6. Ndr;Sh ikafoaYlrejka fnfyúka w;d;a;aúl jQ
ld,amksl j¾Kkdjkag k;= ù we;' tfy;a isxy,
ikafoaYlrejka ;d;a;aúl whqßka wd.ñl" idudðl"
mdßißl j¾Kkdjka fnfyúka isÿ fldg we;' fuh
o isxy, ikafoaYlrejkaf.a oelsh yels iqúfYaI
,CIKhla jYfhka fmkajdosh yels h'
7. ri iudfõYfhys o úfYaI;d isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkays
oelsh yels h' Ndr;Sh ixialD; ldjHhkays fnfyúka
úm%,ïN YDx.drh oelsh yels h' øúvikafoaYhkays
Ydka; rih nyq, j oelsh yels h' ffck ixialD;
ikafoaYhkaa o fnfyúka Ydka; rihg k;= ù we;'
isxy, ikafoaYldjH úuiSfïoS iEu ikafoaYldjHhl
u YDx.dr rih oelsh yels jqj o úúO rcjrekaf.a
ùrl%shdjka j¾Kkfhka ùr rih o" wd.ñl wdh;k
uy;a W;al¾Ifhka j¾Kkd lsÍfuka Ydka; rih o
uqiq lrñka úúO ri ckkh lsÍug iu;a ù we;'
iuia;hla jYfhka isxy, ikafoaYldjH wdlD;sh
úuiS f ïoS wdlD;s h yd we;eï j¾Kkdwkq j Ndr;S h
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a wdNdih fkduò j ,nd we;af;a jqj
o" isxy, ikafoaY ldjHhkag wdfõKsl jQ;a" iajdëk jQ;a

úfYaI;d rdYshla oelsh yels whqre hf:dla; lreKq Tiafia
mila jkq we;'
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a mrud¾:h wkqj o Ndr;Sh yd
isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka w;r úfYaI;d oelsh yels h' ´kEu
ldjHhlaa ks¾udKh lsÍfï wruqKla" n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla ;sìh
hq;= h' ljr idys;H ks¾udKhla f.k úuiqj o th uekúka
oelsh yels h' ikafoaYldjH rpkfhaoS o fuu ,CIKh oelsh
yels h' úúO mrud¾: we;s j ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh ù we;'
mrud¾: jYfhka f.k úuiSfïoS Ndr;Sh ikafoaYldjHhkaf.ka
wkkH jQ úfYaI ,CIK lsysmhla isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkays
oelsh yels h'
Ndr;fha ixialD;fhka rÑ; yskaÿ ikafoaYhkays
fnfyúka wka;¾.; jkqfha fm%au úm%fhda.h u; we;s jk
úm%,ïn YDx.drh yd uqiq jQ mKsjqv yqjudrej hs' cd;sl"
wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSu Wfoid ixialD;
ikafoaY rpkd ù we;s whqre wdrïNl wjêfha oelsh fkdyels
h' 19 jeks ishjfiys rÑ; N%urikafoaYh jeks ikafoaYhkays
rg" cd;sh wdrCId lsÍu msKsi foúhka heoSfï wjia:d oelsh
yels jqj o th b;d uE;ld,Sk ikafoaYhls' ixialD;fhka
rÑ; ffck ikafoaYhkays mrud¾:h ù we;af;a ish wd.u
uy;a W;al¾Ifhka yqjd oelaùu fyda wd.ñl woyia m%pdrh
lsÍu h' ta wkqjøúv ikafoaYhka fnfyúka wd.ñl mCIhg
nr ù we;' hf:dla; Ndr;Sh ikafoaY ish,a,g u jvd úfYaI
,CIK lsysmhla isxy, ikafoaY ldjHhkays oelsh yels h'
1. ;u rg" cd;sh wdrCId lsÍug iqÿiq rcl= y`ÿkajd oS
Tyq b;d W;al¾Ifhka j¾Kkh lrñka foajdYs¾jdoh
me;Su' .ïfmd< hq.fha rÑ; ;sirikafoaYh tjka
mrud¾:hlska rÑ; lD;shls' miajeks merl=ïnd rcq
rdcHh iòyd iqÿiq u rcq nj ikafoaYlrejd ish
ks¾udKh Tiafia fmkajdoSug W;aidy fldg we;'
2. rg md,kh lrk rcq ; a is h ¨ ckhd;a wdrCId

lrfok fuka foajdYs¾jdoh me;Su' .ïfmd< hq.fha
mia j eks nq j fka l nd rcq ; a " ;= k a n E rcq k q ; a " ue;s
weu;shka we;=¿ rgjdiS ish¨ fokdg;a foajdYs¾jdoh
m;ñka rÑ; uhQ r ika f oa Y h;a " flda g fÜ hq . fha
hdmdmgqk md,kh l< imqu,al=udrhdg ish md,kh
hym;a whqßka isÿlr.ksñka wkd.; rcq ùug wjYH
foajdYs¾jdoh m;ñka rÑ; fldals,ikafoaYh;a tjka
uQ,sl mrud¾:hla we;s j rÑ; ikafoaYhka h' tfia
u fmdÿfõ ikafoaYldjHhla ks¾udKh lrk iufha
rdcHh md,kh l< is h ¨ rcq k a g wúfYa I fhka
foajdYs¾jdoh m%d¾:kd fldg we;'
3. rdcl=udßldjkag iqÿiq iajdñmqreIhka o l=udrjreka o
,ndfok fuka foajdYs¾jdoh me;Su' rdyq, ysñhkaf.a
mfrúika f oa Y h yd ie<,s y s K s i ka f oa Y h hk
ikafoaYhkays tjka mrud¾: folla oelsh yels h'
pkaøj;S foaúhg iqÿiq iajdñmqreIhl= yd wkd.;fha
lsre¿ oeÍug fhda.H mq;%hl= m;d mfrúikafoaYh
rpkd fldg we;' ie<,sysKsikafoaYh rpkd fldg
we;af;a W,l=vh foaúhg iqÿiq mq;%r;akhla m%d¾:kd
lrñks'
4. wd.ñl isoOa dia:dk yd ta isoO
a ia:dkNdr ix>rdcjreka
j¾Kkh lsÍu uQ,sl mrud¾:h lr .ksñka ta uyd
f;rjrekaf.a ud¾.fhka rg" cd;sh" Ydikh wdosfhys
wdrCIdj iòyd foajdYs¾jdoh me;Su' fldaÜfÜ hq.fha
rÑ; yxiikafoaYh yd .srdikafoaYh tjka uQ,sl
mrud¾:hlska rÑ; ikafoaY folls' yxiikafoaY-
fha ld,Sk m%Odk ksldhla jQ jkjdiS ksldfha m%n,
uQ,ia:dkhla jQ lEr., moaudj;S úoHdia:dkh yd
tys wêm;s jQ jkr;k ysñhkq;a" .sßikafoaYh u.ska
.%dujdiS ksldfha m%Odk uQ,ia:dkhla jQ f;dg.uqfõ
úchnd úoHdia:dkh;a tys wêm;s jQ rdyq, ysñhkq;a
W;al¾Ifhka j¾Kkd fldg we;' tfia j¾Kkd

lrñka ta uyf;rjre ud¾.fhka foúhka fj;
foajdYs¾jdoh me;Sfï mKsjqv hjd we;'
by; olajk ,ÿfha Y%S ,xldfõ rÑ; iïNdjH
ikafoaYldjHhkays mrud¾: ms<snò muKs' hf:dla;
ikafoaY ldjHhkays mrud¾: foi ne,SfïoS fmkS
hkq f ha rg;a " cd;s h ;a " Ydikh;a wdrCId ls Í u
ikafoaY rplhkaf.a uQ,sl mrud¾:h ù we;s nj hs'
tfia jqj;a tu uQ,sl mrud¾: w;r NskakreÑlFjh
wdos wd;aud¾:ldó wruqKq o uqiq ù we;s whqre wu;l
fkdl< hq;= h' ksoiqkla jYfhka rdyq, ysñhkaf.a
ikafoaY ldjH oajh oelaúh hq;= h' merl=ïnd rcqg
msßñ orejka fkdisá fyhska Tyq imqu,a" wïnq¨.,"
rdyq, hk l=udrjre ;sfokl= mq;% ;k;=frys ;nd
fmdaIKh l< nj b;d m%isoaO h' rdyq, l=udrhd uyK
ù isxy,fhys i`.rcq olajd bosßhg meñKs uyf;reka
jykafia kuls' ihjk merl=ïnd rcq;a iu.uekúka
iïnkaO;d mj;ajñka hdmd mgqkmd,kh l< imqu,a
l=udrhd wkd.;fha rclug iqÿiq j isáhoS mfrú yd
ie<,sysKs hk ikafoaYhka rpkd lrñka W,l=vh yd
pkøj;S foaúhf.a ud¾.fhka wkd.; rclu iòyd
mq;l= m%d¾:kh fldg we;s whqre fmkS hhs' fuh
b;d meyeos,s NskakreÑlFjhls' yxyikafoaYh yd
.srdikafoaYh hk ikafoaYldjH oajh úuiSfuka o
fuh uekúka mila fõ' fuu ikafoaYldjH oajh rpkd
l< rplhkaf.a wruqK ù we;af;a ;ukaf.a wd.ñl
mCIh W;al¾Ifhka j¾Kkh lsÍu nj fmkS hhs'
tysoS yxiikafoaYh jkjdiS iïm%odh;a" .srdikafoaYh
.%dujdiS iïm%odh;a j¾Kkh lsÍug W;aidy fldg
we;' tfy;a Tjqka wka;.dó ksldhjdohl isá njla
Rcq j oelsh fkdyels h' ud¾.j¾KkdjkaysoS yuqjk
fjk;a ksldhsl isoaOia:dk o Tjqkf.a j¾Kkdjg
md;% ù we;s whqre oelsh yels h'
iïNdjH ikafoaY ldjHhkag wk;=rej rÑ; ikafoaY

ldjHhka l%ufhkajákdlñka w,am mrud¾: lrd .ukafldg
we;' uykqjr hq.fha rÑ; —lsr<˜ jeks ikafoaYhkays wruqK
ù we;af;a rdcH md,lhd fkrmd oeóu iòyd wïnelafla
foúhkaf.a foajdYs¾jdoh me;Su h' ;j;a bosßhg hEfïoS
fínÿikafoaY jeks ikafoaYldjH ks¾udKh lrñka wdos;u
ikafoaYlrejkaf.a jákd mrdud¾: Tiafia úldYh jQ isxy,
ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a w;sYh mßydksh iksgy
q ka fõ' flfia jqj
o merKs isxy, ikafoaYldjHhkaf.a mrud¾: foi ne,SfïoS
fmkS hkqfha Ndr;Sh ikafoaYlrejkag jvd b;d jákd
mrud¾: we;s j isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka rpkd ù we;s whqre
hs' Ndr;Sh ikafoaYlrejka fnfyúka uk#l,ams; ldfjHdÑ;
fya;=jla mrud¾:h lr.ksñka ikafoaY rpkd lsÍug W;aidy
.;a iuhl rg" cd;sh" Ydikh wdrCId lr.ekSfï W;alDIag
wkqrd.fhka yd jd;ai,Hfhka hq;= j iïNdjH isxy, ikafoaY
ks¾udKh ù we;'
;j o Ndr;Sh ikafoaYlrejka ish ikafoaYldjH
ks¾udKhkays m%N+j¾Kkdjkag úfYAI ia:dkhla ,nd oS
fkdue;' tu.ska fmkS hkqfha Ndr;Sh ikafoaYlrejka m%N+
mCIfhka úfYaI ,dNhlafyda úfYaIdjOdkhla wfmaCId fldg
fkdue;s whqre hs' ixialD; fyda øúv ikafoaYhkays oelsh
fkdyels úfYaI m%N+j¾Kkdjka isxy, ikafoaY ldjHhkays
iq , N j oels h yels h' tu.s k a fmkS hkq f ha is x y,
ikafoaYlrejka rdcHmd,kdêldßhg uy;a ,eoshdjla olajd
w e ; s w h q r e hs' fldaÜfÜ" uykqjr" ud;r hq.hkays
oCI yd ish .=Kloïnh ks¾f,daNS j j¾Kkd lrkq
, n k ldjHlrejka g rdcHmd,kdêldrfhka fkdfhla
;=gqm`vqre ,ndoSu w;sYh ckm%sh ù we;' isxy, ikafoaYlrejka
fnfyúka m% N + j ¾Kkdjka g ,eos jQ f ha fuu úfYa I ;dj
ks i d he hs wkqudk l< yels h' oCIldjHlrejkag ;=gqm`vqre
m%odkh lsÍfï isß; m<uq j Ndr;fha wdrïN jQfhls' Ndr;Sh
fkdfhla ldjHrplhka tfia ;=gm q `vqre ,enQ wjia:d o m%lg h'
,laosjg o fuu wdNdih ,enqfKa Ndr;fhks' tfy;a Ndr;Sh
ikafoaYlrejka ish ldjHks¾udK Tiafia lsis`ÿ rdcHuh

,dNdfmaCIdjla fkdme;+ nj meyeos , s jq j o Y% S ,dxfla h
ikafoaYlrejka fndfyda fokl=f.a tjka wNsu;d¾:hla ;sî
we;e hs hkakiïNdjH isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka wOHhkh
lsÍfuka fmkS hhs' ta wkqj isxy, ikafoaYldjHhka ks¾udKh
lsÍfï mrud¾: úuiSfïoS wkkH jQ úfYaI;d lsym s hla meyeos,s
j oelsh yels h'
.srdikafoaYh ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla

isxy, ikafoaYldjH w;=ßka .srdikafoaYh iïNdjH
ikafoaYldjHhla jYfhka úh;=kaf.a fkduò iïNdjkdjg
md;% h' fuh lSrikafoaYh jYfhka o fmkajdosh yels h'
.%ka:l¾;D wdrïNfhaoS u ziero lsr ro iòZ jYfhka ¥;hd
wduka;%s; úêfhka th mila fõ' flfia jqj o .srdikafoaYh
hkq ckm%sh ix{d kduh hs' fuu lD;sh ks¾udKh fldg
we;af;a fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ihjk merl=ï rcqf.a rdcHld,fhaoS
h' ¥;hdg msg;aùug fhda.H kel; m%ldY jk moHdY%fhka
.srdikafoaYh rÑ; ld,h osk" udi yd j¾I iys; j we;eï
úh;=ka ks.ukh fldg we;' .srdikafoaYlre ¥;hdg .ukg
fhda.H kel; m%ldY fldg we;af;a fufia h'
fmdrK reiska lS f;dm h;=rg mj r
,o ksfodiska ßúosk kl;e osk l r
l=uß /iska lsú iqr.=re isá fkdye r
ñ;=r f;diska jvq isyslr fu;aiq;= r31
by; moHfhys olajd we;s kCI;% fhda.hg wkqj ta
oskh l%s(j 1456 fjks wjqreoafoa iema;eïn¾ 30 fjks ßú osk
nj we;eï úh;=kaf.a woyi hs'32 tfy;a 1933 j¾IfhaoS is¿ñK
Ydia;%Sh w;sf¾lhg ,smshla imhñka n,msáfha tÉ'fca'tï
úl%ur;ak fufia tu kCI;% fhda.h ú.%y fldg we;'
zzn%yiam;S lkHd rdYsfhys isá Bg b;d ióm wjqreoao
1460 fõ' udih" ;sÓh yd oskh lfjys u iòyka fõ' lkHd
rúfha yf;a kel; fhÿK neúka rú pkaø fofokd o tl

rdYsfhys u h' rú pkaø fofokd tl rdYsfhys isá neúka
tosk wudjl fyda mqr mE<úh úh hq;= h' tneúka lSr mCIshdg
msg;aùug kshu l<d jQ ld,h fhoS ;snqfKa l%s( j 1460
iema;eïn¾ 30 fjks ßúoskg meñKs Yl j¾I 1982 lkHd rú
mqr mE<úh ,;a yf;a kel;ska hq;a Woh 7 g muK lkHd
,.akfhys h'ZZ33
kel;a fhda.h ms<snò o iaÓr ks.ukhla oelsh
fkdyels jqj o fuu ikafoaYh fldals,ikafoaYhg wdikak
ld,fhys fyda th rÑ; ld,fhys u rpkd lrkakg we;e hs
nyq úoajka u;h hs' .srdlre ie<,sysKsikafoaYh n,d we;s
njg ;=vq fok fhÿï o .srdfjys oelsh yels h' tla ksoiqkla
jYfhka ie<,sysKsfhys tk zchjoaok mqrjr okq ñ;=re ;=udZ
hk moH mdoh .srdikafoaYfha iòyka jkqfha zchjoaok mqrjr
kï okq ñ;=rZ jYfhks'
.srdikafoaYfha l¾;D ms<snò fuf;la wkdjrKh ù
fkdue;' .%ka:fha fyda fjk;a uQ,dY%hla fuys l¾;D ikd:
lr.ekSug fuf;la yuq ù fkdue;' fuh fldaÜfÜ hq.fhys
chj¾Okmqr .%dujdiS úydrhl jeäisá ysñkula úiska rpkd
fldg we;s nj fmkS hhs' ;j o .srdlre fuu lD;sh rdyq,
ysñhkaf.a ix>rdc iïm%dma;h s fjkqfjka rpkd fldg we;e hs
úYajdihla o mj;S'34tfia u .srdikafoaYfhys l¾;D jE;a;Efõ
ysñ he hs o woyila mj;S'35
.srdikafoaYh rpkd lsÍfuys uQ,sl wruqK ù we;af;a
iïnqoaO Ydikh;a ihjk merl=ï rc;=ud;a Ñrd;a ld,hla
wdrCId lsÍu iòyd kd: foú`ÿkaf.a msysg me;Su hs' f;dg.
uqfõ úchnd msßfjkam;s rdyq, ysñhkaf.a ud¾.fhka kd:
foú`ÿka wduka;%Kh fldg ;u wruqK bgqlr .ekSug
.srdikafoaYlre lghq;= fldg we;' .srdikafoaYlre moH 248
la ;u wruqK bgqlr.ekSu iòyd ñvx.= fldg we;'
uQ,l
s jYfhka .srdikafoaYh iïnkaO j ix{d" ksñ;a;" l¾;D"
m%udKh yd m%fhdackh ms<snò tfia fmkajdosh yels h'
.srdikafoaYh ms<snò úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla lsÍfïoS

m%Odk YS¾I oajhla hgf;a wOHhkh l< yels h' tkï ld-
jHuh w.h ms<snò yd ft;sydisl fkdfhla lreKq ms<snò
hs' .srdikafoaYh yryd fuu m%Odk lreKq fol ms<snò j
m%dudKsl j mq¿,a wOHhkhla lsÍfuys meyeos,s wjldYh
we;'
.srdikafoaYfhys ldjHuh w.h
.srdikafoaYfhys l¾;D m%;sNd iïmkak lúhl= nj
wkdjrKh lr.ekSug m%udKj;a fkdfhla lreKq .srd
ikafoaYfha 248 la muK jQ moH ks¾udK w;r iq,N j oelsh
yels h' Z wmQ¾jjia;= ks¾udKdCIud m%{d m%;sNdZ hkqfjka
úpdrjdoSka fmkajd oS we;af;a fmr fkdù úrE j¾Kkdosh
kj;djlska úuid j¾Kkh lsÍug iu;a kï" ta lúhl=f.a
wmQ¾j m%;sNd Yla;sh nj hs' chj¾Okmqr j¾Kkdfjys yd
ikaOHd j¾Kkdfjys tk moH oajhla wdY%fhka .srdlref.a
iqúiqoaO m%;sNdYla;sh fufia úuid ne,sh yels h'
idudkH lúiufha ia;%Skaf.a mshhqre yxihka yd
iudk he hs hk Wmudj w;sYh ckm%sh h' tfy;a .srdlre
fuu Wmudj Ndú; lrñka wmQ¾j j¾Kkhla fldg we;af;a
fufia h'
mshlre f;fkka meroS msúis jk ú ,
msú;=re yiqka tk f,i h<s f.-os.= ú ,
úis;=re fu mqrjr w`.kka fjñka f,d ,
mshlre máka neò ji;S isf;a n ,36
—m%h
s xlr jQ ^ldka;djkaf.a& mshhqrej,g meroS jkfhys ú,aj,g
.shd jQ ms%hxlr yxihka h<s;a f.j,aj, we;s ú,aj,g tk
ú,difhka fï mqrfhys ldka;djka wdYd olajñka mshhqre ;k
fmdáka neò isákafka he hs isf;a" n,kak¦˜
fuys oelafjk wdldrhg ldka;djkaf.a mshjrej,g
meroS f.j;af;a ú,aj, isá yxihka le,Ejg f.dia we;' tfia
le,Ejg .sh yxihka kej; f.j;=j, ú,aj,g f.kajd.

ekSfï wruqfKka ldka;dfjda ish mshhqre ;k máka neò.
ks;s he hs lúhd olajd we;af;a wmQ¾j m%;sNd Yla;shlska fyì
lúYla;sh fudkjg m%o¾Ykh lrñks'
ikaOHd j¾KkfhaoS lúhd wyi olskafka ú,la
f,i h' wyfiys we;s iqÿ j,dl=¿ olskafka úf,a msmqK iqÿ
mshqï f,i h' kef.kysßka ke. tk pkaøhd olskafka ú,g
iïm%dma; jk yxirdchl= f,i h' ta fufia h'
úod isks`ÿ iqÿ/ia os.= msh m; r
kod iqmqka ysulr mshlre ;si r
iod is;Zn ishm;a kqn;Ur l r
Wod fofika jeo tk r`.n, ñ;= r
zñ;%hæ kkaokSh jQ mQ¾K pkaøhd keue;s yxihd isks`ÿ jQ iqÿ
rYañ keue;s mCI m;%h úoyd wdldYh keue;s fk¨ï úf,ys
iqÿj,d keue;s mshqu ioñka kef.kysr osYdfjka we;=¿ ù
tkakd jQ wdldrh n,kak'Z
.s r dika f oa Y lre we;eï j¾Kkdjka is ÿ ls Í fïoS
taldnoaO;dj uekúka /lf.k we;' oshfl<s jekqfuys fuh
uekúka oelsh yels h' w`.kqkf a .a c,l%v
S dj;a" ysre nei hdu;a"
iò Wodùu;a hk wjia:d;%h ldjHd;aul j .<md we;s whqre
m%;sNdkaú; lúhl=f.a h:diajNdjh uekúka m%lg lrk
wjia:djls' c,l%Svdfjys fhfok ldka;djka osfhys .sf,ñka
bmsf,ñka iakdkh lrk wjia:dfjys w`.kqkf a .a uqyK
q w;sYh
m%ikak h" pu;aldrckl h' fuh oelSfuka fldam jQ iò
;drldjka o fiakdj fldg w`.kqka mrdch lsÍug meñfKk
whqre;a" th ÿgq iQ¾hhd pkaøhdf.a ld¾hhg wjldYh oS wmros.ska
nei hk whqre;a fufia olajd we;'
fidnkd ;=kq reisfrka ok uka ne ò
f,f,kd ks,Ur rka oo fuka fid ò
r<skd .e,e msf,ñka if;diska je ò

fk<kd iò fuf,iska w`.kka , o37
fl<k <`ÿka fidñjqjkska oskkqj g

fuk ;=refika f.k tk mqka;ß`ÿ g
kqn fjfiiska wjir lr hk f,i g
n, hiiska hkq ßúìUq me<Ur g38
z;reK ldka;djka fYdaNk jQ YÍr ldka;sfhka ñksiqkaf.a

is;a neòf.k ks,a wdldYfhys f,<fok r;a;rka fldä fuka
ikaf;daIfhka jeoS r<ska .s,S bmsf,ñka fï wdldrhg l%Svd
lrk l,ays"
fi!uH jQ uqyqKska l%Svd lrkakd jQ ldka;djka oskkakg fuka
;drld fiakdj f.k tk mQ¾K pkaøhd-yg wdldYh úfYaIf-
hka bv ;nd hkakd jQ wdldrfhka iQ¾hìïnh lS¾;sfhka
niakdysr os. wdldYhg hk whqre n,kak'Z
.srdlre b;d w,xldrj;a yd ldjHd;aul whqßka
w`.kqkaf.a c,l%Svdjkaf.a wjidkh;a" ikaOHdfõ wdrïNh;a
tfia olajd we;' fuh ienúka u m%;sNdkaú; lúhl=f.a is;g
muKla my<úh yels wmQ¾j jQ ldjHd;aul is;=ú,a,ls'
.srdika f oa Y lre Yíorih yd w¾:rih tlg uq i q ls Í -
fuys o úYsIg a oCI;djla olajd we;' tys,d ksoiqka lsym
s hla
fufia h'
fmr Wúòd f.k .sßòd lsßihq r
l,Ukod ke`.s fkduòd f.di whq r
;=re iuqod ko weuod fok fkdye r
jeo o<od f.g o<od j`ÿ ñ;= r39
zw;S;fhys úIaKq ukaodr m¾j;h f.k lsßuqyqo l<Uk úg

ke.=Kd jQ uy;a f>daIdj yd iudk jQ ;+¾h iuQyhdf.a kdoh
fkdlvjd we;sjk o<od ukaosrhg f.dia o<od jykafia jka-
okd lrkak'Z
l,d imsß isis j; uk l,d jka
ks,d ;sfnk neu bmsÿkq ÿ,d jka
ÿ,d ;kk ;k rkyi ms,d jka
n,d mheo hkq neß mqr l,d jka40
zmdg ,iaik jQ uqyqK l,d iïmQ¾K jQ pkaøhd h¦ ks,a j
;sfnkakd jQ weianeu mqxÑ foaÿkq jekak¦ kgkakd jQ mshhqre
iaj¾Kyxi fmda;lhka fuka nn,hs¦ mqrldka;djka n,d mh
weo-f.k hd fkdyels h'Z
fiokd f,dúkd <`ÿkd f,is kd
r<skd f,f<kd fidnkd .;s kd
kokd .`.ekd fl<kd ,sh kd
olskd u;skd yokd f;dis kd41
zkd.f,dalfhka jyd wdjd jQ ldka;djka f,i r<ska f,<
fokakd jQ" iqkaor jQ" YÍrfhka kkaokSh jQ" .x.dfjys iakdkh
lrñka l%Svd lrkakd jQ ldka;djka olsk ud;%fhka yDoh
m%S;sfhka iakdkh lrhs'Z
úo.aO NdId Ndú;fhys o .srdlre ukd mgqFjhla olajd we;'
.eUqre whqßka NdId Ndú;hg we;eï ;ekays W;aiql ù we;'
uQ¾Oc <ldrh Ndú; lrñka lrkq ,nk fuu j¾Kkdj
Tyqf.a NdId úo.aO;dj uekúka m%lg lrk wjia:djls'
fjr< b.s< ;=< r< l=< f,i Wf, <
ken< mg< fm<f,< jñks fl< fl <
lr< flr< fud< n< o< om my <
mqj< isy< o< n< uq¿ ks;s Ti <42
zuqyqÿ fjrf<ys by<g f.dia we;sreKd jQ Wia r< mx;sh f,i

uy;a jQ m,sy f,<jñka" l%v
S d lrñka pKav jQ flar<Nghkaf.a
oeä jQ wdvïnrh my l<d jQ fm%!V jQ uy;a jQ isxy, Ng
iuQyfhda ksrka;rfhka /ia j isáhdyq h'Z
úo.aO whqßka NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfuys yelshdj b;d
meyeos,s j .srdlreg ;snqK o" wjia:djg yd ufkdaNdjh-
kag wkqj NdIdj fhdod.kakg o wu;l fldg fkdue;'
wïn,fuys j¾Kkdj thg losu ksoiqkls' wïn,ula hkq
idudkH ckhd /iajk ia:dkhls' fuys fkdfhla udkisl
uÜgñka hqla; ckhd .suka yßhs' tfia u tjka ia:dkhkays
l;dlrkq ,nk niajyr o oeä j ldjHmCIhg nr fkdjQ
ir< niajyrls' .srdlre wïn,fï j¾KkdfõoS thg .e<fmk
b;d ir< niajyrla Ndú; fldg ;sîu T!Ñ;H wjia:d yd
ufkdaNdjhka uekúka jgyd.;a lúhl=f.a iajNdjhm%lg
lrkakls' fuu moHhka rpkd fldg we;af;a o cklú úß;g
wkq.; whqrlsks'
wfhla ñiosgq . ;a
fkdfhla lõk¿ rio ;a
fmr ;u;ukq. ;a
rduiS;d l;d f;m, ;a
iuyre Wod rd
Wkqkg fjñka jd rd
niska ni id rd
lsh;s is;akdumo f;da rd
fjk fjk u mE iS
lshñka Wkqka jd iS
iuyre iskd iS
lsh;s isjqmo fomo rd iS43
Wmud yd rEml uekúka Ndú; fldg ruKSh Ñ;a;c rEm

ueùug o .srdlre w;sYh iu;a ù we;' .srdikafoaYh mqrd
fuu iajNdjh oelsh yels h' ksoiqka jYfhka tjka wjia:d
lsysmhla fufia h'
zmqkaiò lsrK t; kqn.`. j;=re f,i
kkafldò l=uqÿ iu. j osf,; ;=re /iZ44
zmQ¾K pkaøhdf.a rYañh wdldY .x.dfjys j;=r f,i tkúg
;drld iuQyh fkdfhla fldò l=uqÿ iu. nenf,;a uZ
z,l fldu,`. iufkd< .sß ysiska f.d;d
y<uk r`. u,s.shu,a oñka hq;dZ45
zY%S ,xldj keue;s ;reK ldka;dj iufkd< lkao keue;s
ysiska f.d;d yeßhd jQ u,a,sld l=iqñka hqla; fliajeáh
f,iZ
fldu ,`.kl jqjk; Wvql=re fldg
;u uqyq,;a neò msyskkq osh msg
yeu ishm;a yelsf,kq fidñ ;ß`ÿg
fuu r`. h hs mdkd jeks osks`ÿg46
zfldau, jQ ldka;djla uqyqK Wvg yrjd ;udf.a yels< jQ

w;a neòf.k osh u;=msg msyskd hkq ^l=ula jekso h;a@& ish¨
fk¨ï u,a fi!uH jQ pkaøhdg mr ù hkafka fï wdldrfhka
he hs iQ¾hhdg fmkajkakdla fuks'Z
ldjHks¾udKhkays fnfyúka oelsh yels ,CIKhls

w;sYfhdala;sh' hul h:diajNdjh blaujd th W;afm%aCIdfjka
j¾Kkd fldg pu;aldrh we;s lsÍug tu.ska W;aidy fldg
we;' .srdikafoaYlre tu pu;aldrh w;sYfhdala;sfhka
f;dr j h:diajNdjh ta whqßka u j¾Kkd fldg wmQ¾j
pu;aldrhla tla lsÍug fkdfhla wjia:djkays iu;a ù we;'

f;dg.uqfõ úchnd msßfjfkys idufKar ysñjreka j¾Kkd
lrk ;ek th uekúka oelsh yels h' tysoS lreKdj" ohdj
msß l=vd idufKar msßilf.a h:diajNdjh mdGlhdf.a
isf;ys ksrdhdifhka cks; lrjkakg .srdlre fufia iu;a
ù we;'
;=re háfhka yqkq meáf,fykqka /f. k
is;= wáfhka msU we`. msßueo fifu k
u,af.dgqfjka meka fmdjñka w;sk;s k
isá meákka fyrKqkaf.ka fjhs find k47
z.ia w;=j,ska jegqKq f,aka megjqka /f.k isf;ys wdYd-
fjka msôñka" YÍrh fiñka w;.d w;ska w;g .ksñka" u,a
f.dgqfjka osh fmdjñka nd,Ndjfhka isáhd jQ idufKarh-
kaf.ka ^úchnd msßfjk&fYdaNk fjhs'Z
by; olajk ,ÿfha .srdikafoaYfha ldjHuh w.h
ms<snò ixCIsma; igykls' iuia;hla jYfhka jYfhka úu-
iSfïoS fmkS hkqfha .srdikafoaYlre m%;sNdkaú; lúhl=f.a
iajNdjh uekúka úYo fldg we;s whqre hs' tysoS fkdfhla
úß;a Ndú; lrñka l<wmQ¾j wjia:d ksrEmKhka" úo.aO
fuka u ir< NdId Ndú;hka" w¾:rih yd Yíorih uekúka
iqixfhda. l< wjia:djka" Wmud rEmldosh T!Ñ;H whqßka
Ndú; l< wjia:djka" iajNdúl wjia:d ksrEmKhka wdosh
iq,N j oelsh yels h' ta ish,a, TiafiaúYo jkqfha .srdika-
foaYlre ldjHuh mCIfhka w;sYh fmdaIKh jQ lúhl= fia
u yels;dla ldjHuh Ñka;djkaf.ka ish ks¾udKh irikakg
ksrka;rfhka W;aidy fldg we;s whqre;a h'
.srdikafoaYfhys ft;sydisl w.h

.srdikafoYh Tiafia ft;sydisl jYfhka wd.ñl"
idudðl" ixia l D;s l " foa Y md,ks l wdos fkdfhla ;;=
wkdjrKh fõ' ld,Sk jYfhka rpkd ù we;s rdcdj,sh"
pQ,jxih wdos uQ,dY%hka iu.ska tjka ft;sydisl lreKq ioDY

ùu u.ska fuu lD;sfhys ft;sydisl jákdlu ;jÿrg;a
;Sjf
% õ' ta wkqj .srdikafoaYfhys ft;sydisl w.h úuid ne,Su
ob;d jeo.;a h'
.s r dika f oa Y fhka ld,S k wd.ñl ia j rEh ms < s n ò
meyeos,s Ñ;%hla we;slr.; yels h' b;d iduldó wd.ñl
mßirhla tl, mej;S we;' uydhdkh fuka u f:rjdoh
hk m%Odk wd.ñl iïm%odh fol u tl, mej;S we;' fuu
lD;sfhaoS foajdhdpkh lrkq ,nkafka kd: foú`ÿkaf.ks' kd:
foú`ÿka hkq uydhdksl foúfhls' thska fmkS hkqfha uydh-
dksl ixl,am fï ld,iSudfõoS,laosj uekúka uq,aneif.k
;snQ whqre hs' rdcHmd,kfha o wjOdkh úfYaIFjhlska f;dr
j ish¨ wd.ñl ldKavhkaflfrys fhduq ù we;' úchnd
msßfjfkys n%dyauKhka mjd wOHdmkh ,nd we;s w;r Tjqkg
o rcq úiska odkdosh mß;Hd. fldg we;'
fu wm krks kafoa
rc oyu is;/ kafoa
f;diais`ÿ lsñ kafoa
fkdfhla nuqKkag ks;s o kafoa48
rcqf.a rdciNdfjys o fõoh o;a nuKka isg we;'
ziqno ish,a isjqfõ oek msú;=rejZ49 hk rdciNd j¾Kkd
mdGfhka th mila fõ' fldaÜfÜ hq.fha rdupkaø lúNdr;S
kï m%isoaO Ndr;Sh ixialD; m`äjrhl= o ,laosj isg we;'
t;=udg fn!oaOd.u pl%j¾;S kï iïudk kduhla o ihjk
merl=ï rcq msßkud we;s nj ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hkays iòyka
fõ' ta wkqj rdcHmd,kh fjk;a wd.ñl ksldhka flfrys o
wúfYaIFjhlska wkq.%yh olajd we;s whqre b;d meyeos,s h'
ld,Sk jYfhka mej;s m%isoaO wd.ñl ksldhka ms<snò
o .srdikafoaYfhka lreKq wkdjrKh lr.; yels h' uQ,sl
jYfhka úchnd msßfjk fuys úfYaI j¾Kkdjlg ,la jqj
o ¥;hdf.a .ukaud¾.fha yuqjk fkdfhla m%isoaO wd.ñl
isoaOia:dk o .srdlref.a j¾Kkdjg ,la ù we;' mems,shdfka

iqfka;%dfoaù msßfjk" fnkaf;dg jkjdih" mhd., fjfyr
wdosh bka lsysmhls'50 .srdikafoaYh rÑ; iufha chj¾Okmqr
m%foaYfha O¾udpd¾h kï Ñrm%ios O a uyf;rekajykafia kula o
isg we;' fï f;reka ioaO¾ur;akdlrh ,shQ f;jk O¾ulS¾;s
ysñ nj we;eï úh;=ka ks.ukh fldg we;' fldals,fha o
zoïls;aud ysñZ jYfhka iòyka jkqfha o fï f;rekajykafia
nj tjka úh;=ka jeäÿrg;a lreKq fmkajd oS we;'51
zoyï úÿre mdßkßk ms<sweÿ re
oyï weÿre udysñiò iy fid`ÿ reZ52
fuu lD;sh rÑ; iufha úrdcudk whqßka o<od
jykafia iòyd ukaosrhla fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha ;kd ;snQ
whqre wkdjrKh jkjd fia u53ckhd úiska o<od jykafiag
ksrka;r mQcdjka o mj;ajd we;'
osjuka uqksrod - ÿgqfukau is; my od
mqo m`vqfrka iod - mqohs nqyquka is;ska o< od54
iuia;hla jYfhka úuiSfïoS .srdikafoaYh rÑ;
ld,fhys b;d iduldó wd.ñl mßirhla mej;S we;s whqre
hf:dla; idOl wkqj uekúka mila fõ' mriamr wd.ñl
lKavdhï isáh o Tjqka ish,a, iduldó j lghq;= fldg
we;s w;r ta ish¨ wd.ñl lKavdhï iòyd rdcH wkq.%yh o
ksrka;rfhka ,eî we;'
ld,Sk jYfhka mej;s ixialD;sh ms<snò o fkdfhla
lreKq .srdikafoaYh Tiafia wkdjrKh lr.; yels h' tysoS
wïn,fï j¾Kkdj Tiafia mila jkqfha úúO cd;Skag wh;a
ñksiqka b;d wdpdriïmkak whqßka yd iqyo j lghq;= fldg
we;s whqre hs'
imeñK foi;= frka
ir;i j u`. h;= frka
ieos kka m,;= frka

;=gq j ie;mqKq okka w;= frka55
fid<s m`ä ,dg r g

.=cr ;=¿jr uyr g
f;,s`.= j.=rg is g
meñKs ok ;u ;ukaf.a r g56
;j o Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd w;sYh iïnkaO fkd-
fhla oE o ckhd isÿfldg we;' o<od mQcdjka wdosh tys,d
m%Odk ;ekela .kS' rcq úiska o w;S; ixialD;sldx. w.hñka
wjqreÿ m;d uyd odkhka o" wjqreÿ m;d NsCIQkag isjqre
mQcdlsÍï"úydria:dk ms<is lr lsÍï wdosh o isÿfldg we;'
.;a fuka kj k oka
flfrñka l,s w;=re oka
lr ;u is; k oka
foah wjqreÿ m;d uy oka57
fï wm krmj r
isß,l ròk uky r
uyi`.kg fkdye r
foa h wjqreÿ m;d msßl r58
remqúhjq,a meye r
ioyï is;ska fkdu ye r
lrjd uyfjfy r
flfrhs tys ksnò mqo fmry r59
ld,Sk jYfhka Wiia wOHdmksl ;;a;ajhla o mej;S

we;' tl, b;d ckm%sh úoHdia:dk rdYshla mej;S we;' thska
mems,shdk iqfka;%dfoaù msßfjk yd f;dg.uqfõ úchnd

msßfjk ms<snò fuys iòyka fõ' ta úoHdia:dk fol w;=ßka
o úfYaI j¾Kkdjlg ,lafjk úchnd msßfjk ms<snò
j¾Kkdj foi ne,SfïoS fmkS hkqfha md,s" ixialD;" isxy,"
fou<" m%dlD;" fcHd;sI" kCI;%" ix.S;" kdgH wos fkdfhla
YíoYdia;%hka tl, wOHhkhg Ndckh ù we;s whqre h'
isßu;a fid`ÿre tfjfyr ;ek ;ek ,l= ¿
bòis;a f,ig fmr lsúhr isß rel= ¿
oek.;a iò,lr úhrK úh;a uq ¿
mji;a il= u.o t¿ fou< lsú k ¿60
tjka jQ mD:q , wOHdmkhla ,ndoS u g m% u dKj;a
{dkYla;shlska fyì wdpd¾h msßila o tl, isg we;' ta
w;=ßka úchnd msßfjkam;s rdyq, ysñhka w.%ia:dkfhys jecö
we;' Wkajykafia wgúhrKh uekúka oek.;a IâNdId mr-
fïYajr ysñkuls'
i;r my< l< weÿrka fi fmd rKh
fkdyer is; fi oekf.k wg úh rKh
mjr mnò neò iò if;di l rKh
ks;r mis`ÿ lrúh ish¨ fo rKh61
ld,Sk idudðl lreKq o rdYshla .srdikafoaYh Tiafia
ft;sydisl jYfhka ikd: fõ' tysoS ¥;hdf.a .ukaud¾.h
mqrd yuqjk fkdfhla m%foaYhka iïnkaO idudðl f;dr;=re
rdYshla wkdjrKh fõ' bka iaj,amhla fufia h'
lk,d Wmq,au,a .jid fliaje áh
ìò,d fmdl=rel=re lr uq;=yr ie áh
neò,d .jka fj; .jm¨ ,sh is áh
fkdn,d ñ;=r hd.ka u. fmd;=ms áh62
zñ;%h" lfkys udfk,a t,a,d" fliajeáfhys u,a .jid"

fk¨ï o`vq ìò uq;=yrla f,i fldg" f.dm¨ ia;%Syq .jhka
neò iómfhys isáhdyq ^ta foi& fkdn,d fmd;=msáh ud¾.
fhys hkak'Z
by; olajk ,ÿfha fmd;=má s h kï .jmd,khg m%ios O
a
.ïudkh ms<snò Ñ;%hls' tu.ska fmd;=msáh .ïudkh tod
mej;s wdldrh ms<snò meyeos,s wjfndaOhla we;s lr.; yels
h' .jmd,khg" lDIsl¾udka;hg m%isoaO .ïudk fuka u
fkdfhla m<;=re wdoshg m%isoaO .ïudk o tl, mej;S we;'
l¿f;dg tjka jQ m%foaYhls'
zfufka .suka ÿla ÿre lr .sh f;dm g
fmfka fid`ÿre m,;=re fuf.dv l¿f;d gZ63
j¾;udk iudcfha o fkdfhla u;aøjH iòyd ckm%sh
m%foaY oelsh yels h' tl, o tjka m%foaY mej;S we;' fï
fírej,g miqj yuq jQ m%foaYhl isá nnqrka kï ievmreI
msßila ms<snò tjka iòykls'
u;ajk wìka lxid ld r¿ mr ¿
w;a;k l=iqï r;au,a lk,d ,l= ¿
.;ajk uq.=re f,<jd weo weo rjq ¿
is;afuk nuk nnqrka r`. n, hy ¿64
zu;a jkakd jQ wìka o lxid o lEfuka w;sYhska r¿ l¾lY
njg meñK" lkaj, w;a;k u,a o r;au,a o oud w,xldr
l<d jQ rejq,a wosñka" fmd¨ jkñka" is;a fia lerflkakd jQ
n¾nrhkaf.a iajrEmh n,kak'Z
.srdikafoaYfha ft;sydisl w.h ms<snò úuiSfïoS
úfYaIs;u ia:dkhla .kq ,nkafka foaYmd,ksl lreKq ms<snò
hs' ld,Sk rdcHmd,kh ms<snò fuka u rdcHmd,lhdf.a
iajrEmh ms<snò meyeos,s wjfndaOhla .srdikafoaYh Tiafia
,nd.; yels h' fjk;a ikafoaYldjHhkays iòyka fkdjk
fkdfhla ft;sydisl lreKq o .srdikafoaYfha tk wïn,fï
j¾Kkdj yd rdcj¾Kkdj Tiafia oel.; yels h'

ihjeks mrerl= ï rcq f .a foa Y S h yd úfoa Y S h
fkdfhla hqo a O ch.% y Khka ms < s n ò b;d meyeo,s j .s r d
ikafoaYfhys iòyka fõ' tjka ch.%yK w;r uq¨ ,la
forK t l a f i a i ; a l s Í u " o y w g l a j k a k s r d c H h k a
ch.ekS u " hdmdmgqk ch.ekSu" l¾Kdgl yuqodj mrdch
lsÍu" ud,jrdhr kï uqyqÿ fld,a,lrejd mrdch lsÍuúfYaI
ia:dkhla .kS' fujka ft;sydisl isÿùï w,flaYajr hqoaOh"
rdcr;akdlrh" iq¿rdcdj,sh" pQ,jxih wdos ft;sydisl uQ,dY%h
.%k:
a hkaf.ka o ikd: fõ'
chf.k uq¿ for K
fmkajd ;ud f;o w K
,l tl ysrjr K
flfia wm ysñ úl=ï wmu K65
^,laosj tlafiai;a lsÍu ms<snò&
f;úl=ï úl=ï we ;s
wm ysñ osks`ÿ l=,m ;s
fmr ksß`ÿka whs ;s
kqjQ oiZgla jkaks ch. ;s66
^18 la jkaks ch.%yKh ms<snò&
fu,l ksß`ÿka y g
wjk; fkdjQ fmr is g
wdßhilaú;= g
fkduò n<fika hjd hqoh g
l< hqfoys ßo jd
t ksß`ÿyq ÿqnò jd
Tyqf. To isò jd
uhs,akd nE u¨ka nò jd
ue;s fik`. i, id
hdmdmgqk iy id
f.k woyi f, id
;sìh miajdoyia hi id67
^hdmd mgqk ch.%yKh ms<snò&
by; olajk ,ÿfha ihjk merl=ï rcqf.a foaYSh

ch.%yKhka ms<snò hs' thska 18 la jkaks ch.%yKh úfYaIs;
h' fmr rcqkaf.a o n,h fkdmej;s fuu 18 la jkaks ljr
m%foaY o hkak meyeos,s j wkdjrKh lr.; fkdyels h'
we;eï úh;=kaf.a woyi jkqfha hdmkh yd fldÜfÜ ud¾.h
fomi mej;s m%foaY nj hs' flfia jqj o fuu hqoaOh iòyd
.sßÿ¾.dosfhys igka l< nj z oigla .sßÿ ÿ¿ - chf.k úl=ï
f;o r¿Z68 iòyka fõ' tfyhska fuh ihjeks merl=ï rcqf.a
úfYaI hqoaO ch.%yKhla jYfhka úYajdi l< yels h' foaYSh
ch.%yK w;r wd¾hpl%j¾;Skaf.a md,kfha mej;s hdmkh
m%foaYh ch.%yKh l< mqj; iòyka jqj o imqu,a l=udrhd
ms<snò fuys iòyka fkdjkafka ljr fya;=jla ksid o hkak
meyeos,s ke;'
merl= ï rcq f .a úfoa Y S h ch.% y K w;r ,la o s j
wdl%uKhg meñKs l¾Kdg yuqodj mrdch lsÍu yd ;udf.a
fjf<ò kejla meyer.;a ud,jrdhr mrdch lsÍfï m%jD;a;h
s fufia
iòyka fõ'
;u f;o wKg W ÿ
ysï lr i;r o,ks ÿ
msïnQ ievúre ÿ
mis`ÿ lkakä ksß`ÿf.a re ÿ
hqoom mis kaod

Tjqka ìò ÿqn kaod
hi oiZ; w kaod
flf<h uq¿ oUosjg ks kaod69

^l¾Kdgl yuqodj mrdch lsÍu&
fukr mj rdhd
y< keõ nvq mq rdhd
w;r Wÿ rdhd
.;S rdhkan,j rdhd
oUosj fid<S r g
wosúrrdumgk g
uyfik`. hqoh g
hjd uykeõmsáka tl ú g
ksnò nò hqo fid `v

fou< n,fika uka ue `v
oUosõ ;, ksy `v
flf<a isß,laosjg osh je `v70
ûd,jrdhr mrdch lsÍu&
ihjeks merl=ï rcqg 18 la foaYhkays m%lg jQ úreokï 360 la

muK ;sî we;s w;r fid<S" m`ä flar< wdos úfoaYh
S rcjrekaf.a
iïudkhg o md;% ù we;s whqre .srdikafoaYfhka ft;sydisl
jYfhka ikd: fõ'
zmrisÿ lsú`ÿ f;mqf,ka neòs oiZg r g
fuksß`ÿ úreÿ kï fkdyeru f;ish ie gZ71
jeò Tyq molu ,

,en iõbiqre ukl ,
fid<S m`ä flar< l= ,
fkdfhla ksßfòd isá;s weul ,72
ihjeks merl=ï rcqf.a úúO ch.%yKhka" lS¾;s rdjh

muKla fkdj t;=udf.a {dkh" mß;Hd.h wdos W;=ï .=Kdx.
hka ms<snò o .srdikafoaYfhys meyeos,s j iòyka fõ' fujka
rdcj¾Kkdjka w;Hq;al¾Ifhka iEu ikafoaYldjHhl u
oelsh yels h' tfy;a merl=ï rcq ms<n
s ò lrkq ,nk .srdlref.a
j¾Kkdj w;sYfhdala;shla fkdjk nj fjk;a ft;sydisl
uQ,dY%h .%ka:hka úuiSfuka o mila fõ' t;=ud nqÿoyug ,eos"
úYsIag n,mrdl%uhlska fyì" úúO YíoYdia;%hka ms<snò oekq-
fuka miq jQ" rg tlafiai;a l<lS¾;sOr rc flkl= nj fmkS
hhs' tfyhska .srdlre olajd we;s rdcj¾Kkdj u.ska o iud-
cfha iEu fCIa;%hla lrd úysÿKq b;d iduldó foaYmd,ksl
;ka;%hla mej;S we;s nj fmkS hhs'
ukqkS;s oir o
oyñka f,djg w.r o
wm ksß`ÿg meye o
m`vqre fkajk flfkla ljqre o
uqksnK wid ks ;s
wm ysñ ;shqKq kqjKe ;s
ii uh oek meje ;s
ñ,s`ÿrÿ fia ù h oekque ;s
úßÿka yer ÿ ru
jeo rokS;s wi ru
oek wúismai ru
ish¨ lõk¿ weiS fkdye ru73
by; olajk ,ÿfha .srdikafoaYfhka wkdjrKh
jk ld,Sk wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" idudðl" wOHdmksl yd
foaYmd,ksl lreKq lsysmhla ms<snò ixCIsma; igykls'
iuia;hla jYfhka f.k ùuiSfïoS úYo jkqfha .srdikafoaYh
jQ l,S ldjHuh w.fhka w.;ekam;a ks¾udKhla fuka u
úúO ft;sydisl ixisoë
a ka fudkjg m%lg lrk w.kd idys;H
ks¾udKhla nj hs'
wdka;sl igyka
1 Yíoiaf;duuydksê" ixia( ÔjdkJo úoHdid.r" l,sld;d k.r"
bkaoshd" 1914" p;=¾: uqøKh'
2 ŚABDAKALPADDRUMA, 05 Kānda, Edit: Varadaprasada Vasu
& Haricharana Vasu, Rāmnārāyan Press, Culcutta, 1886-1991.
3 Yíoiaf;dauuydksê" ixia( ÔjdkJo úoHdid.r'
4 ŚABDAKALPADDRUMA, 02 Kānda, Edit: Varadaprasada Vasu
& Haricharana Vasu, Rāmnārāyan Press, Culcutta, 1886-1991.
5 .=Kfiak uyd isxy, YíofldaYh" iï( yßYapkaø úch;=x."
weï'ã .=Kfiak iy mqoa.,sl iud.u" fld<U 11" 2014'
6 tu'
7 SĀHITYA-DARPANA, Edit: Bābu Bhuvana Chandra Vasāka,
Sangbāda Jnānaratnākara Press, Calcutta, 1869, 124 Page.
8 iqfndêkS jHdLHd iys; ldjHdo¾Yh" mß( je,súáfha fmaur;k
ysñ iy y,a.iaf;dg fojdkkao ysñ" iuhj¾Ok
fmd;ay," fld<U 10" 2001" 01 mßÉfPaoh" 13 Yaf,dal'
9 tu" 08 msgqj'
10 tu" 08 msgqj'
11 SĀHITYA-DARPANA, Edit: Bābu Bhuvana Chandra Vasāka,
209 Page.
12 R.afõo ixys;d" ixia( Y%SmdoY¾u" T!kaè" 1940" fojk uqøKh" 10
uKav,h" 105 iQla;h'

13 yxi ¥; ldjHh fyj;a yxi ifJoYh îxialD;&" ixia(
fodvka¥fõ O¾ufiak ysñ" r[ackS uqøKd,h" kqf.af.dv" 1966"
m%ia;djkdj'
14 ysiaie,af,a Oïur;k ysñ" zøúv ikafoaY idys;Hh iy isxy,
ikafoaY idys;HhZ" zidOkdZ ^miajeks l,dmh&" ixia(
wUkaje,af,a m[a[dkkao ysñ iy j;=f¾.u ksu,ër ysñ"
úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,hSh uqøKd,h" le,Ksh" 1964-65'
15 iS.sß moH" ixia( ;,,af,a Oïudkkao ysñ" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay,"
2012" f;jeks uqøKh" 134 .Sh'
16 iso;ai`.rd úia;r ikakh" ixia( r;au,dfka O¾ulS¾;s Y%S
O¾udrdudNsOdk udysñ" i;HiuqÉph hka;%d,h"
mE,shf.dv" 1925"ix{dêldrh" 29 msgqj'
17 tu" ix{dêldrh" 50 msgqj'
18 iòeia,l=K" ixia( je,smgkaú, oSm`ÙldrNsOdk uydia:úr"
fijHY%S uqøKd,h" je,s;r" 1928" 78 msgqj'
19 mS'î' ó.ial=Uqr" zisxy, ikafoaYfha wdrïNh ms<snò kj u;hlaZ"
z;rx.d Ydia;%Sh ix.%yhZ" wxl 07" ixia( f;ßmeye fidaudkkaoysñ"
jrosfj, foajrCÅ; ysñ" ví,sõ' mS' fiakdkdhl" wkq, uqøKd,h"
fld<U 10" 1963'
20 tu'
21 m[a[df,dal ysñ"fmd,aj;af;a"ixialD; .%ka: jxYh" ;D;Sh Nd.h" úch
uqøKd,h" wïn,kaf.dv" 1951" 279 msgqj'
22 fï>¥;ldjHh" mß( ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h"
fndre,a," 1948" 12 Yaf,dalh'
23 ie<,syK
s s ixfoaYh" ixia( ù'ä'tia' .=Kj¾Ok" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," fld<U
10" 1997" m%:u uqøKh' 03 moHh'
24 fldals, ixfoaY j¾Kkdj" ixia( yeä.,af,a m[a[d;siai ysñ" ,xldNskj
úY%e; uqøKd,h" 1945" m%:u uqøKh" 09 moHh'
25 iejq,a ixfoaYh" ixia( w,`ÿjl fu;Aaf;hH ysñ iy ;s,l chj¾Ok" lekaä
ms%kag¾ia" uykqjr" 1968" 11 moHh'
26 fï>¥;ldjHh" mß( ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" 06 Yaf,dalh'
27 úu¾Yk iys; uhQr ixfoaYh" ixia( flA' ch;s,l" m%§m m%ldYlfhda" fld<U
12" f;jk uqøKh" 02 moHh'
28 yxi ixfoaY m%§mh" ixia( w'fod' pJøfialr" YS% ,xld m%ldYl iud.u"
fld<U" 1964" m%:u uqøKh" 03 moHh'
29 fldals, ixfoaY j¾Kkdj" ixia( yeä.,af,a m[a[d;siai ysñ" 02 moHh'
30 iejq,a ixfoaYh" ixia( w,`ÿjl fu;af;hH ysñ iy ;s,l chj¾Ok"
mQ¾úldj' ^fuh zisxy, ikafoaY idys;HhZ uefhka
ueoafoa.u ðfkdaoh ysñ úiska iïmdos; w.kd mQ¾úldjls&'
31 .srdikafoaYh" ixia( kkaofiak r;akmd," r;ak fmd;a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U 10" 1985" 57 moHh'
32 yxiikafoaYh" ixia( iS'B' f.dvl=Uqr" fld<U wefmd;slÍia
uqøKd,h" 1953" ix{dmkh'
33 ikakia.," mq[aÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" weia' f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" 320 msgqj'
34 tu" 319 msgqj'
35 úu,jxi ysñ" noafoa.u" isxy, .%ka: jxYh" idOq uqøKd,h" 1947"
119 msgqj'
36 .srdikafoaYh" 24 moHh'
37 tu" 90 moHh'
38 tu" 90 moHh'
39 tu" 50 moHh'
40 tu" 25 moHh'
41 tu" 89 moHh'
42 tu" 27 moHh'
43 tu" 114-116 moH'
44 tu" 63 moHh'
45 tu" 79 moHh'
46 tu" 86 moHh'
47 tu" 208 moHh'
48 tu" 128 moHh'
49 tu" 43 moHh'
50 tu" 69" 102" 107 moH'
51 chj¾Ok" tia' fla iy wdßhjxY fmf¾rd" ksu,a" fldaÜfÜ hq.h"
ikarhsia uqøKd,h" urodk" 1968" 71 msgqj'
52 .srdikafoaYh" 56 moHh'
53 tu" 50-51 moH'
54 tu" 133 moHh'

55 tu" 112 moHh'
56 tu" 122 moHh'
57 tu" 129 moHh'
58 tu" 132 moHh'
59 tu" 134 moHh'
60 tu" 227 moHh'
61 tu" 237 moHh'
62 tu" 74 moHh'
63 tu" 77 moHh'
64 tu" 105 moHh'
65 tu" 136 moHh'
66 tu" 137 moHh'
67 tu" 145-147 moH'
68 tu" 142 moHh'
69 tu" 141" 144 moH'
70 tu" 148-150 moH'
71 tu" 47 moHh'
72 tu" 152 moHh'
73 tu" 153-155 moH'
yxi ikafoaYfhka fy<s jk iudc ft;sydisl

f;dr;=re ms<sn| wOHhkhla
ljqvd.ïuk r;kidr ysñ
ika f oa Y idys ; Hhg §¾> b;s y dihla we;' fuu
idys ; Hfha iïNjh Ndr;fha is ÿ j ;s f í' Y% S ,xldjg
ikafoaY rpkd lsÍu i|yd wdNdih ,efnkafka Ndr;fhks'
Y%S ,xldfõ oekg úoHudk merKs u ikafoaY ldjH rpkd
lr ;sfnkafka .ïfmd< hq.fha h' Bg mQ¾jfhka o ikafoaY
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla Y%S ,dxlslhka i;= jQ njg idOl mj;shs'1
flfia fj;;a .ïfmd< wjêfhka miq j Y%S ,xldfõ ikafoaY
idys;Hh j¾Okh ù ;sfí' fuf,i j¾Okh jQ ikafoaY lD;s
w;r úoHudk yxi ikafoaYfhka fy<s jk iudc" ft;sydisl
f;dr;=re fudkjdoehs úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuys § wNsfm%aß; h'
yxi ikafoaYh
yxihl= Wmhqla; lrf.k hjk ,o ikafoaYh yxi
ikafoaYh hs' tfy;a j¾;udkfha yxi ikafoaYh kñka
y÷kajk lD;shg l;=jrhd ,nd § we;s kduh ;sir ikafoaYh hs'
mis÷ jkr;k h;s÷g fojk f,i
fun÷ kñka ie,iS ;sir ikafoi2
th tfia jqj o fuu ikafoaY ldjHh rpkd lsÍug
fmr tu kñka u ikafoaY ldjHhla ,sh ù ;sìKs' tfia u
j¾;udk yxi ikafoaYh kñka y÷kajk lD;sfha § zyxiZ hk
jpkh wjia:d .Kkl § u Ndú; fyhska o j¾;udkfha fmdÿ
iïu;hla f,i fuu lD;sh zyxi ikafoaYhZ kñka jHjydr
lrkq ,nhs'
yxi ikafoaYh fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § rpkd lr ;sfí'

yxi ikafoaYfhys wjidkfha l;=jrhd ms<sn| igykla ths'
zzfu;a uyfk;a mduq< f;ß÷ i| úiskaZZ3 hkqfjka oelafjk
tu moH mdGfhka l;=jrhd ms<sn| ,nd fok bÕs ms<sn|
úoaj;=ka w;r u;fNao mj;shs' ùod.u ffu;S%h ysñhka fuys
l;=jrhd nj nyq;rh ms<s.ks;s' tfy;a we;eful= fmkajd
fokafka fuu moHh miq ld,Skj tla jQjla neúka l;=jrhd
ksYaÑ; ke;s nj hs' ud¾áka úl%uisxy fmkajd fokq ,nkafka
yxi ikafoaYh ùod.u ffu;%Sh ysñhka rpkd fkdlf<a kï
hg;a msßfihska Wkajykafiaf.a mrmqf¾ f;r kul úiska
fyda rÑ; nj hs'4
yxi ikafoaYh chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ isg lEr.,
moaudj;S msßfjkg hjk ,È' tu msßfjfkys jev isá lEr.,
jkr;k ysñfhda ikafoaYfha .%dylhd jQy' ,CI jdrhla r;k
iQ;%h foaYkd fldg Wmq,ajka" úIaKq" l;r.u iy úNSIK
hk foújrekag mqKHdkqfudaokd fldg rcq we;=¿ msßig
foajdYs¾jdo m%d¾:kd lsÍu ikafoaY rpkfha uQ,sl wNsm%dh
úh'5
yxi ika f oa Y fhka fy<s jk iudc ft;s y dis l

f;dr;=re
yxi ikafoaYfha ix.Dys; j we;s ft;sydisl f;dr;=re
úu¾Ykh lsÍu jeo.;a h' yxi ikafoaYh b;sydih ,shd
;eîfï wruqKska rÑ; lD;shla fkd fõ' idys;Hd;aul
lD;shla jqj o iuld,Sk iudc ft;sydisl miqìu ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,eîug fuu lD;sh m%fhdackj;a h' fmdÿfõ
ikafoaY ldjHhkays tk f;dr;=rej,g jvd yxi ikafoaYfhys
i|yka lreKqj, úYajikSh;ajh jeä nj ud¾áka úl%uisxy
fmkajd fohs'
zzÿjkakka mifiau ÿjñka is;k
s a ujd.;a k.r"
rcqka" jk" kegqï" hk wdÈh j¾Kkfhka
;ukaf.a ldjHhka wjika fkdfldg ta ika-
foaYldrhka tl, ,laÈj ;uka weiQ ÿgq fohla

o ta foh isys lsÍfuka Wmka wjxl yeÕSï o
moHhg keÕSug jEhï lrk ,o ;eka" yxi
ikafoaYfhys;a .srd ikafoaYfhys;a olakd
,efí' yxi ikafoaYfhys rdc iNd j¾Kkh
tjeks ;ekls'ZZ6
tfy;a j¾Kkd;aul idys;H lD;shla neúka yxi
ikafoaYfha oelafjk ish¨ f;dr;=re i;Hh ft;sydisl
f;dr;=re f,i ie,lsh fkd yels h' tfia jqj o yxi
ikafoaYh úúO wjia:dj, olajk lreKq iudc ixialD;sl
;;a;aj f;reï .ekSug Wmldr fjhs'
iudc iy ixialD;sl f;dr;=re

ziïZ zwdÊZ hk mo foflys ixfhda.fhka zziudchZZ
hk jpkh ksIamkak ù ;sfí' ziïZ hkafkka tla j hk
wre;;a zwdÊZ hkafkka /iaùu hk wre;;a m%lg fjhs' ta
wkqj iudch hkafkka l%shdldÍ msßila y÷kajkq ,nhs'7 iud-
chl wdfõKsl .;s mej;=ï ixialD;sh f,i y÷kajhs'8 yxi
ikafoaYh iudch iy ixialD;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re rdYshla
fy<sorõ lrk lD;shls'
fldÜfÜ wjêfha l%s'j' 15 jeks ishjfia § Y%S ,dxflah
iudcfhys úúO fn§ï mej;s njg yxi ikafoaYh idCIH
orhs' tjeks úfNaok i|yd Okh" n,h iy l=,h ks¾Kdhl
ù ;sfí'
;=rÕ .c keÕ hk tk ksiafida h
iu. nriq,d hk oeisoiafida h9
Wla; moH mdGh tu iudc úIu;d m%lg lrhs' Okm;Syq we;=ka
yd wiqka msg keÕS .uka .;ay' È<s÷ odifhda nr Wiq,ñka md
.ukska .shy'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha § Y%S ,xldj ol=Kq bkaÈhdj iu.
meje;ajQ in|;d j¾Okh jQ ksid t;eka isg yskaÿ ixialD;sl
iy iudc ,CIK Y%S ,xldj flfrys o jeä jYfhka n,mEï

lrkq olakg ,efí' yxi ikafoaYh ,shk wjêh jk úg
kCI;%h iy fcHda ; s I Hh wdÈh fj; Y% S ,dxls l hka jeä
jYfhka keUqre fjñka isá nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' jkr;k ysñhka
.%y .Ks;h wkHhkg foaYkd fkdl< nj yxi ikafoaYh
ffjfYaIsl fldg olajkafka fiiq f;rjreka .%y .Ks;h
foaYkd l< ksid úh yels h'10 ;;a wjêfha kele;a ne,Su o
ckm%sh j mj;skakg we;' l;=jrhd iqn uqyq¾;sfhka lEr.,
úydrhg we;=¿ ùug yxihdg Wmfoia fokakg we;af;a
tneúks'11
oñ< NdIdfjka jpk ì£ wd wkaou;a we;eï oñ<
jpk isxy, jHjydr w;rg wd wkaou;a yxi ikafoaYfhka
úuish yels h' zmq;a;+rejZ hk jpkh tjekakls'12 th w¨;a
f;dgqm<" w¨;a mgqk hk w¾:h èjks; lrhs' ;sir ikafoaYh
yd iei£fuka th jvd;a meyeÈ,s fjhs' tys fuu ia:dkh
y÷kajkafka zw¨;a mgkZ hk kñks'
kquq;a ;=gk ,o fid|,sh kr Õgk
w¨;a mgk oelhd isß iqms ysgk13
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha mej;s .ï ìï rdYshl kï iy
tajdfha úia;r yxi ikafoaYfhys ix.Dys; h' ta ud¾. j¾Kkd
oelaùfï § h' chj¾Okmqrfhys isg lEr., olajd jQ ia:dk
fuys úia;r fjhs' uq,k
s a u chj¾Okmqrh .ek lreKq oelafjhs'
tys bÈ fldg ;snQ uyfika foõueÿr" o<odueÿr iy rdc.Dyh
ms<sn| j¾Kkd lD;sfhys wka;¾.; h' wk;=rej Èhjkakd
we< iy fldka;.xf;dg .ek i|yka lrhs' .=renejq,"
f.d;gqj" ls;aisßfujka úydrh iy uiafl<sh f;dgqm< miq
l< úg le<Ksh yuq fj;ehs lD;sfhys i|yka fõ' bka miq
muqKqj" jEfndv" je,sfõßh" fyafka.u" udfo,a.ia.u iy
kdl|m< miq l< úg lEr., yuq jk nj yxi ikafoaY
l;=jrhd lshhs' fuu kduj,ska fndfyduhla woH;kfha
wjHjydr h' iuyrla m%foaY kdu ;j u úoHudk neúka fuu
ud¾. úia;rh wkqj w;S; m%foaY y÷kd.; yels h'
tfia u idudkH ckhd w;r mej;s isß;a úß;a wdÈ

lreKq o yxi ikafoaYfha úia;r fjhs' Èhfl<s jekqï" u.
jekqï wdÈfha § tjeks úia;r bÈßm;a lrhs' tfy;a l;=jrhd
lúhl= f,i idys;Hd;aul j¾Kkd f.k yer olajk neúka
fuu isÿùï ish,a, i;Hh úia;r f,i ie,lSu ÿIalr
fjhs'
foaYmd,k iy mßmd,k f;dr;=re

yxi ikafoaYh rpkd lrk wjêh jk úg isß
merl=ïnd kï rcl= md,kh f.k .sh nj yxi ikafoaYfha
i|yka h' fuu rcq ljqrekaoehs W.;=ka w;r ksYaÑ; woyila
ke;' we;efula fï VI jeks mrdl%undyq nj lsh;s'14 ;jflla
tu rcq VIII mrdl%undyq nj lsh;s'15 fikr;a mrKú;dkg
wkqj fuu rcq ijeks mrdl%undyq jk w;r yxi ikafoaYfhka
tu rcq oUfoKs rdc mrïmrdjg {d;s;ajhla olajk nj
fy<sorõ fjhs'16 wkqrdOmqr hq.fha wjika Nd.fha ckm%sh j
mej;s zisßiÕfndaZ úreoh fldÜfÜ hq.fha § o rcjreka Ndú;
lrk ,o nj fuu úia;rfhka meyeÈ,s fjhs'
fuu wjêh jk úg md,khg iydh ùu i|yd
w.%dud;Hjrhl= isá nj yxi ikafoaYfha i|yka h' ta wkqj
fuu mrdl%undyq rcqf.a w.%dud;Hjrhd jQfha uykaf;a talkdhl
kue;a;d h' fuu ikafoaYfhys u ;j;a ;efkl fldia.u
ta l kdhl kï wud;Hjrfhl= .ek i|yka h' fuu
kduoajfhka u y÷kajd we;af;a tla whl= úh yels h' rcqf.a
md,k lghq;= i|yd iydh fjñka l%shd l< rdciNd ks,OdÍka
lsysm fofkl= .ek u yxi ikafoaYh lreKq olajhs' oaú;Sh
uka;%S ;k;=r ta w;r jeo.;a ;k;=rls' rdcH f,aLk mj;ajd
.ekSu iy rdcH NdKavd.drh wdrCId lsÍu tu ;k;=f¾
j.lSu úh' yxi ikafoaYh rpkd lrk úg tu ;k;=r
Wiq<kq ,enqfõ úl%uisxy mrmqf¾ ;srejrx.ï kï úreoh ,;a
uka;%Sjrhd úisks
ikayia ,shk ks;s - ue;sl=, ;sßjrx.uq

wl%u jxl .=K uol=;a fkdf.k isá
úl%u isxy wÈldr. ue;s÷ isá17
rdc iNdfõ isá ue;s weu;sjreka .ek yxi ikafoaYfha
i|yka j we;' w;a;kdhl we;=¿ uka;%Sjre ms<sn| lreKq
i|yka fõ18 'ziqoiqka uyd f,akZ WohÈjdlr wdÈ m%N+jre
ms<sn| j o yxi ixfoaYfha f;dr;=re oelafõ' fiakdkdhljre"
uqlfjájre iy wruqof,a f,alï wdÈ úúO mßmd,k ;k;=re
ms<n
s | lreKq fuu ikafoaY ldjHfhka fy<s lr .; yels h'
chj¾Okmqr rdc iNdj l%shd;aul jQ whqre rdc iNd
j¾Kkdj Tiafia úÑ;%j;a f,i l;=jrhd moHhg kÕd ;sfí'
rcq jgd isá fiajlhka" rdcH ks,OdÍka fuka u rdc iNdfõ
fN!;sl mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu j¾Kkdj Tiafia
fy<sorõ fjhs'19
wd¾Ól f;dr;=re
rgl" foa Y md,k" iudc" ixia l D;s l wdÈ ieu
fCIa;%hlg u n,mEï lrkakls" wd¾Ól idOlh' idys;H
.%ka:hla jYfhka yxi ikafoaYh" wd¾Ól fCIa;%h flfrys
m%uqLdjOdkhla olajd ke;s jqj o wd¾Ól md¾Yajh yd ine¢
f;dr;=rej,ska imqrd úhqla; ù ke;'
w;S; Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh lDIsl¾uh iy jdKscHh
u; mokï jQ nj lsj yels h' thskqÿ lDIsl¾udka;hg
m%uqLia:dkhla ,eìKs' >¾u l,dmSh rgla f,i Y%S ,xldj
lDIsl¾udka;hg wjYH mdßißl idOl rdYshla ysñ lr f.k
we;' lDIsl¾udka;h iïnkaO f;dr;=re o hï muKlska yxi
ikafoaYfhka wkdjrKh lr .; yels h'
wefihs lshk ri .S ,sh ;=äka ;=äka
Èfihs nisk .j ó r< läka läka
mefihs rejg l< fl;aj;a f.däka uäka
f;dfihs t.u ÿg ta jEnäka jäka20
f.dv uv hk bvï j¾. foflys u j.d lghq;= isÿ l< nj

fuhska wkdjrKh fjhs' h, uy folkakfha u l=Uqre j.d
lsÍu isÿ l< nj yxi ikafoaYfha i|yka h' tfia u f.j;=j,
;,a iy fmd,a jjd ;snQ whqre o úia;r lr ;sfí'
fod<ska fod<u l,ah,a lrk l=Uq reh
m<ska m<u ;,afmd,a f.j;= ue÷ reh21
iqj|e,a" ù iy,a flfi,aj;= wdÈh .ek fuka u .jhka ms<sn|
úia;r o oela fõ'
rgl wd¾Ól Yla;h s ;SrKh lsÍug jdKscHh isÿ lrk
n,mEu w;suy;a h' iajlSh ksIamdok w;sßla;h wf,ú lr
.ekSu iy ;ukg iq,n fkdjk øjHh imhd .ekSu udkjhd
jdKscHh fj; keUqre lrjk fya;+ka h' rg wNHka;rfha
fj<| lghq;= ms<sn| hï woyila yxi ikafoaYh weiqßka
f.dvk`.d .; yels fõ' fldf<dï f;dg jdKsc uOHia:dkhla
úh' fj<÷ka Tre mdre fhdod .ksñka le<Ks .`. Tiafia .uka
lrñka jdKsc lghq;=j, kshe¨Ks'
fld<U úi,a j;a;,a mq;a;+refj kskrU
hfkk fj<÷ka Tremdrefj ks22
wd.ñl f;dr;=re
w;S; Y%S ,xldfõ idys;Hh wd.u iuÕ ne£ mej;sKs'
yxi ikafoaYh o wd.ñl miqìul rpkd lr ;sfí' fuu
ikafoaYfhys l;=jrhd fn!oaO NsCIqjl ùu o wd.ñl md¾Yjh
fj; jeä kEUqrejla we;S ùug fya;= jQjd úh yels h' fldaÜfÜ
hq.h jk úg j¾Okh ù ;snQ .%dujdiS wdrKHjdiS NsCIq
iïm%odhka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîug o yxi ikafoaYfhka
wdf,dalh ,efnhs' wdrKHjdiS NsCIq ixia:dj, iajrEmh"
Tjqkaf.a wOHhk lghq;= iy .=re YsIH in|;d wdÈ fCIa;%
ms<sn| úia;r fuu lD;sfhys wka;¾.; h' lEr., úydr
j¾Kkdj tjeks wjia:djls' ck;dj b;d Y%oaOdjka; j
fn!oaOd.ñl j;dj;aj, ksr; jQ nj yxi ikafoaYfha i|yka

fjhs'
ieoeye is;ska u,a mqoj;a f.k w; g
i;r w;ska uy ok /ia jk l, g23
tfia u myf<dia jeks ishji jk úg yskaÿ wd.ñl
b.ekaùï nqÿiuh iuÕ w;aje,a ne|f.k foaYSh ixialD;shg
wjfYdaIKh jQ nj yxi ikafoaYfhka meyeÈ,s fjhs' ta wkqj
foaj úYajdi iudc.; j mej;s whqre fuys i|yka fjhs'
chj¾Okmqrfhys ckhd úfYaI Nla;shlska le<Ksfha úNSIK
foúhka iy IkauqL foúhka woyd ;sfí' Wmq,ajka iy iuka
fndlai,a hk foújre o ckm%sh wh jQy' fn!oaOd.ñl j;dj;a
bgq lsÍfuka wk;=rej foúhkag mqKHdkqfudoakd lsÍu ckmsh
%
j mej;=Kq nj;a foúhkaf.ka wdrCIdj he§u isÿ l< whqre;a
yxi ikafoaYfhka fy<sorõ fjhs'
uy;a f;oe;s mq,ajka iqß÷ uq,a fld g
Èuq;a iuka fndlai,a iqß÷fkla fld g
ij;a iqß÷ úìiK wE iqrkay g
msß;a lshd mska § is; i;=gq fld g24
yxi ikafoaY l;=jrhd fiiq ikafoaY l;=jrekag jvd
fn!oaOd.ñl mßirh fj; keUqrejla oela jQ nj lsj yels
h' mQ¾jfhys i|yka l< mßÈ yskaÿ foaj ixl,am ckm%sh j
mej;s fuu hq.fha .srd ikafoaYh yer fiiq ikafoaY l;=jre
ikafoaY ydrlhd foúhka fj; Rcq j u fhduq l<y' tfy;a
yxi ikafoaY l;=jrhd yxihd m<uq j fhduq lrjkafka
lEr., jkr;k ysñhka fj; hs' wk;=re j msß;a lshd foúhkag
mqKHdkqfudaokd fldg rcq we;=¿ msßi rCId lr fok f,i
foúhkag u;la lrk f,i f;rekag isysm;a lrjhs' .srd
ikafoaYh o uq,ska u fhduq lrjkafka f;dg.uqfõ rdyq,
ysñhka fj;g h' Wkajykafiag wdrdOkd lrkafka rdc m%uqL
rgjeishkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd kd: foúhka hÈk f,ihs' yxi
ikafoaYh thska Tíng hñka foúhkag mqKHdkqfudaokd lsÍu

iy msß;a iÊCodhkh .ek i|yka lrkafka fn!oaOd.ñl
keUqre j úoyd olajñks'
wdka;sl igyka
1 Sigiri grafity, Vol. II, Senarath Paranavihtana" Oxford University
Press (London, 1956), grafity 134, p. 82¦ uydfndaêjxY .%kaÓmoh"
îxia'& .;df¾ Oïumd, ysñ ^l;_D m%ldYk 1994&" ms' 146¦ t¿ i|ia
,l=fKa ksoiqka moH" îxia'& iqpß; .ï,;a ^fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda" 1997&" ms' 18'
2 yxi ikafoaYh" îxia'& Tlalïmsáfha m[a[didr ysñ ^l;_D m%ldYk"
2011&' moHh 203'
3 tu" moHh 202'
4 ud¾áka úl% u is x y" is x y, idys ; Hfha keÕS u ^rdc.s ß h( iri
m%ldYlfhda" 2005&" 221'
5 yxi ikafoaYh" îxia'& Tlalïmsáfha m[a[didr ysñ" moH 198" 199'
6 ud¾áka úl%uisxy" tu" msgq 219-220'
7 .=Kmd, u,,fialr" zziudch yd ixialD;sh( 1967 iema;eïn¾ ui
11 jeks Èk idys;H W;aijfha § mj;ajk ,o foiqfï mqk¾mdGkhZZ
is¿ñK" 2009' 03' 08
8 ksrela;s iys; isxy, YíofldaIh" îïmdol& isß ,shkf.a ^fld<U(
tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" j¾Ih i|yka fkdfõ&"
1065'
9 yxi ikafoaYh" îxia'& Tlalïmsáfha m[a[didr ysñ" moHh 123'
10 tu" moHh 193'
11 tu" moHh 159'
12 tu" moHh 79'
13 ;sir ikafoaYh" îxia'& ù'ã'tia' .=Kj¾Ok ^fld<U( iuhj¾Ok
fmd;ay," 2001&" moHh 98'
14 yxiifJoaYh" îxia'& iS'B" f.dvl=Uqf¾ ^fld<U( wefmd;slÍia iud.u"
1953&" ix{dmkh ms' xxi'
15 isß ;s,lisß" isxy, ikafoaY ldjHfha iudc miqìu ^fld<U( tia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2008&'
16 ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" I ldKavh" II Nd.h îxia'&

fyaupkaø rdhs iy ;j;a wh" ^fld<U( úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,h"
1972&" 627'
18 tu" moHh 183'
19 tu" moH 47-62'
20 tu" moHh 149'
21 tu" moHh 155'
23 tu" moHh 159'
24 tu" moHh 198'
O¾u m%pdrl lD;shla jYfhka mshodi isßfiakf.a

zch;siai iy frdi,skaZ lD;sfhys jeo.;alu
iydh lÓldpd¾h"fla¡ ù¡ wd¾¡ tA¡ mS¡ chj¾Ok
m%fõYh
úisjk ishjfia uq,a Nd.h isxy, iudch wd.ñl"
ixialD;sl jYfhka ±ä mßydkshlg m;aj ;snQ hq.hls'
wmros. isß;a úß;a iSudjlska f;drj wkq.ukh lssÍu fj;
ful, isxy,hka keUqre jQ w;r foaYSh;ajh ms<snò mej;s
woyi b;d my< uÜgul mej;sK' fuu ;;a;ajh fndfyda
foaYfm%añkaf.a oeä úfrdaOhg fya;= jQ w;r Tjqyq úúOdl-
drfhka tu úfrdaOh m%lg lsÍug fm<UqKy' idys;Hh
udOHh fldg iajlSh cd;Hd,h yd ngysr úfrdaOh u;= l<
f,aLl msßila ìysjkqfha tn÷ mßirhloSh'ta w;r mshodi
isßfiakf.a idys;Huh odhl;ajh iqúfYaIS jQjls' mr.e;s
isß;a úIfhys isxy,hka ;=< we;s úh hq;= jQ wukdmhiajlSh
ks ¾ udK u`.s k a u;= lr oela j Q ms h odi is ß fia k fy<
ixialD;sh" cd;Hd,h" iÞpdrh" foaYudul;ajh jeks cd;sl
ixl,amhkaf.a mqkrdj¾ckh Wfoid lem úh' úfYaIfhkau
nqÿ oyfï tk O¾u ldrKd újrKh yd ta;a;= .ekaùu Wfoid
ish m%nkaO fhdod .ekSu fudyqf.a úfYaI;ajhls'wkaO Nla;sh
fjkqjg;d¾lsl fya;=M,jdohlskafyì nqÿ oyfuys Wiia nj
yd tys i¾jld,Sk;ajh jgyd oSu fudyqf.a m%uqL wruqKla úh'
fuu rpkfhys m%Odk wruqK jkqfha mshodi isßfiakhkaf.a
ks¾udK u`.ska O¾u m%pdrh Wfoid ork ,o tu m%h;akh
ms<snò u;= lr oelaùuh' ta Wfoid m%Odk jYfhkau zch;siai
yd frdia,skaZ lD;sh mdol lr .kakd w;r m%nkaO rih ;=<
cd;sljdoS u;jdo m%jdykh Wfoid fudyq oelajQ idu¾:Hh
úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ'
01' isxy, m%nkaO l:d idys;Hfha uq,a wjêh iy mshodi

isßfiak
m%nkaO l:d hkq kjl;dfõ iudrïNl wjêfha rÑ;
ks¾udK jYfhka y÷kajd osh yelsh' l%s'j'1866-1944 olajd jq
kjl;dfõ iudrïNl ,ËK /.;a lD;s rÑ; wjêh isxy,
m%nkaO l:d hq.h f,i;a 1944ka miq fyj;a .ïfmr<sh
kï mßiudma; kjl;dj rÑ; wjêfhka miq hq.h isxy,
kjl;dfõ ld,h f,i;a ye¢kafõ'1ngysr idys;Hfha m%Njh
,nd isxy, idys;Hhg we;=¿ jQ l,dx.hla f,i we;eful=
kjl;dj y÷kajk w;r wm idys;H iïm%Þhgu wdfõKsl jQ
.oH idys;H lD;sj, l%udkql+, m%;sM,hla nj we;eful=f.a
u;hhs'ta wkqj isxy, kjl;dfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| mj;afka
i¾j iïu; tAlSh u;jdohla fkdfõ'2tfy;a fï ms<sn|
mj;akd ms<s.;a u;jdoh jkqfha merKs isxy, .oH iïm%Þh;a
ngysr kjl;dj, wdlD;sh yd jia;= úIh;a ixl,kh ùfï
m%;sM,hla f,i isxy, kjl;dj ks¾udKh jQ njhs'3 tys
m%d:ñl wjêh m%nkaO l:d iuhhs' isxy, NdIdfõ Ndú;h"
wd.ñl fjk;a u;jdo me;srùu jeks lreKq fya;= fldg
iïNdjH .oHh yd iduH;ajhg m;a jqjo m%nkaO l:d idys;Hh
iuld,Sk ngysr idys;Hfha wdNdifhka ks¾ñ; idys;H
úêhla nj úpdrl u;hhs'
isxy, kjl:dfõ wdrïNl wjêh ms<n s ò woyia olajk
uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaøuq,a ld,Sk m%nkaO l:d y÷kajkqfha
.oH wdLHdk hkqfjks'kdhl kdhsldjkaf.a Ñ;a; ffp;isl
úNd.hg yd pß; ksrEmKhg jeä fjfyila fkdf.k yqfola
ndysr jD;a;dka;h muKla u;= lrk .oH wdLHdk ^prose
romans&4 kjl;dfõ uQ,sldx. m%o¾Ykh lrk idys;H úêh
nj Tyqf.a woyihs' tA wkqj lD;Huh jYfhka .oH wdLHdk
yd m%nkaO l:d hkak wfkHdakH jYfhka fjkia fkdjk
nj yd tlu w¾:h m%;s iQpkh jk nj fmfka' flfia j;=ÿ
kjl;dfõ b;sydih ms<sn| l;sldj ;=< m%nkaO l:d fyda
.oH wdLHdkhkag ysñ jk wdia:dkfha iajNdjh ksrjq,aj
jgyd .kq jia ;;a ks¾udK rpkfha yd;ami idys;H miqìu

fukau iudc h:d¾: jgyd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' ixialD;
yd øúv idys;Huh n,mEfuka úhqla;j hqfrdamSh n,mEfuys
isxy,h k;= jQ hg;a úð; iuh tys ,d jvd jeo.;a jk nj
tA ms<sn| ishqï wOHhkfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
hg;a úð; md,kh iu. isxy, ixialD;sh fiau
idys;H ikao¾Nuh wdlD;sh yd ixl,amSh jgmsgdjo fjkig
n÷ka úh' fuysoS bx.%SiSkaf.a md,kh iqúfYaIS jkqfha iuia;h
mqrd jHdma; ;§h wdêm;Hfha n,mEu ksidfjks' isxy,
idys;Hfha jQ wd.ñl ú[aØKh m<jd yer f,!lsl;ajfha
ixl,am mQrKh flfrys Wla; n,mEu mdol jQfha úh' tys
,d isxy, .oHfha fjkia ùu fuys§ úfYaIfhka úuefikqfha
m% n ka O l:dj yd .oH wdlD;s h w;r we;s iïnka O h
ksidfjks'
Y;j¾Idêl ld,hla uq¿,af,au tf,da fuf,da Ôú;hg
wjYH jk WmfoaY ,nd .ekSug my< jQ nKl:d lSug WÑ;
jQ udOHhla f,i mej;s isxy, .oH idys;Hh5 wdlD;sl
jYfhka fukau mrud¾: jYfhkao fjkiaùu flfrys hg;a
úð; ixl,am m%n,j n,mdk ,È' 18-19 ishjia jk úg isÿ jQ
kd.ßl ueo mka;sfha ke.Su" meúoaÞ flfrka .Dyia:hd fj;
idys;HlrKfha iajdó;ajh ixl%uKh ùfuka f,!lsl;ajh
u;=ùu wdÈ fya;k
+ a lrK fldg tf;la mej;s .oHfha iajrEmh
fjkia jkakg úh' l%sia;shdkslrKfha jHdma;sh Wfoid WÑ;
udOHhla f,i .oH idys;Hfha m%n, Ndú;ho isxy, .oHfha
mrud¾Ól fjkig fya;= úh'
18jk Y;j¾Ifha we;s jQ Ydia;%Sh m%fndaOh lrK
fldg NdId idys;Hh flfrys u;= jQ mqkrdl¾IKh fukau
iõi;aoï jdoh" mdkÿrdjdoh jeks újdoo m%nkaOlrKh
Wfoid WÑ; idys;Huh mßirh ks¾udKh lrk ,È' mqj;am;a
yd iÕrdjkaf.a m%p,s;ùuo fuys ,d iqúfYaISh' kjl;d rih
mdGlhdg y÷kajd ÿkafka m;% iÕrd uÕsks' zjdikdjka; yd
ld,lKaKs mjq,aZ lD;sh rejka u,aou iÕrdfõo zch;siai yd
frdia,skaZ iriú i|/i iÕrdfõo m< ùu Bg WÞyrK fõ'

tfukau kdgl idys;Hfha m%p,s;ùu" moH wdLHdk rpkh
fukau jkaokdldrhdf.a .uk ^1886&" .,sj¾f.a g%ej,aia
^1888&" wrdì ksfid,a,dih jeks mßj¾;k ks¾udKh ùuo kj
m%nkaO úêhlg wjYH lrk NdIduh yd wdlD;suh fËa;%h
fmdaIKh lrk ,È' jHjydr l:kh f,aLkh Wfoid Ndú;
lsÍu yd l:d rih Wfoid mdGlhd wdjykh lsÍu hk ,ËK
/.;a nhsn,a mßj¾;ko tu ld¾hfha iqúfYaIS Þhl;ajhla
iemhQjls'
fï wkaoug mßj¾;k" moH wdLHdk" kdgl wdÈh
lrK fldg mdGlhdf.a reÑh ms<sn| idOkSh fjkila isÿ
jQ w;r jdo újdo" m;% iÕrd wdÈh lrK fldg NdIdjg
iqL kuH;ajhlao ia:djr Í;shlao wdfrdamKh jk ,È' fuu
idys;Hhsl ;;a;ajh jD;a;dka; ffY,sfha Ndú;h lrK
fldg kjl;dfjka fjkia jk" tfy;a kjl;djg u. mEÿ
.oH wdLHdk fyj;a m%nkaO l:d ìysùu Wfoid mokï jQ
nj úpdrl u;hhs' whsiela is,ajd úiska rÑ; jdikdjka;
yd ld,lKaKs mjq,a ^1886&" tÉ' lkakax.r foaj.e;s;=ud
úiska rÑ; .%du m%jD;a;shla ^1888&"rdudhkfha wdlD;sh Ndú;
lrñka fÞka nia;shka uy;d úiska rÑ; wdLHdk" wrdì
ksfid,a,dih mßj¾;kh l< we,anÜ o is,ajd úiska rÑ;
úu,d ^1892&" wdor yiqk ^1894&" isßnÍ ^1894&" y¾lshq,Sia kï
ùr mqreIhdf.a l;dj ^1904& jeks .oH wdLHdk fukau mshÞi
isßfiak" we,anÜ o is,ajd" tA' ihsuka o is,ajd wd§kaf.a lD;s
fukau ud¾áka úl%uisxy jekakjqkaf.a uq,ald,Sk m%nkaO o
tys ,d jeä wjOdkhg ,la jQ ks¾udK f,i i,lkq ,efí'
fuysos ta w;=rska mshodi isrsfiakf.a idys;H iïm%odkh
iqúfYaIS jQjls'
1875 wf.daia;= 31 Èk b÷rejg kqÿre wÕ=reje,a, kï
.%dufhys Wm; ,enQ mshÞi isßfiak .fï mdief,ka yd
mkaif,ka uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd miq j bx.%Sis wOHdmkh
,enQfjls' Tyqf.a uq,a kduh fmaÈßia is,ajd kï jQ w;r th
wk.dßl O¾umd,;=udf.a wkq±kqfuka mshÞi isßfiak hk

wd¾h isxy, kduhg fjkia lr .;a nj lshfjhs'6isxy,
kjl;dfjys uq,a hq.h ksfhdackh l< mqfrda.dó m%nkaO
l:dlrejd f,i ie,flk mshÞi isßfiak ^^1875 - 1946&<ore
wjêfha jQ isxy, kjl;dfõ fmdaIKh yd j¾Okh Wfoid
iqúfYaIS Þhl;ajhla iemhQfjls' 1905§ ihsukao is,ajdf.a
zókdZlD;sh mdGlhd w;g m;aùug fmrd;=j isgu tkï
1904§ isßfiakf.a zch;siai yd frdia,skaZ lD;sh w;a msgm;a
jYfhka ziriú i|/iZ mqj;amf;ys m< ù we;'7 kjl;dj
kue;s idys;Hdx.h isxy, ñksid wNsreÑfhka lshùug wjeis
udkisl;ajhla we;s lsÍug isßfiakf.a m%nkaO l:d mdol
úh' tA neõ zch;siai yd frdi,skaZ lD;sh isjqj;djla uqøKh
ùu;a" tys msgm;a 25000la wf,ú ùu;a hk ldrKd u`.ska
mila fõ'
ms h Þi is ß fia k f.a m % n ka O lrKh Wfoid m% O dk
idOlh jQfha tl, isxy, fn!oaO ckhd yd isxy, ixialD;sh
mSvdjg m;a l< bx.%Sis md,khg tfrys cd;sljd§ Ñka;khhs'
tiufhys bx.S%is wdêm;Hhg tfrys cd;sl wd.ñl jHdmdrh
mej;=‚' tu jHdmdrhkag fkduiqre Þhl;ajhyd iyfhda.h
isßfiak ;u kjl;duÕska iemhSh'� tfyhska isßfiakf.a
lD;s úfoaYSh wdêm;Hhkaf.ka yd wdl%uKhkaf.ka mSä;
iudchg h:d¾:h lshdfok nK fmd;la yd iudk úh' Tyq
tA i|yd bx.S%is kjl;d u. fkdf.dia ;udg Tìk u.la ;kd
.;a w;r th m%nkaO l:dj ukqIHhdf.a fof,dj iqn isoaêh
i|yd Wmfoia imhk m%lrK úfYaIhla f,i;a" cd;sl wd.ñl
yeÕSï okjk udOHhla f,i;a ie,lSula úh' 1906-1946 hk
ld, jljdkqj mqrdjg Tyq úiska rÑ; m%nkaO lD;s úiaila
muK jk nj úpdrl u;hhs'
 jdikdjka; újdyh fyj;a ch;siai iy frdi,ska
^1906&
 wmg fjÉp foa ^1909&
 uyd úhjq, ^1909&
 ;re‚hlf.a fm%auh ^1910&

 wIag f,dal O¾u pl%h ^1916&
 äx.sß ue‚ld fyj;a úl%umd,f.a m<uq úl%uh
^1918&
 úu,;s i a i yduq ÿ rejka f .a uq o ,a fmÜáh fyj;a
úl%umd,f.a fofjks úl%uh ^1919&
 j,õjl m,ys,õj fyj;a úl%umd,f.a ;=kafjks
úl%uh ^1921&
 YS% ,xld ud;d ^1922&
 bIag foúhd fyj;a fyj;a úl%umd,f.a y;rfjks
úl%uh ^1925&
 iqpß;do¾Yh ^1926&
 woaN+; wd.ka;=lhd ^1928&
 Ñka;dud‚lH r;akh ^1930&
 hka;ï .e,jqkd ^1934&
 mßj¾;kh ^1934&
 mika ksji ^1936&
 ufyaIajÍ fyj;a úl%umd,f.a miafjks úl%uh ^1936&
 m<uq jk mdie, ^1938&
 wka;su leue;a;
 fvnr fl,a, fyj;a úl%umd,f.a yhfjks úl%uh
^1944&8
fuu lD;s w;=ßka fndfyduhl mrud¾:h iudc
ixfYdaOkjd§ jHdmdrhg Ôjhla iemhSuhs' isxy, fn!oaO
idrO¾uj,ska msßmqka ixialD;sh;a iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól
rgdj;a iys; mrudo¾YS iudchl m%d¾:kh tA fndfyda
lD;kays u;= jQfha úh' isxy,hd i;= WÞr w;S;h ms<sn|
wkqiaurKh f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr cd;sl kdhl;ajh ysñ
iudcuh md¾Yajhkaf.a l=yllï" úúO wufkda{ .;s ks¾oh
f,i úfõpkh lsÍfï cd;sl;aj Ñka;kh tA iEu úfglu
m%;sks¾udKh jQfha úh' ish l=i,;djka cd;sl m%fndaOh yd

ck;dj wêrdcHjdofhka uqojd .ekSu Wfoid lem l< ùr
jrfhl= f,i Tyq iïNdjkdjg md;% jkqfhao tA ksidfjks'�
02' m%nkaO l:dfõ mrud¾: yd O¾um%pdrh

idys;Huh ks¾udKhl m%uL q w¾:h jkqfha ridiajdof-
ha jykhhs' tfy;a we;eï úg rih wìnjq wkH wruqKq úiska
l,d lD;sfha fi!kao¾hh w;a m;a lr .kqo fmfka' l,dj
yd idys;Hh iudcuh h:d¾:hkaf.a wdêm;Hfha fijK
hg ks¾udKh ùu Bg fya;=jhs' isxy, m%nkaO l:djo tjeks
idys;H Ydkrhls' ;;ald,Sk iudc wjYH;d úiska hgm;a
flreKq fi!kao¾hh ;=< u;= jk m%pdrljd§ wdlD;sh tA nj
ikd: lrkq ,nhs' cd;sljd§ igfkys idys;Huh ksrEmKh
Wfoid isxy, m%nkaO l:dj Ndú; ùu Bg fya;=jhs' uydpd¾h
;siai ldßhjiï olajk mßÈ isxy, m%nkaO l:dj wdrïN
jkqfhau l%sia;shdks wd.u m;=rejd yeÍug furgg wd O¾u
¥;hkaf.a l%shdj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'�tA wkqj isxy, m%nkaO
l:dj l,d;aul fi!kao¾h ckkfha wruqKska hï ;rula
ÿria: jQ wdia:dkhl isg wdrïN jQ nj fmfka' tys jHdma;sho
;o¾:h fkdblau jQ wdfõYhlska hqla; j nj uq,ald,Sk
m%nkaO l:d lsysmhl u;= jk .%ka: mrud¾:hkaf.a iajNdj
ks¾Kfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
isxy,fha zzm%nkaO l:d Í;sh wkq.; m%:u isxy,
lD;shZZ f,i iïNdú; we,a' whsiela o is,ajd úiska rÑ;
zjdikdjka; yd ld,lKaKs mjq,aZ lD;sh .oH wdLHdk
iajrEmh .kakla jk w;r�isxy, kjl;dfõ wdÈu iajrEmh
m%lg lrk m%nkaO hq.,hla f,i9 ie,flkakls' l%s'j' 1866
isg l%s'j' 1883 olajd rejka u,aou kï m;%fha fldgia jYfhka
m<j l%s'j' 1888§ uqøKoajdrfhka t<s oelajqKq fuu lD;sfha
mrud¾:h l%sia;shdks wd.u ms<snò Nla;sjka;j úiQ mjq,la
ish¨ ndOd hgm;a fldg ch.%yKh w;a m;a lr .kakd
wdldrh lshd mEuhs' ta wkqj tys m%uqL OdrKdj jkqfha
O¾u ikaksfõokhhs' uq,ald,Sk m%nkaO l:d idys;Hfha

ckdl¾IKhg md;% jQ f,aLlhd jQ mshÞi isßfiako Wla;
mrud¾:fhka úhqla; fkdjQ nj"
—Y%oaOd" m%×" ù¾h hk lreKq ;=fkka msreyqKq isxy,hg ÈjH
n%yau wd§kagj;a hï lsis Wmldrhla l< fkdyels nj wmg
m%;HlaI fyhska fï fmd; ,shk ,§˜10
—wfma isxy, ckhd h:d ud¾.fhys fhdojkq i|yd wm úiska
,shk ,o fmd;a fndfyda fj;szkj m%nkaOZ hk ku fï ld,fha
jHjydr lr;;a" wfma fmd;aj, O¾u Ydia;s%h lreKqj,ska
msgia;r lsisjla ke;'˜11
hk ks o ¾Ykhka f .ka fuka u .% k a : dNHka ; r
újrKfhkao meyeÈ,s fõ' h:d¾:jd§ iïm%Þhfha iudrïNlhd
jQ ud¾áka úl%uisxy jqj ish uq,ald,Sk ,S,d" fidaud jeks
m%nkaOhkays fi!kao¾hh blaujQ ks,Sk mrud¾: yd tlÕj
isá nj fmfka' irÉpkaø úl%uiQßh úiska isxy, kjl;dfõ
ms;Djrhd f,i y÷kajk we,anÜ o is,ajdf.a fjila ¥;hd
jeks ks¾udKhl jqj m%lg jkqfha wdLHdk fi!kao¾hh
blaujQ Od¾ñl yd mrudo¾YS wruqKla ks,Skj mj;akd njhs'
fï wkaoug uq,ald,Sk m%nkaO l:d fndfyduhla idys;Huh
ri md¾Yajh Nckh lrk yqÿ l,d ks¾udK f,i m%lg fkdjQ
nj meyeÈ,s jk w;r tAjd cd;sljd§ yeÕSï m%o¾Ykh" O¾u
m%pdrh yd mrudo¾YS iudchl m%d¾:kh jeks ixl,amj,
ikaksfõok udOHhla f,i Ndú; jQ nj ;§h mrud¾:
úu¾Ykfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
uq,ald,Sk m%nkaO l:djkays mrud¾Ó; ixl,amhka
w;ridOdrK ,ËKhla f,i y÷kd .; yela l ls "
O¾u m%pdrh' tys iqúfYaIS;ajh jkqfha l%sia;shdks fyda
nqoaO O¾uh hk tla Þ¾Yksl ú.%ylg iSud fkdù WNh
O¾ufhau jHdma;sldrlfhl= f,i l%shd;aul ùuhs'iudrïNl
wjêfham%nkaO l:dj l%sia;shdks O¾uh jHdma; lsÍu Wfoid
jQ nj zjdikdjka; yd ld,lKaKs mjq,aZ jeks lD;shlska
meyeÈ,s fõ' mjq,la jdikdjka; ùug kï ls;= ne;sfhka

hq l a ; j kj is ß ;a úß;a je<| f.k wOu is x y, is ß ;a
úß;aj,ska wE;a úh hq;= nj tys u;= lrk woyihs' tfukau
tÉ' lkakx.r foaj.e;s;=udf.a z.%du m%jD;a;shlaZm%nkaOfhys
újrKh jkqfhao l%sia;shdks wd.ñl Nla;sfha fY%aIG;ajhhs'
tfy;a miqld,Skj m%nkaOlrKh úIfhys isxy, fn!oaOhka
fhduq ùu;a iuÕ l%sia;shdks O¾ufha jHdma;sh úIfhys
m%nkaO l:djg jQ wêldÍ;ajh nqÿ oyfï jHdma;s ldrlhla
f,i ú;eka jQ nj fmfka' tfukau tu ;;ajh w;sYhskau
id¾:l jq nj meyeÈ,s jkqfha msgm;a oyia .Kkla uqøKhjQ
zch;siai yd frdia,skaZ jeks wd.ñl yd cd;sl ixl,am /.;a
lD;shla úuiSfuks'
ngysr cd;Skaf.a fN!;sl yd wdOHd;añl wdêm;Hh
;=< hgm;a jq fn!oaO ixl,amhkaf.a mqk¾ia:dmkh Wfoid
m%nkaO l:dj udOHhla fldg .ekSu wf;HdaÑ; jqfha udkjhd
;=< l;d rih flfrys iycfhka jk wdYh lrK fldg
fõ' iïNdjH idys;Hfha wdfõYh isxy,hd ;=< ;;a iajNdjh
lyjrej m%;sIaGdmkfha ;jÿrg;a fya;= jkakg we;' tneúka
wka udOHhka wìnjQ fõ.hlska yd úkaok md¾Yajhlska m%nkaO
l:dj O¾u ikaksfõokfha ksr; jQ nj fmfka' tys ,d m%uqL
jQ ks¾udKlrejka w;r mshÞi isßfiak iqúfYaIS jqfjls'
04' mshÞi isßfiakf.a m%nkaO l:d mrud¾:

ms h Þi is ß fia k f.a idys ; HlrKh l,d;a u l
fi!kao¾hh f;aud lr .kq fjkqjg hqfrdamSh cd;Skaf.a hg;a
úð;lrKh lrK fldg isxy, ixialD;sfha ks¾ñ;j mej;s
ngysr .e;s pdß;%j,ska isxy, ck ú[aØKh uqojd .ekSfï
cd;sljd§ jHdmdrhg wjYH jQ idys;Huh Þhl;ajh iemhSu
mrud¾: lr .;a;ls' kj m%nkaOhla jQ l,S l,ams;hla wd;au
fldg we;s l,d;aul ks¾udKhla úh hq;= jqjo mshÞi isßfiak
;o¾:h iudc fYdaOkh fj; W!kkh lrk ,oS' l:d jia;+ka
fukau wdLHdk úëkao jrKh lrk ,oafoa ;o¾: idOkh
jk mßÈh' kdhl kdhsld pß; mrudo¾YS Ndjhg muqKqjk

,oafoa tA lrK fldg fõ' zuyd úhjq,Z lD;sfha ix×mkfha§
Tyq tA nj fufia olajhs'
zz'''fndfyda fokd úiska ,shkq ,nk m%nkaO l:d ld,h .;
lsÍug fya;= jk kuq;a fï m%nkaO l:dfjka yd uf.a wksla
fmd;aj,skao cd;s O¾u Ydia;%h;a foaYmd,k l%uh;a b.ekaùu
isoaO fõ' cd;s uu;ajh yd iajfoaY jd;ai,Hh we;s ùug;a
ful, isxy,hka w;r m%lg fmd;a b;d úr< fyhska fï
fmd;a mka;sh ms<sfh< flf<ñ''''ZZ12
tfukau zúu,;siai yduqÿrejkaf.a uqo,a fmÜáhZ
lD;sfha§ foaYmd,kh" w¾: ixj¾Okh" iÞpdrh" cd;s uu;ajh
wdÈh idudkH ckhdg b.ekaùug we;s Wmdh fï m%nkaO
l:d nj l;=jrhd olajkq ,nhs'13 tA wkqj cd;s uu;ajh
fukau iajfoaY jd;ai,Hh ckkh fldg W;a;r iudchla
f.dv ke.Su l;=jrhdf.a m%uqL wNs,dIh jQ nj fmfka' tys
,d l;=jrhd úiska Ndú; l%ufõo w;r Od¾ñl;ajh Wfoid
isxy, ú[aØKh kïk lsÍug ork m%h;akh iqúfYaIS jQjls'
fudyqf.a m%nkaO l;d wOHhkh lsÍfïoS tajdfha mrud¾:
lsysmhla y÷kd .; yelsh¡
1. cd;sldkqrd.h kexùu
2. nqÿoyu m%pdrKhg
3. iudc fYdaOkh
4. ldka;dj
5. fm%auh
jdikdjka; újdyh fyj;a ch;siai yd frdia,ska

mshodi isßfiakf.a m%:u kjl:dj jk jdikdjka;
újdyh fyj;a ch;siai iy frdia,ska m<jQfha 1906 § h'14
tu lD;sh oYlhla .; jk úg msgm;a 25000 la muK wf,ú
ù we;'15 thska Tyqf.a rpkd fld;rï ckm%sh;ajhg m;a ù
;snqKd o hkak meyeÈ,s fjhs' kjl:dj kue;s idys;Hdx.h

fkdlshúh hq;a;la fia foudmsh- jeäysáhkaf.a jdrKhg yiq
fldg ;snQ hq.hl th ck;dj w;r nyq m%pdrhg ,la l<
id¾:l u f,aLlhd mshÞi isßfiak hs'16
ch;siai yd frdia,skays l:d idrh fláfhka ±laùu
fuys,d jeo.;a fjhs' fuu kjl:dj .e<mSu w;ska Tyq ,shQ
wfkla m%nkaOj,ska t;rï fjkia fkd fjhs' ch;siai yd
frdia,ska wdrïN jkafka l:d kdhlhdf.a W;am;a;s ia:dkh
jQ fldaÜfÜ rcoyk ms<sn| .oH wdLHdkhl iajrEmfhka
lrk ,o j¾Kkdjlsks' blaì;s l;=jrhd ch;siaif.a pß;h
mdGlhd fj; y÷kajd fohs' fn!oaO ixialD;sfha mrudo¾Yhla
jeks ch;siai frdia,ska kue;s l%sia;shdks ;reKsh fn!oaOd.
ug yrjd wehg wjxl f,i fm%au lrhs' weh o ish wd.u
w;yer nqÿoyfï meye§ Tyq fj; ish wjxl fm%auh mqo lrhs'
fudjqkag úreoaO jk pß;h f,i l%shd;aul jk úkaikaÜ
frdia,ska újdy lr.ekSug W;aidy fldg fkdyels jQ ;ek
weh j meyerf.k hhs' fndfyda ÿIalr wjia:dj,g uqyqK
mdk frdia,ska tAjd ueo ;u m;sj; wdrlaId lr.ekSug iu;a
fjhs' wjidkfha weh fidhd meñKs ch;siai frdia,skag yuq
fjhs' wjidkfha Tjqkag úreoaO j ls%hd l< úkaikaÜ úm;g
m;a jk w;r ch;siai yd frdia,ska újdy nkaOkhg we;=<;a
j m%S;su;a Ôú;hla wdrïN lrhs' t;ekska fuu m%nkaOh ksud
fjhs' iuia; lD;sfhys wruqK jkafka mr.e;s fkd ù isxy,
cd;sh i;= wkkH;dj;a nqÿoyu;a /l.ekSug Wmfoia ,nd
§u hs'
ch;s i a i yd frdia , s k a is x y, ckhdf.a is ; a y s
foaYdkqrd.h yd wd.ud,h we;s lrùfï iuld,Sk jHdmdrfha
m%;sM,hla jk w;r tys m%pdrd;aul mrud¾:h idys;ahsl
mrud¾:h wNsNjd ke.S isà'17 th fndfyda ÿrg ft;sydisl-
wd.ñl fldaI .%ka:hl iajrEmh .kS'
05' mshÞi isßfiakf.a ch;siai iy frdi,ska lD;sfhka

fy<s jk O¾um%pdrl jHdmdrh
nqÿ oyu yd isxy, ixialD;sfha mj;akd wfkHdakH
iïnkaOh wúfhdackSh f,inoaO jQjls' tneúka Od¾ñl;ajh
Wfoid isxy,hd Wfoid isÿ lrk wduka;%Kh isxy, fn!oaO
ixialD;sfha wNsjDoaêhg fya;= fõ'mshÞi isßfiakf.a m%nkaO
lD;Skays O¾u ikaksfõokh m%n, l;sldjla njg m;aj
we;af;a tneúks'
mshÞi isßfiakf.a ch;siai yd frdia,ska kjl:dj
l%sia;shdks wd.u uq`Mukskau m%;slafIam lsÍfï wruqKska rpkd
jQ lD;shls' tys§ l;d kdhsldj jk frdia,ska kï lf;da,sl
;re‚h iy l;d kdhlhd jk ch;siai w;r we;s jk ixjdo
Tiafia isßfiak nqÿoyu oyu b;d W;al¾Ifhka j¾Kkd lrk
w;ru ls%ia;shdks oyu ks¾oh Wmydihg ,la lrhs
—is x y,fhda frda u dkq oDIa á h weoyS f uka Tjq k a g
mrf,dj jYfhka ,efnk ksrd ÿl w;ajkq muKla
fkdj fuf,dj jYfhka jy,a Ndjfha .e,S isá;s'˜18
—fm%añh" nqoaOd.u kï isxy,dÈ mQ¾jfoaYjdiSyq il,
Ydia;%fhka o ish¨ hi biqfrka o iïmQ¾K ld,hl
ms<s.;a ks¾u, i;H jQ O¾uhls'˜19
fuu ixjdofha§ l%sia;shdks oyu ±äj úfõpkh lrk
ch;siai tys we;s ksire iajNdjh yd ksr¾:l nj frdia,skag
fmka j d foñka nq ÿ oyfuys mj;s k h:d¾:jd§ ia j Ndjh
meyeÈ,s lr fohs' tfiau frdia,skaf.a foudmshka yuqjk
ch;siai Tjqka iu. újdod;aul f,i nqÿoyfuys iqúfYaIS;j
a h
yd l%sia;shdksfhys ysia nj fmkajd fohs';u is;eÕs wkqj
ch;siaif.a pß;h ks¾udKh lr .kakd mshodi isßfiak
tu pß;fhka ish wNsu;d¾:h bgq lr .ekSug h;ak orhs'
lD;sh mqrdu l;=jrhd ueÈy;a ù nqÿoyu ms<sn| lrk fujeks
j¾Kkd olakg ,efnkafka tneúks'
nqÿoyfuys iqúfYaIS;ajh j¾Kkd lsÍug fukau tys

tk ixl,am Tmamq lr fmkaùugo l;=jrhd ish ks¾udKj,ska
W;aidy f.k ;sfí' ch;siia yd frdia,k
s a lD;sfha ÿok pß;h
jkafka úkaikaÜh' Tyqf.a w;mh ì£ ±äj frda.d;=r jQ úg
l;=jrhd th olajkafka Tyq úiska l< l¾uj, m%;súmdl
§ula f,ih'
—wkq k a g l< wmrdOh by;d;a u fhys u fndfyda
;ekaj,§ m, fok nj;a fï úkaikag isoaO jQ fohska
m%;HlaI jQfhah'˜20
mshÞi isßfiakhka O¾u ldrKd iajlSh l:d rif-
hys l=¿ .kajd iudc.; lsÍfï iÞpdrjd§ m%h;akhl kshe,S
isá nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' we;eï ;efkl O¾u ldrKd
újrKh lrkqfha cd;s udul;ajh ms<n
s | f,!lsl ixl,amfhau
tla;rd È.=jla f,isks'
zz''''orefjks" isxy,fhda wd¾h cd;slfhdah' tA wd¾hhka ;=<
fjkia l< fkdyels .=Kdx. lsysmhla mj;S' tkï iajcd;sh
flfrys wd,h fyj;a cd;s uu;ajh" cd;HdNsudkh" iajlSh
rg flfrys wd,h" ;Hd.h" ms<s.ekSu" whq;a;g ìh fkdùu"
m%dK>d;" wo;a;dÞk" ldu ñ;Hdpdr" fndre lSu" iqrdmdkh
lsÍu hk fï wkd¾h ÿYapß; fkdlsÍu''''ZZ21
fuys ,d m%dK>d;dÈ YS,h yd iïnkaO O¾u lreKq
újrKh lrkqfha cd;Hd,hdÈ ;;ald,Sk iudc wjYH;djkaf.
u
a m%fNaohla jYfhks' Od¾udkql,
+ Ôjkfha ioaNdjh cd;sljd§
Ñka ; kh yd ñY% K h Wfoid l;= j rhd ;= < jQ fkd;s ; a
wdYh tuÕska m%o¾Ykh fõ' tfukau O¾uh flfrys jk
kuHYS,s;ajh cd;sl;ajhg idfmaË úh hq;= njg hï bÕshlao
tuÕska iemfhk nj fmfka'
• nqÿ oyfï tk uQ,sl ixl,amyd Þ¾Yksl Ñka;d
O¾u ikaksfõokh Wfoid mshÞi isßfiakhka ;=<
jQ idys;HdYh fn!oaO O¾ufha úúO fËa;%hka ms<sn| jQ
w;Hka; wjfndaOfhka cks; jQjls' úfgl nqÿ oyfï tk uQ,l

s
b.ekaùï yd Þ¾Yksl ixl,amhka mjd m%nkaO pu;aldrfha
ojgd újrKh lsÍug mshÞi isßfiak m%h;ak orkq ,nkqfha
tneúks'
ls%ia;shdks wd.u oeä f,i úfõpkh l< fudyq f,dal
ks¾udml foúfhl= flfrys jk wkaO Nla;h s fjkqjg ;d¾lsl
fya;=M,jdohlskafyì nqÿ oyu Wiia nj fmkaùug fnfyúka
W;aiy oeÍh¡ ch;siai iy frdia,ska w;r ,sms .kqfokqj,
iajrEmfhka nqÿ oyfï tk uQ,sl ixl,amúuiqug ,lalrk
wdldrh ch;s i a i iy frdia , s k a lD;s f hys wka ; ¾.;h
wOHhkfhka fmfkhs¡
—¡¡¡kqfò foúhka jykafiag wdYdj ;sfí¡ tfyhska Tyqg
oafõIho" fudayh fyj;a fudavluo hk fol;a we;sfõ¡ l=ula
fyhskao h;a@ fudavlu;a oafõIh;a wdYdj tlalu mj;sk
ksidh¡¡¡¡˜�
—¡¡¡u;= meñfKk úm; fkdoek lsh % d l< fyhska kqfò foúhka
jykafia fudavfhls¡ ta fyhska kqfò kqfò foúhka jykafiag
oafõIh;a wdYdj fyj;a ;DIaKdj;a ;sfí¡¡¡¡˜22
zch;sii
a yd frdia,k
s a Z ys tk ixjdohl my; Wmqgkh
o nqoaO O¾ufha wkkH;d m%lg lrk .eUqre úYaf,aIKhkays
isßfiakhka i;= jQ m%nkaëh fhdack YlH;dj meyeÈ,s
lrkakls'
zz'''wd;auh lSj;a m%dKh lSj;a folu tlhs' fï wd;auh fya
m%dKh fjka jYfhka .kag yels fohla fkdfjhs' rEm fõokd
i[aØ ixLdr ú[aØK hk ialkaO my tla jQ úg;a tAjdfha
Yla;su;aNdjh'''''ZZ23
zzfoúhka jykafiaf.a m[apialkaOh wfma m[apialkaOhg
jvd b;d ishqï §ma;su;a ieye,a¨ tlls' tys jd;h wêlj
ieye,a¨j iE§ ;sfí' wfma YÍr ln,sxldydrhg fhda.H f,i
mGú Od;=j wêlj''''ZZ24
fuu isÿùï l:khkays újrKh jkqfha O¾uh ms<sn|

.ïNSr jQ l;sld fõ' l;d rifha iÕjd hg;a úð; Ñka;kfha
.e,S isá isxy,hdg O¾ufha wdkkaokSh .ïNS¾hh weÕùug
±rE m%h;akhls" tA'we;eï ;kays O¾u ikaksfõokh Wfoid
yqÿ iQ;% mdGhkau WoaOD; fldg ±laùu isÿ lrkqfha ;%smsgl
idys;Hh ms<sn| mdGlhd ;=< mj;akd fkdls<sá f.!rjh
ks,Skj u;= lrñks'
zz'''tïnd ud¨xl mq;%h" hfula f;u jkdys ;udg Nd.Hj;=ka
jykafia fï f,dalh iÞld,slh hkdÈ .ïNSr O¾uhka myÞ
fok ;=re ;:d.;hka jykafia <Õ meúÈ j .=K O¾u rËd
fkdlrhs kï tA i;a;ajhd f,dalh iïnkaO f;dr;=re;a ±k
.; fkdyS''''ZZ25
fï wkaoug nqÿ oyfï újrKh jk Þ¾Yksl jQ w¾:hka
úúO jQ l%fudamdhkaf.a udOHfhka mdGlhd fj; /f.k hdug
mshÞi isßfiak m%h;ak orkq ,nhs'tys ,d úfgl lD;sfha
m%nkaë Ndjh mjd fkd;lkqfha ;o¾:h úiska Tyq ;=< we;sj
;snQ úma,ùh udkisl;ajfha mD:q,;ajh ksid nj fmfka'
• f,!lsl ck Ôú;hg wÞ< O¾u lreKq újrKh

mshÞi isßfiakf.a m%uLq wNs,dIh jQfha ngysr cd;Skf
a .a
ixialD;sfhka yd l%sia;shdks O¾ufha n,mEfuka wkkH;ajh
wys ñ lr f.k is á is x y,hd ;= < cd;s l jd§ Ñka ; kh
mqk¾ia:dmkh lsÍuhs' tys ,d O¾uh ms<sn| isxy,hdg jQ
iaùh;ajfha mqk¾ckkh w;HjYH jQjla úh' tneúka fudyqf.a
lD;sj, idudkH ck Ôú;fha meje;au Wfoid jQ fty f,!lsl
O¾u ldrKdjkaf.a jeo.;alu ksrka;rfhka m%Yxis; jQfha
úh' tys ,d u;amekska je<lSfï w.h f,!lsld¾:fhka fu-
kau f,daflda;a;rd¾:fhkao i;; m%ldYs; jQ ixl,amhla
úh' isxy,hd wdl%uKh l< ÿrdpdrhka w;r u;amekg jQ
wdêm;Hh yd tys jQ wk¾:ldÍ;ajfha úia;D;Ndjh weÕùu
Wfoid fudyqg jQ w;HdYh Bg fya;= jkakg we;' we;eï úg
tys we;s wk¾:h újrKh lrkq jia l;=jrhd ;§h wksgq
M,hkaf.a ÿlaÅ; fÄÞka;h olajkq ,nhs' jd¾;d l:kfha

iSudjkag m%fõY jQ kuqÿ u;= jk io¾:fha w.h lrK fldg
tuÕska fi!kao¾hh mfilska ;enQ iudcd¾: /ila u;= jkq
fmfkhs'
u;amefkys fukau ÿïjeá wdÈfhyso wd§kjh wd¾Ól
idOlhkao iys;j olajk fun÷ újrKhka iuld,Sk ck
ú[aØKh ;=< tu ÿYapß;hkaf.ka jdrKh ùu ms<sn| hï
woyila ckkh ùfuys fya;= jkakg we;' zch;siai yd
frdia,skaZ lD;sfha§ u;ameka Ndú;h ms<sn| frdia,skaf.a uqjg
kxjd u;= lrk woyi ydiHh fukau ;;ald,Sk iudc
jgmsgdfõ jQ idfgdamj;a ufkdaNdjhkaf.a ksr¾:l njo
m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,nhs'
zz'''mmamdfínoaÞh lshkafka ñksfyla jufka oud f.kisáfhd;a
muKlao@ jufka fkdoud îj;a u;ameka fndk ñksydg uu
fínoaohs lshñ' fyd|hs ñksfyla fydrlula lr,d wyq fkdù
ysáhdu Tyq fydrd fkdfõo@''''ZZ26
—¡¡¡wfka mmamd WU;a" yduqÿrejre;a ;nd foúhka jykafia
ìõj;a fndk ñksyd fínoaÞuhs¡ álla ìõj;a fínoaÞ" yq.la
ìõj;a fínoaÞ¡¡¡˜27
zfínÿluZ ms<sn| fuys tk fuu újrKh iudc
u;jdohkaf.a widOdrK;ajhg hï wNsfhda.hla ckkh
lrkakla ;rug újD; jQ j ls ' zY% S ,xld ud;dZ lD;s f ha
chfialr yd f¾kaolre w;r jk ixjdoho u;amefkys
mj;akd f,!lsl Nhxldr;ajh fukau mdr f,!lsl wk¾:ho
meyeÈ,s lrkakls' fï wkaoug u;ameka Ndú;h fukau
fidrlu" fndre lSu" udxY mßfNda.h jeks wl=i,hkaf.ka
je<lSu uÕska u;= jk fn!oaO O¾ufha tk uQ,sl iÞpdr O¾u
ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍula fudyqf.a .%ka:dj,sfha ksrka;rfhka
m%lg jk tA ms<sn| wOHhkfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
• Y%oaOd ckkh
O¾u ikaksfõokfha mru wNs,dIh jkqfha mdGlhd

;=< Y%oaOdj ckkh lsÍuhs' tuÕska O¾uh ms<sn| u;= jk
úYajdih úiska Y%djl ú[aØKfha i;a md¾Yjh j¾Okh
lrkq ,nhs' mshÞi isßfiakf.a O¾u m%pdrl jHdmdrho
ie±ye;s fn!oaO ck msßilf.ka iqieÈ W;a;r iudchl
m%d¾:kfhka isÿ jQjls' tneúka mdGlhdf.a Y%oaOd ckkh
Wfoid yqÿ O¾u ldrKdjkaf.a újrKh fjkqjg we;eï úg nqÿ
rÿka ms<ns | wiuiu m%;rs Emhla ueùfuyso l;=jrhd ;;amr jQ
nj fmfka' zch;siia yd frdia,k
s Za lD;sfha tk nqÿ .=K j¾Kkh
tjekakls'
zzouH jQ mqreIhka ;ox. úkhd§ jYfhka oukh fldg
wIag iudm;a;sfhyso ksfrdaO iudm;a;sfhyso wd.; mQ¾j
ks¾jdKfhyso hk oi ÈYdjkays yiqrejk neúka .uka lrjk
fyhska udf.a iajdñ jQ nqÿ rcdKka jykafia mqßioïu idrÒ
kï jk fial''''ZZ28
—b;sms fid N.jd nqf`Xd i;a:d foajukqiaidkx‐ ta Nd.H j;a
nqÿrc f;fu fï fï ldrKfhkao i;a:d foajukqiaidkx jk
fial¡ ta flfia o h;a@ olaI fk!ldêm;s f;fï hï fia pKav
jQ uyd id.rfhys u.ska iys; kejla wka;rdfhka j,ld tA
u.skaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ia:dkhg iqjfia muqKqjoao¡¡¡¡˜29
fï wkaoug nqÿ .=K j¾Kkh uÕska m%lg lrkqfha
nqÿ rÿka i;= jQ wiu iu f;acfiys mD:q,;ajhhs' tuÕska
;;ald,Skj jHdma;j mej;s l%sia;shdks foaj;ajh wìnjQ i¾j
n,OdÍ;ajhla nqÿ rÿka flfrys wdfrdamKh lsÍu l;=jrhdf.a
wruqK jQ nj fmfka'
we;eï úg tu nqoaO Nla;sh m%×fõ iSud blaujk mßÈ
j¾Kkd fõ' nqoêa uh md¾Yajfha wÞ<;ajh flfia jqj;a tuÕska
wNsfm%a; w¾:fha idOkh Wfoid tu j¾Kkd mdol jkakg
we;s njo is;sh yelsh' we;eï úg wkH wd.ñl O¾uhkaf.a
idjoH;d m%lg lsÍu uÕska nqoaO O¾ufha fY%aIaG;ajh ms<sn|
mKsúvh iudc.; lrk ,È' frdia,skaj nqÿ oyug yrjd
.ekSfï wruqKska hjk ,o ,smsfha tk foaj újrKh Bg ukd

ksoiqkls'
Wla; lshùug wkqj iuld,Sk wjYH;djka úiska
fufyhjk ,o iudcuh h:d¾:hkaf.a idys;Huh m%ldYkhla
f,i mshÞi isßfiakf.a ch;siai iy frdia,ska ks¾udKh jQ
nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tA ;=<ska fn!oaOhd ;=< cks; úh hq;= wd.ñl
wd,h Wfoid idys;Huh jQ wduka;%Kh yd m%fõYh ks¾udKh
lrk ,È' hg;aúð;lrKh iu. ls%ia;shdks wd.u fj; weoS
hk isxy, nqoaOd.u fj;u rojd ;nd .ekSug fudyq ish
f;,s;=v fufyhjQ nj fmfkhs¡ fudyqf.a lD;Skays Od¾ñl
újrK flfrys jeä wdia:dkhla jQfha tneúks' isxy, ckhd
isxy, ixialD;sfhka wE;aùufya;= fldg f.k iajNdjfhkau
fn!oaO O¾ufhkao ¥ria: jQ isxy,hd ;=<fn!oaO oyu ms<sn|
yeÕSula ±kùfuys ,d m%nkaO l:djWÑ; udOHhla f,i ilid
.;a isßfiakhka ish wNsu;h idOkfhys o id¾:l jQ nj
Wla; lreKq uÕska meyeÈ,s fõ'
wdka;sl igyka
1 ;siia ldßhjiï" isxy, m%nkaO l:dfõ úldYkh îxialD;sl lghq;=
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhls" 1999&" 1'
2 ud¾áka úl%uisxy" isxy, kjl:dj yd Bg ysñ iajdëk úfõpkh"
ùuxid îxia'& Þf.dkafka WohOïu ysñ wd§yq ^fld<U 10( tia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2002&" 2'
3 irÉpkaø úl%uiQßh" isxy, kjl;dfõ úldYkh ^.ïmy( iriú
m%ldYlfhda" 1963&" 5'
4 tÈßùr irÉpkaø" isxy, kjl;d b;sydih yd úpdrh ûyr.u(
iuka uqøKd,h" 1960&" 43'
5 wdßh rdclreKd" idys;H reÑh yd kjl;d úpdrh ^fld<U 12(
m%§m m%ldYlfhda" 1970&" 17'
6 tA' ù' iqrùr" idys;H úpdr ixys;d ^fld<U 10( weia' f.dvf.a iy
ifydarfhda" 1995& 162'
7 uyskao r;akdhl" zm%nkaO l;dfjka fy<sjk mshÞi isßfiakf.a

iudc oDIaáhZ" ú,msáfha ØKjxi wkqkdhk idókaø wNsk-
kaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" îxia'& lyj;af;a ðkisß ysñ ^f.,sTh(
ksf.%daOfL;a; msßfjk" 2007&" 101'
8 rdclreKd' idys;H reÑh yd kjl;d úpdrh" 103'
9 ch,;d ueoj;a;" mshÞi isßfiak kjl;d tl;=j -1 ^fld<U 10(
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2002&" 14'
10 .;df¾ Oïmmd, ysñ" mshÞi isßfiak Ñka;kh" wNs×k" îxia'& Tudf¾
liaim ysñ wd§yq ^fld<U( ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j&"
297'
11 ldßhjiï" 1'
12 r;akisß wrx.," kQ;k isxy, idys;Hfha m%Njh ^fld<U 10( weia'
f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"m%'uq' 2010&" ms'242'
13 wdßh rdclreKd" isxy, kjl:dfõ wdrïNh ^fld<U 10( tia'
14 mshÞi isßfiak" fvnr fl,a, ûrÞk( fmruqK uqøKd,h" 1995&"
m%ia;djkdj' 1'
15 mshÞi isßfiak" hka;ï .e,jqkd ^wdßhmd, isßfiak úiska m%ldYs;hs"
1965& m%ia;djkdj'
16 ueoj;a;" 09'
17 ueoj;a;" mshÞi isßfiak kjl;d tl;=j - 2 " 386'
18 rdclreKd" zzmshÞi isßfiak f.a m%:u kjl;djZZ" 488'
19 irÉpkaø úl%uiQßh" isxy, kjl:dfõ ke.Su ^fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda" 2000& 61'
20 uyskao r;akdhl" zzm%nkaO l;dfjka fy<sjk mshÞi isßfiakf.a
iudc oDIaáhZZ" w;smQcH ú,msáfha ØKjxi wkqkdhl iajdókaø
wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh îxia'&" lyn;ao< liaim ysñ iy ;j;a
wh" ^f.<sTh( 2007& 102'
21 irÉpkaø úl%uiQßh" isxy, kjl;djg u. mE§u ûykqjr( iriú
uqøKd,h" 1970& 138'
22 ueoj;a;" mshÞi isßfiak kjl:d tl;=j 01" 63 msgqj'
23 ueoj;a;" mshÞi isßfiak kjl:d tl;=j 01" 57 msgqj'
24 mshÞi isßfiak" ch;siai yd frdia,ska ^fld<U( .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1998& 157 msgqj'
25 ueoj;a; -1" 267'

26 mshÞi isßfiak" ch;siai yd frdia,ska ^fld<U( weï'ã' .=Kfiak
iy iud.u" 2013&" 24'
27 tu" 24¡¡
28 tu" 33'
29 isßfiak" ch;siai yd frdia,ska" 25'
30 tu" 90'
31 mshÞi isßfiak" ch;siai yd frdia,ska " 73'
32 tu¡
33 mshÞi isßfiak" ch;siai yd frdia,ska" 117'
34 tu
kjlú irKsh ms<sn| úpdrd;aul úu¾Ykhla

iyldr l:sldpd¾hr;akmqf¾ idikOc ysñ
m%fõYh
úu,a Èidkdhlf.a zkjlú irKshZ ldjH lD;sh
ms<sn| úpdrd;aul úu¾Ykhl ksr; ùu fuu rpkfha
wruqKhs' tA i|yd m%fõYhla jYfhka m<uq fldg ;;ald,Sk
isxy, ldjH iïm%Þhfha ;;a;j
a ks¾Kh jvd jeo.;a jkaklehs
yefÕkqfha ´kEu lD;shl ìysùu yd ;§h w¾: mrdih
iuld,Sk iïm%Þh yd m%jK;dj,ska úhqla; fldg jgyd
.ekSu id¾:l fkdjkakla fyhsks' úfYaIfhkau kQ;k
isxy, ldjH iïm%Þh ms<sn| ishqï bÕs lsÍï iys; zkjlú
irKshZ jeks ldjHuh lD;shla ksjerÈj jgyd .ekSfuys ,d
iuld,Sk ldjH iïm%Þhh yd tys ìysùu fj; mdol jQ iudc
foaYmd,ksl i;a;d ms<sn| wjfndaOh w;HdjYHhsl jQjla
nj is;sh yelsh' tneúka fuu rpkfha wdrïNh jYfhka
kjlú irKsh iïmdokh jQ wjêh jk úg isxy, lúfha
fi!kao¾huh yd iudcuh wdia:dkh yd m%jK;d m%:ufhka
ú.%y flfrk w;r wk;=rej kjlú irKsfha .%ka: ;;a;ajh
yd tuÕska u;= flfrk fi!kao¾h md¾Yajh úpdrd;aul
úu¾Ykhlg Ndckh flf¾'
kQ;k isxy, ldjH iïm%Þh yd kjlú irKsh
is x y, idys ; Hfha ft;s y dis l úldYkh ms < s n |
j¾.S l rKfha kQ ; k wjêh fld<U hq . hhs ' foa Y md,k
b;sydifha wjê wkqj idys;H l,d Ys,amdÈfha b;sydiho j¾.
lsÍfï iïm%Þhhdkql+,j zfld<U hq.hZ jYfhka i[acdks;
idys;Hdjêh1 hg;a úð; hq.fha iudrïNh jQ l%s'j' 1815 isg

j¾;udkh olajd Èfjkakla nj úpdrl u;hhs'2 Y;j¾I
follg wdikak fuu ld, mrdih ;=< 20 jk ishjfia
m%:ud¾Oh iqúfYaIS jkqfha zfld<U lú hq.hZ3 kï isxy,
lú wjêfha iudrïNh yd jHdma;sh isÿ jQ ksidfjks'
fld<U hq.fha foaYmd,ksl yd iudchSh w¾: iQpkfha
ldjHuh m%fõYh f,iska j¾ê; fld<U lúh wdlD;sl jYfhka
isjqmohu m%udK fldg .;a;ls' ksi|efia wdrïNho fuu
hq.fhysu isÿ jqjo th fjk;a wdlD;shl yd ldjH iïm%Þhhl
wdfõYhla jk neúka fld<U lúfhys ,d .Kkh fkdfõ'
ud;r hq.fhys jq wdlD;sfha fukau ldjHuh mrud¾:fhao
È.=jla f,iska wdrïN jqjo ld,Sk h:d¾: jykfha udOHhla
njg miqld,Skj mßj¾;kh jQ fld<U lúh rdc iNd lúhg"
ygka lúhg" iaf;da;% lSug" .egmo lSug" m%fya,sld úi£ug
yd lúfha ndysr wdlD;sl fuj,ï fidh fidhd kï lsÍug
iSud ù ;snQ lúh kej; jrla fmdÿ ckhdg ióm lrjk
,È'4 W.;=kag muKla iSud ù ;snqKq isxy, ldjHh fmdÿ
ckhd w;g m;a jQ wjia:djla f,i ie,ls,a,g ,la jk
fld<U lú hq.h ckÔú;h fj; lúh fnfyúka iñm jq
ud;r iuhg;a jvd fmdÿ ck ú[aØKh yd w;Hdikak úh'
moHfha jQ wd.ñl kuH;ajh ;jÿrg;a ySk jk fuiufha§
f,!lsl;ajfha fi!kao¾hh jeäukla ksrEmKh jk wdldrh
;§h ks¾udKdj,sfhka m%lg fõ' fld<U lúh wkH lú
iuhj,ska fjkaj y÷kd .ekSu Wfoid tys jia;= úIhfha yd
NdIdfõ úfYaI;d m%n,j mdol fõ' wdlD;sl jYfhka tys
m%lg jkqfha yqÿ isjqmoh u; mokï jQ ud;r iïm%Þhuh' tu
úfYaI;d wdY%fhka ful, lúh m%fNao ;=klg fnÞ ±laúh
yelsh' tA"
• fld<U hq.fha jeäysá lùkaf.a moH rpkd
• fld<U hq.fha ;reK lùkaf.a moH rpkd
• fy< yjqf,a lùkaf.a moH rpkd
jYfhks ' fld<U hq . fha jeäys á ldjH mrmq r úfoa Y

wdl%uKhkaf.ka yd úfoaY md,k hq. ;=< we;s jQ úúO
ixlS¾K iudc fjkiaùïj,skoa mrdëkj isá cd;shl h<s ke.S
isàfï wjYH;dj olakg ,enqKq hq.hl my< jQ w;r mshÞi
isßfiak" wdkkao rdclreKd" tia uyskao ysñ" Ô'tÉ' fmf¾rd
jeks lùkaf.a rpkhkaf.ka fmdaIKh jQ tu ks¾udKdj,sh
mdGlhkaf.a is;ai;kays cd;sldNsudkh j¾Okh lsrSu" mr
isrs;a wkaOhka fia wkqlrKh lsÍu úfõpkh" foaYdNsudkS
yeÕSï j¾Okh jeks iuld,Sk iudcd¾: yd noaOj mej;sKs'
zz'''fld<U hq.fha uq,a mrmqr ish ks¾udK ìys lf<a wêrd-
cHjd§ wdl%uK uÕska iqkanqkaj .sh cd;Hd,h o ixialD;sho
iÕd isgù q u ish wruqKla fia i,ldf.kh''''ZZ5 19 jk ishjfia
wjidk ld, mßÉfþofhys jQ wêrdcHjdohg tfrysj ke.S
isàfï isxy, wdYh Wfoid ldjHuh jYfhka jk Þhl;ajhla
jYfhka ful, Ndú; lúfha idOdrK O¾u;dj jQfha lù;ajh
jid m%pdrl iajrEmhla u;=ùuhs' wd.ud,h yd cd;Hd,h u;
mokïj merKs lú iuh wkqo;a fudjqyQ fi!kao¾hh fjkqjg
iÞpdrh lúfha wruqKq njg m;a lr .;ay' ldjH rislhdf.
ao ú[aØKh lúh hkq wêrdcHjdohg úfrdaOh olajk m%Odk
Woafhda. mdGh f,i is;k ;rug fjkia ù mej;sK'6 hg;a
úð; md,kh lrK fldg cks; jQ úiqreKq iudc w;a±lSï
.%yKhg fkd.ekSu" tA yd iudka;rj u;= jQ NdId;aul
fjkialï ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fkdùu wdÈ lreKq fya;=fjka
fuu lùkg rislhdf.a úkaok Yla;h s ;shK
q q lsÍug fkdyels
7
jqjo ukqIHd¾:jdyS ldjHhla ksIm a dokh Wfoid fudjqkf a .ka
hï mokula ilia jQnj meyeÈ,sh'
jia;= úIh" NdIdj yd ixl,am rEm w;ska Ñrka;k
iïm%Þhfhka wkH;r ud¾.hla Ndú; lsÍu yd iq,n fmï
mq j ;a jia ; = úIh lr .ekS u dÈ ,ËK lrK fldg
iqúfYaIKhg md;% jk fld<U hq.fha fojk lú mrmqr
foord .sh wd¾Ól iudc miq;,hl fyïn;a jqKq ck Ôú;h
hym;a ;;a;j a hlg m;a lsÍu mrud¾: fldg .;a;ls'8 Þ¾Yksl
ldjHhl iajNdjh m%o¾Ykh fkdjqKo fcHIaG lú mrmqrg
jvd udkqIsl;ajfhka mßmQ¾K fuu lúh NdjjdyS inqoaêl

lúhla fiùfï ldjHuh m%h;akfha ±jeka; mshjrla fia
.sKsh hq;a;la nj úpdrl u;hhs'
idïm%Þhsl lúfha m%n, wdNdih yd .;dkq.;sl
ldjH jia;+kaf.a Ndú;h úiska fcHIaG lú mrmqfrys jq
tAldldÍ;ajfhka ñ§u Wfoid ork ,o ft;sydisl m%h;akfha
m%;sM,h jQfha fld<U kú lú mrmqf¾ ìysùuhs' fcHIaG lú
Ñka;kfha jQ iudc úuqla;sldó Ñka;kh fukau cd;sljd§
Ñka;kho ldjH f;audfõ flakaøSh;ajfhka úhqla; fldg
úfkdaÞiajdofha Ndjhka fi!kao¾hd;aulj újrKh jkq
msKsi újD; jkqfha fuiufha§h' isxy, lú iufhys m%lgj
yuq fkdjQ" mrud¾: w;ska fN!;sl;ajfha iSudjkg m%fõY jQ
ldjHlrKh Wfoid ud;r iufha jQ m%jK;dj jvd;a ;Sj% jq
fuiufhys fmdÿ ckhdf.a Ôú; w;a±lSï lúh i|yd úIh lr
.kq ,nhs' uykqjr wjêfha wjidk Nd.h jk úg wdrïN ù
;snqKq idys;Hh ckm%sh ,ËKj,ska iukaú; ùfï iajNdjh
ful, jvd;a ;Sj% úh' fgksika" f.da,aâ iañ;a" fI,S wdÈ
ngysr lùkaf.a wdNdih lrK fldg iÔù udkqISl yeÕSï
m%lg l< ful, lúh úfgl cklú ;rug ck ú[aØKfha
m%ldYkhla o úh'
id.r m,kaiqßh" mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd" úu,r;ak
l=udr.u" óuk fm%au;s,l" tÉ'tï' l=v,s.u" pkaør;ak
udkjisxy" lms, B' fifkúr;ak wdÈ lùka /ilf.a ldjH
Ñka;dj,sfhka fmdaIKh jQ fld<U ;reK lú mrmqr 1930
muK isg oYl ;=k y;rlg iSud jk ld, mßÉfþoh
;=< isxy, ldjH iïnkaOfhka kj m%jK;d rdYshla cks;
lf<ah'9 id.r m,kaiqßh úiska ;uka úma,jldÍ msßila f,i
y÷kajkqfha tA ksidfjks'10 tys ,d isxy, moHfha jQ fjkialï
m%uqL m%fõY oajhla hgf;a ú.%y l< yelsh' tA"
• jia;= úIhsl fjkialï
• ldjHlrKfha wkq.ñ; Ys,amSh lreKqj, úúO;ajh
jYfhks' iudc ÿ¾j,lï" cd;sldkqrd.S yeÕSï yd wd.ñl

lreKq jeks fld<U hq.fha fcHIaG mrmqrg wdfõKsl jQ
we;eï O¾u;do úfgl m%o¾Ykh l< o ;reK mrmqf¾ nyq,
Ndú; jia;= úIh jQfha ia;%sh" fm%auh yd iajNdj fi!kao¾hh
jeks wdkkaokSh ixl,amhkah' tys ,d m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; jQ
f;aud y;rla y÷kd .; yelsh' tA" fm%auh" iajNdj fi!kao¾h
j¾Kkd" iudc úfõpk yd lúl;d jYfhks'11lúh flfrys
nqoaêu;a fkdjQ tfy;a yDoh.%dyS úkaokhla Wfoid wduka;%s;
jia;= úIhla Ndú; lsÍu lrK fldg mD:q, jQ úkaok
mrïmrdjla yd mdGl" Y%djl iudchlao tuÕska ks¾udKh
úh' fuys ,d Ndú; Ys,amSh l%ufhys o jQfha wmQ¾j;ajhls'
t<siu" Pkaoia" w,xldr" .K wdÈ ,ËKj,ska úhqla; jQ ir,
Í;shla Ndú; lrñka Ñrd.; ldjHdlD;shg hï wNsfhda.
hla t,a, l<ful, lúh jHjydr NdIdfõ iÔùNdjfhka
fmdaIKh jQfhao úh' tfy;a fcHIaG mrmqf¾ wdlD;sh jQ
isjmq ofhka wE;a fkdù iuqøf>dai úß;g wkql, + moH rgdjkag
fi!kao¾hd;aul lú is;=ú,s wdfrdamKh lsÍu fuu ldjH
mrïmrdfõ tla ÿ¾j,;djla úh' w¾:fhka fkd.eUqre" tfy;a
u;= msáka iqkaor;ajh uqiq NdIdjla Ndú; lsÍu fukau úfgl
w¨;a Wmud rEml Ndú; lsÍuo ful, úfYaI;ajhls'
zzwef.a mdj,g hg ù jk u,a ke<fõ
;=Õ= ,eu fmfi hk tk .ukg fi<fõ
fokqjka flfrka wúysxil nj m<fõ
jo u,a fojg u,a weh ÿgq úg ue<fõZZ12
tfy;a kjH;ajh yd ir, nj Wfoid jQ iSud;sl%dka;
ks¾nqoaêu;a wdYh fndfydaúg fuu mrmqf¾ lù;ajh hgfldg
.%duH;ajh fj; /f.k .sh njo fmfka' Wmud rEmldÈh
Ndú;fha fukau NdIduh yd ldjH ixl,amkduh jYfhkao
fndfydaúg u;= jq .%duH;ajh tu lùkaf.a fi!kao¾hdl,amh
hgm;a l< nj fmfka'
zzu,a fm;sj, f.d¿ f,a,ka .sh f,i

l=Kq fl< we;s uqj fofl< jf¾
ks,a uyfk,a fm;s merhQ weis msh mshù bka
l÷¨ fmf¾
W,a ;k fmdäj, .E l=xl=u ri Èh ù
vyÈh .|g yef¾
l,a ±k iißka .e,fjkakg is; fhduq l<
hq;= fjhs wksi flf¾ZZ
fld<U hq.fha fcHIaG lú mrmqfrys jia;= úIhsl yd

wka;¾.;uh tAldldÍ;ajfhka ñÿKo ldjHhl úh hq;= w¾:
.ïNS¾hh ms<sn| jQ fkd±kqj;aNdjh ;reK mrmqf¾ lúh
flfrys .%duH;ajhla wdfrdamKh úu flfrys n,mE nj
úpdrl u;hhs' udkqISh;ajh idfgdamj;a jyßka m%ldYkh ñi
tA ;=< úh hq;= ixhuh fyda ldjH;ajh ms<sn| t;rï fkd;el+
nj fmfka' tfy;a flahia" úu,r;ak l=udr.u jekakjqkaf.a
we;eï moH èjks mq¾j fi!kao¾hfha isudjg m%fõY jkqo
fmfka'
l%s'j' 1935 muK jk úg fmdÿckhd w;rg meñK
fld<U ;reK lùkaf.a jHdmdrh 1940 -45 muK jk úg
ckm%sh;ajfha WÉpia:dkhg md;% jqjo l%s'j' 1965 muK jk
úg ckm%sh;ajfhka wvq jQfhah'13 tA i|yd n,mE idOl lsys-
mhls' fojk f,dal hqoaOh lrK fldg fmdÿ ckhd ;=<
jq l,n,ldÍ;ajh .eUqre ri úkaokhla Wfoid bv ,nd
fkdÿka w;r tuÕska u;= jQ m%nqoaO mdGlfhl=f.a ksrdNdjh
ful, lúhdf.a Ñka;kho yqÿ ËKsl riúkaok ks¾udKh
Wfoid jkakla njg m;a lrk ,È' tA fya;=fjka ks¾udKh
jq jHdc j¾Kkfhka yd idfgdamj;a ldjH;ajfhka mßmQ¾K
lúh ukqIH;ajfha h:d¾: .%yKh Wfoid m%udKj;a fkd-
jk njg m%nqoaO lúhd ;=< jq u;h tla idOlhls' tfukau
jdKsc mrud¾:h Wfoid ldjH rpkh" kQ.;a ldjH m%h;ak"
úfkdaÞiajdo ud¾.hla f,i Ñ;%máfha ke.S tAu" foaYmd,ksl
fjkialï" fmdÿck wjYH;d mqrKh lrkq jia mqj;am;a

iÕrd jeäfhka ìysùu jeks idOlo lrK fldg ful,
lúfha ckm%sh;ajh ySk jq w;r ksi|eia ldjHfha ke.S tAfuka
th jeä ÿrg;a ;yjqre jk ,È' tfy;a úis jk ishjfia w.
Nd.fha mjd Wla; wdlD;s.; yd ikao¾NSh jQ ldjH rpkd
jkq fmfkk w;r tuÕska fld<U hq.fha ;reK lúhdf.a
ldjH mrïmrdj iïmq¾Kfhkau hgm;a fkdjQ nj fmfka'
flfia fj;;a ÿ¾oYdmkak wjêhl isg l%ufhka úldYhg
m;a fjñka wd isxy, lúh fï lùka flfrka m%n, fjkilg
yd hdj;ald,SkNdjhlg md;% jQ nj fmfka'
Ndú; NdIdj yd ixl,am úiska fld<U hq.fha fcHIaG
yd ;reK lú iïm%Þhfhka wkkH jkakla f,i we;eful=f.a
ú.%yhg ,la jkakls" fy< yjqf,a lúh' jHdlrK Ydia;%h
ms<sn| ±ä u;jdo /.;a .=re l=,hla jk fy< yjq, l=udr;=x.
uqksÞi" /msfh,a f;kakfldaka" wßfika wyqnqÿ jeks lùkaf.a
m%uqL;ajfhka lsishï jQ ldjH ffY,shla f.dv ke.Sug
W;aidy ±rE nj fmfka' ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;dfjka fyì
lúfhl= jQ l=udr;=x. ish mshd iurñka ,shQ zmshiurZ ^1935&
kue;s ldjHh;a /' f;kakfldakaf.a zjjq¨jZ ^1939&" zoE úkh&Z
^1940&" zyeú,a,Z ^1941&" jrldf.dv is,arejka ysñhkaf.a zw,s
i;=rejZ ^1941&" wurisß .=Kjvqf.a zms<shuZ ^1942&" .=Kmd,
fiakdêßf.a zWmq,j a kqjZ ^1946&" yshn
q ,a Èidkdhlf.a zle,Eu,Z
hkdÈ lD;s fy< yjqf,a lùkaf.a uq,a ld,Sk ldjH w;r
jeo.;a fõ' tfy;a Tjqkf a .a lù;ajh NdIdj ms<n s | ±rE wdka;ls
u;jdo ;=< ú;eka ù .sh nj tu ks¾udK wOHhkfhka fmfka'
tys ,d Tjqka jvd;a W;aiql ù we;af;a ldjHuh fi!kao¾hh
f.dv k.kjdg jvd iajlSh NdId iïm%Þhh ;yjqre lsÍu nj
fmfka' tneúka fy< yjqf,a lúhd mdGlhdg t;rï ióm
fkdjQ lúhla f,i y÷kd .; yelsh' NdIdj ms<n s | mgq rduqjl
isr ùu ksidfjkau fy< yjqf,a lúhg iuld,Sk Ôjk
h:d¾: .%yKhg fyda rislhdf.a úkaok jmißh mD:q, lsÍug
fkdyels jQ nj is;sh yelsh'14fy< yjqf,a u;= ù mefkk
lúhd l= u dr;= x . uq k s Þ ih'Yío rih ;s ß ika rifhlehs
mfil ,d w¾: rih u; mokï jQ lúhla .fõIKh l<

fudyq yqÿ fy< jyrg iSud ùu ;=< ish lúfha iSud mgq lr
.;a nj úpdrl u;hhs' ud¾áka úl%uisxy olajk mßÈ merKs
fy< jyßka fyj;a jyßka .s,syqKq mo rEm uÕska kQ;k
lú ,sùu" lúfhl= iaj Yla;sfhka ksmojQ jia;=j merKs
fudaia;rhla wkqj ;ekqKq we÷ula wkaÞ fÞrg jvkakg lrk
;e;la jekakls'15NdIduh jYfhka m%n, fjkila m%lg jqjo
jia;= úIhfha yd ldjH ixl,amkhkaf.a iajNdjh úiska fy<
yjqf,a lúh yqoq wdfõKsl;ajhla fkdork nj jgyd .; yels
nj fmfka'
ckm%sh;ajh úiska hï idOkSh;ajhla m%lg l<o
fld<U lúh fi!kao¾huh md¾Yajfhka isxy, ldjH iïm%Þh
úIfhys kj;djla ckkhlsÍug wfmdfydi;a jQ nj fmfka'
tA i|yd n,mE m%Odk fya;= ;%hla úu,a Èidkdhl olajkq
,efí'
udkqIsl jákdlñka hq;= idrj;a w;a±lSï mokï lr
.ekSug wfmdfydi;a ùu
Ndúl .=Kfhka hq;= NdId udOHhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug
wfmdfydi;a ùu
ldjH Ys,amh ms<sn| ukd jegySula fkd;sîu16
jYfhks' tys ,d fld<U lùkaf.a lúh tAldldÍ ùu yd
fy< yjqf,a lúh iSudka;sl f,i rduq.; ù ;sîuo óg fya;=
úh' tys m%;sM,h jQfha fuu ldjH iïm%Þhhg úl,am ldjH
ffY,shla f.dv k.d .ekSug fukau fld<U lúhg jvd
;shqKqj udkj iudc h:d¾:h yiq lr .kakd ldjH úêhla
.fõIKh lsÍfï wruqKla ks¾udKh ùuhs'úfYaIfhkau
fjkiajk iudc ú[aØKh yiq lr .ekSug i|ei m%udKj;a
fkdjk njg u;jdoh iliafjñka mej;sK' fï ms<sn| wdßh
rdclreKd jfrl olajk my; tk woyi fuu ;;a;ajh
ukdj meyeÈ,s lrkakls'
zzPkaoi jvd;a WÑ; jkqfha kj úO rih kE lula olajk

j¾Kkd;aul ldjH nkaOkh i|ydh'''j¾;udk lùkaf.a
w;a±lSï m< lsÍug .S" isjqmo" isf,da hk úß;aj,ska ,o yels
msájy, iSud iys; hehs isf;a'Pkaoia ldjH ;j;a fya;=jla
ksid j¾;udk lùkaf.a w;a±lSï fy<s lsÍug m%udKj;a
fkdfõ' Pkaoia ldjH uÕska lsishï w;a±lSula m< lrk
úg ;ks ;ks moHj,g lvd ±laùug isÿ fõ' fufia lvd
±laùfï§ w;a±lSfï tAldnoaO;djg ydks meñfKa' lúhdf.a
w;a±lSu tAllhla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍug fkdyels fõ' i|eia
ldjHfha§ lúhdf.a w;a ± lS ï úis Í fyda úlD; ia j rEmhla
.kS'''tfy;a kQ ; k ldjHhg WÑ; jkqfha tfia lv lv
±laúh yels w;a±lSï fkdfõ' lúhdf.a w;a±lSï tAllhla f,i
Tyqf.a Ñ;a; ika;dkfha ms<sis| .kS' tu w;a±lSu tAllhla
f,i f,djg m%ldY lsÍug wjYH fõ' kQ;k lúhdf.a fï
mrud¾:h bgq lrjd .ekSug jvd;a fhda.H jkqfha Tyqf.a
yeÕSï úiqrejd yßk" úß;a lúh fkdj tAjd tAldnoaO lrk
fkdúß;a lúhhs''''ZZ17
fï wkaoug kj ldjH úêhla Wfoid jQ idys;Huh

wjYH;dj imqrkq Wfoid ks¾udKh jQ kj ldjH wdlD;sh
yd iïm%Þhh ksi|eihs' Pkaoia" ud;%d ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a
fkdùu m%uqL ,ËKhla fldg .;a ksi|eia hkafkys w¾:h
Pkaoiaj,ska f;dr jQ hkakhs' ^ks¾¬Pkaoia>ks¬i|eia&mej;s
.;dkq.;sl ldjH iïm%odhh iuld,Sk ck ú[a[dKh
iam¾Y lsÍfuys ±la jQ wfmdfydi;a nj lrK fldg we;s
jQ idys;Huh wjYH;dj fukau ngysr ldjH iïm%odhkaf.a
wdNdiho ksi`±fia wdrïNh Wfoid fya;= jqKehs is;sh
yelsh' tys ,d oaúNdIsl W.;=kaf.a yd úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh
,enQjkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh iqúfYaIS jQfha fmr wmr foÈ.
idys;H iïm%odhka ms<snò wOHhkhg yd kj idys;H m%jK;d
yd úpdrjdo ms<snò úu¾Ykh Wfoid Tjqkag ysñ jQ wjldYh
ksidfjks'isß .=Kisxy olajk mßÈ fuys ,d ngysr wkqldrl
ffp;islhg jvd m%uqL jQfha fld<U hq.fha lùkaf.a fnd,a
rpkd ksid m,a j,la njg m;aj ;snQ isxy, lúh iuqøf>daI
kï m,a jf,ka f.dv .ekSu Wfoid mej;s Wjukdjhs'
ks i `±ia ldjH iïm% o dhfha wdrïNlhd cS ' î'
fiakdkdhlh' m<s.ekSu ^1946& flál;d ix.%yfhys fudyq
úiska w;ßka m;rg tl;= fldg ;sfnk .oH yd moH w;r
msysá ks¾udK lsysmh ,dxflah ksi`±ia lúfha wdrïNh f,i
y`ÿkd .; yelsh'18 tfy;a 1949§ ,xld úYajúoHd,fha isxy,
iñ;sfha wreK i`.rdjgo tu iñ;sfhysu 'mshjr i`.rdjgo
m%:u j;djg ksi`±ia wdlD;sfhka imhñka ksi`±ia ldjH
iïm%odhhg t<ô isß .=Kisxyf.a u;h jkqfha ksi`±fia
wdrïNlhd cS'î' fiakdkdhl fkdj ;ud njhs'19flfia j;=ÿ
fndfyda fokd ms<s.;a u;hg wkqj ksi`±fia iudrïNlhd
cS'î' fiakdkdhlh' ngysr moH iïm%odfhys jQ kQ;kjd§
,laIK /.;a Free Verse fyj;a ksoyia moH wdlD;sfhys yd
weußldkq cd;sl fjda,aÜ úÜuka wdÈ lùkaf.a wdNdih ,enQ
cS'î' fiakdkdhl kùk iudc cSú;h m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï
iu;a udOHhla f,i ksi`±ia ms<snò wdlD;sh w;ayod ne,Su
isÿ lrk ,È'20zm,s.ekSuZ lD;sfha ix×mkfhys§ fuu kj
ks¾udK úfYaIh ms<sn| fudyq olajkqfha fun÷ woyils'
—fï fmdf;ys flál;d w;r moHdj,Skf a .a ú,difhka
tk ksnkaO ud i,lkafka .oHhg o" moHhg o w;r jk
ksnkaO úfYaIhla jYfhks' tAjd lshúh hq;af;a .oH lshjk
f,ig h' tfy;a lshùfï § mo ix>gkdfõ udOQ¾h flfrys
olajk ie,ls,a, moH lshùfï § tA wrnhd olajk ie,ls,a,g
jeäúh hq;=hs'˜21
fï wkqj .oH yd moHfhys wka;rdj¾;s; ks¾udK
úfYaIhla f,i fuu kj ks¾udK úfYaIh y÷kajk lúhd
ks¾Pdkaoisl jqjo tys udOQ¾hh ms<sn| ix×jla mej;sh hq;=
njg ola j k woyiks i |eia lúfha kHdhs l ;a j h ms < s n |
iqúfYaIS igykla f,i ie,lsh yelalls'miqld,Skj ±,a
ljq¿j ^1973&" ú`Èñ ^1975&" fijKe,s ^1990& wdÈ .%ka: ;%hlao
fudyq rpkd lrk ,o w;r ishqï ufkdaNdj yd úpdr Ñka;d
ldjHh Wfoid idOdrK ,laIK f,i fhdÞ .ekSu tAjdfha

m%lgj mefkk úfYaI;ajhhs'
cS'î' fiakdkdhl úiska wdrïN lrk ,o ksi`±ia
ldjH iïm%odhh ck.; lsÍfuys kshe¨Kq uq,a ld,Sk ksi`±ia
lùka w;r m%uqLfhls" isß .=Kisxy' ksi`±ig ysñ wdlD;sl
yd w¾:uh wkkH;d Ndú;h úiska isxy, ksi`±fia ldjHuh
;yjqrej iemhQ lúhd f,i iïNdjkhg md;% jk fudyq
we;eful=f.a u;hg wkqj isxy, ksi`±fia iudrïNlhdo
fõ'cS'î' fiakdkdhlg jvd ksi`±ia moH ks¾udKj, w;a±lSï"
oDIaáh" NdIdj" ixl,am rEm yd wdlD;sh ms<snò wjOdkh
fhduq l< fudyq ksi`±i ms<snò kHdhsl wjfndaOh ksjerÈj
.%yKh lr .;af;l= f,i yòqkd .efka' uia f,a ke;s weg"
r;= lel=<" wìkslauk jeks lD;s lsysmhlska isxy, ksi`±ia
idys;Hh fmdaIKh l< fudyq od¾Yksl;ajh lúh fj;
/f.k tafï ft;sydisl idys;Huh ld¾hfhys ,d m%n,
odhl;ajhla iemhQfjl= f,i y`ÿkd .; yelsh' tfy;a ienE
cSú;hg jvd mßndysr l,amkd f,dalhl pß; yd isÿùï
weiqßka fudyq bÈßm;a l< ldjH o¾Ykh .=ma; njla .ekSu
fya;= fldg rislhdg lsishï wd.ka;=lnjla ckkh l<
njo fndfyda fofkl=f.a úYajdihhs' is;kakg yd yÕskakg
Yla;sh we;af;la jqjo isß .=Kisxy hkq ldjHuh NdIdfõ
Ndú;fhka lsishï wmßK; njla olajkafkl= f,i y÷kajk
ud¾áka úl%uisxy tys ,d m%uqL fya;=jla jYfhka olajkqfha
hqfrdamdkq iudÔh mßKdufha idOlhla f,i fjkia jQ .oH
moH bx.%Sisfhys we;eï NdId;aul yd ldjHuh ,ËK isxy,
iudcfha fjkiaùï iuÕ isxy, NdIdjg we;s iïnkaOh
fkdi,ld isxy,h u; tl,d wdfrdamKh lsÍuhs'22
fï w;r;=r ksi|ei ms<sn| hï w;ayÞ ne,Sula isÿ
l<" tfy;a t;rï u;= ù fkdfmkqK lúfhls" ud¾áka
úl%uisxy'merKs úß;a yd t<sjeg fkdi,ld yßñka ksoyia
wdlD;sfhka f:aÍ .d:d isxy, moHhg k.k fudyq fuu
kj ldjH wdlD;sh ms<sn| wdNdih ;ukag ,enqfKa Ô'î'
fiakdkdhlf.a ksoyia moH lshùfuka nj kj moH isxy,h

lD;sfhys i|yka lrkq ,nhs'23 ksi|eia ldjH ms<sn| fudyqf.a
iïm%Þkh jeo.;a jkqfha ksoyia fyj;a ksi|eia wdlD;sfhys
meje;au ms<sn| bÈßm;a lrk fmrÈ. iïNj u;h lrK
fldg fõ' mdo úiska iSud fkdlrkq ,eîu" t<siuhla fkdue;s
ùu wdÈ ksi|eig wh;a ldjH ,laIK lsysmhla md,s moH
idys;Hfhys yd isxy, ck lúfhys m%o¾Ykh ùu lrK fldg
ksi|ei hkq ngysr idys;Hfha ks¾ñ; jQjlg jvd uQ,Od¾ñl
jYfhka fmrÈ. idys;Hh ;=< ks¾udKh jQjlehs hk u;h
Tyq bÈßm;a lrk nj kj moH isxy,h lD;sfha tk woyia
uÕska meyeÈ,s fõ'
fï wka o ug cS ' î' fia k dkdhlf.ka werö" is ß
.=Kisxyf.a rpkd u`.k s a ish ldjHuh ia:djrh f.dv k.d .;a
ksi`±ia lúh uvj, tia' r;akdhl" ir;a wuqKq.u" .=Kodi
wurfialr wd§kaf.a rpkdj,ska ;j ÿrg;a fmdaIKh úh'tfy;a
fld<U lúh ;rug uyck m%idoh Èkd.;a ckdl¾IKSh
udOHhla njg m;a ùu f;la j¾Okh ùug ksi`±ia iïm%odhhg
fkdyels úh' wdorh" nqoaêh" md¨j jeks ishqï ye`.Sï iam¾Y
lrñka ks¾udKd;aul núka úYsIag;djla m%lg l<o nqoaêu;a
mdGl iuQyhla w;r muKla jHdma; jQ ldjH úêhla f,ig
ú;eka jQ ksi`±i iuld,Sk fmdÿ ck ú[a[dKfha fi!kao¾h
md¾Yajh iam¾Y lsÍug wiu;a ks¾udK úfYaIhla njg m;a
úh'fnfy;a jÜfgdare kñka y`ÿkajñka wdrïNl wjêfha
mgka mej;s úfrdaO;dj,o j¾Okhla isÿ úh' fuys m%;sM,h
jQfha kj wdlD;s yd od¾Yksl m%fõY úiska isxy, lúhg kj
uqyqKqjrla iemhQ ksi`±i ldjH iïm%odhla f,i hï ;rulska
hgm;a ùuh' ta Wfoid n,mE fya;= lsysmhls' fld<U hq.fha
fojk mrmqf¾ lùkaf.a w;sir, ldjH o¾Ykfhka t<shg
taug isxy, rislhd ;=< jQ fkdyelshdj yd wlue;a; Bg tla
fya;=jla jQ w;r ksi`±i uqjdfjka ish oyia .Kkska ìys jQ
wre;a iqka jd¾;d n`ÿ ldjHhkaf.a jHdma;hs o Bg ;j;a idOlhla
úh' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miq ngysr iudch yd Free Verse
w;r f.dv ke.=Kq iïnkaOh jekakla furg iudch yd
ksi`±ei w;r f.dv fkdke.Suo Bg fya;= jQ ;j;a idOlhla

f,iie,lsh yelsh'24
cS'î' fiakdkdhl úiska ksi`±i wdrïN lrñka isxy,
ldjH iïm%odh fj; kj;djla ckkh l< mßoafoka kj
ldjH ffY,shla isxy, lúh fj; /f.k taug m%h;ak ±rE
lúfhls" .=Kodi wurfialr' m%:ufhka cS'î' fiakdkdhlf.a
ldjH ud¾.h wkq.ukh l<o miqj ksi`±i hkq —'''Yío èjks
ud¾.fhka úuql; a wxY Nd. ldjH l%ufhlehs''''˜25 yòqkd f.k
thska bj;a jQ wurfialr icSú ck;djlf.a Ndúl cSús;h
fy<s l< yels m%dKj;a ldjH iïm%odhl ckkh Wfoid
cklú iïm%odfhkao úo.aO ldjH iïm%odfhkao tla;rd
m%udKhlg ngysr lúfhkao wdNdih ,nñka kj ldjH
ffY,shla fidhd .ekSu Wfoid fjr oerefõh'26 .=re¿j;
jeks ldjH ks¾udKhlska tu m%h;akfha m%;sM, ukdj jgyd
.; yelsh'
isxy, lúfhys wNsjDoaêh Wfoid iïm%odfhka fm-
daIKh ùu w;HjYHh hk oDIaáfhys msysgd isá .=Kodi
wurfialrf.a kj ldjH o¾Ykh isxy, lúh fj; kj
uq y q K q j rla iemhS u g iu;a úh' ls i s h ï úß;lg wkq j
ksrka;rfhka ish ldjHlrKh fufyh jQ .=Kodi wurfialr
iuld,Sk ck ú[a[dKh m%;sks¾udKh yd mSKkfhys ,d
iajlSh ldjH udOHh fmdfydakd nj meyeÈ,s lrk ,È' tfy;a
tu ldjH iïm%odhho wkaOdkqlrKfhka wkq.ñ; msßila ñi
tys .=Kd;aul nj Wlyd .;a ldjH mrmqrla ìys jQ nj fuu
wjêfha fkdfmfka'
kj m%jK;d úiska isxy, ldjH iïm%odfhys fmdaIKh
Wfoid wejeis foa fl;rï isÿ jqjo ful, úfYaI;ajh
jkqfha fld<U lúfha w;s ir, úkaokh ;=< isr jQ yd isjqmo
wdlD;shg wdYla; jQ w;s nyq;r risl msßilf.a meje;auhs'
tneúka ksi`±i w.h l< yd th wkqlrKh l< msßig fukau
wurfialrf.a kj o¾Ykh wkq.ukh l< msßig fld<U
lúfha i`±ia wdlD;sfha risl nyq;rNdjhg ksrka;rfhka
uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ nj fmfka' uy.u fialrf.a wd.ukh isÿ

jkqfha fun`ÿ m%lrKhl§h'cklú iïm%odhh" merKs .oH
moH idys;Hfha yd ksi`±ia ldjH iïm%odfha ,laIKj,skao
wdNdih ,enQ uy.u fialr i`±ia fukau ksi`±iao rpkd
lrñka isxy, lúh fj; Ndj f.dapr oDIaáhla wdfrdamKh
lsÍug W;aidy ork ,È' wkqN+;sh m%uqL lr.;a ldjH
±laulska ks¾udKlrKfha fhÿfKl= f,i y`ÿkd .; yels
fialr ksi`±ia lúh lrK fldg yd;ami úisÍ isá rislhd
iduQysl;ajhg m;a l< yels lúhla ksmoùfuys ksr; jQ
w;rmoH rpkd fukau ldjH wdLHdko rpkd lsÍfuka
fukau ixhqla; ldjH wdÈ kjH wdlD;sl w;ayod ne,Sï
u`.skao isxy, ldjH iïm%odhh fmdaIKh lrk ,È' iuld,Sk
ldjH m%jK;d ish,a,lf.a wdNdih ,eîu lrK fldg jvd;a
;shqKq jQ fialrf.a lúh jvd;a iqL kuHjQ iajrEm .;a;la
úh' tneúka wka lùka wìnjQ risl wjOdkhla Èkd .ekSug
fudyq iu;a jQ nj fmfka'tfy;a we;eful=f.a u;hg wkqj
fialr úiska lúfha iqL kuH;dj úIfhys we;s lrk ,o
wjOdrKh iuia; isxy, lúfha fi!kao¾huh .ïNS¾hh
fj; jQ wjOdrKh ySk lsÍu Wfoid fya;= jQjla úh' lúhl
w;s ir, nj tys w¾:uh .eUqr yd fndfyda úg úixjd§ ùu
tuu;jdohg fya;= úh' flfia j;=ÿ fialrhka isxy, lúh
úIfhys we;s l< n,mEu iqúfYaIS jQjls' flfuka hgm;a
fjñka mej;s ksi|ei fukau .=KÞi wurfialr úiska u;=
lr ±la jQ cklú wdr Wlyd .;a i|eia lúho ixl,kfhka
iqL kuH jQ kj lú wdrla ksIamdokh lsÍu tys ,d iqúfYaISh'
tuÕska isxy, lúh kj fi!kao¾hd;aul m:hlg wj;S¾K
ùu yereKq fldg u;= jQ ;j;a iqúfYaIS m%jK;djls' tkï"
kj lú mrmqrlg isxy, lúh újr ùuhs'
zzuy.u fialr wf;ys kQ;k isxy, lúh iqLkuH ùu
fya;= fldg f.k lú lsú¢hka /ila ldjH fËa;%hg m%fõY
jkq fmfka ' bka we;eï lùka fia l r wkq o ;a ud¾.fhka
wdNdih ,nñka lú rpkd l< w;r we;eï lùka ;ukaf.au
iajdëk ,ËK m< lrñka ldjH rpkd lr ;sfnkq fmfka'
fialrf.a lú u. ;yjqre ùu iuÕ ksi|eia wdlD;sh flfuka

ldjH fËa;%fhka ¥ria: fjhs' lúhl jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
wdlD;sh fkdj wkqN+;shhs hk u;h fmrg meñfKa' tA wkqj
tlawdlD;shlg iSud fkdù tA tA w;a±lSug WÑ; wdlD;shla
mßyrKh lsÍfïksoyi kQ;k lúhd w;a lr .kS''''ZZ27
fï wkqj uy.u fialrf.a ldjH iïm%Þkh wdlD;shl
isr fkdjQ" ksoyia ldjH Ñka;khlg wjir ,;a kj ldjH
mrmqrla fj; wduka;%Kh lrk ,oaola nj fmfka' fuu
wjldYh" isxy, lúfha j¾;udk wjêh f;la jQ lú mrmqfrys
ìys ùu Wfoid n,mE w;r fikr;a f;kakfldaka" ;s,lr;ak
l=reúg nKavdr" iqks,a wdßhr;ak" úu,a Èidkdhl" fudKsld
rejkam;srK" mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= yd nqoO
a Þi .,mam;a;s jeks
kQ;k isxy, lúfha m%n,hka /ila tA;a iuÕ lúhg m%fõY
jkq fmfka' fï w;ßka lúfhl= yd úpdrlfhl= jYfhka
jvd;a jeo.;a jkafkls" úu,a Èidkdhl'
úis j k is h jfia fojk w¾Oh is x y, lúfhys
m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul mËh fmdaIKh ùu úIfhys
ks¾udKd;aul fukau úpdrd;aul Þhl;ajh m%dudKslj u;=
jQ wjêhla jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' úu,a Èidkdhl hkq
fuu wjêfhys Wla; m%ldr wxYoajfhkau isxy, lúh fj;
m%fõY jQ yd ;yjqre jQ ks¾udKlrefjls¦úpdrlfhls' wl,a
jeiai ^1965&" l,am úkdYh ^1965&" kr rl=id ^1969&" bkaøpdmh
^1972&" merKs Ök lú mßj¾;kh ^1973&" /õ ms<s/õ ^1974&"
ÿre rg isg ^1986&" kd., lkao jeks j¾;udkh olajd Èfjk
ldjHdj,shla fukau kjlú irKsh kï ldjH tl;=j" kj
úpdr ixl,am lD;sho we;=¿j ldjH úpdrhg wh;a ,sms f,aLk
rdYshlaofudyq úiska rpkd lrk ,È';uka i;= jQ bx.%Sis yd
isxy, oaúNdIsl wjfndaOh isxy, lúfha m%.ukh Wfoid
Ndú; lrñka úfYaIfhkau idys;H úpdrfõoh ms<sn| kj
u;jdohla f.dv ke.Sug W;aidy l< úu,a Èidkdhl tÈßùr
irÉpkaø úiska u;= l< úpdr kHhkaf.a wdNdih tA Wfoid
mdol lr .;af;ah'
is x y, lúh fj; Èidkdhlhka f .a ueÈy;a ùu ms < s n |

úuiSfïÈ zkjlú irKs h Z lD;s h ls i s h ï úfYa I ;a j hla
w;am;a lr .kakd nj fmfka' Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh
Wfoid jk fm< fmd;la jYfhka iïmdokh jk fuu
ldjH lD;sh lùka ls y s m fofkl= f .a ks ¾ udK tl;= j la
jYfhka iïmdokh jkakls' kjlú irKsh lD;sh fj;
lsih s ï wdldrhl úfYaI;ajhla wdfrdamKh ùu úIfhys n,mE
lreKq w;r fm< fmd;la jYfhka fuys l%shdldÍ;ajh tla
w;lska jeo.;a fõ' wOHhk l%shdj,shl fm< fmd;lg ysñ
jk ia:dkh yd b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh yd Bg we;s iïnkaOh
w;sYhska jeo.;a jkakls' úfYaIfhkau idys;Hh jeks úIhlg
wÞ<j fm<fmd;l l%shdldÍ;ajh w;sYhska ixlS¾K jQjls'
idudkHfhka fm<fmd;la ks¾udKh jkqfha o;a; ms<sn| nyq
wdlD;sl ,ehsia;=jla jYfhka ñi m¾hdjf,dalkh ms<sn|
;¾lkhlska fkdfõ' tfy;a úu,a Èidkdhl tu ;;a;ajh
blaujd hdu i|yd fuuÕska lsishï m%h;akhla ord we;s nj
fmfkkqfha kjlú irKsh lD;sh yqÿ ldjH tl;=jlg jvd
iuld,Sk lúfha fjkiaùï ms<sn| bÕs lsÍï yd weÕùïj,
kso¾Ylhla jYfhka m%lg jk neúks' tuÕska mdGl f,dalh
ldjH úIhg wod<j fjkia lsÍu Wfoid w¾:djfndaOfha
l%shdj,sh28 mdGlhdf.a Ôú;fha iqúfYaIS l,dm fj; t,a,
lrk ,o nj fmfka'
zzkjlú irKsh rÑ; hq.h i,ld neÆ úg kQ;k
lúh ms<sn| Wiia fm< YsIHhkag u;= fkdj" l=uk fyda
;,hl wdrïNl mdGl msßilg f.!rjfhka yd úYajdifhka
lshúh yels fm<fmd;la olakg fkd,enqKq nj lsj yelsh'
fldgia yd wkqfldgiaj,g lvd úIh lreKq wjfndaO lrùu
yd YsIHhdf.a f,dalfha ie,lsh hq;= fldgila úIhg wÞ<j
fjkia lsÍu kj lú irKsh ;=<ska isÿ jQ nj fmfka''''ZZ29
fï wka o ug fm<fmd;la jYfhka iuld,S k wOHdmk
fËa ; % f hys we;s lrk ,o úfYa I ;dj kj lú irKs h
úIfhys hï l;sldj;la ks¾udKh lrkakg iu;a jQ nj
y÷kd .; yelsh' tfy;a fuu lD;sfhys flakaøSh jákdlu

jkfha isxy, ldjH iïm%Þhfhys fuu lD;sh úIfhys f.dv
kef.k wkkH;djhs' úfYaIfhkau ldjH ix.%yhla jYfhka
fuu lD;sfhka u;= flfrk fi!kao¾huh yd u;jd§uh
fm<Uùïys kj;djhs' tA yereKq fldg iuld,Sk lúh ms<sn|
±kqïj;aNdjh yd iyNd.S Þhl;ajh fj; mdGlhd fufyh
ùu w;skao kj lú irKsh lD;sh isxy, ldjH .%ka:dj,sfhys
úfYaI;ajhg m;a jk nj y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu rpkfhys
m%uqL f;audj jkqfha fuu lD;sh ldjH ix.%yhla jYfhka
w;m;a lr .;a tu wkkH;dj yd tys ueÈy;a ùu isxy,
ldjH iïm%Þhh fj; fl;rï n,mEï iy.; jQfhao hkak
idlÉPd lsÍuhs'
kjlú ir‚h .%ka: ;;a;ajh
kjlú irKsh lD;sh kQ;k lùka oi fofkl=f.a
f;dard .;a ldjH ks¾udK y;<sia myl tl;=jls' .%ka:
iïmdolhd lD;sfhys wdrïNfhysu olajk mßÈ fuu ks¾udK
f;dard .ekSu fj; n,mE m%Odk lreK jQfha iuld,Skj
flfuka u;= fjñka wd ldjH iïm% Þ fha ia j ,ËK hï
wdldrhlska u;= lr ±laùfï wruqKhs' tys ,d lùka y;<sia
mia fofkl=f.a ks¾udK y;<sia myla f;dard .ekSu fjkqjg
tla tla lúhdf.ka ldjH ks¾udK fol ;=kla fyda wh;a
jk mßÈ kQ;k lùka oi fofkl=f.a ks¾udK muKla f;dard
.ekSuo úfYaI;ajhls' úu,a Èidkdhl olajk mßÈ Bg fya;=j
jQfha tA tA lúhdf.a reÑ wreÑlï" ldjH ffY,sfhys úfYaI;d
hkdÈho jgyd .ekSu fj; mdGlhdg wduka;K % h lsÍu ms<n
s |
mej;s wfmalaIdjhs' tA wkqj fuu lD;sh iuld,Sk ldjH
iïm%Þh ms<sn| weÕjqï leá fldg .;a" tA tA ks¾udKlrejdf.a
ldjHuh jmißh ldjHh fj; isÿ lrk n,mEu ms<sn|
.fõIKfhys ,d fm<Uùulao iys; ks¾udK tl;=jla f,i
iïmdokh jQjla f,i jgyd .; yelsh' fuu wkqud;Dldj
hgf;a tu .%ka: ;;a;ajh fyj;a wka;¾.;fha wdlD;sl
yd w¾:uh úúO;ajh ms<sn| ixËsma; újrKhla isÿ lsÍug
wfmaËd flf¾'
kjlú irKsfhys wdrïNl lúhd f,i f;dard .efkkqfha

Ô'î' fiakdkdhlh' fuys ,d tu f;dard .ekSu iqúfYaIS jkqfha
isxy, lúfha wdlD;sh yd w¾:uh .ïNS¾hh ms<sn| jvd;a
kQ;k w;ayÞ ne,Su jk ksi|eia ldjH iïm%Þhfha iudrïNlhd
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl ùu lrK fldg f.kh' tneúka fuu
jrKh iuld,Sk kj ldjH m%jK;d fj; mdGlhd fhduq
lsÍu Wfoid jk fuu lD;sfhys wruqKq ms<sn| m%udKj;a
weÕjqula jYfhka o jgyd .; yelalla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' l%s'j'
1946§ b÷rd .oH fyda moH fkdjk rpkd wgla zm<s.ekSuZ
kue;s flál;d ix.%yfhys we;=<;a lsÍfuka� isxy, ldjH
iïm%Þhh fj; kj ldjH wdlD;shla y÷kajd ÿka Ô'î' fiakd-
kdhl uq,§ fuu ldjH úfYaIh .oHhgo moHhgo w;r jk
ksnkaOk úfYaIhla30 jYfhka y÷kajd miqj zksoyia moHhZ
hk ku Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'31 fuu ksoyia rpkd ffY,sh
Ndú; fldg rpkd l< ldjHuh ks¾udK w;=ßka z±,a ljq¿jZ"
zú¢ñZ jeks lD;s úfYaIs;h' tA" tAjdfha rpkd iïm%Þhh yd
ixËsma; NdIdfõ ldjHuh fhdackh ksidh' fudyqf.a ldjH
iïm%Þhfhys mefkk úfYaI;d lsysmhls' à'tia' t,shÜ" B'B'
lñxia" ú,shï ldf,daia jeks ngysr lùkaf.a ks¾udKhkays
mefkk kq;kjd§ ,ËKhla jk iïu; ldjH kS;s Í;sj,ska
msg mek .oH NdIdj ßoauhdkql+, f,i yiqrejñka oDIaá
f.dapr rgdjlg wkqj mo fjka fldg" ud;Dldj ms<sn|
j¾Kkhla bÈßm;a fkdfldg tu wjia:d jpk uÕska Ñ;%Kh
lsÍug úuis,sj;a ùu32 tys ,d m%uqL úfYaI;djla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' tfukau iïm%Þhh yd kùk;ajh w;r iod;kslj ±lsh
yels >Ügkh" nqoaêh yd yoj; w;r we;s ix>Ügkhla f,i
ksrEmKh lsÍfï kQ;kjd§ ,ËKh 33fiakdkdhlhkaf.a
ldjH iïm%Þhfha úfYaI;djla f,i ie,lsh yelalls' Tyq
úiska Ndú; l< rpkd ffY,sh m%Odk jYfhka ksoyia wdrg
ks¾udKh jQjla jQ w;r fndfyda úg ;d,h" úß; yd ßoaufhka
neyer jQjla úh' tn`ÿ ldjHuh ks¾udK w;=ßka z±,a ljq¿jZ
^1973& lD;sfhys tk ldjH y;rla kjlú irKsfhys tkq
,nhs' tA" zw¨; f.kd ukd,shZ" zlgy~Z" zneñZ" zmska ke;af;ñZ
hk ks¾udKhkah' tA w;=ßka zw¨; f.kd ukd,shZ ldjHh

w¨; újdy m;a mqreIfhl=f.a is; ;=< ;u w¨;a ìß| ms<sn|
we;s jk wdkkaokSh yeÕSu ms<sn| újrKh jkakla jk
w;r zlgy~Z ldjHh fmïj;shf.a lgy~ fj; wl¾IKh
jQ fmïjf;l=f.a ufkdaNdj ksrEmKh lrkq ,nhs' m%lD;s
iqkaor;ajfha m%ldYkhla jk lgy~g fmï n¢k ;reKhd
;u fmïj;shf.a fi!kao¾hfha ,ËHh f,i wehf.a lgy~
;=< ufkdaNdj f.dv k.k wdldrh fuys újrKh fõ' zneñZ
ldjHh m[afÉkaøshkaf.a nkaOkh ms<sn| ufkdauQ,sl jQ
Þ¾Yksl ú.%hla isÿ lrkakla jk w;r ldjHuh;ajfhka
t;rï w.hla ysñ lr .kakla nj fkdfmfka' zmska ke;af;ñZ
ldjHh rc flfkl=f.a ufkdaNdj uQ,dY%h fldg rpkd jk
ufkda úYaf,aIKd;aul lshùula fj; mdGlhdg wdrdOkd
lrkq ,nk ks¾udKhla f,i ie,lsh yelalls' mka;suh
;;a;aj úiska f.dv k.k iudc úIu;dj yd tA ;=< ks;H
jYfhkau my< mdka;slhd fukau fldhshï wdldrhlska
by< mdka;slhdo lsishï jQ fyda mSvdjlg m;a jk wdldrh
fuys lrKjEñfhl= wìhi§ rfcl=f.a idkqlïms; is;sú,s
l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ksrEmKh uÕska wÕjkq ,nhs'
isxy, ldjH iïm%odfha wkkH;dj .fõIKh
Wfoid ksrka;r m¾fhaIKfhys fhfoñka isxy, lúfhys
fmdaIKh wfoid ldjHuh ks¾udK /ila rpkd l< lúfhls"
.=KÞi wurfialr' isxy, lúfha jia;= úIh" ikao¾Nh yd
wdlD;sh ms<sn| kj w;ayÞ ne,Sï isÿ lrñka Ndj.S; ^1955&"
Whkl ys| ,shq lú" wu,a ìfida" .=re¿j;" wj¾ckd yd
wilaÞ lj jeks ldjH lD;s /ila rpkd l< fudyq cklúh"
lgjyr Tiafia wmg Wreu úh;a lú jyrl34 .fõIKh
Wfoid m%h;ak ±refjls' fudyq úiska rÑ; ldjHuh ks¾udK
y;la kjlú irKsfhys wka;¾.;h' tA w;=frka zl;r.uZ
ldjH ks¾udKh nqoaêh" ;¾l ×kh fya;= fldg f.k msfhú
f,dj - udkj yeÕSï foi uuxldrfhka f;drj ne,Sug
fkdyels jQ mqoa.,fhl= l;r.u mQcd N+ñfhys§ m%lD;sfhka
wdl¾IKh ù m%lD;sh je<| .ekSug fhduq jk whqre úÞrKh
lrk w;a±lSula újrKh lrkakls'35 zu,a hykdjg jäkakZ

ks¾udKh u,a hyka lú kï Ydka;s l¾u .S iïm%Þhhg hï
iudklulska rpkd jk fm%auh Wfoid wdorjka;sh fj;
isÿ lrk wdrdOkhl iajrEmfhka rpkd jkakls' zif|a
udhïZ lúh fld<U hq.fha fojeks mrmqf¾ úfYaI;djla jQ
iajNdjO¾uh úIfhys m%dK;ajdfrdamKh lsÍfï iïm%Þfhys
È.=jla jYfhka ie,lsh yels" i| foi iqkaor hqj;shlf.a
wkqudkfhka fm%aËd lrk YDx.drj;a moH mka;shla f,i
ie,lsh yelalls' .=re¿j; kï ldjHfhka Wmqgd .;a moH
LKavhla jk z.=re¿ f,k ì| jefghsZ ldjHh ldjHuh
ufkda f,dalfhys ì| jeàu ms<sn| ix{d¾:j;a lúhls' zñh
hk u,Z ks¾udKh ks¾u, fm%auh ms<sn| m%ldYkhla jk
w;r zÈkfmdf;a ,shQ lúhZ ye;a;E tfla le/,a, yd ye;a;Ej
oYlfha furg ;reK mrïmrdj uq y q K ÿka iudc
fÄojdplh wÕjkakla f,i rpkd jkakls' ish mq;d tjd
we;s" Tyq i;= wka;su jia;=j jQ uqoao" Trf,daiqj" mEk iy we÷ï
fmdÈh ;=re¨ lr f.k isá ujlf.a PdhdrEmhla ^71 le/,a,
iufha ,kavka mqj;am;l m< jQ& ksñ;s lr f.k rpkd jk
fuu lúh iuld,Sk iudc m%jK;d yuqfõ l,dlrejdf.a
ld¾h Ndrh yd tys ld,Sk Wmfhda.s;dj ms<sn| lshùulao
jYfhka ie,lsh yelalls' Ôú; ÿlaL fodaukiaihkaf.a
fõokdj wìhi urKfha iqjh j¾Ks; lúhla f,i ie,lsh
yels zfufyldßhf.a ñh .sh mshdZ lúh wdkqN+;sl jYfhka
lsishï jq kj w;a±lSula mdGlhd fj; bÈßm;a lrkakla
f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
isxy, ldjH iïm%Þhh ms<sn| Þ¾Yksl t<Uqulska
hq ; = j NdIduh kùlrK uÕs k a lúh fj; nq o a ê uh
wduka;%Khla isÿ l< lúfhls" isß .=Kisxy' à'tia' t,shÜf.a
yd m%xY ixfla;jd§kaf.a wdNdih36 úiska ±äj .%yKhg .;a
isß .=Kisxyf.a ldjH ffY,sh ks¾oh jQ iïm%Þh úfõpkhlska
hqla; jQjls' tA Wfoid Tyq úiska Ndú; NdIdjo we;eï úg
lúfha fi!kao¾huh iSudj w;sl%uKh lrkaklao úh' iudc
yd ixialD;sl úp,H;d fudyqf.a ksrka;r jia;= úIh jQ w;r
tys ,d kQ;kjd§ idys;H m%fõYfha wdfõYkh meyeÈ,sj isÿ

jQ nj uia f,a ke;s weg ^1956&" wìkslauk ^1958&" r;= lel=<
^1962& hkdos ldjH lD;Skf
a .ka fmfka' kjlú irKsh úIfhys
fuu lúhdf.a ldjH ks¾udK fhdÞ .ekSu iqúfYaIS jkqfha
mQ¾fjdala; kj ldjH m%jK;d úu¾Ykfhys ,d tuÕska ysñ
jk fm<Uùu lrK fldgh' kjlú irKsfhys ,d Wmfhdað;
ks¾udK yh isß .=Kisxyf.a ldjH w;r w¾:uh jYfhka
lsishï iqúfYaIS;ajhla orkakla jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' tA
w;=frka zwìkslaukZ ldjHh fndai;=kaf.a wNsksIal%uKh
uQ,dY%h fldg Ôú;d¾:hkaf.a iuDoaêh f,daflda;a;r;ajfhys
fkdj f,!lsl;ajh ;=<u mj;sk njg m%;su;jdohla f.k
yer olajkakla jk w;r zfmdä iskyjZ ldjHh lsß orejl=f.a
iskyfõ fi!kao¾hh ms<sn| j;ai, rih uqiq ks¾udKhls'
mdßißl jYfhka isÿ jQ kshÕhla ms<sn| j¾Kkhla jk
zfmardfoKs kshÕhZ iajNdjO¾ufha fjkiaùu ms<sn| h:d¾:h
fukau ixialD;sl kshÕhl fiahdjlao jYfhka rEmld¾:
k.kakla f,io ie,lsh yelalls' nqoaêfha m%Ndj ms<sn|
rEmluh lshùula fj; mdGlhd le|jkakla f,i z;drldZ
lú mka;sh ie,lsh yels w;r zisyskhlaZ ldjHh udkj
b;sydih m%;slshùula f,i jgyd .; yelalls' zt;ßkaZ hkq
udkj wdorh fj; isÿ lrk wdrdOkhl iajrEmfhka rpkd
jk ldjHhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
kjlú irKsh úIfhys f;dard .;a ;j;a lúfhls"
uy.u fialr' kj isxy, ldjH iïm%Þhfha" úfYaIfhkau
ksi|eia moH iïm%Þhfhys iudÔhlrKh Wfoid u;= ù
fmfkk ld¾hNdrhla isÿ l< lúfhla f,i ie,flk
uy.u fialr ksi|eia ldjHfha NdIdj .eñ jyßka fukau
ßoaufhkao fmdaIKh lrñka kj ldjH wdrla fidhd.ekSfï
m¾fhaIKhl ksr; jQfjl= f,i ie,lsh yelsh' kQ;k
lúh kQ;k iudc h:d¾: m%ldYkfhys ,d olajk idu¾:Hh
ms<sn| NdId;aul .fõIK isÿ l< fudyq ixhqla; lúh
ms<sn| l;sldfõ iudrïNlfhl=o jYfhka ie,fla' Tyqg
wkqj kQ;k lúh .fï ye§ jeã pdï we÷ñka ieriS fld<U
ld¾hd,hl jevg tk ;reKshl fuka úh hq;=h' túg weh

.%duH fkdùu" úldr ú,dis;d rys; ùu yd .fï fyda| .;s
.=Kfhka fmdaIKh ùu hk ,ËKj,ska hqla; jkakd fia
kQ;k lúho iudcdY%; s mßl,amkSh ;;a;j a hkaf.ka fmdaIKh
úh hq;=h' Tyqf.a lú wfkla ksi|eia ks¾udK wìnjd risl
wjÞkhg ,la jQfha tneúkehs is;sh yelsh'37 Tyq úiska rÑ;
jHx.d ^1960&" ilajd,sysKs ^1962&" fyg brla mdhhs ^1963&" ula
ksido h;a ^1964&" rdc;s,l" ,hk,a iy m%shka; ^1967&" fndaäu
^1970&" fkdñfhñ ^1973&" m%nqoaO ^1977& hkdÈ lD;Ska w;=frka
f;dard .;a ldjH ks¾udK yhla fuys olajkq ,en we;' thska
zurKh fkdie,S ysud,hla fukaZ moHh urKh fj; isÿ
lrk wdrdOkhl iajrEmfhka rpkd jQjla jk w;r zrka
t;kdg lshk lúZ ks¾udKh isxy, lúh fj; cklúfha
ffY,sh wdfrdamKh lr .ekSu ms<sn| kQ;k w;ayÞne,Sula
jk w;ru iajNdj O¾ufha fi!kao¾hh ;u fm%aujka;sf.a
pu;aldrhg ióm lrñka jefhk wmQre j¾Kkdjla f,i
ie,lsh yelalls' z.u wu;lhsZ moHh nqoaêfha wêldßh ;=<
idïm%Þhsl Ôjk yr moaO;sfha fjkiaùu ms<n s | lshùula f,i
ie,lsh yelalla jk w;r fm%aufha ld,dkql%ñl úldYkh
zfm%ajka;fhdaZ hkafkka m%lg flf¾' udkj Ôú;h lD;%su
f,dalhla fj; W!kkh jk wdldrh zy| iy ksõfhda¾la
kqjrZ hk moHfhka ksrEmKh lr olajk w;r tu udkj
Ôú;h ksjerÈj jgyd .ekSu ms<sn| Þ¾Yksl újrKhla
zo¾YkhZ hkafkka u;= flf¾'
kjlú irKsh úIfhys f;dard .kakd ,o lùka
iuld,Sk ldjH iïm%Þh fj; úúO jQ md¾Yaj úiska n,mEï
iy.; jQjka nj iïmdolhdf.a woyihs' tA nj weÕfjk ;j;a
f;aßuls" wßfika wyqnqÿ' isxy, NdIdfõ m%;sixialrKh
úIfhys m%n, Þhl;ajhla iemhQ fy< yjqf,a rplfhl= jk
fuu rplhd m%;sNdj úiska jvd Wiia fkdjqjo ixhuj;a
NdIdj Ndú;h lrK fldg kq;k isxy, lúhg kj
w,xldrhla iemhQfjl= f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuys ,d fhdÞ
we;s ldjH ks¾udK ;%fhka zzfkdl,a jeiaiZ È<s÷ hqj,la
iudY%h lrñka iudc úIu;d ms<sn| újrKhla jk w;r

ixidr .uk ms<sn| woyila ziirZ moHfha lshefõ' zfmdä
ÿj tk ;=reZ l=vd ±ßhlf.a úfhdaj ms<sn| fidnd oyu yd
isÿ lrk ixjdohl iajrEmfhka rpkd jqKls' NdIdj ms<sn|
fy< yjqf,ys oro~q njg iïmq¾Kfhkau Wreulï fkdlSjo
tu NdId m%;sm;a;s u; f.dv ke.=Kq ixhuj;a NdId Í;sh
fudyqf.a ldjHhkaf.ka ksrEmKh jk nj fmfka'
merKs idys;Huh NdIdj yd cklú ni Wmfhda.s
fldg .ksñka kj ldjHuh NdId wdlD;shla ksIamdokh
lsÍfuys kshe¨fKl= f,i isisr l=udr udKslalwdrÉÑ
ie,lsh yelsh' Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;=frka idxidßl iajNdjh
yd wks;H;dj ms<n s | m%ldYs; zlsh. u.shZ yd z.Õla urd .Õla
ÿákaZ hk ldjH oajh yd udkj ohdu ms<sn| wduka;%Khla
jYfhka zwuq;a;dZ hk hk ldjHh fuys ,d fhdÞ f.k we;'
fuu wjêfhys§u ldjHlrKfha kshe¨fKls" ir;a wuqKq.u'
isß .=Kisxy yd Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a wdNdih m%n,j u;= lrk
lúfhl= jk fudyq rpkd l< tlu lD;sh zyo;=< wdidZ ^1963&
lD;shhs'38 tfy;a fudyq kQ;k isxy, lúfha mqfrda.dñfhl=
f,i ie,flkqfha ;u m%:u lD;sfhkau m< l< ldjHuh
m%;sNdj lrK fldg fõ' Tyqf.a ldjHuh ks¾udK w;=frka
zl¿;r fndaêhZ" zlúhd iy kmqre ,|Z" zwehhs uuhs uy
id.rhhsZ hk ldjHuh ks¾udK fuu lD;sh úIfhys fhdÞ
f.k we;s w;r thska zl¿;r fndaêhZ i;ajhdf.a iÞ;ksl
±ùu ms<sn| wd.ñl jQ w¾:hla f.k tkakla jk w;r zlúhd
iy kmqre <|Z udkj fm%aufha jHdc;ajh ms<sn| weÕjqï
imhkakls' zwehhs uuhs uy id.rhhsZ moHh fmïj;sh wìhi
f,da,;ajhg m;a jk fmïjf;l=f.a ffp;isl l%shdldÍ;ajh
yd rd.sl ufkda Ndjhkaf.a p,kh ms<sn| újrKh lrkakls'
m%;sNdkaú; lù;ajh ms<sn| mßmdlh iam¾Y fkdl<o rEmld-
kaú; nia jyr Ndú;h yd ir< jia;= úIhfha fhdackh úiska
fuu lúhd kQ;k isxy, lúh fj; kj yevhla ,nd §ug
W;aiql jQ nj jgyd .; yelsh'
úu,a Èidkdhl hkqo kq;k isxy, lúh fmdaIKh lsÍug

;=vq fok ldjH ks¾udK /ila rpkd l< lúfhl= jk w;r
ksi|eia ldjH wjÈfha wdrïNfha mgka j¾;udkh olajd
ldjHlrKfha ksr; jkafkla f,i iïNdú; jkafkls'
m%xY ixfla ; jdoh m% n ,j wkq . ukh l< f,a L lfhl=
jYfhka ie,flk fudyqf.a ldjHuh ks¾udKhkays mj;akd
rEmld¾:j;a nj iqúfYaISh' zwl,a jeiai" l,am úkdYh" kr
rl=id" bkaø pdmh" /õ ms<s/õ jeks ldjH .%ka: lsysmhla
fudyq rpkd lr we;s w;r tA w;=ßka ñh.sh Wjeish" Èfha
.s¨Kq whshdg" isÜgïud" yx.suq;a;x" mS;D;ajh hk moH rpkd
fuu lD;sfha§ fhdÞ f.k we;' fï yreKq úg kQ;k lúh
iïnkaOfhka jvd;a jeo.;a ks¾udKlrejka fofofkl= jk
fudKsld rejka m;srK yd mrdl%u fldä;=jlal=f.a rpkd
lsysmhlao fuys tk w;r tA w;ßka ldjHlrKh Wfoid
ia;%shf.a ueÈy;a ùu ms<sn| ukd kso¾Ykhla f,i fudKsld
rejkam;srKf.a ks¾udK y÷kd .; yels w;r kQ;k isxy,
lúfha jvd;a ckm%sh jQ" fmdÿ ck lú;ajh ms<sn| igykla
fldä;=jlal=f.a ks¾udK weiqfrka y÷kd .; yelsh'
kjlú irKsh ldjH ix.%yfhys u;= ù mefkk
úfYaI;d
kjlú irKs h kQ ; k is x y, ldjH iïm% o dfhys
iqúfYaI;ajhla ysñ lr .kakd ldjH tl;=jla f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' fi!kao¾huh jYfhka fuu lD;sh w;a lr .kakd
wdia:dkh tys ,d n, mE tla fya;=jla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
bka Tífnys idOl jQ ;j;a úfYaI;djls' tkï" iuld,Skj
isxy, lúh ;=< u;= fjñka wd kj m%jK;d /il wdo¾Yk
fuys .eí ùuhs' úfYaIfhkau wdlD;sl yd w¾:uh jYfhka
isxy, lúh m%fõY ù yd fjñka mej;s kjuq wvú ms<snò
fuys tk ks¾udK u`.ska meyeÈ,s b`.s iemfhkq ,nhs' tneúka
fuu ldjH ix.%yh fi!kao¾hd;aul md¾Yajfhka fukau
iuld,Sk ldjH f,dalfha kj;d iu`. mdGlhd tald;añl
lsÍfuka hk WNh md¾Yajfhkau iqúfYaIS wkkH;d f.dv
k.d .kakd lD;shla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuu mßÉfþofhys

m%Odk wruqK jkqfha Wla; úfYaI;d ms<snò úuiSuhs' tys ,d
m%fõY folla hgf;a lreKq ú.%y flf¾' tkï"
iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha wdlD;sl m%jK;d u;= lr ±laùu
iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha w¾:uh kj;d u;= lr ±laùu
jYfhks'
iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha wdlD;sl m%jK;d u;= lr

±laùu
kj lú irKsh lD;sh iïmdokh jk 70 oYlh
jk úg isxy, lúh ksi|eia iïm%Þhh fj; t<U isá nj
mQ¾jfhka meyeÈ,s lrk ,È' wdlD;sl jYfhka isxy, lúfha
jvd;a kQ ; k iïm% Þ hh jYfhka ks i |eig ys ñ jkq f ha
iq ú fYa I S wkkH;djls ' kjlú irKs f hys fndfyduhla
ks¾udK" ksi|eia rpkd jkqfha tu ldjH wkkH;dj ms<sn|
y÷kd .ekSu Wfoid mdGlhd h<s h<s;a fufyhjkq i|yd
nj fmfka' ksi|efiys Ys,amSh;ajh fukau fi!kao¾hho
uqiq jQ rpkd fndfyduhla fuys ola k g ,efnk w;r
Ô'î' fiakdkdhl" isß .=Kisxy" uy.u fialr jekakjqkaf.a
ks¾udK tA w;r iqúfYaISh' my; tkqfha Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a
zw¨; f.kd ukd,shZ ksi|eia lúfhys fldgila jk w;r
tu lúh kj lú irKsfhys iudrïNh jYfhka fhdÞ .ekSu"
isxy, lúh ;=< we;s ù ;snQ fuu wdlD;sl úma,jh yd th
kq;k isxy, lúfha iudrïNhla iksgqyka lrkakla f,i
mdGlhd ±kqïj;a lsÍu Wfoidúu,a Èidkdhlhka ;=< jq
wruqK újrKh lrk nj fmfka'
ysi kud .;s wE
isyska r;eÕs,s mg,jd .;s"
i;shlg fmr f.kd jr
ú<snrh uf.a rkajka ukd,sh39
wdlD;s l uh jYfhka fuka u úfYa I fhka u NdId;a u l

jYfhkao ksi|ei we;s l< kj fm/<sh isxy, lúfha
b;sydih ;=< tla;rd lvhsula iksgy q ka lrkakls' j¾;udkh
olajd jk kq;k ldjH Odrdj ilia ùfuys m%n,;u Þhl;ajh
imhkqfhao ksi|ei nj meyeÈ,sh' tneúka isxy, mdGlhdf.a
fi!ka o ¾hd;a u l ú[a Ø Kh ilia ùu úIfhys fuka u
isxy, lúfha ft;sydisl ikao¾Nh fmdaIKh ùu úIfhys
ksi|eia ldjH wdlD;sfhka isÿ jQ n,mEu ms<sn| iú[aØKsl
wjfndaOhla isxy, ldjH mdGlhd ;=< úh hq;=h' ksi|efia
wdrïNlhd jYfhka Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a mgka tys j¾Okh
Wfoid Þhl jQ fndfyda lùkaf.a rpkd fuys we;=<;a ùfuka
fmfkkqfha fuu kj ldjH wdlD;sh ms<sn| ióm lshùula
fj; mdGlhdg fuuÕska wdrdOkd flfrk njhs'
wdlD;sl jYfhka ksi|efika wE;a jQ i|eia ks¾udK
rdYshlao kj lú irKsfhys m%lg fõ' úu,a Èidkdhlf.a
zms;D;ajhZ" wßfika wyqnqÿf.a zfmdä ÿj tk ;=reZ" isisr l=udr
udKslalwdrÉÑf.a zlsh. u.shZ jeks ks¾udK Bg kso¾Ykh'
i|ei wdlD;sl jYfhka kj m%jK;djla fkdfõ' tfy;a kj
lú irKsfhys tAjdfha Ndú;h úfYaI jkqfha kQ;k ldjHd¾:
u;= lsÍfuys ,d i|eia wdlD;sh hkq h,a mek .sh wdlD;shla
fkdjk njg imhk bÕsh lrK fldg fõ' úfYaIfhkau
uy.u fialrf.a ldjH o¾Ykh úiska u;= l< wdlD;sh
fjkqjg w¾:h u; mokï ùfï ±lau fuys§ m%n,j m%o¾Ykh
jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tA wkqj kQ;k isxy, lúh Wfoid i|ei
Ndú; lsÍfï ksjoH;dj ms<sn| weÕjqula imhk lD;shla
f,igo kj lú irKsh w.h l< yels nj fmfka' tfukau
fuys tk .=KÞi wurfialrf.a ksi|eia jeks i|eia ldjH
o isxy, lúfha wdlD;sh ms<sn| hï kjuq woyila imhk
ks¾udK úfYaIhla nj y÷kd .; yelsh' ksi|eia jYfhka
ye¢kajqjo tAjdfhyso lsishï i|eia iajrEmhla we;ehs yÕjk
tu ldjH ksi|eia yd i|eia ñY%Kh ms<n s | kj woyila imhk
nj y÷kd .; yelsh'
fï wkqj kj lú irKsh lD;sh iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha

u;= ù mej;s ksi|ei jeks kj ldjH wdlD;s ms<sn|j fukau
wdlD;sh ms<sn|j u;= fjñka wd kj u;jdo ms<sn| woyia
/.;a ldjH ks¾udK uÕska isxy, lúh ms<sn| .fõIKh
lrkakkag Ydia;%Sh jQ woyia iuqÞhla Þhdo lrk lD;shla
f,ig ye¢kaúh yelsh'
iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha w¾:uh kj;d u;= lr ±laùu
w¾:uh jYfhka kq ; k is x y, lúfhys is ÿ jQ
m%n,;u fjkialuls" idys;Hhsl kQ;kjdoh fj; keUqre
ùu' kQ;kjdoh hkq iudc mßKdufha kQ;k ;;a;ajh
fyj;a kjH;ajh úoyd olajk úpdrjdohhs'40idys;Hh hkq
kq;kjdofhys iqidê; tla wxYhla muKla jk w;r th
idys;Hhsl kQ;kjdoh hkqfjka wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs'
idys;H l,d fËa;%fhys ,d 1890 oYlfhys muK wdrïN
jk kQ;kjdofhys m%uqL ,ËK lsysmhla y÷kd .; yelsh'
fmrgq.dó Ñka;kh" idïm%Þhsl u; LKavkh" ixialD;s"
cd;sl;ajh hk ldrKdj,g úfYaI;ajhla fkd§u" w;S;hg
jy,a fkdù kj m%ldYk úê fidhd hdu" m¾fhaIKd;aul foa
bÈßm;a lsÍu' kj wdlD;s fidhd hdu41 wdÈ jYfhks' à'tia'
t,shÜ" tiard mjqkaâ" j¾ðkshd jq,a*a jeks úpdrlhkaf.a m%uqL
ueÈy;a ùfuka ks¾ñ; idys;Hhsl kQ;kjdoh idïm%Þhsl
l,dj fjkqjg kjd¾: /.;a idys;H l,djla fj; wfmalaId
r|jk ,os' idïm%Þhsl isxy, idys;Hho m%n, fjkilg m;a
ùu úIfhys n,mE m%Odk lreKla f,i kq;kjdoh y÷kd .;
yels w;r isxy, lúh úIfhys ;Þ.ukh isÿ jkqfha ksi|eia
^ksoyia& ^free verse& moHfha wdrïNh;a iuÕsks'42wdlD;sl
kj;d fidhd hdu" oDIaá f.dapr rgdjlg wkqj mo fjka lsÍu"
iïm%Þh yd kùk;ajh w;r >Ügkh" nqoaêh yd yoj; w;r
>Ügkhla f,i rEmKh" iudcuh wjYH;d m%;sks¾udKh
Wfoid idys;Hh fufyhùu jeks kQ;kjd§ ,ËK Ndú;h
úiska ksi|eia lúh fukau we;eï úg kq;k i|eia lúho
m< l< úfYaI;ajh iuia; isxy, lúfha m%j¾Okh Wfoid
lsishï n,mEula isÿ lrk ,o nj meyeÈ,sh'
kQ;kjdoh ms<sn| fuu kjuq w;a±lSu isxy, lúfhys

m%idrKh jQ wdldrh .ek lshùula kj lú irKsfhys tk
mq¾fjdla; kq;kjd§ ,ËK /.;a lú ks¾udK wdY%fhka u;=
lr .; yels ùu úfYaI;ajhls' Ô'î' fiakdkdhl" isß .=Kisxy
jekakkaf.a ks¾udK tA w;r m%uqLh' wdlD;sl jYfhka fukau
w¾:uh jYfhkao idïm%Þhsl;ajhg wNsfhda. l< kj lú
wdrl meje;au ms<sn| jgyd .; yels kso¾Yk rdYshla fuu
lD;sfhys m%o¾Ykh jk w;r isxy, lúh kq;kjdoh fj;
t<U isá wdldrh fukau lúfha iudcuh ld¾hNdrh bgq
lsÍfuys ,d tys fmdfydakd njo tu ks¾udK uÕska u;= lr
olajk nj fmfka' tA wkqj kj lú irKsfhys tk moHuh
ks¾udK isxy, lúh t<fUñka isá kj w¾: mrdi ms<sn|
mdGlhd ±kqïj;a lsÍfï ld¾hNdrho mjrd f.k isá ldjH
tl;=jla f,i y÷kd .; yels nj fmfka'
kq;kjdofha n,mEu;a iuÕ we;s jQ kj fm/<shg
idfmaËj jia;= úIhsl jYfhkao isxy, lúh kj w¾:
yd iumd; jk nj fmfka' fld<U hq.fha lúfhys mgka
idïm%Þhsl jia;= úIhkaf.ka wE;a ùula isxy, lúfha olakg
,enqKq kuqÿ tu jia;= úIhka fndfyduhla iuld,Sk cd;sl
jHdmdrh yd iu.dó ùula fmfka' tfy;a ksi|ei wdrïN
ùfuka miq ìys jQ lú mrmqr tu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ iuld,Sk
udkj ðú;h yd iudc widOdrKlï jeks kj f;aud ;u
jia;= úIh fldg .;a wdldrhla meyeÈ,sj y÷kd .; yelsh'
kj lú irKsfhys tk fndfyduhla ks¾udK jia;= úIhsl
jYfhka fuu m%jK;dj leá fldg .;a ks¾udK nj tA
ms<sn| wOHhkfhka meyeÈ,s fõ' Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a zmska
ke;af;ñZ lrKjEñ ðú;h yd rfcl=f.a udkisl lïmkh
m%lg lrkakls' .=KÞi wurfialrf.a zÈk fmdf;a ,shq lúhZ
úma,jjd§ mqf;l= fjkqfjka je<fmk ujlf.a wf|dakdjls'
uy.u fialrf.a z.u wu;lhsZ lúh iudc fjkiaùï wìhi
ñksid w;rux jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkakls' fï wkaoug
idïm%Þhsl lúhg yiq fkdjQ kj iudc w¾: /ila jia ; =
/ila kq;k lúhd mdol fldg .kakd wdldrh fuu lD;sfha
ks¾udK wdY%fhka jgyd .; yelsh' tA wkqj kj lú irKsh

lD;sh jia;= úIhsl jYfhka isxy, lúh t<fUñka isá kj
m%jK;d ms<sn| lsishï igykla imhkakla nj meyeÈ,s jk
w;r kj jia;= úIhsl w¾: idOkfhys ,d isxy, lúfha
YlH;djo jgyd fokakla f,i y÷kd .; yelsnj fmfka'
fï wkaoug kj lú irKsh lD;sfhys tk ldjHuh
ks¾udK uÕska iuld,Sk isxy, lúfha u;= ù yd fjñka mej;s
kq;k ldjHd¾: ms<sn| weÕfjk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tA w;ßka
kq;kjd§ w¾: úiska isxy, lúh fmdaIKh ùu yd kj jia;=
úIhdY%s; w¾:hkaf.ka lúh fmdaIKh jq wdldrh ms<sn|
úfYaIfhka u;= lr olajk nj y÷kd .; yels njfmfka'
kj lú irKsfha fi!kao¾hd;aul w.h
lúhl úh hq;= l,d;aul;ajfha fi!kao¾hfhka
kj lú irKs f hys tk ks ¾ udKhka f .a ;;a ; a j h wvq
jeä jYfhka w.h l< yelalls' fuu lD;sfhys wruqK yqÿ
fi!kao¾h ms<sn| l;sldjla ks¾udKh lsÍu muKla fkdfõ'
iuld,Sk isxy, lúfhys ;;a;aj ksÍËlhlao jYfhka
mdGlhd lúh fj; inqoaêl lsÍuo fuys m%uqL wruqKla
nj y÷kd .; yelsh' isxy, lúfhys tf;la ìys ù ;snqKq
fi!kao¾hfhka mßmQ¾K ldjHhkaf.a tl;=jla njg W!kkh
fkdfldg iuld,Sk úfh fjkiaùï yd m%jK;d ms<sn| ix×
/.;a lúj,ska iukaú; lD;shla f,i fuh iïmdokh jkqfha
tneúks' flfia j;=ÿ kQ;k isxy, lúh flfuka w;a m;a lr
.ksñka isá fi!kao¾hfha l,dm ms<sn| weÕfjk ks¾udK
rdYshla fuys y÷kd .; yelsh' we;eï lú fld<U hq.fha
jeäysá yd kQ;k lú mrmqfrys úoHudk jQ fi!kao¾hfha
;j;a È.=jla f,i m%lg jQ w;r we;eï lúhl jQfha kQ;k
isxy, lúhg wdfõKsl jQ fi!kao¾h ,ËKhkaf.a kj;djhs'
fuu flá mßÉfþofha wruqK fuu lD;sfhys mefkk Wla;
ldjH fi!kao¾hh ms<sn| lsishï ikso¾Ykd;aul újrKhl
fh§uhs'
lúh Ndjd;aul rpkd úfYaIhla ùu úIfhys tys Ndú;

w,xlrKhkaf.a l,d;aul;ajh m%n, f,i n,mdk ,nhs'
tu wd,xldßl;ajh wdlD;sfhys fukau w¾:fhyso meje;sh
hq;a;ls' isxy, iïNdjH lúfhys fukau fld<U lúfhyso
w,xldr .=Kh fndfyda úg mej;sfha wdlD;sh md¾Yajfhys
nj mefkkakls' tfy;a kQ;k lúh fj; t<öfuys§ tu
;;a;ajh w¾:uh fi!kao¾hfhyso wdfrdamKh jkakg jQ
nj meyeÈ,s jkakls' mdGlhd wdkkaofhka m%uqÈ; lrkq
iu;a ldjHd¾: Ndú;fhka fi!kao¾hh ckkhg kq;k
lúh ±lajQfha iqúfYaIS yelshdjls' lú iufha tk j¾Kkd
fyda w;sYfhdala;Hd;aul m%ldYk fj; fkdj tÈfkÞ udkj
Ôú;fha fi!kao¾hh fj; wduka;%Kh lsÍu fuys§ olakg
,enqKq úfYaI;ajhhs' kj lú irKsh lD;sh iïmdokh jkqfha
fuu wdlD;sl fukauw¾:uh fi!kao¾hho leá fldg .;a
ks¾udKhkaf.a iuqÉphla jYfhks'
zwkak j,d fmdgg háka <ueo fmfkkjd
Tkak <f|a j,d háka jfgdr fmfkkjd
fia, uqÞ yeßh nf|a bÕ È,sfikjd
bkak nersh ;ks hyfka ud k,shkjd 43
.=KÞi wurfialr úiska rpkd lrk ,o zif|a udhïZ
kï moH mka;sfha tk fuu lúh iajNdjO¾uh úIfhys
m%dK;ajdfrdamKh lsÍfï fld<U hq.fha wd iïm%Þh úiskao
t<siu Ndú;h wdÈ merKs ldjHdlD;sl ,ËKhkaf.a Ndú;h
úiskao idïm%Þhsl lúhg ;rula ióm jkakla hehs fmKqko
fuys tk l,d;aul;ajh iqúfYaIS jkakla f,i jgyd .;
yelalls' YDx.drh uqiq ixfõokdjla mdGlhd fj; f.k
hk fuu lúh i| rEmlhla fldg iajlSh fm%aujka;shf.a
wkqrd.S fYdaNdj olsk fmïjf;l=f.a wdkkaoh yÕjkq ,nhs'
fmdÿ iudc wruqKq fjkqfjka Ndú; jQ lúh udkqIsl O¾u;d
újrKh Wfoid f,!lsl;ajh fkdìhj wdY%h lrk wdldrh
fukau kQ;k lúfha ks¾jHdcNdjh ms<sn| igyklao f,i
fuu moHh y÷kd .; yelsh'
lúfha fi!kao¾h .=Kh r|jd .kq Wfoid kQ;k lùka úiska

ksrka;r Ndú; ldjH Wml%uhla f,i ie,lsh yelalls" rEml
fhdackh' tfy;a tA" merKs lùka úiska Ndú; w¾:fhka fkdj
yd;ami úysÿKq ldjHd¾:hlsks' úfYaIfhkau w,xlrKSh
rEmlhg fyj;a yqÿ ieris,a,l iajrEm .;a rEmlhg iSud
fkdù lúh ms<sn| mdGlhdf.a wjfndaOhg wjYH jk yd
lúfhys fmdÿ wNsm%dhd;aul kïk;dj bÈßhg f.k hd yels
l%shd;aul rEml44 Ndú; lsÍug kQ;k lùkag jkqfha iqúfYaIS
yelshdjla nj fmfkkakls'kj lú irKsfhys tk ks¾udK
w;r tn÷ fi!kao¾hd;aul ks¾Kh rdYshla y÷kd .; yels
ùu iqúfYaIS jQjls' úu,a Èidkdhlf.a zñh.sh WjeishZ lúh
Bg ukd ksoiqkls'
zmsrejdkd fmd;a jykafia
lkmamqfõ fmr<S we;
ñÿ, mqrd úh¨Kq fld<
tA fï w; úisr ;sfí''''ZZ45
f;audjg wkqj ñh .sh Wjeishl mqj;la ms<sn|
wÕjk fuu lúfhys úfYa I ;a j h jkq f ha ;o¾: idOkh
WfoidfYda l dka ú ; mßirhla ms < s n | weÕjq ï iys ; yq ÿ
rEmld¾:hkaf.a Ndú;hhs'tuÕska mdGlhdg iajlSh wkqN; + h
s g
wkql+,j tu wjia:dj yd wkkH ùu Wfoid wdrdOkd lrkq
,nk w;r yqÿ úia;r l:kfhka úhqla; ùu lrK fldg
ixlS¾K ufkdaNdj Woa§mkhla fj;o le|jd f.k hkq ,nhs'
wßfika wyqnqÿ úiska rÑ; zfmdäÿj tk ;=reZ moHho iÔú
bkaøsh rEml Ndú;h úiska mdGl ú[aØKh l%shd;aul
lrùfuys iu¾: jQjls'
kQ;kjd§ lúh ;=< t;rï m%uqL;ajhg m;a ldjH
,ËKhla fkdjqjo wkqm%di Ndú;h ms<sn| iqúfYaIS igyka
lsysmhlao kjlú irKsfhys tk ks¾udK w;r y÷kd .;
yelsh' fi!kao¾hd;aul jYfhka t;rï úYsIag .Kfha
ks¾udK f,i ie,lsh fkdyels jqjo ldjHd¾:h yd tAldnoaO
lsÍu úiska fuu lùka wkqm%di Ndú;fhys lsishï wdldrhl

m%d.=KHhla u;= l< nj fmfka'mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= úiska
rÑ; z.Õg Wäka fldlal= .shdZ moHh Bg ksoiqkls'
ksínq; mo kQ.;a kqU
f,a .,k lg yçka
fidhk b,a,k m;k
fidhk b,a,k m;k
tlu foh Wmka Èk
.fÕa .sh lsß l÷,46
lsid f.da;ó m%jD;a;sh ms<sn| wka;¾ mÀ;;ajhla
ckkh jk mßÈ f.dv k.d we;s fuu moHh Okj;=kaf.a lh
iekiSfuka Èú f.jk ujlf.a urKh lrK fldg orejl=
;=< we;s jk lïmdj w¾: .kajkqfha wkqm%dij;a mo ud,djl
ukd fhdackfhks' lïms; yoj;l udkisl p,kh ksrEmKh
jk mßÈh fuys moje, fhdÞ we;af;a' ir;a wuqKq.uf.af.a
zl¿;r fndaêhZ moHho fï yd iudkj kQ;k lùkaf.a
wkqm%di Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla imhkakls'
.sks .ks; .sks .ks;
weg ñÿ¨ .sks .ks;
.sks .ks; .sks .ks;
f,a kyr .sks .ks;47
rd.fha Þyh ;reKfhl=f.a is; ojk whqre yÕjk fuu
moHfhyso wkqm%dij;a joka Ndú; fldg we;af;a ldjHd¾Ó;
lïmkh iQpkh jk mßÈh'ñksia yoj; m%lïmkh lsÍfuys
,d lúhg we;s yelshdj wmQ¾j jQjls' úu,a Èidkdhlhkaf.a
zÈfha .s¨Kq whshdgZ lúh Bg ukd ksiqkls'
zz'''meh .Kka .;j we;s kuq;a ;j whsfha wo
Tfí ysi u;= jq ;ek ;ju fkdfmKks uyg
wïu yd ;d;a;d" nd, u,a,S legqj
.uka yß wvla muK jQ fikÕ iuÕ fuys

/iaj fk;a úysÿj;s idka; jQ jeõ Èfhys
Tfn úl=ï n,kakg fujka msßila l,ska
jE lkao fj;g wd Èkla ug u;l ke;''''ZZ48
ifydaorhl=f.a úfhdaj ms<n
s | iÞ;ksl fõokdj ms<n
s |
ixfõokSh mqj;la iQpkh lrk fuu moHh l=vd orejl=f.a
m%ldYkhl ud¾.fhka ldjHd¾:fha iyfõokh fj; mdG-
lhd le|jd f.k hkq ,nhs'th mdGlhd ;=< ;Sj% lïmkhla
we;s lrkqfha orejl=f.a fkd±kqïj;a Ndjfha m%ldYkhla
f,i f.dv k.d we;s neúks' lúh yqÿ j¾Kk udOHhla
f,i W!kkh fkdfldg udkj yDoh lïmk udOHhla f,i
Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| kQ;k lùka ;=< jQ wjfndaOh meyeÈ,s
lrka k la f,i fuu lúh jgyd .;yels nj fmfka '
fudKsld rejkam;srK lsú¢hf.a zmshfiak weiQ m%YakhlaZ
lúho fun÷u jQ m%lïmkhla fj; mdGlhd /f.k hk"
m%n, iudc lshùulao iys; lúhls'
z;=fka b|mq mqxÑ fíì y;f¾ mka;shg .syska
;=fka b|mq uu y;rg hkafka ljÞo b;skaZ49
È<s÷lu úiska ySk lrk ,nk wOHdmk whs;sh ms<sn|
fukau Okm;shkag ysñ whs;sjdislï ks¾Okhd fj;ska wE;a
lrk iudc l%uh ms<sn|jo wÕjk úhukla jk fuu lúh
kQ;k lúfha iudÔh Ndjh fukau fi!kao¾fhys f.dv ke.sh
yels iudc h:d¾:h ms<sn| mKsúvhlao iys; ks¾udKhla
f,i jgyd .; yels nj fmfka'
fï wkaoug kj lú irKsh lD;sh fi!kao¾huh
jYfhkao mdGlhd mSKkhg ,la l< yels"m%n, iudc újrK
yelshdjlskao hq;a ks¾udKdj,shl tl;=jla f,i jgyd .;
yels nj fmfka'yqÿ l,d;aul Ndjhg iSud fkdù iuld,Sk
lúfha fi!kao¾h md¾Yajh we§ hd hq;= biõ ms<sn| u;=
lrk bÕsh úiskao fuu lD;sh iqúfYaIS wdia:dkhla ysñ lr
.kakd nj is;sh yels w;r kQ;k isxy, lúfha udj; kj
udkhka fj; /f.k hdfï yd tA ms<sn| mdGlhd ±kqïj;a

lsÍfï j.lSu úiskao isxy, lúh ms<sn| iïmdokh jQ n,mEï
iy.; lD;shla nj jgyd .; yelsh'
wdka;sl igyka
1 zz'''isxy, rdcOdksh wkqrdOmqrfhka mgka f.k l%ufhka ol=Kg
keUqre fjñka ;,a¨ ù f.dia fixlv., fyj;a isßj¾Ok mqr-
fhys /÷fKah' t;ekska th ixl%uKh jQfha fldf<dï mqrhg
fyj;a fld<Ugh' wo th /£ we;af;a tysh' ,xld foaYmd,k
b;sydifha wjêj,g idudkHfhka kï fokq ,nkafka fï rd-
cOdksj, kï uq,a fldg f.kh' wm idys;H hq.hkao by;ska
±lajqKq fya;+ka ksid tA kïj,skau ye¢kaùu isß;s''''ZZ" m'n'ð' fya-
jdjiï" ud;r hq.fha idys;HOrhka yd idys;H ksnkaOk ^fld<U(
ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1966&" 5'
2 mqxÑnKavdr ikakia.," isxy, idys;HjxYh ^fld<U 10(
weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1994&" 576'
3 ysks÷u iqks,a fifkú" fld<U lúh iy tÉ'weï" l=v,s.u
^fld<U 10( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaofhda" 2000&" 16'
4 ysks÷u iqks,a fifkú" fld<U lúh yd tÉ'tï' l=v,s.u ^fld<U
10( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1996& 17'
5 fudKsld rejkam;srK" kQ;k isxy, lúh" kq;k isxy, l,d
ks¾udK iy fla' ch;s,l îxia'& tÉ' tï' fudrgqj.u îxialdrl
m%ldYkhls" 1983& 70'
6 fudKsld rejkam;srK" kj lú úuiqu ^fld<U 12( m%§m
7 fudKsld rejkam;srK" kj lú úuiqu ^fld<U 12( m%§m
8 tu'
9 w.=¿.y Oïñkao ysñ" isxy, ldjHfha kj m%jK;d ^l¾;D
m%ldYkhls" 2004&" 15'
10 id.r m,kaiQßh" moHdj,S 1 ^fld<U( weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" 1951&"
11 kjlú irKsh îxia'& úu,a Èidkdhl ^fld<U 12( m%§m
m%ldYlfhda&" 47" 48'
12 wdßh rdclreKd" kQ;k isxy, ldjHh-2 ^fld<U 10( weia'

f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2004& 110'
13 Oïñkao ysñ" 26'
14 ir;a úfÊiQßh" l=iqud lreKdr;ak" kjlú ix.%yh" 20'
15 ud¾áka úl%uisxy" kj moH isxy,h ^rdc.sßh( iri fm!oa.,sl
iud.u" 2013&" 7'
16 kjlú irKsh" 50'
17 wdßh rdclreKd" iïm%Þh yd isysk f,dalh ^fld<U 10( r;ak
18 isß .=Kisxy" m<s.ekSu ix{dmkh'
19 isß .=Kisxy" uia f,a ke;s weg" 29'
20 kjlú ix.%yh" 21'
21 isß .=Kisxy" m<s.ekSu" ix×mkh'
22 ud¾áka úl%uisxy" kj moH isxy,h ^rdc.sßh( iri fm!oa.,sl
iud.u" 2013&" 137'
23 tu" 118'
24 fudKsld rejka m;srK" kj lú úuiqu ^fld<U 12( m%§m
m%ldYlfhda" 1977&" 68" 69'
25 .=Kodi wurfialr" w,shd iy wkaOfhda" 196'
26 kjlú ix.%yh"36'
27 kjlú ix.%yh" 50'
28 Ñka;l rKisxy" úpdr m%h;ak" 34'
29 tu" 35'
30 iqks,a wdßhr;ak" kQ;k moH ldjH ixys;d ^fld<U( weia'
31 iqñkao ls;aisß .=Kr;ak" Ô'î' fiakdkdhl ldjH úu¾Yk
^fld<U 10( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2001&" 10'
32 renhshdÜ ^mß'& Ô'î' fiakdkdhl ^fld<U( 1954&" 23'
33 l=,;s,l l=udrisxy" úu,a Èidkdhl ldjH fiajkh ^fld<U 10(
weia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" 2009&" 11'
34 tu'
35 .=KÞi wurfialr" Ndj.S;" 1992'
36 l=udrisxy" 2009' 18'
37 l=,;s,l l=udrisxy" kQ;k ldjH úu¾Yk f,aLk ^fld<U 10(

38 ir;a úfÊiQßh" ks¾udKlrKh iy foaYmd,khûq,af,aßhdj(
úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh" 2007&" 93'
39 l=,;s,l l=udrisxy" kQ;k ldjH úu¾Yk f,aLk - oaú;Sh Nd.h
^fld<U 10( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2002&" 93'
40 kj lú irKsh" 73'
41 úu,a Èidkdhl" mYapd;a kjHjdoh ^fndr,eia.uqj( úisÿkq
42 ,shkf.a wurlS¾;s" myk iy levm; ûq,af,aßhdj( úfÊiQßh
.%ka: flakaøh" 2010&" 61'
43 l=,;s,l l=udrisxy" úu,a Èidkdhl ldjH fiajkh" 11'
45 ,shkf.a wurlS¾;s" kj lú i,l=K ^kqf.af.dv( iriú
m[ap;ka;%d.; ñ;%iïm%dma;sh ms<snò úuiqula

mQcH uiamkafka fyaur;k ysñ
WmfoaY l:d idys;H
l:dlS f ï l,dj ffjos l hq . fha mgka Ndr;fha
m%p,s;j mej;=Ks¡ Ndr;Shhka iajNdjO¾uhdg ,xj tosfkod
osúfmj; f.khdu fya;=fjka WmfoaY l:dj fndfyda wE;
ld,hl mgka u ck cSú;fha fmdÿ wx.hlajidys;Hhg o
we;=`: ùu je<lsh fkdyels lreKla úh' Ndr;Sh Ñka;k
mámdáh i;=kaf.a is;=ï me;==ï yd ls%hdjka u`.ska ñksiqkaf.a
is;=ï me;==ï yd ls%hdjka oelaùug W;aiql ù we;s njla
oel.; yelsnj lS;a uy;d fmkajdfohs¡ ;sßika i;=kaf.a
p¾hdjka ld, foaYdosfha§ fkdfjkia jk w;r ñksid tfia
fkd fjkiaj mj;skafka ke;' fyf;u ta ta wjia:djg
wkQj cSú;fha uqyqKfok w;aoelSï wkQj ;u p¾hd moaO;sh
fjkia lr.ks¡ fïksid WmfoaYhka fyda WmfoaYd;aul l:d
ks¾udKhg mqoa., pß; Wmfhda.S lr .eksug jvd ;srsika
i;=kaf.a p¾hd moaO;sh mokï fldg.;a l;kaor ks¾udKh
fldg bosrsm;a lsÍug merKs ñksid W;aiydj;a ù ;sfí¡
tu`.ska ,;a m%;sM,h jkafka WmfoaY l;d idys;Hla kñka
kj idys;Hdx.hla ìysùuhs¡
ffjosl" n%dyauK" WmksIoa yd mqrdK wdos idys;H ;=<
;;a WmfoaY idys;H ìysùug n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yels
úúO WmfoaYd;aul l;dmqj;a iuQyhla yuqfõ¡ Y+k(fYam wdos
wdLHd; Bg WodyrKhs¡ rdudhK uydNdr; ùrldjHkaf.a o
we;=<;a lr we;s Wmud l:dj, úfYaIfhka WmfoaYd;aul
iajremhla olakg ,efí¡ mdKavjhka /jáh hq;af;a lmá
isj,d" jHd>%hd" ;,f.dhd" jDlhd" óhd wdoSkaf.a Wmldrh

,ndf.k Tjqka rjgd tu f.dÿr ,nd.;a wdldrfhka hehs
uydNdr;h olajhs¡
jkl;djg nqÿiufha§ o wd.ñl b.ekaùï myiq
lrjùug WmldÍ ù ;sfnk udOHls'cd;l l;djkaf.aoS o
Wmfoia ,nd§u iòyd o ;sßika i;=ka jgd f.dvk`.k ,o
l:dmqj;a Ndú;fldg ;sfí';sßika fhdaksj, bmso m%%{dfjka
wNsfhda. ch.;a yeá yd hqla;sh bgqlrk wdldrh olajñka
i¥mfoaYhka ,ndfok wdldrh lfmd;" lms" ;s;a;sr wdos
c;l l;dj,ska meyeÈ<s fõ'
fï wkQj WmfoaY l;djkaf.a wdrïNh foi ne,SfïoS
fmkS hkafka ks¾udKlrejkaf.a mrud¾:hka ù we;af;a
mqoa.,fhl=g fyda msrsilg hym;a .=K O¾u b.ekaùu u
fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg ojfiys jev lghq;j= ,ska fjfyig m;ajk
idudkH ck;djg riúkaokh ,nd§uhs' l%ufhka th WmfoaYhka
,nd fok udOHla f,i m%p,s; úh' fï ksid idudkH ck
cSú;hg WmfoaYhka fuka u rdcHmd,kfha oS wkq.ukh
l<hq;= m%;sm;a;sh yd hqla;sh" wdpdrO¾u yd idrO¾u;a
wdorh" lreKdj" ohdj" iykYs,S;ajh ,ndoSu;a mokï
lr.;a idys;Hdx.hla f,i m%p,s; úh' fuu WmfoaYd;aul
.%ka:hkaf.a wka:¾.; mrud¾:hka fufia m%Odk jYfhka
j¾. fldg oelaúh yelsh'
o cSú;hg jeo.;a Wmfoia ,ndoSu'
o kS;s O¾u yd rdc O¾u bosrsm;a lssÍu'
o iudc o¾Ykfha tk od¾Yksl w¾: meyeos<s lsÍu'
o úfkdaodiajdoh ,ndoSu'
WmfoaY l;d idys;H ìyssùfï b;sydih flfia jqj
o úfkdaodiajdoh ,ndosu wruqKq fldgf.k uq,ald,fhaos
l;kaor lshkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh' bkamiq l%%ufhka tu
l;kaor lSu u`.skau WmfoaYhka ,ndoSu;a kS;s Í;s wdosh
jvd;a ,.kakd wdldrhg bosrsm;a lsÍu;a lrkakg we;ehs
is;sh yelsh' od¾Yksl ixl,am o tfia l%ufhka l;kaor yd

iïnkaO fldg bÈßm;a lrkakg we;' tfia ìysjQWmfoaY l:d
idys;Hhg wh;a lD;sf,i yuqjk merKs idys;H lD;s jkafka
.= K dVHf.a nDy;a l :dj" fida u foa j f.a l:dirs ; a i d.rh"
fCIAfïkaøf.a nDy;al:dj jeks lD;Ska h' úIaKqY¾uhkaf.a
m[ap;ka;%h" kdrdhkY¾ukaf.a ysf;damfoaYhfï ish,q
WmfoaYl:d w;=ßka fmrdZmr foos.u úh;=kaf.a fkduo
f.!rjhg yd meiiqug ,lajQ tajd nj wújdos;h¡
m[p;ka;%h
;ka;% myl tl;=fjka ilik ,oao m[p;ka;%h hehs
úIaKqY¾uka fmkajd fohs' —;kaff;%( m[apNsfr;;a pldr˜
;ka;% mylska fuh lrk ,È hkak ñka w¾:j;a flf¾' fuys
oS ;ka;% hkafkka l=ula woyia jkafka oehs ksYaÑ;j m%ldY
l< fkdyels nj úpdrl u;hhs' hym;a w¾:h" l<hq;= l%uh"
isoaOdka; /ila wdoS w¾: YíofldaIhka ;ka;% hkafkka w¾:
.kajd ;sfí' ta" î lS;af.a woyi jkafka mrsÉfÊoh" Wmdh
wdo¾Yh" foaYmd,k úoHdj" kS;sh jeks w¾: ñka .uH jk
njhs' ta wkqj foaYmd,k o¾Ykh b.ekafjk l:d my fyj;a
fldgia my hkak ñka w¾:j;a jk nj ms<s.eksuhs¡
m[ap;ka;%h rÑ; ld,h ms<snòj o úpdrlhka w;r
talu;slFjhla we;af;a ke;' we;af;a úúO u;fNaod;aul
;;aFjhls¡m[ap;ka;f % hA ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍfï wmyiq;d f.dv
ke`.S we;af;a tys yuqjk úúO ixialrKhs' oekg fidhdf.k
we;s lreKq wkqj tâ.¾gka kï m`äjrhd m[p;ka;%fhys
ixialrKhka y;rla fmkajd fohs'
1. ;ka;%dLHdhsld - mQ¾KNøhka úiska ffck niska lrk
,±hs ie,flk ixialrKh yd ffck niska rÑ;
m[apdLHdkh
2. oCIsK Ndr;fhys Ndú; m[ap;ka;%h yd fkamd,
m[ap;ka;%h yd ysf;damfoaYh
3. fidaufoaj yd fCIafïkaø kï l:dlrejkaf.a lD;Skag

we;=`M jQ nDy;al:dfõ tk m[ap;ka;%h fm<
4. mdya,ù ixialrKh
fuu ixialrKj,ska meyeos<s jkafka m[p;ka;%h
Ndr;h;a ta wjg rgj,;a b;d m%isoaO lD;shla j mej;s njhs¡
fuu ixia l rKhka f .ka jvd jeo.;a jka f ka mdka , ù
ixialrKhhs¡ tysoS äkd¾ kï ,;ska ldishla ms<snòj i|yka
fõ' ta wkqj m[ap;ka;%h ls%¡j wdrïNfhka miqj rpkd l<d
úh yel¡ tfiaum[ap;ka;%fhys NslaIqkaf.a úúO wúkS; ls%hd
.ek i|yka jk neúka nqÿoyu mßydkshg m;a jQ ld,hla úh
hq;=h' óg wu;rj ukqiauD;sh" uydNdr;h" fl!á,H w¾:
Ydia;%h wdosfha iòyka woyiao olakg ,efí¡ fuu ,CIKhka
foi n,d fjd,ag¾ udrisxyhka m[ap;ka;%h ls%'j' 3 - 4
ishjiaj,g wh;a fldg i,lhs¡ ta'î' lS;af.a u;h jkafka
ls%'j' 2 jk ishjig wh;a njhs¡ chfoaj ;s,lisrshkag wkqj
ls' ¡j' wdrïNfhka miqjo miajk ishjig fmrom[ap;ka;%h
iliaù we;¡ fuu woyi nyq;r úoaj;=kaf.a kQ;k ms<s.ekSu
ù ;sfí'
m[p;ka;% l:duqLfhys i|yka jk mrsos fuu lD;sh
rpkd lsrsug n,mE fya;=j ù we;af;a uys,dfrdamH k.rfha
wurYla ; s rcq f .a uq ¾ L mq ; = k a ;s f okdg Ydia ; % {dkh
,ndosuhs¡ tu wNsfhda.h ndr.kq ,nkafka úIaKqY¾uka keu;s
m`äjrfhls' Tyq udi 06lska tu mq;=ka rdcH md,khg wjYH
oekque;a;ka njg m;alrk fmdfrdkaÿj u; rcjdi,ska kslau
hhs' tfia ;ud iu`. meñfKk rdcl=urejkag úIAKqY¾uka
úúO l;kaor Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka rdcH kS;sh yd rdcH
md,khg wejeis Ydia;% {dkh ,ndfohs'
úIaKqY¾uhka o mD:q, ±kqfuka hqla; jQfjl= f,i
m[ap;ka;%fha u iòyka fõ' —il,d¾: Ydia;%idrx c.;s
iudf,dalH úIaKqY¾fïoï˜ tfiau foaYmd,khg wjYH
{dkh;a cSú;h mj;ajd .ekqug wjYH oekqu;a mrud¾:
fldgf.k hfula m[ap;ka;h % yodrkafka o fyf;u Yl%hdgo

meroúh fkdyels nj m[ap;ka;%l:duqLfhys ths' —wêf;
h box ks;Hx kS;s Ydia;%x YDfKd;s p k mrdNjudmafkd;s
Yl%doms lodpk˜m[p;ka;%fha ;ka;% myls' ta fufiah'
1. ñ;%fNaoh (- f.dfkl= yd isxyhl=w;r we;sjk
ñ;%;ajh lmá lEor kßhka fofofkl= úiska úkdY
lsßu fuys m%Odk l:d mqj;hs' w;=re l:d 22 ls'
2. ñ;%iïm%dma;s (- uqfjl=" lmqfgl==" ófhl=" bífnl= yd
mrúfhl= w;r mej;s ñ;%Fjh fuys m%Odk l;djhs'
w;=re l:d 06 ls'
3. ldflda¨lSsh ( lmqgka yd nluqKka w;r mej;s
ffjrh úia;r lrhs'w;=re l:d 13 ls'
4. ,íOm%KdY (- jÿfrl= yd lsUqf,l= w;r
mej;sñ;%Fjh ñ;%fodayS lfuka úkdY jk wdldrh
m%Odk l;djhs' w;=re l:d 17 ls'
5. wmÍCIs;ldrlh(- uKsNø" kdms; yd CImKl m%Odk
pß;hs' wmßCIdldß ls%hdjkaf.a m%;sM, ±laúu m%Odk
l;djhs' w;=re l:d 14 ls'
ñ;%iïm%dma;sh
lmqfgl=" ófhl=" uqfjl=" bífnl= yd mrúfhl= w;r
mej;s ñ;=relu fuhska úia;r flfrhs' Ñ;%.%Sj kï mfrú rcq
ovhlalrefjl=f.a ±,g yiq ù thska ñ§u iòyd ish msßi iu`.
±,;a Tijdf.k mshUd hhs' bkamiq ysrKHl kï ófhl=f.a
Wmldrh ,en ±, W! ,jd lmamjdf.k ;u msßi tu Wjÿßka
uqojd.kS' fuu is`ÿùu foi n,disá ,>qmk;l kï lmqfgla
ysrKHl flfrys meye§ W! iu`. ñ;%Fjhla we;slrf.k
l,a f.ùh' fï w;r fofokd ;uka úiQ m%foaYfhka kslau
,>qmk;lf.a ñ;%fhl= jQ uka:r kï bífnl= isá m%foaYhg
meñKshy' l,lska fï ;sfokdg Ñ;%dx. kï uqfjla o ñ;=re
úh' Èkla Ñ;%dx. ovhlalrefjl=f.a W.=,lg yiqjk w;r

wfkla ñ;=rka ;sfokd tl;=j Wmdhla ud¾.fhka Ñ;%dx.
uqojd .kS' fuh ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha l;didrh hs'
fuu l;kaorh úia;r lsÍfï § w;=re l;d yhla
Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s w;r l;=jrhdg wejeis jQ Wmfoia
,nd§u wejeis mßirh ks¾udKh lrf.k ;sfí' ta wkqj
hf:dala; ;sßika pß; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ñksia is;=ú,s
yeisfrk wdldrh Wmydih o l;d riho okjñka mdGlhd
yuqjg bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' fuys§ úfYaIfhka u l;=jrhdf.a
uQ,sl f;audj ù we;af;a ñ;%Fjfha w.h fmkajd §uhs' ta wkqj
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha jeo.;alï fufia udj;a lsysmh;a Tiafia
wOHhkh l< yelsh'
o ñ;%Fjfha jeo.;alu'
o rdcH kdhlfhl=f.a kdhlFj ,CIK'
o Ok mßyrKh ms<snò
o ia;%sFjh ms<snò
o úúO wd.ñl ixl,am
o idys;Huh jákdlu
ñ;%Fjfha jeo.;alu'
ñ;%hkaf.a meñKùu ñ;%iïm%dma;sh hs' úIaKqY¾uka
fuu ;ka;%fha § ñ;%Fjh yd Tyqf.a iajNdjhka ms<snò §¾>
jYfhka lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'hym;a l%shd isÿfldg ñ;%hka
we;s lr.kakjd muKla fkdj" Tjqka iu`. jxpkslj l%shd
fkdlr wjxl Ndjfhka ñ;=relu mßydkshg m;a lr
fkd.kakd f,i olajhs' úfYaIfhka u ñ;% hkafkys w¾:h
mjd f.kyer oelaùu u`.ska Tyqf.a ;;a wNsm%dh fmkakqï
flf¾'
m%dmaf; Nfh mß;%dKdxm%S;súY%ïNndckï
flk r;akñox iDIagïñ;%ñ;HCIroajhï1
l;=jrhd olajk wdldrhg ñ;% hk wCIroajh wmQre

ks¾udKhls' tneúkau fuu wCIroajh ljfrl= úiska ujk
,oaola ±hs fyf;u úuihs' ìfha§ wdrCIdj imhk ks;r m%;
S h
s g
yd úiajikShFjhg m;a lrk ñ;%Fjh wmQre jQjls'tfiau
ñ;%Fjh wuD;hg iudk fõ' th fYdalh yd ix;dmh ÿrelr
wdrCIdj o imhhs' fuu ñ;%YS,SFjh wdrCId lr.ekSug fnd-
fyda lemlsÍï lsÍug o isÿfõ' tjka ñ;=rka ,eîu jdikdjls'
ñ;%Fjh we;sjkafka ljr wjia:djlo hkak mejish yels
fkdfõ' tfia ñ;%Fjh we;s ùfï § ta ta wjia:dkql+,j úúO
fya;= n,md yelsh' th cSú;fha ´kEu wjia:djl ljfrl=
iu`. fyda úh yelsh'
WmldrÉp f,dldkdxksñ;a;dkauD.mCIsKdï
Nhd,af,dNdÉp uQ¾LdKdxffu;%s iHdoao¾Ykd;ai;ï2
fuu Ya f ,da l hg wkQ j ta ta ms ß ia ñ;% F jh we;s
lr.ekS f ï § ie,ls < s u ;a jk úúO fya ; = .Kkdjls '
f,daljdiSkaf.a ñ;%Fjh Wmldrfhka we;sfõ' isõmdjqkaf.a yd
mCISkaf.a ñ;%Fjh Tõfkdjqkag .e,fmk úúO yeisÍï u`.ska
isÿ fõ' fudavhka w;r ñ;%Fjh ìh .ekaùu yryd o f,daNska
w;r mß;Hd.fhka isÿjk w;r i;amqreIhkaf.a ñ;%Fjh
±lSï ud;%fhka we;sfõ' fuys olajk wdldrhg i;amqreIhka
yer wfkla ish¨ fokdu mdfya iajd¾:hla wfmaCIdfjka u
ñ;%Fjh mj;ajd .kq ,nk nj l;=jrhdf.a woyihs'fndfyda
i;amqreIfhda i;a mshjfrkau ñ;%Fjh mj;ajd .kS'
ñ;=relula meje;aùfï§ ld iu`. ñ;%úh hq;af;a
ljqreka iu`. o" keoao hkak úuish hq;=h'nDyiam;s mjd
fkdms<s.;a ù¾h" n,h" m%{dj" jxYh yd W;aiyh fkdokakd
iu`. ñ;% fkdúh hq;=h'
hiH k {dhf; ù¾hxk l=,x k úfpIaá;ï
k f;k ix.;sx l=¾hdÈ;Hqjdp nDyiam;s(3
tfiau ñ;%jkafka kï hfula iu`. Tyq úmf;ys oS
;ud w;afkdyßk flfkl= úh hq;h
= ' iïm;a we;sl,ays i;=rka
mjd ñ;%Fjhg meñfKk nj úYaKqY¾uka olajhs' tksid ñ;%hd

ljrdldro hkak úuish yelsjkafka iïm;a iómfha ke;s
Wjÿre meñKs l,aysh' tneúka lsisfjla lsisfjl=f.a ñ;%fhla
fyda ffjr lrkafkla fkdfõ' /lsh hq;= ñ;%fhla o keish
hq;= i;=frl= o hkak Tjqkaf.a yeisÍfuka u o; hq;=h'
ñ;%x fldZms k liHdmsks;dka;x k p ffjrlD;a
oDYHf; ñ;%úèjia;(ld¾hdoaffjßm%rCIs;(4
idudkH ñksia cSú;h mj;ajdf.k hefï oS iudcfha
yuqjkafka úúO ;rd;srïj,g wh;a msßia h' fï ksid cSú;h
mj;ajd.ekSfï § fndfyda úuis<sùu;a nfjka ld,h f.úh
hq;= fõ' f,dj fjfik ish,af,da wmg ys;j;ajQfjda fkdfj;s'
we;eï úg ys;j;alï ujd fmkajñka rejàfuka wkH foa
meyer.kafkda fj;s' fï ksid ñ;%iajrEmfhka fmkS issák
ñ;%m%;srEmlhka yÿkd.; hq;= fõ'
lD;Sux kdYufNH;sffjrx ødlalD;%sffu¾.=fK(
m%dKodkx úkd ffjrxiycx hd;s k CIhï5
lD;S u ffjrh fyj;a ujd.;a ffjrh ths k a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ld¾h jQ úg jekish yelsfõ' tfy;a iyc
ffjrh úkdY l< yels fkdfõ' th lmqgka nluQKka" khs"
uq.á yd .skak yd c,h fuka ckaufhka ckauh ffjrh
mj;ajd.kS' th uyd hd;%djla jqj uqyqÿn;a l< yels ÿrel<
hq;= i;=frls'
ñ;%Fjfha§ jeo.;a jkafka úiajikShFjh hs' tys§ tu
úiajdih ,nd .ekSu iòyd fya;= jkafka hym;a ls%hdjhs'
ta wdldrfhka we;sjk ñ;%Fjfha m¨ÿùï we;sjkafka ke;'
tu ñ;%Fjhg cd;s wd.ï yd l=, fNaohka n,mdkafka ke;'
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha yuqjk uqjd" lmqgd" óhd" bínd yd mrúhd
hk i;aFjhka weiqre lrk mßirhka tlsfklg fjkia jQ
tjd jk w;r th Tjqkaf.a ñ;%Fjhg ndOdjla fkdùh' tfiau
Tjqkaf.a cSú;h mj;ajd .kakd f.dÿre ìï o tlsfklg
fjkia jQ tajd fj;s' YÍr m%udKhka fukau yevyqrelï
o Tjqfkdjqkag wdfõKsl jQ tjd fõ' tfy;a fudjqka w;r

mj;akd ñ;%Fjhg thska lsisÿ n,mEula fkdjQ w;r fndfyda jQ
fifkyiska tlsfkldg Wmdldr lr.ksñka fjfik wdldrh
l;dj mqrdjgu úia;r fõ'
úiajdih hfula ;=< fõ o Tyq iu. ljfrla jqjo
´kEu .kqfokqjla lsÍug leue;a;la olajhs' úiajdih fndfyda
iïm;a ,`.d lrfokakls' jkfhys i;=ka úiska msßjrkafka
we;dh' tfiau úiajdijka;hd iu`. fndfyda msßi msßjrkq
,efí' úIaKYq ¾uka olajk wdldrhg úiajdijka;hdo m%udKh
blaujd úiajdi fkdl< hq;=h' úiajdih hkq i;=rd keiSug
foúhkag o wdhqOhls' tneúka úiajdijka;hd i;amqreI núka
ñ;%Fjhg meñfKa' î;dxidma;mox ffu;%ñ;Hdyq¾únqOd
ck(&
W.;alu cSú;hl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.hls' W.;alug
.e,fmk wdldrfha ñ;=rka f;drd.ekSu isÿ lrkafka ;uka
úisk a u h' tneúka tu W.;a l ug .e<fmk wdldrfha
yeisÍula o ;sìh hq;=h' th iudcfha bÈß m%.ukhg fya;=
fõ' m%{dj meñfKk Wjÿrej,ska ñ§ug WmldÍ fõ' ñ;=rd
fyda i;=rd we;sjkafka l%shdfõ m%;sM, wkqj h' fï ksid
nqoaêu;ayq hym;a l%shdjka isÿ lrk w;r whym;a l%shdfjka
i;=rka we;slr fkd.kS'
tneúka nqoaêu;a núka hq;a úu¾YkYS,sFjh ñ;%fhl=
i;=úh hq;= uQ,sl .=Kdx.hls' wd.ka;=lfhl= ÿgq ú.i Tyq
yd úiajdihg hEu úkdYhg u`.ls' tys§ isysfhka hq;=j
úuid n,du lghq;= l< hq;=h' ,>qmk;l ysrKHl iu`.
ñ;=re ùug meñKs úg ysrKHlf.a úu¾Ykh ta iòyd lÈu
u`. fmkaùuls' uka:rl kï bíndo úu¾YkYS,s wfhl= nj"
,>qmk;l ysrKHl iu`. ;ud fjfik ;ekg meñKSfï
§ fmr fkd ÿgq if;l=f.a meñKSula hehs is;d jyd bka
kslaófuka úu¾YkYS,sFjh fmkakqï flf¾' tfiau ;u
ñ;%hka ;jfll=g ±laùfï§ Tjqkaj yÿkajd§u l< hq;= nj
o ;;a ld:dmqj;ska iau;=jk ,CIKhls' tfia yÿkd.kakd
l<K ñ;%hdf.a yd ÿok ñ;%hdf.a iajNdjh;a úIaKqY¾uka

fufia olajhs'
uDoaOg bj iqLfNfodÿ(ixOdkYap ÿ¾cfkd Nj;s
iqckia;= lkl>g bjÿ¾fNo( iqlrixêYap6
ÿ¾ckhd ueál<hla fuka jyd ìfòkafka h' tlalsÍu
ÿIalr jkafkah' hym;a ñ;%hd tfia myiqfjka ìfòkafka
ke;' rka l<hla fuks' ì`ÿfka o myiqfjka tlalsÍug o
yelsh' ñ;%hdo tn`ÿ úh hq;=h' úIaKqY¾uka ;jÿrg;a fufiao
olajhs' Wla oKafvys w. isg mqrella mqrella mid ri by<g
jefvhs' th l<K ñ;%hdf.a iajNdjh hs' tfiau uq, isg w.g
Wla oKafvys rih wvqjkafka hïfia o ÿok ñ;%hdf.a iajrEmh
tfiah' iqok yd ÿok ñ;%hdf.a iajrEmh ojfia Wod ld,fha
yd ijia ld,fha fijke,a, fuks' Wod ld,fha§ úYd, ù
fmfkk fijke,a, oj,a ld,h jk úg CISk ù hhs' oj,a
ld,fhka wdrïN jk fijke,a, l%ufhka úYd, Ndjhg
m;afõ' l<K ñ;=rd tn`ÿh'
ood;s m%;s.DyaKd;s.=yHudLHd;s mDÉP;s
N=Ùlaf; fNdchf; ffpjIâúOx m%S;s,CIKï'7
ñ;% i ïm% d ma ; s f ha § hym;a ñ;% h df.a yd whym;a
ñ;%hdf.a iajrEmh fjku y`ÿkd.; yelsh' hym;añ;=frl=
m%S;shg m;ajk ,CIK yhls' ta fufiah'
o ñ;=rdg §u'
o ñ;=rdf.ka ms<s.ekSu'
o ñ;=rdg ryia lSu'
o ñ;=rdf.a ryia úuiSu'
o ñ;=rd fj; f.dia wkqNj lsÍu'
o ñ;=rd leòjd wkqNj lrùu'
fuu ,CIK ñ;=frl=f.a m%S;shg fya;=jk lreKqh'

hfulag fohla fokafka kï ;sßika .; i;=ka mjd Bg
m%sh;djhla olajkq ,efí' ñ;=relug werhqula o jkafka §uhs'

ryia l:kh ñ;=re lu ;Sj% lsÍug fya;= jk lreKls' yels
iEu úglu ñ;=rdf.a ksjig f.dia wkqNjh o" ñ;=rd yuqj
l;dny lÍu o ñ;=relug §¾>dhqI ,nd§uls' tfiau ñ;=re
weiqf¾ M, ;=kla we;snj ;jÿrg;a fmkajd § ;sfí'
o iïm;a ke;sl,ays Wmldr ,eîu'
o ryia foa idlÉPd lsÍu'
o úm;ska uqojd .ekSu'
l<K ñ;=rd hym;a jpk l;d lsÍu o ñ;=relu
mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ fõ' tfia fkdjkafka kï jir
.Kkdjl ñ;=reoula jqj fudfyd;ska úkdY ù hd yelsh'
tfiau WmdhYS,S nj o ñ;=frl= i;= úh hq;=h' hï lrorhlg
m;ajk ñ;=rd bka uqojd .; yelafla túgh' ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha
Ñ;%dx. kï uqjd ovhlalreg yiq jQ úg ñ;=rka Tjqkaf.a
yelshdjka ms<snò ukd wjfndaOhla we;sj Wmdhla fhdod ;u
ñ;=rd ksßmøs;j W.=f,ka uqojd .kafka mdGlhdg o ta ms<snò
is;sh hq;= lreKla nj mila jk wdldrhg h'
hym;a ñ;=rka we;s ;eke;a;d ÿIalr jQ wruqKq mjd
flfia fyda idOkh lr .ks;s' tneúka ;ud o tjeks ñ;=rka
we;slr.; hq;= jkafkah' ;ud ljr fohlska mrsmQ¾KjQj;a
thska m%fhdack ,eîug ñ;=rka we;slr.; hq;= u jkafka h'
tfy;a kqiqÿiafil= ;u ñ;=rd lr.kafka o th ydiHg yd
úkdYhg fya;=fõ' fï ksid ñ;%iïm%dma;sh fmkajd fokafka
flfia fyda Nhm;a ñ;=rka we;s lr.kakd f,i;a tu ñ;=rka
iu`. ñ;=re ú,dYfhka ;u ldrhhka bgq lrñka jdih lrk
f,i;a h'
rdcH kdhlfhl=f.a kdhlFj ,CIK

m[ap;ka;%h rpkd lrk ,oafoa u rc l=urejkag
rdc kS;s yd rdcH úpdrh lrk wdldrh wjfndaO lr§u
Wfoidh' fï ksid úúO l;d mqj;a WmldÍ lr.;a;;a thska
fmkajd fok WmfoaY rdcH md,kh yd iïnkaO jQjls'

ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha§ o rcl=f.a kdhl;aj ,CIK yd úm;l§
wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd úêh yd rdcH wdrCIl l%u ms<snòj
úia;r fõ' jeoaodf.a ±,g yiqjk Ñ;%.%Sj yd msßi tu Wjÿßka
uqojd .ekSu iòyd wkq.ukh lrkafka lÈu kdhlfhl=f.a
m%;sm;a;sh hs' Ñ;%.%Sj ;u msßi fufyh jkafka flfia fyda
wm th l< hq;h = hk ye`.u S ;u msßig ±fkk wdldrhgh'
—;;ai¾ffjrms iajiaff:¾.uH;dx uysfrdmHiH m%d.=;a;rÈ.
aNdf.˜ kdhlfhl=f.a wK lsÍu ;u msßi is;a.kakd iq¨ úh
hq;h= ' flfia fyda Wmdhla ud¾.fhka ;djld,sl fyda ksoyila
,nk Ñ;%.%Sj ;u msßjr iu`. ñ;=rd yuqjg hhs' ta ñ;=re
óhdf.a Wmldrh wfmaCId lrñks' tys§ rdcH md,lfhl= ;=<
;sìh hq;= udkj ye`.u S la jk ;u msßjr ckhd Wjÿrej,ska
uqojd .ekSu flfrys ±laúh hq;= wdl,amh fmkajd fohs' óhd
;u ñ;=re mrúhdj ksoyia lsÍug iQodkï jQ wjia:dfõ th
j<lajd m<uqj ;udf.a mßjdrh ksoyia lrk f,i b,a,d
isákafka kshu kdhlFjh ,CIK fmkakï q lrñKs' —m%:uxuu
ND;Hdkdx mdYÉfPox l=re' ;okq uudms p'˜
ysrKHlf.a ì, ms<snò úia;r lrk úIaKqY¾uka
rdcHfha wdrCIdj flfia úhhq;= o hkak fmkajd fohs' rdcHfha
wdrCIdjg n,fldgqjla imhd fkd.kakd rcq o o;a ySk
i¾mfhla fuka o" uoySk wef;l= fuka o ieuf.a ji`.hg
m;ajk nj úIAKqY¾uka fmkajd fohs' rfcl=f.a ±ä wdrCId
we;s n,fldgqjla ksid we;=ka yd wYajhka oyia .Kklf.a
fiajhla jkafka o tjeks ÿ¾. ;sìh hq;=h'
tjeks m%dldrhla u; isák tla ÿkqjdfhla ksid i;=rka
ish .Kkla kefikafka o rdcH kS;s Ydia;%h okakjqka tjeks
ÿ¾. m%ixidjg ,lafldg ;sfí'
Y;fufldZms ixO;af;m%dldriaf:d Okq¾Or(
;iaudoaÿ¾.x m%Yxika;skS;sYdia;%úfod ckd(8
rcq ;u fiajlhka flfrys ks;r is;d lghq;= lrhs
o th fiajlhka ,nk W;=ï iïudkh hs' tfia fiajlhka
.ek is;d iïudkhg md;%lrkafka o rcq iïm;ska msßyqfka

kuq;a fiajlfhda lsisod ;u rcq w;afkdyß'
hx iudkï iod O;af;ND;Hqkdx CIs;sfmdZêlï
ú;a;dNdfjZms ;x oDIaÜjdf; ;Hcka;s k lrysÑ;a9
tfia úiajdih /oúh yels kdhlfhda ieuod mssßjrk
,oafodau fj;s' isxyhd le<fha rcq jqjo i;=ka úiska msßjrk
,oaafoa fkdfõ' tfy;a we;d iuQyfha wêm;shd fõ' fï ksid
hym;a mej;=ï we;s fiajlhka hï fia ÿlg m;ajkafka o
túg iajdñhdg iemfia úish fkdyelsh' tfia jqj;a tjka
wjia:djkays iajdñhd iemfia fjfikafka fiajlhka .ek
fkfidhkafka o fuf,dj mrf,dj ÿlu f.kfokakls'
iodpdfrIq NDf;HIqixiSo;aiq p h( m%N=(
iqÇ iHkakrlx hd;smrf;%y p iSo;s10
rfÜ kdhlhd ;u rg jeishdg lreKdj ±laúh hq;=h'
ohdj ±laúh hq;=h' kshñ; mßÈ Okh fnod§u o l< hq;=h'
tfia ;u rgjeishd iqÅ; uqÈ; lsÍu rcqf.a j.lSuhs' tneúka
;=ka f,dalhu/lSug rcq iu;a jkafka h' kdhlhd wkqkaf.a
iem; fjkqfjkA ;u iem; mjd mß;Hd. lsÍug ;rï
yelshdj we;af;la jkafka ta ksidh' {dkdkaú; md,lfhl=
wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾. folla úIAKqY¾uka fmkajd
fohs' bka m<uqjekak yia; p,kh hs' tkï hï wdl%uKhl§
igka lsÍuhs' fojekak kï mdo p,kh hs' tkï miq neiSuhs'
fuu l%shdud¾. rgla md,kh lsÍfï È wkq.ukh l< hq;=
fõ' tu `.ska rgl uy ck;djf.a o m%ixidj Èkdf.k
rdcH md,kh l< yels fõ'
Ok mßyrKh
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha Okh yd iïnkaOj o úúO woyia
idlÉPdjg ,laù ;sfí' Ydia;% yd Ys,am {dkfha wjika
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Okh ,eîuhs' bÈka Okh ;snqfka o th
mßyrKh l< hq;=h' f.hs Okh ksoka lsÍfuka Okj;ayq
fkdfj;s' tu Okh jejl c,h hï fia uqod yeÍula jkafka

o /ialrk ,o Okh o tfia mß;Hd.fhka yd /lSfuka hqla;
ùu Okhg lrk f.!rjh hs'
Wmd¾cs;dkdu¾:dkdx;Hd. tjys rCIKï
;vdf.dorixia:dkdxmÍjdy bjdïNidï11
ta ta i;aFjhka ;u ;ukag Wreu m%foaYhkays ks¾Nhj
yeisf¾' tfy;a Okfhka ySk jQfjl=g ´kEu ia:dkhl /§u
fyda ´kEu fohla wkqNj lsÍu l< fkdyelsh' tfy;a iEu
ia:dkhlu fodrgqj újD; ù ;sfí' Okj;df.a l=,h my;a
Wj;a th f,dalhd wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrhs' l=,j;d jqjo
Okfhka ySk jQfha o fkdi,ld yÍ' úh,s ld,fha l=vd
.x.djla fuka Tyq i;= ish¨ foa ySk ù hhs'
hfula i;=j fldmuK .=K ;snqfka o Okfhka f;dr jQ l<
Tyqf.a tu .=Khka nen<Sug fkdh hs'
ikaf;dZms k ys rdckaf;oßøfiH;fr .=Kd(
wdÈ;H bj N+;dkdxY%S¾.=Kdkdx m%ldYskS12
úúO mriamr jQ woyia iys;j jqj o ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha
Ok ySk Ndjh ms<snò woyia iuqodhla yuq fõ' tjeks
mqoa.,hka m;ajk iajrEmhka úúO Wmud wdÈh Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñka úIAKqY¾uka fufia olajd ;sfí'
o wkqkaf.a ydiHg ,lafõ'
o f;aci hgm;afõ'
o jò ia;%shf.a mfhdaOr fuks'
o ñh .sh mqreIfhls'
o wñ;%fhda nyq, fj;s'
o fldiail ÿyqú,s fuks'
o wvjka fijke,a,ls'
o ffjrhg ,lajkafkda fj;s'
fï wd§ iajrEm .Kdjla olajñka ks¾Ok Ndjfha

úmdl fmkajd fok l;=jrhd W;aiyfhka Okh ,nd.;
hq;=nj olajhs' tfia ,nkakdjQ Okfhka we;s m%Odk m%fhdack
folla o olajhs'
o ;udf.a iemh fjkqjka fhoùu'
o wkqkaf.a iqNisoaêh fjkqfjka fhoùu'
Okh fmdf<dfjys ;ekam;a l< muKska Okjf;l=
fkdfõ' tfia Okm;sfhl= jkafka kï fmdf<dj ish,a,ka
w;=ßka Okm;shd úh hq;=h' ó ueiaid /ialrk ó meKs wkqka
úiska wh;a lr.kS' fufia ie,lSfï § Okh ;snQ muKska
m%fhdackhla we;af;a fkdfõ' fï ksid m%Odk yeisÍï ;=kla
y`ÿkd.; yelsh'
odkx fNdf.d kdYia;%sfi%d.;fhd Njka;s ú;a;iH
fhd k ood;s k N=Ùlaf;;iH ;D;shd .;s¾ Nj;s13
Okh mß;Hd. l< hq ; = h ' th Okfhys m<uq
yeisÍuhs' fojekak jkafka mßyrKh lsÍuhs' úkdY ùu
Okfha wfkla yeisÍuhs' fuu woyig wkQj Okfhys m<uq
lreK jkafka mß;Hd.h hs' th ñ;%hka we;sùu flfrys
fukau iudc lSß;sh ,eîug o fya;=jkakls' Okh mß;Hd.
lrkakd ld w;r;a m%isoaêhg o m;afõ' Bg wu;rj th W;=ï
.=K O¾uhls' Okfhka lsif s jla iEySulg m;a fkdfõ' ta ksid
ñksid m<uqj Okh bmhSug fjfyfik w;r bka miq tu
Okr /l.ekSug fjfyfia'tneúka Okfhka jk lrorhkaf.a
kï wvqjla fkdfõ'
w¾:dkdu¾cfk ÿ(Lu¾cs;dkdx p rCIfK
kdfY ÿ(Lx jHfh ÿ(Lxê.¾:dkalIagixY%hdka14
Okh ksid wêl ;DIaKdj we;s fõ' ;DIaKdfjka
wkaOjQ úg fydò krl fmfkkafka ke;';u j.lSu wjfndaO
fkdfõ' tfiau w;sYh §k Ndjhg hhs' ;u wd;au f.!rjh
mjd ke;s lr.kS' kskaod ,nhs' kqiqÿiaikag f.!rjh imhhs'
iqÿiaidg .eryqï lrhs'
;DIaKdfjka ´kEu kqiqÿiq l%shdjl wef,k tu

mqoa.,hd kskaÈ; Ndjhg m;afõ' úIaKqY¾uka fmkajd fokafka
ljr ld¾hhla jqj;a ksjerÈj lsÍug W;aiyh ;sìh hq;= nj;a
ta ioyd wêIagdkfhka lemúh hq;= nj;a h' Okh bmhSu
flfrys o th tfiauh'
W;aidyiïmkaku§¾>iq;%x l%shdúê{x
jHifkaIajila;ï
Y+r( lD;{x oDVfi!yDox p,CIaó( iajhx ud¾.;s
jdifyaf;d(15
wm%ud§j lghq;= lrk" úm;g m;a fkdjk Y+r Ndjh;a"
l< .=K ie,lSu;a we;s" ±ä ñ;%Y,
S S Ndjfhka ne`ÿkq ;eke;a;d
flfrka YS% ,CIañh bj;a ù fkdhk nj úIaKqY¾uka fmkajd
fohs' W;aidyfhka f;drj flfiaj;a hii ;uka fj; fkd
meñfKa' ta ksid W;aidy l< hq;=h' isxyhdf.a uqjg isõmdjqka
iaj leue;af;ka msúfikafka ke;' isxyhd ;u W;aidyfhkau
f.d`ÿre fidhd .; hq;=h'
WoHfuk ys isoOHka;sld¾hdKs k ufkdrf:(
k ys isxyiH iqma;iHm%úYka;s uqfL uD.d(16
w,i lug ks.%y fldg W;aiyh we;slr .;hq;= h'
tu`.ska hii ;ud ;=< u ròjd .ekSug mq`Mjk' tfia hii
;ud ;=< ròjd .;a; o mru Okh jkafka i;=g nj fmkajd
fokafka nqÿ iuh fmkajd fok —ika;=ÜÀ mrux Okx˜ hk
md,s mdGh isyslrjñks' o¾mhkfhda o" we;a;= o" uqksjreo
iaj,am fohska u n,j;=ka ù we;' iqjh o ,nhs' tfia ;ud
i;= fohska i;=gg m;aùu u iqjh f.k foa'
i¾md( msnka;s mjkx k p ÿ¾n,diaf;
Y=Iafflia;DffK¾jk.cd n,sfkd Njka;s
lkaffo( Mff,¾uqksjrd .uhka;s ld,x
ikaf;daI tj mqreIiH mrx ksodkx17
fujka WmfoaYhka rdYshla ,nd fok ñ;%iïm%dma;sh
Okh mßyrKh yd bmhSu jvd;a fhda.H whqfrka lr
.ekSug;a tfia fkdjkafka kï ;u i;=g o úkdY lr.kakd

nj;a olajd ;sfí' rdcH md,kfha § rg jeishdf.a wdl,am
f;dard .ekSug fuu`.ska úIaKqY¾uka rdc l=urejkag u`.
i,id § ;sfí'
ia;%sFjh ms<snò
ixia l D; idys ; Hfha ia ; % s F jh ms < s n ò wdl,a m h
m[a p ;ka ; % f ha § o fjkia ù ke;' ñ;% i ïm% d ma ; s l:d
mqjf;a w;=re l;d w;r Ydkaä,S yd ;, OdkH l:dj;a"
m%dma;jHu¾:f.a yd jDIKoajfhys f,d,a isj,a fokf.a
l:dj;a ia;%S Ñ;a;fha úmÍ; Ndjh uekúka m%lg fldg olajd
;sfí' wehf.a pm,;aFjh" wúiajdikShFjh yd ;DIaKd iy.;
nj ukdj fmkakqï lr § ;sfí'
fidañ,a,lf.a mq;%hdf.a l:d mqjf;a § rc l=ußh rc
l=ure ±l wkqrd.fhka fm<S Tyq ;u l=áhg ryiska f.kajd
.ekSug Wmdhla fhdohs' tys§ weh fiaúldjl Tyq fj; hjhs'
k.rdrCIlf.a oshKsh o foudmsh wjirhlska f;drj Tyq
iu`. weh .dkaO¾j újdyfhka újdy fjhs' tfy;a weh
fjk;a wfhl= n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isákakshls' ;j;a w;=re
l;djl §jDIKfldaIoajh lEfï f,da,;ajfhka isá isj,a
fok ksid fndfyda ld,hla ÿlg m;ajk isj,df.a iajrEmh
úia;r lrhs' fujka lreKq fya;=fjka ldka;djka úiajdi
l< fkdyels nj l;=jrhd olajd ;sfí'
;dj;aiHd;ai¾jlDf;HIqmqrefIdaz;% iajhx m%N=(
ia;%SjdlHÙl=YúCIqKafKdhdjkafkd ê%hf; n,d;a18
YdKaä,Sf.a pß;h wd;aud¾:ldó lmá ia;%shla f,i
ksrEmS;h' weh Y=oaOfldg wõfõ ouk ,o ;,j,g n,af,la
uq;%dlrkq Èàh' fï ksid weh tu ;, Y=oaO fkdl< ;,j,g
yq j udre lrhs ' fufia ia ; % s h f.a iq j rEmh fmka j d fok
úIaKqY¾uka ia;%sh ms<snò wmaf;damfoaY jYfhka úúO woyia
bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' j<djkaf.a fijke,af,ka o" ÿ¾ckhdf.a
m%S;sfhka o" msiQ wdydrfhka o" fhdjqka núka yd Okfhka

m%fhdack ,eìh yelafla flá ld,hla muKs'
wN%ÉPdhd L,m%S;s(isoaOukakx p fhdaIs;(
ls[aÉ;aldf,dmfNd.Hdksfh!jkdks Okdks p19
rdcH md,kfha§ ia;%S f,da,;ajfhka fyda Tjqkaf.a
lSfuka ;udf.a úkdYh ,`.d fkdlr.kakg fok WmfoaY-
hka f,i fuu woyia y`ÿkd .; yelsh' ia;%shf.a jpkh u;
l%shdlrk ñksid fkd l< hq;a;la u lrhs' l< hq;a; fkdl-
rhs' ÿIalr .uk myiq u`.la hehs o myiq u`. wmyiq u`.la
hehs o is;hs' fkd lE hq;a; lE hq;= fohla hehs is;d wkqNj
fldg úkdYhg m;a fjhs' lE hq;a; fkd lE hq;= fohla hehs
is;d w;yß'
wlD;Hx ukHf; lD;Hu.uHx ukHf; iq.ï
wNCIHx ukHf; NCIHïia;%SjdlHfm%ßf;d kr(20
wd.ñl ixl,am
m[ap;ka;%h rpkd jk iuh jk úg nqÿ iuh mßy-
dkshg m;a j ;snQ hq.hla nj úpdrlfhda woyia olaj;s' flfia
fj;;a ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha oS l¾uh" udrhd" odkfha w.h yd
urKh wdÈ úúO w.ñl ixl,am ms<snò f;dr;=re idlÉPd ù
;sfí' wyfiys tla fmfoil yeisfrk l=re,af,da o" iuqøf-
hys .eUqre c,fhys fjfik u;aiHfhda o úkdYhg m;afõ'
fldf;la fydò fyda krl lrk ,oafoa o ta ish,af,da o ljr
.=Kfhka hqla; jqj;a udrhdf.a ji`.hg m;afõ'
fjHdffuldka;úpdßfKdzmsúy.d(iïm%dmakqjka;Hdmox
nkaOHkaf; ksmqffKr.dOi,s,dkaókd( iuqødoms
ÿ¾Ks;x lsñydia;s lsx p iqlD;x l( ia:dk,dfN .=K(
ld,( i¾jckdkam%idß;lfrd .DyaKd;s ¥rdoms21
fuu Yaf,dalfhka nqÿ iufha úia;r jk Oïumofha

tk —k wka;,slfa L k iuqoO
a ucaf®'''''˜ .d:dj isym
s ;a lrhs'
fmr lrk ,o l¾uhkaf.a n,mEula we;s nj o ms<s.kakd
njla olakg ,efí' uõ l=i ;=<§ u i;aFjhdf.a my< ùfuka
miq n,mdk lreKq myla we;s nj jeäÿrg;a olajd ;sfí'
o wdhqIh
o l¾uh
o Okh
o úoHdj
o urKh
mqoa., Wmf;a § fmr lrk ,o l¾udkqrEmSj cSú;fha
,eìh hq;= foaj,a ;SrKh fõ' tu l¾uh W;aidy lsÍfuka
fjkia l< yels nj fmkajdfok l;=jrhd ;j;a wjia:djl
W;aiy lsÍfuka tu l¾uh fjkia l< fkd yels nj o fmkajd
fohs' fndfyda msßi iaj¾.hg m;a jk hym;a l%shd fkdlrk
w;r krlhg m;ajk whym;a l%shdfõ fhfoa'tksid iaj¾.
hg m;ajk hymf;ys yeisßh hq;=h' lrk ,o l¾uh ;ud
miq flfia fyda fidhdf.k meñfKa' jiq megjd fokqka oyia
.Kkla w;=ßka ;u uj fidhd.kafka flfia o ta whqfrks'
h:d fOkqiyfi%Iqj;afid úkao;sud;rï
;:d mqrdlD;d l¾ul¾ldrukq.ÉP;s22
ñksid fmr lrk ,o l¾uhkaf.a yeisÍu o ta ta
wjia:djg wkqj fjkia iajrEm .kakd nj ñ;%iïm%dma;sh
fmkajd fohs' ta wkQj l¾uh ksokakd iu`.kskafoa § ksohs'
hkakd iu`. hhs' w;afkdyer wd;auh iu`.u fjfihs' iQ¾hd
yd fijke,a, hï wdldrhlg fjka l< fkd yels fia ne§
we;a o ta wdldrhg l¾uh o mqo.
a ,hd iu`. tlsfkld fjka l,
fkdyels wdldrhg ±äj ne`§ isá' tfy;a l¾ufhka ljrdldr
fohla ,enqfKa o W;aidyfhka f;drj tu l¾uhdf.a M,h;a
.; fkdyels nj o olajd ;sfí'wdydr wkqNjfha § fNdackh
,enqko th W;aiyfhka f;drj uqLhg msúfikafka ke;'
tneúka l¾uh msg ish,a, fkdoud W;aidyfhka tu l¾uh

o ;udf.a wruqK fj; ,`.d lr.; yels wdldrhg fjkia
lr.; hq;=h' tfia W;aiy lsÍfukq;a M, fkdjkafka kï tys
ljr fodaIhla oehs l;=jrhd u m%Yak lrhs' tneúka i;=fgka
hq;=j ;u l%shdjkaf.a ksr; úh hq;=h' th wuD;h f.k fok
w;r wi;=fgka lghq;= lsÍfuka ÿlu f.kfoa'
odkh fndfyda wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl msßi meiiqug
,lafldg ;sfnk l%shdjls' ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha§ o odkh yd iudk
wfkla ksOdkhla fkdjk nj fmkajd fokafka ta ksidh'
fmdf<dfjys f,daNhg jvd wêl i;=frla ke;' tfiau iS,h
yd iudk wdNrKhla o i;=g yd iudk Okhla o ke;'ta nj
nqÿ iufha fmkajd fokafka —ika;=ÜÀ mrux Okx˜ hk md,s
mdGh o isys lrñKs'
fuu isrer mj;sk;dla úúO ÿlaLhkag wm hg;aj
jdih lruq' tla tla ÿlaLhka wm miqmi yUd meñfKa' ish¨
fokdf.a u YÍrh tla/ia jQ ÿlaLhka iuqodhls' ish¨ iïm;a
fudyd;ska kefik iq¨h' iEu tlaùula u fjkaùï iys;h'
ldh( ikaksys;dmdh(iïmo( CIKNx.=rd(
iud.ud( idm.ud(i¾fõIdfuj foyskdï23
nqÿ iufha ±lafjk —ixfhdf.d úfhd.ka;d˜ hk
md,s mdGh hf:dala; Yaf,dalfhka isys.kajhs' ta wkqj
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha l¾uh yd urKh wdÈ ixl,am nqÿ iufha
úpdrhkag iudk lula olajk w;r úfgl ffck b.ekaùï
j,g oiudk lula olajhs' flfia fj;;a wkqudk l< yels
lreKla jkafka m[ap;ka;%h rpkd lsÍfï § iuld,Sk úúO
wd.ñl wdNdIh o n,md we;s njhs'
idys;Huh jákdlu
m[ap;ka;%fha idys;Huh w.h ixialD; idys;Hfha
wfkl=;a lD;Ska yd ixikaokfhka ne,SfïoS b;d ir, rpkd
ffY,shla yd w,xldr Ndú;hla we;s lD;shls' thg fya;=j
jkakg we;aaf;a fuu lD;sh kS;s Ydia;%h b.ekaùu wruqKq

fldg rÑ; ksid úh hq;=h'
flfia jqj;a rpkd ffY,sh foi ne,SfïoS ir, l:d lSfï
ffY,shla wkq.ukh fldg ;sfnk nj fmkS hhs' ta wkqjrpkd
ffY,s h ms < s n ò oels h yels ,CIK ls y s m hla y`ÿkd.;
yels h '
o .oH yd moH ñY% NdIdjla fhdodf.k ;sîu'
o miqj lshk l:djg fmrjokla f,i Yaf,dalhla
bosßm;a lsÍu'
o tu Yaf,dalfhka l:d idrdxYh" wka;¾.; pß; yd
WmfoaYh bosßm;a lsÍu'
o fndfyda ÿrg wdLHd;hlska l:dj wdrïN lsÍu'
o iïnkaëlrK mo nyq,j fhdodf.k ;sîu'
o ;sßika i;=ka pß; f,i nyq,j fhdod.ekSu'
o m%Odk l:dj ueo w;=re l:d we;=<;a lsÍu'
.oH moH we;=<;a jqj o m[ap;ka;%h pïmq ldjH
.Khg wh;a fkdfõ' tfiau fuysoS l:dfõ WmfoaY w;=ßka
m% O dk Wmfoa Y h l:dj wjidkfha § ,nd fok w;r
mdGlhd l:djg weò neò ;nd.ekSug iß,k wdldrhg lSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk l:dfõ idrdxYhla bosßm;a lrhs'
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha oS wkq.ukh lrkafka ixjdoYS,S
l:d ú,dihls' th mdGlhdf.a is; l:dfjka msgg fkdhk
wdldrhg weò neò ;ndf.k we;' fï ksid úfgl ;shqKq
Wmydi rihla f.k foa' ta iòyd l;=jrhd Ndú; lrkafka
ir, rpkd ffY,shls' .oHfhka l:dj lshk w;r moHfhka
WmfoaYh ,nd foa' WmyerK ,ndfokafka o moHfhks' mq`M,a
woyia flá moH Ndú;fhka ,nd oSug l;=jrhd i;=j we;af;a
losu yelshdjls'
úldrx hd;s fkd Ñ;a;xÑ;af; hiH lodpk
ñ;%x iHd;ai¾jldf, pld¾fhkañ;%uq;a;ux24
ñ;%iïm%dma;sfhaoS úúO jD;a;hka yd ud;%d Pkaoia

o Ndú; fldg we;snj .%ka:dOHkfhka y`ÿkd .; yelsh'
jeä jYfhka wkqYagqNa jD;a;h o Bg wu;rj bkaøjc%d"
Yd¾¥,úl%Sä; wdoS jD;a; o ydú;fldg ;sfí' jika;;s,ld
jD;a;h lsisjla úia;rd;aulj oelaùfïoS fhdodf.k ;sfí'
hiaudÉp fhk p hod p h:d p hÉp
hdjÉp h;% p Y=NdY=Nud;aul¾u
;iaudÉp f;k p ;od p ;:d p ;Ép
;djÉp ;;% p lD;dka;jYdÿffm;s25
l;= j rhdf.a wfma C Idj jka f ka l;ka o rh udOH
fldgf.k WmfoaYhka ,nd oSuhs' fï ksid fyf;u rpk-
fhaoS jeä jYfhka w,xldr Ndú;hg keUqre ù ke;' th
Tyqg m%sh jQjla fkdfjkakg we;' flfia fj;;a .oH Lkav
rpkfhaoS úáka úg fláfhka kuq;a hï hï lreKq j¾Kkd
fldg ;sfí'
—;duqcacd,yiaf;d;slDIaK;kq(iaMqá;prK
W!¾èjflfYdhulsxlrdlfrdkr(˜26
—i puod;sfrld;amß;Hla;kschQ:( YDx.dNHdx
koS;gdks úodrhkaiafjÉPdhd url;ioDYdks YIamdKs
NCIhkakrKH f.dpfrd˜27
úfgl .oHfhka wkq m % d ih f.fkk wdldrhg
iq,,s;j;a rpkd ffY,shla o wkq.ukh lrkq olakg
,efí' ñ;%iïm%dma;sfhaoS nyq, jYfhka oelsh yels jkafka
w¾:dka;rkHdih hs'
wms iïmQ¾K;dhqla;ff;(l¾;jHx iqyDfod nqffO(
koSY( mßmQ¾fKdZmspkafødohufmCIf;28
os<skaod i;=j .=K we;;a tajd nen<Sug m;a fkdfõ'
Okh ñksidf.a .=K m%ldYhg m;alrkakls' i;aFjhkag
iQ¾hhd fuks' wdoS Wmud Ndú;fhka lreKq olajk iajrEmhla
o ñ;%iïm%dma;sfha oel.; yelsh'
ikaf;dZms k ys rdcHkaf;oßøfiH;fr .=Kd(

wdos;H bj N+;dkdxY%S¾.=Kdkdx m%ldYsks29
úúO j¾Kkd yd ir, rpkd ffY,s h u`.s k a
m[ap;ka;%h mdGl is;a weo.ekSug u`. i,idf.k ;sfí'
NdIdj ms<snò ir, wjfndaOh we;s msßig mjd lshjd f;areï
.; yelsjk whqßka .%ka:h ksujd ;sîu úfYaIFjhls' jH-
dlrKh o tfiah' iudi mo Ndú;h úr,h' ;u wfmaCIdjg
myiqfjka ,`.d úh yels whqßka rpkd ffY,sh uq, isg w.gu
mj;ajd .kakg l;=jrhd iu;aj ù ;sfí'
m[ap;ka;%d.; ñ;%iïm%dma;sh yqÿ i;aFj pß; Ndú;
l<o tu`.ska iudcfha mj;akd iEu pß;hla u mdfya ksrEm-
Kh lsÍug iu;a ù ;sfí' nd," ;reK" uy¨ ish,a,kagu
lshjd ri úosh yels lD;shla f,i o we.hSug ,lal< yelsh'
iskyj Wmydih u`.ska fkdoekqj;aj u cSú;djfndaOh o
,efnk wdldrhg rpkd ù ;sfí' iuia: udkj iudchgu
cSú;fha ´kEu wjia:djlg u`. i,ik lD;shla f,i o iudc
ms<sìUqjla f,i o m[ap;ka;%h we.hSug ,lal< yelsh'
wdka;sl igyka
1 m[ap;ka;%"ñ;%iïm%dma;s îxia'&Oïudf,dal ysñ" cïnq.ymsáfha"
^fld<U'2016&187 Yaf,dalh
2 tu' 35 Yaf,dalh
3 tu' 61 Yaf,dalh
4 tu' 116 Yaf,dalh
5 tu' 31 Yaf,dalh
6 tu' 36 Yaf,dalh
7 tu' 49 Yaf,dalh
8 tu' 15 Yaf,dalh
9 tu' 22 Yaf,dalh
10 tu' 24 Yaf,dalh
11 tu' 152 Yaf,dalh

12 tu' 91 Yaf,dalh
13 tu' 154 Yaf,dalh
14 tu' 121 Yaf,dalh
15 tu' 125 Yaf,dalh
16 tu' 135 Yaf,dalh
17 tu' 155 Yaf,dalh
18 tu' 147 Yaf,dalh
19 tu' 117 Yaf,dalh
20 tu' 148 Yaf,dalh
21 tu' 21 Yaf,dalh
22 tu' 129 Yaf,dalh
23 tu' 185 Yaf,dalh
24 tu' 113 Yaf,dalh
25 tu' 18 Yaf,dalh
26 tu' 43 msg
27 tu'
28 tu' 27 Yaf,dalh
29 tu' 91 Yaf,dalh
nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hhkaf.a moHpQvduKS
uyd ldjHh

lÓldpd¾h Y%djia;smqr Ydka;isß ysñ
ñks i a ika ; dkfhys WmÈk wmQ ¾ j jQ Ñ;a ; djka

ks¾udKd;aul NdIdjlska mejfik úg ldjH kïfjhs'
lúhdf.a ld¾hh ldjHh hs' zlfj( lD;s( ldjHhïZ hk
f,iskaldjH hkakg ffkrela;suh újrKhla o iemhsh
yels h' zrih wd;auh fldg.;a jelsh lúh fõ'Z ^jdlHx
rid;aulï ldjHx& hkqfjka idys;Ho¾mKldr úYajkd:fhda
mejiQy'zzñksia isf;ys wNHka;rh iam¾I lrjk" yDofha isÿre
w;ßka ,.dhk m%; S hs wjidk wjia:dj lrd .uka lrjk hula
fõkï th ldjHh hs'ZZ1fuf,i kka whqßka újß;zldjHZ hk
ix{dj ,eîug kïks¾udKhla ri" èjks" .=K" Í;s" w,xldr"
T!Ñ;Hh" jfl%dl a ;a s jeks ldjH wx.hkaf.ka iukaú; úh hq;=
njbmerKs Ndr;Sh úpdrlfhda mejiQy' tlS ix{dj .oH moH
jeks wdlD;sluh iSudjka f.ka f;drj iEu ks¾udKd;aul
idys;H wx.hlg u wfNoH f,i Ndú;d l< yelsh' fmdÿfõ
ldjHh kduh ,nk ixialD; ks¾udK idys;Hh wka;¾.;h
yd wdlD;sh wkqj fuf,i j¾.SlrKhlg ,lal< yels h'
by; ±lafjkqfha ixialD; idys;Hfhys ish¨ ldjh
m%fNohka ms<sn| j bÈßm;a l<yels j¾.SlrKfha uQ,sl
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ljrdldr ±hs úuid n,uq'
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ieleúka ±laúh yels h'
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fulS ,CIKhkaf.ka iukaú; ldjH uydldjHhka
hehs miqld,Skhkaf.a iïu;h úh' ta wkqj Ndr;Sh úpdrlhka
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nqoO
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nqoaOf>daI flfkl= ms<sn| f;dr;=re muKls' ta mqoa.,hd
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ùkï th lS¾;s m%Yxidj Wfoid fõ' moHpQvduKS l;=jrhd
isoaOd¾: pß;h foi n,d we;af;a udkqIsl ye`.Sï wkqj neõ
.%ka:h lshùfuka fmfka'20 moHpQvduKs ixialrKhlg
m% i a ; djkdjla imhñka flrñKs f ha ðkdkka o ys ñ fhda
jeäÿrg;a fuf,iska mji;s' zzwgqjdpd¾h nqoaOf>daIdpd¾h
mdofhda u fï .%ka:fha l;=jrfhda h' fukñka m%lg wkH
.%ka:ldrhl= .ek i|ykla fï jk;=re;a fkdue;s h'
nqoaOf>daI W;am;a;s l:dfjka Wkajykafia ixialD; NdIdj
ms<sn| ukd mgq;ajhlska hqla; j úiQ fiala h hkq o m%lg
fõ' tneúka wgqjdpd¾h nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hka jykafia u fuys
l¾;D hehs .ekSu jvd WÑ; h'ZZ21 f:arjd§ iïm%odfhka fjkia
j .sh ;eka ms<sn| woyia olajñka Wkajykafia mjikafka
zwÜGl:d nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a iajhx ks¾udK fkdjk w;r
moHpQvduKsh iaùh woyia .ema lrñka rpkd lsÍu tfia
fjkia jkakg fya;=j úh yels njZ hs'22
ixialD; idys;Hh kï lD;sfha § Ô' tia' î' fiakdkdhl
uy;d mjikafka o moHpQvduKsfha m%jD;a;sh fndfyda fihska
cd;lÜGl:dfõ isoaOd¾: pß;hg ióm nj hs' ,,s;úia;rd§
ixialD; nqoaOpß;hkaf.ka ÿria ùu;a" md,s iïm%odhg ióm
ùu;a ksid fuys l¾;D jk nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hhka w¾:l:d rpl
nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hhka u úh yels nj hs'23
ld,h
uydjxYhg wkqj nqoO
a f>daI ysñ w¾:l:dlrKh i|yd
,laÈjg jevu fldg tys ;;amrjQfha miajk ishji uq,
Nd.fha uydkdu rc oji he' ta l%s'j' 410 - 432 w;r h' uyd-
jxYfha ;siay;ajk ^37& mßÉfþofha 215 - 246 mµj,ska wgqjd
fmr<Sfuys kshq;= whqre úia;r lefrhs'24 wgqjdpdÍ nqÿf.dia
ysñhka u fuys l;=jrhd f,iska .;fyd;a moHpQvduKsfhys
ld,h fijqu myiq h' flrñKsfha ðkdkkao ysñhka mjikqfha
l%s' j' miajk ishji fuys rpkd ld,h f,iska .ekSu iqÿiq
nj hs'25 fiakdkdhl uy;df.a woyi o th u h'26
wka;¾.;h
i¾. oyhlska mßñ; moHpQvduKsh moH yhish y;<sia
follska iukaú; h' ta ta i¾.hkaf.a moH ixLHdjka iy
j¾Ks; úIhhka fuf,iska ixCIsma; j ±laúh yels h'
moH
i¾.h jia;= úIh
ixLHdj
lms,jia;=mqr jeKqu" iqfodjqka rc
01 79
udhd foaú jeKqï" mq;=ka me;=u
;=iSmqr jeKqu" fndai;a foõrc"
02 55
wdrdOkh" uõl=ig msúiSu
uõl=i úiSu" ìysùu" wdYap¾hhka"
03 W;aijY%Sh" l=udrl%Svd" Ys,am yeoEÍu" 64
fhdjqka úhg t<öu" hqjrc moúh"
újdyh" kqjr meol=Kq lsÍu" rEmY%S
04 87
j¾Kkh" mshrcqka neye±lSu"
R;+kag wkqrEm m%dido;%h" j¾Id" Yr;a
05 R;= jeKqï" kEhkaf.a b,a,Sug 64
wkqj Ys,am ±laùu"
jika; R;=j" Whka fl<s i|yd

06 45
kslaóu" mQ¾jksñ;s" Whka fl<s"
Whka jeKqu" Èhfl<s" fndcqka iy ind
07 59
jeKqu"
ikaOHd iy rd;S% j¾Kkd" m%§m" wdldY
08 47
iy pkafødaoh j¾Kkd"
wNsksIal%uKh" m%jDcHdj" wfkdaud k§
iy iQ¾fhdaoh j¾Kkd" i;Hh fidhd
09 83
hEu" ;mia /lSu" iqcd;df.a lsßmsvq
odkh" fnda uevg t<öu" foaj iaf;da;%"
udrhdf.a meñKSu" udr fik." hqo
jeKqu" udrmrdch" udr¥kaf.a t<Uqu
10 iy 59
Tjqkaf.a ,S,d j¾Kkh" ur`.kka mero
m,d hEu" iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aùu'
642
rpkd ú,dih
moHpQ v duKs l¾;D nq o a O f.da I dpd¾hhka f .a lú
l= i ,;dj iy rpkd ú,dih úpdrlhka f .a fkduiq r e
j¾Kkhg" m%Yxidjg md;% j we;' zzlú lSfuys § nqoaOf>daI
o wYajf>daI fyda ld,sodi yd iu lCIfhys,d .efkk
jHla; lúfhlehs lsj hq;= h' uydldjH Í;sj,g tl`. j
,shd we;s fuh ´fcda .=Kfhka nyq, jqj;a rijdyS Ndjf-
hka wYajf>daIf.a fi!kaorkkao ldjHh yd ld,sodif.a
l=udriïNjh blaujd fkdisáh;a ta yd iu iu j ;eìh yels
neõ lsj hq;= h'ZZ27 hk f,iska Ô' tia' î' fiakdkdhlhka
lrk woyia m%ldYkfhka nqoaOf>daIhkaf.a lú;ajh ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels h' moHpQvduKsh lshjk iyDofhl=g
tl u j¾.fha u,a hdhlg msúishdla jeks ye`.Sula we;sjk
nj;a tfia jkqfha lD;sh mqrd u b;d uekúka mj;ajdf.k

we;s iu;d kue;s .=Kh ksid nj;a Tyq jeäÿrg;a m%ldY
lrhs'28
moHpQvduKsfhys fhdod we;s NdIdj Wiia h' ixialD;
NdIdj uekúka W.;a" tfia u ;u woyig NdIdj kjd.;a
m%n, lúhl= nj Tyqf.a fhÿïj,ska m%lg fõ'29kshñ; ;ekg
WÑ; u jpkh fhdoñka ish woyi rij;a u wdldrhg
mejiSfuys iuf;ls' m%lg w¾: iys; mo we;eï iqúfYaI
w¾:j, fh§u wm lúhdf.a NdId l=i,;dj fmkakqï lrk
;j;a wjia:djls'
ks¾jdK - úY%dka;sh
Yr - c,h
Y¾lr - lv
YDx.dß; - irik ,o jeks fhÿï Wla;
lreK ikd: lrk wjia:d fõ'
bkaøjc%d" Wfmakaøjc%d hk jD;a;hka f.ka ne÷Kq
moHhkaf.ka i¾.hkays f;aud úldYh jk w;r úfYaI wjia:d
iy i¾.dka;hka jika;;s,ld" ud,skS" i%.aOrd jeks ruKSh
jD;a;hkaf.ka ne¢ moHhkaf.ka ieriS we;s whqre ±l.;
yels h'
Wmud§ w,xldr Ndú;fhys § wm lúhd ixialD;
lúiuh wkqj fjk;a lsisÿ lúhl=g fkdfofjks l=i,;djla
m%lg lrhs' flrñKsfha ðkdkkao ysñhka mjikafka zWmud
lSfuys iyc jdikdjla ,nd we;s lú pl%j¾;s ld,sodihka
yd iudk lula nqoaOf>daIdpd¾hhka o ,nd we;s njZ hs'
;iHd( ia;koajkaojukskaÈ;dx.Hd( YHdudx YsLdhduj-
fYaI mdKavq
;gdNs>d;dys;mxl uqød udo;a; kd.dêml=ïN ,CIaóï'
ÎII. 07&
^ksjerÈ isrerla we;s wehf.a w. ld,j¾K jQ fiiai Oj,

j¾K jQ mshhqre hqj< bjqre ì£fuka uv .d.;a ftrdjkhdf.a
l=ïNia;, hqj, fuks'&
m%Nd; fjf,j iyi% Ndkqïm%fodI,CIaóßj YS;rYañï
Nfø uqyf q ;_ kDmO¾um;akS m%diQ; mq;x% N=jffkl fk;%ï
^ III. 10&
^WoEik fõ,d f;dfuda iQ¾hhd fuka o rd;%S f;dfuda pkaøhd
fuka o rdc ufyaIS f;dfuda f,djg tl u fka;%hla n÷ mq;%hd
m%iQ; l<d h'&
fï rEmld,xldrhg ksoiqkls'
ia;kkaOhiHdkkpkaøìïn uukaofi!kao¾h
iqOdksOdkï
ksmSh fk;%dxc,skd ks;dka;xkDmdêfmd
ksj_D;sudiido ^ III. 31&
fi!kao¾hh kue;s wudj" uqyqK kue;s i|" fk;a kue;s
foda; hk f,iska fuys rEml ;%hla we;=<;a h' fujeks
ksoiqka wfkal h'
;=kajk mßÉfþofhka u Wmqgd .ekqKq Yaf,aI w,xldrhlg
ksoiqkla fuf,iska ±laúh yels h'
kLdxl=Yd>d; úOQ; uQ¾Od uqLdrjm%ia;=;nDxys;Y%S
ux.,H ks¾jD;a;uodïnqfrfLd ndf,d úf;f; uoyia;s
,S,dï ^ III. 40&
fuys uoyia;h
s d iy <ore l=ure tl u mo iuQyhlska j¾Kkd
flfrkqfha Yaf,aId,xldrhla cks; lrñKs' ta wdikakfha
u tk 41 moHho m%§mhla iu. tlaj l=urd j¾Kkd lefrk
Yaf,aIhls'
tfia u wkqm%dihg reÑ" thska ukyr Y%e;s ruH kdo
rgd iys; moH ks¾udKh lrk úYsIag lúhl= o moHpQvduKs-
fhka fmkS hhs'
ppd, fufrdrp,dNsOdkx
piald,iskafOd¾,jfKdojd¾;d
wdLHd i%jka;S;H.,;a i%jka;Hd( iaÓfr;s N+furNsOd
jHrxiS;a ^ III. 20&
fõ;kavY=KavdoKavdN l=Kav,SYajr uKaä;ï
YsLKaä uKav,dríO ;dKavjx mdKavjdyajhï ^ x. 47&
;=kajk i¾.fha tk wisßu;a isÿùï" msh-mq;= yuqj"

l=urdf.a jeãu wdÈh lúhdf.a pd;=¾hh m%lg flfrk
W;al¾Ij;a j¾Kkd f,iska ±laúh yels h'isõjk if.ys
tk l=ußh ieriSu" újdfyda;aijh" tlsfkld flfrys ne÷Kq
fm%auKSh is;=ú,s iy mqria;%Skaf.a wd,dmhka o úÑ;% h' miajk
if.ys mefkk §¾> j¾Id j¾Kkh o lúhdf.a l=i,;djh
m%lg lrkkakls'
wm lúhdf.a we;eï j¾Kkd mQ¾j lùkaf.a j¾Kkhka
yd hï idOdrK njla" iduHhla m%lg flf¾' úfYaIfhka fuys
fmfkk .¾N j¾Kkh l=udriïNjfhys .¾N j¾Kkhg
iudk njla yef`.a' isÿy;a l=urd k.rfha ießirK úg
ldka;djka olajk m%;sl%shd nqoaOpß;fha fuka u r>qjxYfha
tk tn÷ j¾Kkhkag iudknjla mefkk w;r fuys tk
hfYdaOrd jeKqu ld,sodihkaf.a md¾j;S jekqug o iudk njla
yef`.a' mfoka moh fyda woyiska woyi Wmqgd .;a njla fkd
j hï iduHhla úoHudk jk nj muKla bka mejfia' fun÷
iudklï ´kEu úYsIg a lúhl=f.a ks¾udK úuik úg yuqfõ'
mQ¾jdpdÍkaf.a lD;s yeoEÍu lú;a;ajh ,nd .ekSfï u.la
f,iska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r ta l%ufhka u iudk wjia:d
j¾Kkd lrk úg iudk woyia we;=<;a ùu o isÿúh yel'
odrljD;a; iudodkh ms<sn| fuys tk jeKqu ry,a
ysñhkg ldjHfYalrfha § buy;a msájy,la jQ njla fmkS hhs'
fuys .%k:
a kduh o ,dxflah uydldjH rplhkag iajlSh lD;s
kïlrk úg mQ¾jdo¾Y jQ whqrla±lsh yels h' úoHudk m<uq

isxy, uydldjHh jk l=iodljg wdfrdams; lõis¿ñK hkak
moHpQvduKs hkafkys iïmQ¾K isxy, mßj¾;khl iajrEmh
Wiq,k w;r oaú;Shisxy, uydldjHh jk ldjHfYalrfha
kduh o moHpQvduKs hkakg ióm wre;la u okjhs'
fuu ish¨ lreKq iudf,dapkh lrkúg f:rjd§
fn!oa O h;s j rhl= f .a ks u ejq u la fia ie,ls h yels
nq o a O f>da I dpd¾hhka f .a moHpQ v duKs kï uydldjHhi-
yDo ika;dkhka ika;¾mKh lereug m%udKj;a rij;a
ks¾udKhla f,iska y÷kajd Èh yels h'
wdka;sl igyka
1 fiakdkdhl" Ô' tia' î' ixialDl idys;Hh" .=Kfiak" fld<U" 1960'
263 msg'
2 YS%uoaoKaä lD; ldjHdo¾Yh" m%:u wOHdh" 14-19 Yaf,dal
3 ixialDl idys;Hh" 204 msg'
4 - tu-208 msg
5 - tu-274 msg
6 - tu-278 msg
7 - tu-282 msg
8 - tu-285 msg
9 - tu-294 msg
10 - tu-300 msg
11 - tu-303 msg
12 moHpQvduKs" wd¾hduÍ jHdLHdj" fidaudkkao ysñ" óáhdf.dv' III
i¾.h" 26 mµh" 19 msg' talkdhl" fld<U" 1953'
13 - tu- IV' 02" 23 msg'
14 - tu- V' 56-62" 39-40msgq'
15 - tu- VI' 35-44" 44-45msgq'
16 - tu- X' 01" 02
17 - tu- X' 04
18 - tu- X' 29
19 -tu- X' 47-58" 68-69msg'

20 -tu- 04msg'
21 -tu- 04msg'
22 -tu- 04msg'
23 ixialD; idys;Hh" 282 msg'
24 uydjxih 37mß'
25 moHpQvduKs" wd¾hduÍ jHdLHdj" 03msg
26 ixialD; idys;Hh" 282 msg'
27 -tu-282 msg'
28 -tu- 283 msg
29 moHpQvduKs" wd¾hduÍ jHdLHdj" 05msg
ffjrd.H Y;lh ms<snò wOHhkhla

mQcH uq,áhk Oïufidau ysñ
Y;l ldjHh idys;Hh

ixialD; ldjHh idys;Hh m%Odk jYfhka uyd ldjH
yd ,>q ldjH jYfhka fldgia follg fnfoa' fuys ,>q
ldjH hgf;a wdpdr" iaf;da;%" .S;uh" ikafoaY" iqNdIs; hk
ldjHhka ie,fla'1 Y;l ldjHfhda o ,>q ldjHh .Kfhys,d
ie,fla' kuq;a tajd by; olajkakg fhÿKq wdpdr" iaf;da;%
fyda iq N dIs ; hk ´kEu ia j rEmhls k a hq l a ; úh yel'
Y; ¬ l isoaO ùfuka Y;l hk ;oaê; moh ielfia' tys
w¾:h ishhlska hqla; jQfha hkak hs' kuq;a fuh Wml,amkh
f,i ie,fla' tkï Y;l hhs kï fldg we;s lD;Ska fndfyda
úg wka;¾.;fhka ishh blaujd ;sîu fyda ishhg wvqfjka
rpkd ùu fya;= fldgf.k h' myiqfjka rpkd l< yels ùu"
w¾:h iqmeyeos<s ùu" úúO jD;a;hkaf.ka Yaf,dal nkaOkh
fldg ;sîu" tla Yaf,dalhlska tla ldrKdjla muKla olajd
;sîu wdos lreKq ksidfjka Y;l ldjHfhda w;S;fha isg
ckm%sh ldjHh lD;s úfYaIhla úh'
Y;l ldjHhkaf.a m%Njh ms<snò ksYaÑ; jYfhka
idCIHh ,efnkqfha fn!oaO idys;Hfhks' ta l%s'mQ' 3 jk
fyda 4 jk ishjig wh;a fia ie<flk wjodk Y;lfhks'2
i¾jia;sjdoS ksldhg wh;a lD;shla jk fuh pß;hka ms<snò
úia;r lrkakls' fuf;la ixialD; Y;l ldjHh idys;Hhg
odhdo ù we;s lD;s m%udKh w;s úYd, h' tajd w;=ßka l%s'j'
y;ajk ishjfia oS muK wure lúhd úiska rpkd fldg we;s
wureY;lh w;s úYsIaG Y;l lD;shla f,i wjOdkh oskd
f.k we;' úúO úIhhka uq,afldg .ksñka Y;l ldjHh

rpkd ù ;sîu iqúfYaIs ,CIKhls' wd.ñl jYfhka Wmfoia
,ndoSug" iajdNdúl jia;+ka ms<snò j¾Kkd lsÍug" ñksia
.=Kdx. idlÉPd lsÍug"YDx.dr wdos rihka ckkh lsÍug
Y;l ldjHh rpkd ù we;' tmuKla u fkdj ñksid hym;a
u`.g .ekSfï wruqKska kS;sh b.ekaùug" fcHda;sIh" ffjoH
Ydia;%h wdoS úIh oekqu ,ndoSug o Y;l ldjHfhda rpkd
fldg we;' tajd w;=ßka m%isoaO;ajhg m;a Y;l lD;s lsysmhla
fufia oelaúh yel'
wure Y;lh
YDx.dr Y;lh
kS;s Y;lh
ffjrd.H Y;lh
uhQr Y;lh
mdodrúkao Y;lh
wßIag Y;lh
.cfhda. Y;lh
rdcfhda. Y;lh
fufia w,amhla oela jqj o ,she ù we;s Y;l lD;s
.Kkska úYd, h' Ndr; foaYh ;=< fuka u Y%S ,xldj ;=<
o Y;l lD;s rpkd lsÍu flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq
fldg we;' ta wkqj uE;ld,Skj Ndr;fha c,dYh Y;lh"
,;d Y;l" m%lS¾K Y;l wdoS Y;l lD;s fndfyduhla rpkd
fldg we;' wdrïNh ukao.dó iajrEmhla fmkakqï l< o
Y;l idys;Hfhys jeãu b;d iS>%fhka isÿ jQjls'
N¾;Dyß iy Tyqf.a Y;l;%h

N¾;DyÍ hkak fndfyda úpdrlhskaf.a wjOdkhg
md;% jQ kduhls' fudyq l%s'j' 7 jk ishjfia oS muK cSj;a
jkakg we;s nj fmdÿ ms<s.ekSuhs' ta njg Ök cd;sl bÜ
isxf.a jd¾;djka idCIHh imhhs' Y;l ldjHh idys;Hh
iqfmdaIKh l< l;=jrfhl= jqj o Tyq ms<ns ò ksYÑ
a ; f;dr;=re
yuq ù fkdue;' tfyhska my; iòyka lreKq hgf;a N¾;DyÍ

iïnkaOj idlÉPd flf¾'
 Y;l ldjHhka rpkd l< N¾;DyÍ;a jdlHmoS h
kï jHdlrK .% k a : h rpkd l< N¾;DyÍ;a tl
;eke;af;ls'
 NÜá ldjH rpkd lf<a fudyq h'
 NÜà N¾;Dyßf.a ifydaorfhls' ke;fyd;a mq;%fhls'
 N¾;DyÍ rfcls'
 Wcachsksfha úiQ úl%udos;H rcqf.a ifydaorhd h'
 j,Ns m%foaYfha úiQ NÜgdrl rdc iNdfõ úiQfjls'3
 fn!oaOfhls'
 ffYj Nla;slfhls'
 n%dyauKfhls'
fï wdldrfhka úúO jQ u;jdohka N¾;DyÍ
iïnkaOfhka mj;sk kuqÿ tajdfhys i;H wi;H nj ikd:
lsÍug m%udKj;a idCIHh bosßm;a ù fkdue;' Tyq úiska
rpkd fldg we;s Y;l;%h o ;;a u;jdohka ikd: lsÍug
;rï m%udKj;a fkdfõ' N¾;DyÍ ms<sfj<ska YDx.dr" kS;s"
ffjrd.H hk Y;l;%h rpkd fldg we;s nj úpdrl u;h
hs' fuu fm<.eiau Y;l;%fha wvx.= lreKq ie<ls,a,g f.k
isÿ jQjls'
YDx.dr Y;lh
mdGl ukig YDx.dr rih oekùfï woyiska rpkd
l< ksidfjka fukï fõ' kuq;a yqÿ fm%aufhka ñksidf.a
isf;ys we;sjk m%S;su;a is;=ú,s ms<snò muKla fuys fkdoela
fõ' tjeks wjia:djka flfrys WfmaCIdfjka ne,Sfï woyi
o mdGlhdg fuu.ska wjfndaO lrùug iu;a fõ' wjYH
ia:dkfha oS úfõpkd;aul oDIaáh uOHu ;ek isg fhduq
lsÍug N¾;DyÍ miqng fkdfõ'
kQkx ys f; lújrd úmÍ;fndaOd

fh ks;H udyqrn,d b;s ldñkSkdï
hdys¾ úf,da,;r;drloDIaámdff;(
Yl%dofhdms úcs;dia;ajn,d( l:x ;d(4

fk;a fldka ne,afuka Yl%hd wdoSyq mjd veye .kakd
ia;S%kag W;=ï lúfhda wn,d hehs lsh;s' kuq;a fuh kï
wkjfndaOhu h' Tjqka ÿn, jkafka flfia o'
kQkud{dlria;iHd( iqN%efjd ulroaOj(
h;ia;kafk;%ixpdriQÑf;aIq m%j¾;f;a5
ia;%Skaf.a ta fk;a ne,aug yiqjkakdg lduql ye`.Sï
we;s fõ' thg fya;=j kï wkx.hd ia;%Skaf.a wK bgqlrkakd
ùu h'
fuf,i is;a .kakd whqßka rÑ; YDx.dr Y;lh jkdys
YDx.drh" f,dal i;Hh" WmfoaY fndfyduhla imhhs' N¾;DyÍ
;u ;reK wjêfha oS fuh rpkd lrkakg we;s njg iel
flf¾' ta fuys olakg ,efnk YDx.drd;aul ,CIK ksidfjks'
fuys Yaf,dal ixLHdj 100 la muK fõ'
kS;s Y;lh
N¾;DyÍf.a fojk lD;sh f,i ie,fla' iudcfha
mj;sk fuka u mej;sh hq;= hym;a O¾u lreKq rdYshla
fuys idlÉPd fõ' ir, NdIdj" WmyerK fhdod .ksñka
wjjdod;aul iajrEmfhka fuys Yaf,dal rpkd fldg we;'
.=KO¾uhkaf.a jákdlu" my;a Ou_hkaf.a n,mEu u;
ñksidf.a hym; fyda whmy; isÿ jk nj fuys wjOdrKh
fldg we;' ta wkqj wd.u" ix.S;h" l,dj" wd¾Ólh jeks
úIhhka fuys wka;¾.; Yaf,dalhka u.ska idlÉPd fõ'
hdx Ñka;hdñ i;;x uhs id úrla;d

idmHkH ñÉP;s ckx i cfkdkH ila;(
wiau;a lDf; p mß;=IH;s ldÑokHd
êla ;dx p ;x p uokx p budx p udx p6
fuh kS ; s Y;lfha fojeks Ya f ,da l h hs ' fuu
Yaf,dalfha w¾:hg wkqj l;_Djrhdg fuh rpkd lsÍug hï
w;aoelSula fya;= ù we;s nj wjfndaO fõ' ud fmï lrk
;eke;a;sh fjk flfkl=g;a Tyq ;fjfll=g;a jYfhka
tlsfkld flfrys fm%auhla fkdue;s fyhska ms<sl=,a iy.;
njla fï Yaf,dalfhka m%ldY lrhs'ta wkqj wehg" Tyqg" uehg"
wkx.hdg yd ug kskaod fõjd hkak fuys m%d¾:kh hs'
;j o úoHdjg iudk fjk;a Okhla fkdue;s nj"
ÿok weiqr whm; Wodlrk nj" idys;Hh ix.S; l,dj ke;s
;eke;a;d j,s.h yd wx fkdue;s f.dfkl= jeks nj" oka
oSfuys .=Kdx." ëk;ajfha wdoSkj" W;aidyfha we;s jákdlu
wdoS ffk;sl fuka u WmfoaYd;aul lreKq rdYshla kS;s
Y;lfhys idlÉPdjg Ndckh fjhs' fuys Yaf,dal ixLHdj
110 ls'
N¾;Dyß úiska rpkd lrkakg fhÿKq wjika Y;l
lD;sh f,i ffjrd.H Y;lh ie,fla' Yaf,dal 114 lska
muK úrÑ; fuys mßmQ¾K ñksfil=f.a woyia yd mrud¾:
.eíj we;' cSú;fha ienE w¾:h jgyd .ekSug W;aidy
lrkafkl=f.a uqúka msgjk woyia fuys m%ldYs;h' kS;s
Y;lfha olakg fkd,efnk wdldrfha w¾: iïmkak is;sú,s
iuqodhla YDx.dr Y;lh u.ska mdGl ukig ,ndfoa' ;;a
ldrKh ksidfjka u úpdrlhska ks.ukh lrkqfha N¾;DyÍ
;u cSú;fha wjika iufha § fuh rpkd lrkakg we;s njhs'
;reK jhfia § ñksid mialï iqj úkaokh leu;sùu;a"
jhiska jefv;au kS;s.rel j iudcfha yjq,aldÍ cSú;h;a
ieòE iufha§ ish,af,ys wk¾:h ±l h:d¾: udjf;a .uka
lsÍu;a N¾;DyÍf.a Y;l;%h ms<sfj<ska olajhs'
cSú;hlg ffjrd.H fyj;a ish,af,ka wE;a ùu

wjYH jkafka wehs hkak fuu Y;lfhka fmkakqï fldg
we;' cSú;fha h:d¾:h fidhd hdug ñksidg fN!;slh
n,mEï lrkafka flfia o" thska ñfokafka flfia o hkak
N¾;DyÍ ffjrd.H Y;lfhka wjOdrKh fõ' ;u wjfndaOfha
m%udKfhka cSú;fha ienE jákdlu l=ula o hkak ikd:
lrk l;=jrhd mdGlhdg ir,j ;;a ldrKdjka myod §ug
fhduq fjhs' yqÿ Wmfoia §fï l%ufõohlg hg;a fkdù ;u
úo.aONdjh Wmfhda.S fldg .ksñka úúO jD;a; Ndú; fldg
Yaf,dal rpkd lsÍug fhduq ùu iqúfYAIS h' tys § NdIdj
w,xldr lsÍug wjYH Wmud" Wmfïh muKla fkdj Yío
yd w¾: rih Yaf,dalhka ;=< .eí fldg ;sîu mdGl ukig
iqj f.k fokakls'
ffjrd.H Y;lh hï ieleiaulg wkqj rpkd fldg
we;s nj úoaj;a u;h hs' úfYaI ldrKdjka mdol lr.ksñka ta
hgf;a Yaf,dal lsym
s hla rpkd fldg we;s neúka fuhg moaO;s
hk kduh o Ndú; flf¾' ta wkqj fuys moaO;s kjhls'
;DIaKd¥IKï 01 isg 20 olajd Yaf,dal

hdÉ[d¥IKï 21 isg 30 olajd Yaf,dal
fNda.diaff:¾hï 31 isg 40 olajd Yaf,dal
ld,uysud 41 isg 50 olajd Yaf,dal
h;skDm;sixjdo# 51 isg 60 olajd Yaf,dal
uk#iïfndaOkï 61 isg 70 olajd Yaf,dal
ks;Hdks;Húpdr# 71 isg 80 olajd Yaf,dal
Ysjd¾pkï 81 isg 90 olajd Yaf,dal
wjOQ;p¾hd 91 isg 100 olajd Yaf,dal
lD;sfha uqLH woyi úrd.S ixl,amh úia;r lsÍu jqj
o ta ta moaO;s hgf;a o úfYaI jQ ldrKdjka idlÉPdjg n`ÿka
fldg we;' ta ish,a,u mdfya úrd.S ixl,amh úia;r lsÍug
rel=,a ù we;s fihla oDYHudk h'
N¾;DyÍ Ysj Nla;slfhl= njg idCIHh imhñka

wdrïNl Yaf,dalfhka BYajr ms<snò j¾Kkd fldg wdYs¾jdo
,nd.kshs' wk;=rej W.;a ck;dj B¾IHdfjka hqla; ùu;a"
m%N+yq Wv.=lfuka hqla; ùu;a yd fudav ñksiqka ksidfjka
—hym;˜ ñksidf.a YÍrfha wx. ;=<u ie`. ù we;s nj
wjOdrKh lrhs'
fndaoaOdfrda u;air.%ia;d# m%Nj# iauh¥Is;d#
wfndafOdamy;dYapdfkH cS¾KuÙf.aIq NdIs;ï7
wk;=rej mskalï isÿlsÍfï M,úmdl kqjKska úuiQ
l< th Nsh f.k fokakla u nj mjihs' ta mskalï isÿ lsÍu
ksid iïm;a ,nk ñksid jHikj,g u jefgk ksidfjks'8
;DIaKdj kï mSvdj f.k fokakla u h' th udyg m%;HCI
jQjls' ksOdk fiùu msKsi fmdf<dj lekSu" uqyqo ;rKh
lsÍu" rcjre i;=gq lsÍu" uka;% Ndú; lsÍu" fidfydfkys .;
lsÍu wd§ fkdfhla l%shdjka isÿ lrk ,È' kuq;a ,nk ,o
lsisjla kï fkdue;' tneúka udf.a ;DIaKdj ud uqokak'9 fï
wkqj ñksid jia;=jg wdYdfjka cSú;fha § fkdfhla l%shdjka
isÿ lrkq ,enqj o wjik iaÓr jYfhka ,nk lsij s la fkdue;s
nj wjOdrKh fldg we;'
N%dka;x foaYufkalÿ¾.úIux m%dma;x k ls[aÑ;a M,x'''10
.uka lsÍug wmyiq jQ fkdfhla ÿ¾.hkays .uka fldg
l=,fha wNsudkh ke;s jk l%shdjka isÿ fldg lmqfgl= fuka
wdydr wkqNj fldg" ,nk ,o i;=gla kï fkdue;af;au h'
tmuKla u fkdj ÿokkaf.a mSvdjka úò Tjqkag we`È,s neò
fkdfhl=;a ÿla .eyeg Wiq,k ,oafoa kuqÿ ,nk ,o m%S;shla
kï fkdue;af;a u h';DIaKdfjka hqla; jQ ;eke;a;df.a cSjk
ud¾.h f,dalfha ienE ;;= weiqfrka úoyd olajk N¾;DyÍ
ldufhka wdYla; jQ ;eke;a;d isysúl,a jQfjl= u nj mjihs'
Tyqg ojiska oji cSú;h CIh fjñka mj;sk kuqÿ ld,h
ms<snò ye`.Sula ke;' fudayfhka wkaO ù iqrdj î f.k Wu;=
fõYfhka lghq;= lrhs'
wdÈ;iH .;d.ff;ryry( ixCIShf;a cSú;x11

ñksid ;u jia;= ms<snò leue;af;ka lghq;= l< o
l,ah;a u tajdfhys úkdYh w;aú`Èhs' ;u i`.hkaf.a úfhda.
hkag uqyqK fohs' uy¨ ùu ksidfjka úl,dx. njg m;afjhs'
tfia u urKhg ìh ù fYdalfhka cSú;fha ieòE iuh
.;lrhs' fufia .; lrk Tyqg ;ud iïm;a wkqNj fkdl<
nj;a iïm;a ;ud wkqNj l< nj;a ;mi fkd;jk ,o nj;a
wms u ;ejqKq nj;a ld,h .; fkdjQ nj;a wms u osrd.sh nj;a
jgyd .kS' kuq;a ;DIaKdj ;ju;a m%dKj;a h'12 uqyK
q /<s jeà"
ysi flia iqÿ ú w;a md iqÿue,s jqj o ;DIaKdj kï ;ju;a
;reK h'13 ;jÿrg;a ffjrd.H Y;lh u.ska ;DIaKdj fya;=
fldgf.k isÿ lrkq ,nk mqo mQcdjkaf.ka mjd w¾:hla
fkdue;s nj o" iïm;a w;ayerSu u ñksidg Ydka;sh f.k
fok nj o olajd we;'14
ia;%sh mqreIhd flfrys o mqreIhd ia;%sh flfrys o
fm%au lrhs' fuh kï lïiqj úòSug fm<öuhs' YÍrh jkdys
wY=N fohska u jeiqKls' tkuq;a ia;%S YÍrfha iajNdjh ukyr
Wmudjka weiqfrka lúhka j¾Kkd lrhs' tys h:d¾:h kï
rkal,ia folla jka mshhqre hq., uiaj,ska jeiqKls' iò jeks
uqyqK fiï fidgqj,ska msreKls' yia;shl=f.a fyd`vje, n`ÿ
Wl=,a;,h uq;%dj,ska msreKls' fufia fyhska ia;%S YÍrh kï
kskaod l< hqla;lau h'
ia;fk! udxi.%kaÒ lkll,Ydú;Hqmñf;!''15
fuf,i Yaf,dal rdYshlska ;DIaKdfõ iajNdjh úia;r
lrk N¾;DyÍ" ñksid fuf,dj udhdj keu;s cd,dfjka neòS
isák nj;a" Tyq m<.eáfhl= .skf
a kka o ud¨jl= weu .s,f
S uka
o úkdY jkakd fuka úkdY jk kuqÿ jia;+ka ms<snò wdYdj
w;a fkdyßk nj olajhs'
—k uq[apdu( ldudkyy .yfkda fudayuysud˜16

úrd.S ;;a;ajhg m;a ;eke;a;d w,afmaÉP cSú;hla

.;lrkafkls' Tyq mxp ldufhka fjkaùug W;aidy orkafkls'
tfia u idudkH ckhdf.ka fjka j lghq;= lsÍug o W;aidy
lrhs' Tyqg jkM, wkqNj lsÍu reÑh" ìu ksod .ekSu iqÿiq
h" jeyeß ye`§u reÑh" kuq;a uOqmdkfhka yd ffu:Qkfhka
le<UqKq bkaøshka we;s ckhka wdY%h lsÍu reÑ fkdfõ'17
fï mDÒú;,h w;S;fha isg uyd n%yauhd" úIaKq"
mrY=rdu" wd§ úúO n,j;=ka úiska md,kh lrk ,§' tfuka
u Tjqka fjk;a f,dalhka o tlúg md,kh lr;s' kuq;a
m%foaY lsysmhla muKla md,kh lrk idudkH rc fl;rï
wyxldr o@ rcqg mj;sk lS¾;shg iudk lS¾;shla ´kEu
wfhl=g ,nd.; yel' kuq;a rcq uy;a W`v.= fõYfhka lghq;=
lrkafkls' we;euqka m%foaY ldufhka ñksiqka tl;= fldg
hqoaO lr;s' ñksiqka È<s`ÿ jQ ú.i Tjqkag iq`t iyk ,ndfo;s'
kuq;a kej; Tjqkaf.ka u whnÿ .ks;s'18 fï whqßka md,lhd
yd md,s;hdf.a ienE ;;a;ajh myod §ug N¾;DyÍ fhduq ù
we;' ñksfil= ù flá ld,hla ;=< .; lrkq ,nk cSú;h
Okhg fyda n,hg hg fkdfldg W`v.=lï" wyxldrlï
ÿrefldg hym;aj cSj;a úh hq;= nj meyeÈ<s fldg we;'
mqrd úoa;a;diSÿmYuj;dx laf,aYy;fha
.;d ldf,akdfi! úIhiqLisoaffOH úIhsKdï
bodkSx ;= fm%aCIH CIs;s;,N=c( Ydia;%úuqLd
kfyda lIagx idms m%;sÈkufOdaO( m%úY;s19
úoHdfõ mßKduh isÿ ù we;s wdldrh h:d¾:j;a j
fuu Yaf,dalfhka fmkakqï fldg we;' ta wkqj uq,ald,Skj
úoaj;d úoaj;a nj flf,ia keiSu msKsi o" miqj mialï iqj
iòyd o Ndú; lrk ,§' kuq;a ±ka m%{dj rys; jQ rcjrekaf.a
wdrEV .=Khka j¾Kkd lsÍug fhdod .ks;s' wfyda úoHdj
my;g jeà we;s ;rï'
ñksid ;u ;reK wjêh flfia .; l< o cSú;fha
wjika ld,h jk.; ù jdih lrkafka kï th jvd;a WÑ;
nj w.h flf¾' udkh" Okh" msßjr ckhd yd fh!jkh ke;s

jQ l< m%{djka;hdg jvd;a u .e<fmk ia:dkh jk.; ùuhs'20
wiaÓr jQ cSú;h yßhg ;K m;la w. /È Èh ì`ÿjla fuks'
tkuq;a cSú;h wdrCId lsÍug l=ula kï wms fkdlrkkafkuq
o@21 f,dj mj;sk ish¨ fN!;sl jia;+ka flfrys h:d¾:uh jQ
wiaÓr iajNdjfhka olsk N¾;DyÍ ld,h ms<snò j o iqúfYaIs
wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;' ld,h ñksia cSú; bÈßhg f.k
hkakdla fuka u ld,h úiska ñksia cSú; .s, .ekSu o isÿ
lrhs' rcqka" uydk¾> jia;+ka ish,a, ld,fha ji`.hg hhs'22
kuq;a h:d¾:h jgyd .ekSug Woõ lrk ld,hdg kuialdr
fõjd'
ñksid fndfyda foa ms<snò ;;a;ajd¾:h jgyd .kafka
kuqÿ isÿ l< hq;a; fkdl< hq;a; fkdjgyd .kshs' N¾;DyÍ
o fuu m%Yakh ;u iyprhkaf.ka úuihs' wms ;jqia oï mqruq
o@ fkdtfia kï Ydia;%h keu;s c,h mdkh lruq o@23flfia
fj;;a we;ful=g ;u cSú;h ms<snò mYapd;a ;dmhla we;s
lr .kakg isÿ jkq we;'
úoHd kdê.;d l,Ùlrys;d ú;a;x p fkdamd¾cs;x
Y=Y%EIdums iudysf;ak ukid msf;%da¾k ixmdÈ;d
wdf,da,dh;f,dapkd hqj;h( iajmafkams kd,sÙ.s;d(
ldf,dahx mrmsKavf,da¨m;hd ldfflßj fm%aß;(24
ks l e<e,a úoHdjka fkd,oa f ouq ' iïm;a ; s h la o
fkdWmhk ,§' uõmshkag ie,lSu o fkdlrk ,È' iqrEms
l;la isysfkka mjd fkdolsk ,È' lmqgka fuka wkqkaf.a
wdydrj,g f,d,a núka ld,h .; lrk ,È'
ñksidf.a wdYdj jkdys ienE w¾:fhka u kÈhla
jekak' tys ukfod, keu;s c,h we;' rd.h keu;s ulreka
isá;s' fudayh keu;s Èh iq<s ffO¾hg tfrysj we;' ;rKh
lsÍug wmyiq bjqr we;s kuq;a kÈfhka mrf;rg hkafka
RIsjreka h' Tjqka i;=gg m;afj;s'25 ilaú;s rc moúh"
udKav,sl rc moúh jeks ;;a;ajhkag wêl j ;mi jákd
moúhls'26 iudêh yd hym; ,eîug ;mi fuka u fhda.

lsÍu o w;HjYH nj N¾;DyÍ wjOdrKh lrhs'27
;mi" RIs cSú;h .; lsÍug iqÿiq u ia:dkh wdrKH
.;ùu nj N¾;DyÍ meyeÈ<s j olajhs' ñksidg th f,dal
h:d¾:h myod fokakg iu;a fjhs' iem iïm;a fkdue;s jqj
o" rEu;a ia;%Ska fkdue;s jqj o" isßhyka fkdue;s jqj o
jkfhys jeyeß yeòf.k ìu ksod.ekSu iqj okjk ldrKhls'
yqfol,dj .; lsÍu u h:d¾:h ±lSug iqÿiq u ud¾.h hs'
tïnd uki" Tn fN!;sl jia;+ka flfrka fjka j hym;
olskak' wdYdj jkdys uq<djls' Tn fuhska ñfokak' mqrdKfha
i;amqreIhdf.a ls%shdj kï ish,a, w;yer jk.; ùuhs'28 tfia
;mia rlskakd BYajr oyug wkq.; jQfjls'29
fN!;sl iïm;a ish,af,ysu wiaÒ;ajhla olskakg
N¾;DyÍ ldka;dj o msßñhdf.a cSú;h yria ud¾.hla nj
olajhs' ldka;djka iu`. tlaùu keu;s iemfhka fjka jkak'
ke;fyd;a lreKdj" ffu;%sh" m%{dj iys; ldka;djla iu`.
cSj;a jkak'30fï f,dalfhys mj;sk fndfyda foa fj<òdu uq,a
lr.;a;la nj N¾;DyÍ mjihs' fõoh" mqrdK fuka u wfkl=;a
Ydia;% o tf,i fj<ò lghq;= jk w;r wd;auhg wdkkaoh
fmkakqï lrk foa muKla tfia fkdjk nj o olajhs'31
wdhq( l,af,da,f,da,x l;smhÈjiiaÓhskS fh!jkY%S'''32
N¾;DyÍ i;= rpkd fl!Y,H uekúka m%o¾Ykh
lrk fuu Yaf,dalh Wmud rdYshlska fyì moHhls' meyeÈ<s
lsÍug wjYH foa ir, Wmudjla Ndú; lrñka olajd we;'
tys § wdhqIh ;rx. ud,djla nj;a" fh!jkh flá ld,hla
nj;a" Okh is;sú,s muKla nj;a" mxplduhka j¾Id ld,fha
úÿ,sh jeks nj;a ta wdldrfhka ish,a, b;d flá l,lska
wjika jk nj o olajd we;' úrd.S ñksidg fN!;sl foaj,ska
wjYH;djhla fkdjkafka h' fN!;sl foaj,ska ñ§u l%ufhka
isÿl< hq;a;ls' kuq;a Tyqf.a is; u ÈhqKqj lrd hhs' fN!;slh
thg idCIHh fkdfjhs ' tneúka ukis k a wks ; H;djg
meñKs miq th w;sYh ruKSh nj mejfia' ta ruKSh jQ iò/ia"

fmdf<da;,h" ldjHh" fyda ldka;djka fuka fkdj wêl
jQjls'
ñksidg ,eî we;s cSú;h flá ld,hla nj;a tu ld,h
;=< fndfyda lghq;= isoaO l<hq;= nj;a33 tajd ksis l,g l<hq;=
nj;a ;reK ld,h jkdys wiaÓr jQjla u nj;a mqk mqkd m%ldY
lsÍug l;=jrhd fhduq fjhs' cSú;fha ksiaidrj;a nj f;areï
f.k iqÿiq u foh ;jqia oï msÍu nj;a wjik n%yau;ajhg
m;aùu mru fY%aIaG jk nj;a wjOdrKh lrhs'34
lD;sh mqrdjg l;=jrhd úiska olajkq ,nk woyia
yd ixl,a m kjH jQ Ñka ; khlg u`. mdokq ks i elh'
l;=jrhd W;a;u mqreI tal jpkh fndfyda úg Ndú; lrñka
Yaf,dalhka rpkd lsÍu u.ska Tyqf.a cSjk w;a±lSï lD;sh
rpkd lsÍug Wmfhda.S ù we;s nj m%;HCI h' flfia fj;;a
cSú;fha h:d¾:h olsñka meyeÈ<s j jgyd .;a l%shdjka isÿ
lsÍu cSú;hg hym; Wodlr fokakla u h'
wdka;sl igyka
1 fiakdkdhl cS'tia'î' ixialD; idys;Hh' fld<U" 1960' msg 345
2 nqrekakdfõ fïOdkkao ysñ" Y;l idys;Hfha m%Njh yd j¾Okh"
iriúh ^jd¾Isl Ydia;Sh ix.%yh& kqf.af.dv" msg 22
3 .=Kr;ak t,a' kS;s Y;lh isxy, jdHdLHdj" fld<U" 1985'
m%ia;djkdj" msg 10
4 .=Kr;ak t,a' N¾;DyÍkaf.a kS;sY;lh" m%ia;djkdj" r;ak fmd;a
m%ldYlfhda" fld<U 10" 1985 msg 14
5
6 .=Kr;ak t,a' N¾;DyÍkaf.a kS;sY;lh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda"
fld<U 10" 1985 msg 01
7 ffjrd.H Y;lh bkaodkkao ysñ" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
02 Yaf,dalh
8 tu 03 Yaf,dalh
9 tu 04 Yaf,dalh
10 tu 05 Yaf,dalh
11 tu 07 Yaf,dalh
12 fNda.d k N=la;d jhfïj N=la;dia - ;fmda k ;ma;x jhfïj
;ma;d(
ldf,da k hdf;da jhfïj hd;dia - ;DIaKd k cS¾Kd jhfïj
cS¾Kd( - 12 Yaf,dalh
13 ''';DIaffKld ;reKdhf;a ffjrd.H Y;lh - 14 Yaf,dalh
14 tu 16 Yaf,dalh
15 tu 19 Yaf,dalh
16 tu 20 Yaf,dalh
17 tu 21 Yaf,dalh
18 tu 25 Yaf,dalh
19 tu 27 Yaf,dalh
20 tu 31 Yaf,dalh
21 tu 34 Yaf,dalh
22 tu 36 Yaf,dalh
23 tu 39 Yaf,dalh
24 tu 47 Yaf,dalh
25 wdYdkdu k§ ufkdar:cd,d ;DIaKd;rÙ.dl=,d''' 43 Yaf,dalh' tu
26 '''ifÄ kdkHÉfP%afhda c.;s úÿfIdakH;% ;mi( 52 Yaf,dalh' tu
27 '''fhdaf.a ffO¾hiudêisoaêiq,fNa nqoaêx úoèjx nqOd( 53 Yaf,dalh'
tu
28 tu 66 Yaf,dalh
29 tu 69 Yaf,dalh
30 '''l=re; lreKdffu;%S m%{djOQckix.uï''' 61 Yaf,dalh' tu
31 tu 79 Yaf,dalh
32 tu 80 Yaf,dalh
33 tu 80 Yaf,dalh
34 '''{dkdmdia;iuia;fudayuysud ,Sfha mf¾ n%yauKs' 85 Yaf,dalh'
tu
uydj.a.md<s - uyCLJOlh ^m<uq nKjr fol&

ye|skaùula
mQcH uqjmeáf.afj, m[a[df,dal ysñ
zúkfhd kdu idikia i wdhq Z hkq f jka úkh

meKùïj,g uq,; a ek ÿka f:arjdo iïm%odhg wkqj nqoO
a jpkh
j¾.lsÍfï oS úkh msglhg ysñjkafka m%uqL ia:dkhls' ta
wkqj úkh" iQ;%" wNsO¾u hkqfjka ;%smsglh kï lr ;sfnkq
oelsh yels h' fuhska úkh msglh zmd<sZ kñka ye|skafjk
.%ka: mylska iukaú; fjhs' Bg wu;r j WNf;dúNx."
LJOl yd mßjdr hkqfjka o úkh msglh m%fNao fldg ;sfí'
mdrdðlmd<s
WNf;dúNx.
mdÑ;a;shmd<s
uydj.a.md<s
LJOl
pq,a,j.a.md<s
mßjdrmd<s mßjdr
LJOl kï jQ fojk m%fNaohg uydj.a.md<sh yd

pq,a,j.a.md<sh wh;a jk nj fï wkqj meyeos,s h' tlS
.%ka:oajh fukñka ye|skaùug fya;=j tajdfha wka;¾.;h
LJOl kñka fldgia lr ;sîu hs' ta wkqj úkh msglfhys
LJOl 22la úoHudk h' uydj.a.md<sfhys LJOl 10 la yd
pq,a,j.a.md<sfhys LJOl 12 la jYfhks' uydj.a.md<sfhys
LJOl 10 fufia h'
1. uyCLJOlh
2. Wfmdi:CLJOlh
3. jiaiQmkdhslCLJOlh
4. mjdrKCLJOlh
5. pïuCLJOlh
6. fNiÊcCLJOlh
7. lÀkCLJOlh
8. ÖjrCLJOlh
9. pïfmhHCLJOlh
10. fldiïnCLJOlh
uyCLJOlh(
nqoaO;ajh ,enQ ;eka mgka nqoaO pß;h ixfCIam
jYfhka olajd blaì;s j NsCIq Ydikh msysgqùu iy l%ufhka
wNsj¾Okhg m;ajQ wdldrh uydj.a.md<s uyCLJOlfhys
úia;r flf¾' nqÿrÿkaf.a m[apm%d;syd¾hhla .ek fuka u
miq j w.iõ ;k;=re ,;a ießhq;a - uq.,ka fokuf.a meúoao
wdoS Ydik b;sydihg iïnkaO lreKq .Kkdjla o fuys
jd¾;d fõ'
wk;=re j WmdOHdh - ioaêúydßl yd wdpd¾h -
wkaf;ajdisl j;a ms<sn| j o oS¾> jYfhka lreKq idlÉPd
flfrhs' meúoaog yd Wmiïmodjg wod< lreKq jd¾;d lsÍu
i|yd fuys oS m%uL
q ;ajhla ,nd oS we;s nj fmfka' tys oS ìïìidr
rcqf.a fhdaOhka" wx.=,sud, jeks m%isoaO oreKq fidreka meúos
lsÍfuka ck;dj wmeyeoSug m;ajQ wdldrh;a tfia u meúos
Wmiïmod l< hq;= yd fkd l< hq;= mqoa.,fhda ljryq o hkak
ms<sn|j;a i|yka fõ' rdOf.a meúoao;a iu`. tf;la meje;s
;Sys irKd.uk Wmiïmodj m%;f s CIam fldg [;a;ps ;=F:lïu
Wmiïmodj kshu lrhs' ;j o wkH ;S¾:lfhl= fkdfyd;a
wkHd.ñlfhl= meúos lsÍug m%:u udi 04l muK mßjdi
ld,hla .; l< hq;= nj yd rdyq, l=uref.a meúoao;a iu`.
foudmsh wjirhlska f;dr j l=,orejka meúos fkd l< hq;=

nj o jeäÿrg;a olajd ;sfí' fï wdldrhg uydj.a.md<sfha
m<uq LJOlh jk uyCLJOlh Ydik b;sydihg wod<
f;dr;=re /ila jd¾;d lrk jeo.;a uQ,dY%hls'
uyCLJOLfhys m<uq nKjr fol(
meúoao" Wmiïmodj yd fjk;a jeo.;a l:dm%jD;a;s
fndfyduhla ix.%y jk uyCOJOlfha fuys oS wjOdkhg
fhduq flfrkafka m<uq jk nKjr fol ms<sn| j muKs' tu
nKjr fol l:d fyda jF:q kñka ye|skafjk wkqfldgia 11
lska iukaú; h'
1. fndêl:d
2. wcmd,l:d
3. uqp,sJol:d
4. rdcdh;kl:d
5. n%yaudhdpkl:d
6. m[apj.a.shl:d
7. mínÊcdl:d
8. udrl:d
9. ;Sys irKd.ufkys mínÊcd
Wmiïmodl:d
10. ÿ;shudrl:d
11. Noaoj.a.shjF:q
fuu nKjr foflys wka;¾.;h úuiSug fmr by;
i|yka tfldf<dia jeoEreï l:d fyda jF:Qkag tlS kduhka
,eîu ms<sn| j úuid ne,sh hq;= h' ta wkqj tys oS l%ufõo
folla Wmfhda.S fldgf.k we;s nj fmfka' bka m<uqjekak
kï wod< isoaêh isÿjQ ia:dkh kñka l:dj kïlsÍu hs'
fojekak kï ta ta ia:dkfha oS isÿjQ úfYAI isÿùï i,ld
l:dj kïls Í u hs ' ñka m<uq j eka k g fnda ê l:dfõ is g
rdcdh;kl:d olajd jQ l:d y;r ksoiqka fldg oelaúh yels
h' m<uq jk fndaêl:dfjys nqÿrÿka fndauev oS fya;=M,oyu

fufkyslrñka .;lrk wdldrh;a" fojk wcmd,l:dfõ
oS wcm,a kq.rel uq, .;l< ld,h iy tys oS isÿjQ isoaê
ms<ns |j;a" f;jk uqp,skoa l:d hgf;a ñfo,a, rel uq, .;l<
ld,h ms<sn|j;a" isõjk rdcdh;kl:dfõ oS rdcdh;k kï
lsßm¨ jDCI uQ,fhys f.jQ iuh yd tys isÿjQ úfYaI isÿùï
ms<sn|j;a wkdjrKh lrhs' fï wkqj fulS m<uq l:d y;r
u ta ta ld,fhys .;l< ia:dkh u; mokï j kï fldg
we;s nj meyeos,s h' tfia fkdue;s j tla tla ia:dkhkays oS
isÿjQ úfYaI isÿùï flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlf<a kï óg jvd
fjkia whqrlska fïjd kïlrkakg o ;sìKs' mia jk l:dfõ
isg fojk nKjr wjidkh olajd ish¨ l:d kï fldg
we;af;a isÿjQ tlsfklg fjkia úfYaI isÿùï uQ,sl fldg
.ksñks' ta wkqj O¾u foaYkd lsÍu msKi s iyïm;S uydn%yua hd
úiska nqÿrÿkag lrkq ,nk wdrdOkh we;=<;a fldgi
zn% y a u dhdpkl:dZ kñka mia j kq j ths ' m<uq nKjfrys
tk wjika isÿùu jk miaj. uyKqkag O¾u foaYkd lsÍu yd
iïnkaO mqj; bka wk;=re j oel.; yels h' ta zm[apj.a.sh
l:dZ kñks' fojk nKjfrys o l:d kï fldg we;af;a úfYaI
isÿùïj,g uq,; a ek foñks' tys oS wdrïNl zmínÊcdl:dfjkaZ
miaj. uyKqkaf.ka wk;=re j meúoafoa úldYh isÿjQ whqre
úia;r flfrhs' fuh zhiiai mínÊcdZ iy zp;=.sySiydh
mínÊcdZ jYfhka fojeoEreï h' tfia u tys zm[a[di.sySiydh
mínÊcdZ jYfhka o fldgila ;sìh hq;= nj ye`.=K o nqoaO
chka;s uqøKfhys th tfia fjk u olajd we;s njla fkd
fmfka' mínÊcdl:dfjka wk;=re j jij;a ureka nqÿka
yuqjg meñfKk mqj; lshefjk zudrl:djZ olakg ,efnhs'
bkamiq j z;Sys irKd.uk mínÊcd - Wmiïmod l:dj;aZ zÿ;sh
udrl:dj;aZ olajd wjidkfha Noaoj.a.h s l=udrjreka iiqk.a ;
jQ mqj; lshefjk zNoa o j.a . s h jF:q f jka Z fojk nKjr
wjika fjhs ' fï wdldrhg m<uq iy fojk nKjrhkays tk
l:d jeä fldgila tla tla ia:dkfhys isÿ jQ úfYaI isÿùï
i,ld kïfldg we;s nj i|yka l< yels h'
Wla; l:djkays úia;r flfrk lreKq iudf,dapkfha

oS" tajd my; i|yka YS¾I hgf;a wOHhkh l< yels h'
tkï"
1. nqoaO pß;h
2. meúoafoys wdrïNl wjêh yd Ydik
b;sydih
3. w;sf¾l lreKq
1. nqoaOpß;h
Ydiksl úkh ms<sn| ix.%y lsÍu
uydj.a . md<s f hys wruq K jq j o Bg m% f õYhla
jYfhka .% k a : drïNhg tla f ldg we;s w;s f ¾l
lreKqj,ska nqoO
a pß;h yd Ydik b;sydih f.dvke.S
fuys ,d ,efnk wdf,dalh buy;a h' nqÿ rcdKka
jykafia ms<sn| mßmQ¾K Ôjk pß;hla tlÿ fm<
.%ka:hl j;a jd¾;d fkd jk nj m%lg lreKls' wm
wo w;aolsk nqoaO pß;h jkdys iQ;%" úkh .%ka:hkaf.
ka yd wgqjd u.ska fmdaIKh jQjls' uyCLJOlfhys tk
nqÿrÿka ms<sn| úia;rh o tlska tl lreKq .e,mSfuka
lrk ,o wLKav jd¾;djla fkd fõ' tfy;a nqÿ
uqúka u foaYkd lrk ,o f;dr;=re yeáhg th jvd
jeo.;alula Wiq,hs'
ta wkqj uyCLJOlfhys m<uq jk l:d y;r
u.ska w;sYh jeo.;a isÿùï fm<la bosßm;a lrhs'
nqoaO;ajhg m;aùfuka blaì;s j nqÿrÿka fndauev yd
ta wdY%s; m%foaYfhys ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla úfõlS j
.;l< nj wújdos; h' tfy;a tlS ld,iSudj flf;la
o hkak yd ta ld,iSudj ;=< jevisá ia:dk ms<sn|
j úúO woyia bosßm;a ù we;' uyCLJOlhg wkqj
nqÿrÿyq nqÿ j m<uq j Wrefj,a okõfjys fkarxcrd
kosh winv msysá fndarel uq, jevjdih lr;s'
—f;k iufhk nqoafOd N.jd Wrefj,dhx

úyr;s kÊcd fkrxcrdh ;S f r fndêreCLuQ f ,
mGudNsiïnqoafOd˜1
fuys oS nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;aoskla muK
m%;;S H iuq;m
a do O¾uh wkqf,dau yd m%;f
s ,dau jYfhka
fufkys l<y' tu osk y; mqrdjg tl u m¾hxlhlska
jevyqka Wkajykafia rd;%sfhys tla hdufhlays tljr
ne.ska hdu ;=kg f;jrla fuu wisßu;a O¾uh
fufkys l<y' tla tla hdufha fya;=M, oyu fufkys
lsÍfuka yg.;a m%; S h
s hduh wjidkfha oS Wodk jdlH-
hlska m%lg l< whqre tys ;jÿrg;a úia;r fõ' i;aosk
blauùfuka ta iudêfhka ke.S isá nqÿrÿka wcmd,
kï kq.rel uq,g t<ô nj fojk wcmd,l:dfjys
i|yka h' tys o nqÿyq i;aoskla jevisáhy' ta w;r
yqyqxlcd;sl tla;rd nuqfKla tys meñK
zfldmuKlska n%dyauK fõ o@ n%dyauKlrK O¾ufhda
ljryq o@Z ^lsF;dj;d kq fLd fNd f.d;u" n%dyaufKd
fyd;s@ l;fu p mk n%dyauKlrKd Oïud&2hkqfjka
mek folla úuiS h' nqoaO;ajfhka miq m<uq j u
nqÿrÿka fj; t<ô fuu n%dyauKhd Wkajykafiag
zf.da;uZ hkqfjka wu;k neúka fyf;u fmr nqÿrÿka
ms<sn| oek isáfhl= úh hq;= h' we;eï úg ÿIalr
l%shd lrk iufhys Wkajykafia ms<sn| oekisáfhl=
o úh yels h' nuqKdf.a mekhg ms<s;=re fok nqÿka
jykafia m<uq j;djg ;uka jykafia úiska wjfndaO
lrk ,o O¾ufha iajNdjh ;fjfll=g y÷kajd fo;s'
rd.doS flf,ia rys; mõ neyer l< ;eke;a;yq u
iajlSh O¾ufhys n%dyauK jk nj Wkajykafia tys oS
jod<y' uydj.a.md<sfhys fuka u Wodkmd<sfhys o
Wodk YS¾Ifhka i|yka jk fuh Y%djl wfmaCIdjlska
nqÿrÿka úiska foaYs; m%:u O¾u foaYkdj f,i o is;sh
yels h' tfy;a fuhska nuqKdg O¾udjfndaOh fkdjQ
fyhska o nuqKd úiska ;jÿrg;a O¾uh ms<n s | úuiSula
fkd lrk ,o fyhska o isõiia oyï wdoS .eUqre oyï

lreKla újrKh fkd jQ fyhska o fuh nqÿrÿkaf.a
m<uq O¾u foaYkdj f,i ms<s.; fkd yels h' nqoaO
pß;fha m<uq O¾u foaYkdjg mQ¾jfhka ;j;a fujeks
isoaê ;=kla jd¾;d fõ' tkï" uqp,skao kd.hd yuqfjys
w,dul iqjh ms<sn| lrk Wodkh" ;miaiq - N,a¨l
fj<÷ka nqÿrÿka yuqùu yd Wml wdÔjlhd yuqfjys
jk ixjdoh hk wjia:djka h' fï tla ;ekl oS fyda
hg lS lreKq bgq fkd jQ neúka O¾u;d jYfhka u
i,ld tajd nqÿrÿkaf.a m<uq O¾u foaYkfhys ,d fkd
ie,flhs'
wcm,a kq.rel uq,ska ke.S isá nqÿ rcdKka
jykafia uqp,skao fyj;a ñfo,a, kï relauq,ays o
i;shla M,iuj;a iqjfhka jevisá;s' tys oS yg.;a
wld, fï>fhka Wka j yka f ia wdrCId ls Í ug
kd.Njfka isg meñKs uqp,skao kï kd.rdchd i;sh
mqrdjg u iajlSh orK jef,ka nqÿrÿka iq/ls mqj;
f;jk uqp,skao l:dfjys moku fõ' nqoaO pß;fhys
b;d m%lg isÿùula jk fuh we;efula wNjH fohla
fia is;;s' tfy;a kdrc f;fï iajlSh kd. Roaêfhka
o nqoaOdkqNdjfhka o fufia l< nj wgqjd u;h hs' fï
wdldrhg ksujk ,o orKje, ;=< nqÿrÿka jevisá
wjldYh f,dajduydmdfhys NdKavd.drh ;rï jk nj
úkhÜGl:dfjys i|yka fõ'3 uÊCêuksldhÜGl:dj
i|yka lrkafka tu wjldYh f,dajduydmdfhys
hgud,h ;rï jk nj hs'4
fufia uq p ,s k a o kd.orKfhys os k y;la
jevisg wk;=rej nqÿrÿka wi, msysá rdcdh;k kï
lsßm¨ kq.reluq,g t<U ;sfí' tys o i;shla úuqla;s
iqjh ú|sk ,os' fufia l,a .;l< o nqoaO;ajfhka miq
fï ;dla nqÿrÿkag wyrlsila fkd ù h' fï jk úg
;miaiq - N,a¨l kï fjf<kafoda fofofkla fj<|du
i|yd Wlal,d ckmofhka msg;a jQjdyq foaj;dfjl=

úiska nqÿrÿka jik ;ek mjik ,ÿj tys meñK
nqÿrÿkag w;aiqKq yd óms`vq ms<s.ekSu msKsi wdrdOkd
lr;s' tys oS ish yia;fhka hula ms<s.ekSug nqÿrÿka
wkNsu; jQ fyhska i;r uyd foújreka úiska ms<s.
kajk ,o md;% 04 la tlla fldg tu md;%fhka tlS
odkh ms<s.kakd ,os' fuh nqÿrÿka nqÿ j je<ª m%:u
odkh hs' uyCLJOlfha i|yka jk fuu úia;rhg
w;sf¾l j úkhÜGl:dfjys nqÿrÿkag wyrlsi msKsi
ld,h o;a ilafoõ rc f;fï tosk WoEik u fnfy;a
wr¿ f.ähla ms<s.ekajQ nj;a thska isrere lsi jQ
nqÿrÿka hf:dala; odkh ms<s.;a nj;a i|yka fjhs'5
isõjk i;sfhys jQ ;j;a úfYaI isÿùula kï nqÿiiqky a s
m%:u Wmdilhka f,i ;miaiq - N,a¨l fofokd Wm-
dil nj ms<sk lsÍu hs' nqÿka - oyï muKla irK .sh
neúka Tjqyq nqoaO Ydikfhys oafõjdÑl Wmdilfhda
f,i ye|skafj;s'
—w: fLd ;miaiqN,a,sld jdKscd N.jJ;x
t;ofjdpqx( ztf; uhx NfJ;" N.jJ;x irKx .ÉPdu
Oïu[ap' Wmdifl fkd N.jd Odfr;= wÊc;.af.
mdKqfmf; irKx .f;Z;s' f; p f,dfl mGux Wm-
dild wfyiqx oafjjdÑld'˜6
uyCLJOlfhys yd Wodkmd<sfhys i|yka
by; úia;rhg wkqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia nqÿ j
m<uqj i;s 04 la" tkï osk 28 la muK fndauev yd ta
wjg m%foaYfhys jevisáhy' tfy;a j¾;udkfha nqoaO
pß;h i|yka lrk ish¨ ;kays Wkajykafia fndauev
yd ta wdikakfha i;ai;shla .;l< nj i|yka fõ'
fï ms<sn| j hula fuys i|yka lsÍu o jeo.;a h'
uQ,dY%hhkays jd¾;d jk ld,mrdih flfia jqj o
nqÿrÿka nqoO
a ;ajfhka miq lsih
s ï ld,hla ;uka jykafia
,o iqjh ms<sn| iajhx wjf,dalkhlska jevisáhy'
fm< .%ka:j,g wkqj tu ld,h i;s 04la jqj o Wodk
yd úkhÜGl:djkag wkqj fndauev yd wcmd, kq.rel

uq, .;l< ld,hg wu;r j ;j;a i;s 03 la" tkï osk
21 la nqÿjreka úiska l< hq;= wfkl=;a nqoaO lD;Hhka
we;s neúka .;l< nj i|yka lrhs'7 fndauev .;l<
m<uq i;sfhka blaì;s j nqÿrÿkaf.a nqoaO;ajh ms<sn|
j foúhkag iel Wmka neúka wgjk oskfhys tu
iel ÿrelrkq jia wyig ke.S huduy fm<yr mE
nj;a wk;=re j fndauev yd jc%dikh foi weismsh
fkd fy<d i;shla n,disá nj;a wgqjdjkays i|yka h'8
th zwksñifp;shZ f,i o y÷kajhs' wk;=re i;sfhys
jevyqka ;ek yd m<`. w;r ilaukska .;l< w;r
th zr;kpÙlukfp;shZ f,i ye|skafjhs' isõjk
i;sfhys foúhka úiska ujk ,o rejka f.fhys
jevisáñka wNsO¾u msglh" úfYaIfhka mÜGdk
m%lrKh fufkys l< ia:dkh zr;k>rfp;shZ f,i
o w¾:l:dpd¾hjre úia;rd;aul j i|yka lr;s'
wgqjdpdÍka jykafia,dg fuu lreKq úia;r úNd.
jYfhka j¾Kkd lsÍug lsisÿ iQ;%hl msgqn,hla fkd
,enqK o fujekakla wfya;=l j wgqjdjkag m%fõY úh
fkd yels h' Bg fya;= jkafka fufia i|yka lrk
ld,h osk fol;=kla fkd j i;s ;=kl ;rï oS¾>
ld,hla jk neúks' iSy,ÜGl:djkaf.a mgka meje;s
fuu ldrKd ;yjqre lsÍug iu;a uQ,l s iQ;% foaYkdjla
we;eï úg mQ¾jfha ;sfnkakg we;' th wNdú; jQjd
fia Wml,a m kh l< yels h' fï i|yd m% n ,
idCIH fndfydauhla mdyshka yd yshqx IExf.a foaYdgk
jd¾;djkays i|yka fõ' Tjqka ixpdrh lrk w;r;=r
zwksñifp;shZ" zr;kpÙlukfp;shZ" zr;k>rfp;shZ
hk wdoS ia:dkhkays ia;+m bosfldg ;sfnkq ÿgq nj
jd¾;d lrhs'9 ;j o fuh ;sín;Sh ÿ,ajd .%ka: u.ska
yd ,,s;úia;rh u.ska o ikd: lrhs'10 flfia j;=ÿ
j¾;udkh jk úg fuu ish¨ ld,h i;ai;shla h
hkak iudc.; ù yudr h'
uyCLJOlhg wkqj isõjk i;sh wjika ù

nqÿyq kej; o fojk i;sh .;l< wcm,a kq.rel
uq,g meñfK;s' ^w: fLd N.jd iF;dyiai wÉpfhk
;ïyd iudêïyd jq Ü Gys F jd rdcdh;kuQ , d fhk
wcmd,ksf.%dfOd" f;kqmiÙlñ&11 tys oS yqfol,d jQ
Wkajykafiag ;uka úiska wjfndaO lrk ,o O¾ufhys
.eUqre nj fuka u th wfkfll=g wjfndaO lrùfï
wmyiq nj fufkys úh' tneúka nq ÿ rÿka oyï
foiSfuys ukafoda;aidyS jQ nj o;a iyïm;S uydn%yau
f;u O¾uh wjfndaO lr.ekSug ;rï w,am rcial
mqoa.,hka isák nj;a tneúka Tjqkag O¾uh foaYkd
lrk f,i;a wdrdOkd lf<a h'
—fofi;= NfJ;" N.jd Oïux' fofi;=
iq . f;d Oïux' iJ;s iF;d wma m rcCLcd;s l d'
wiaijK;d Oïuiai mßydhJ;s' NúiaiJ;s Oïuiai
w[a[d;dfrd˜12
il, laf,aI m%yK S l< nqÿ rcdKka jykafia
;= k a l ,a ola k d neúka n% y a u hdf.a ks u ka ; % K hg
mQ¾jfhka u iajlSh O¾uh Y%jKh lsÍug ;rï jk
Y%djlhka isák nj ÿg o O¾u foaYkd fkd lr;s'
Bg fya;=j f,i wgqjdj olajkafka iEu nqÿjrfhl=
u wksfll=f.a wdrdOkfhka m<uq O¾u foaYkdj
isÿlrk neúks'13 n%yauhdf.a wdrdOkfhka blaì;s j
nqÿrÿka nqÿ weiska f,dj n,d jodrK fiala O¾uh
foaYkd lsÍug ;SrKh lr;s' blaì;s iyïm;S n%yau
f;fï ta nj oek i;=gq j kslau hhs' nqoaO pß;hg
wod< fuu ldrKd n%yu a dhdpkl:d kï fldgi hgf;a
uydj.a.md<s uyCLJOlfhys ix.%y ù we;'
b;d ÿIalr j ;uka úiska wjfndaO lrk ,o
O¾uh m<uq j foaYkd lrkq msKsi jyd f;areï
.ekSug iu;a fuka u nqÿ jk w;aneõys ;uka jykafiag
w;sYhska u WmldÍ jQ mqoa.,hka ms<sn| j nqÿka
jykafia isysm;a l<y' ta jkúg;a fndai;a wjêfha oS

;ukg wdpd¾h j isá wd<drld,du yd Woaolrdumq;a;
fofokd ñhf.dia is á nj oek mia j . uyKq k a
fufkys fldg m<uq j Tjqkag O¾uh foaYkd lsÍug
nrKei bism;kdrduhg jevu lrhs' ta w;r ud¾.
fha .hdj yd fndauev w;r oS Wml kï wdÔjlfhl=
yuq jQ w;r Tyq úiska úuik ,ÿj ;uka jykafia
úiska wjfndaO lrk ,o O¾ufha iajNdjh m<uq jrg
foaYkd lrhs' ;uka zðkZ f,i ye|skaùu fhda.H
nj;a ish,a, uev isák ;ukag .=rejrfhl= fkdue;s
nj;a i|yka lrhs' blaì;s b;d os.= ÿrla f.dia
nrKeig msúi wmyiqfjka kuq;a miaj. uyKqkag
O¾uh wjfndaO lrùu m<uq nKjr wjidkfha tk
m[apj.a.shl:dfjka lshefõ'
fofjks nKjr fjkajkafka miaj.
uyKq k a f .ka werô Ydiksl meúoao jHdma; l<
wdldrh ms<sn| j úia;r lsÍu i|yd h' nqoaO pß;fha
jeo.;a isÿùï lsysmhla o thg m%úIag ù we;' ta w;r
hil=, mq;%hd iy Tyqf.a iydhlhka meúos lsÍfuka
wk;=re j Wrefj,a okõjg jevu lrk nqÿrcdKka
jykafia fj; nqÿùfuka miq m<uq jrg udrosjH mq;%hd
meñK ;ukaf.ka w;añoSula fkdue;s nj mjid isáhs'
11 jk l:dfjys o udrhdf.a ;j;a tn÷ u ;¾ckhla
i|yka fõ'
2. meúoafoys wdrïNl wjêh yd Ydik b;sydih
nqoO
a pß;hg wod< jeo.;a isÿùï jd¾;dlrKhg
wu;r j uyCLJOlfhys m<uq nKjr foflka
jeäfldgila fjkajkafka meúoafoys wdrïNl wjêh
oelaùug yd Ydik b;sydifhys jeo.;a isÿùï lsym
s hla
jd¾;d lsÍug h' mQ¾Kld,Sk j iajlSh wkq.dñlhka
jYfhka m<uq j f;dard.kakd msßi wvq fjfyilska
O¾uh wjfndaO l< yels fuka u i;Hh fiùfï
ud¾.fha oS ;uka jykafiag Wmldr l< msßila úh

hq;= nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia l,amkd l<y' tneúka u
wdls[ap[a[dh;k yd fkaji[a[dkdi[a[dh;k
jeks Wiia OHdkhkays is; yslaujQ wd<drld,du yd
Woaolrdumq;a; fofokd m<uqj isysm;a l<y' ;j o
i;Hh fiùfï ud¾.fha oS Tjqka .=re;ekays ,d lghq;=
l< wdldrh wßhmßfhik iQ;%fha o i|yka fõ'14
tfy;a Tjqka ta jk úg;a ñhf.dia isá neúka ÿIalr
l%shd lrk iufha ;uka jykafiag b;d iómfhka
jdih l<" Wmldr l< miaj. uyKqka isysm;a fldg
merKs iqyo nj ksid u Tjqka fj; hdug ;SrKh l<y'
wk;=re j NsCIq Ydikh msysgqùu i|yd Wkajykafia
.;a fjfyi m<uq nKjr wjidkfha tk m[apj.a.sh
l:dfjka lshefõ' ;uka O¾uh wjfndaO l< nj
fojrla lshd;a miaj. uyKqka fkd ms<s.;a neúka
fujekakla fmr fkd lS ksid fyda úYajdi lrk f,i
m%ldY lsÍfuka wk;=re j Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq
lr.ekSug iu;a jQy' blaì;s j Oïuplalmamj;a;k
iQ;h% foaYkd fldg Tjqkg O¾udjfndaOh lrjQy' fuys
oS m<uq j fldKav[a[ ;jqid o bkslaì;s j ms<sfj,ska
jmam" Noaosh" uydkdu yd wiaið hk fiiafida o
fidajdka M,hg m;ajQy' i;Hh wjfndaO lr.;a Tjqka
Ydia;D Ydikfhys n%yja p¾h jdihg leu;s ùu;a iu`.
nqÿroyq" —uyfKks" fuys tõ' O¾uh iajdCLd; h' ÿl
fl<jr lsÍu msKsi ukd j n%yaup¾hdfjys yeisfrõ˜
hehs jod<y' ta iu`. u tu miaj. ;jqikaf.a meúoao
yd Wmiïmodj isÿ úh' wjidkfha oS miaj. uyKyq
wk;a;,CLK iQ;% foaYkdj Y%jKh lsÍfuka ry;a
M,hg m;ajQy' fï nqÿiiqfkys meúos jQ m%:u msßi hs'
miqld,Sk j foaY foaYdka;rhkays jHdma;shg m;a j
oyia .Kkska meúos j n%yaup¾hdfjys yeisÍug moku
jegqfKa o fuu msßif.a meúos ùfuks' úkfhys i|yka
jk úúO meúos Wmiïmod l%u w;=ßka fuys ,d nqÿrÿka
m<uq j Ndú; lf<a ztys NsCLq uyK WmiïmodjZ hs'
—t: NsCLfjdZ;s N.jd wfjdp' ziajdCLdf;d

Oïfud' pr: n%yu
a pßhx iïud ÿCLiai wJ;lsßhdhd;sZ'
idzj f;ix wdhiauJ;dkx Wmiïmod wfydis'˜15
uyCLJOlfhys fuka u wfkl= ; a fm<
uQ,dY%hhkays o i|yka jk f;dr;=re úuiSfï oS
meyeos,s jk lreKla kï fï jk úg úYd, msßila
fuu w¨;a wd.ñl l¾;Djrhd yd Tyqf.a O¾uh ms<n s |
j oek isá nj hs' Bg idCIH imhk ixisoaê .Kkd-
jla u uyCLJOlfha fojk nKjfrys i|yka h' wê
iqfLdamfNda.S osúhla f.jQ hi l=,mq;%hd iajlSh mßjdr
ia;%Skaf.a úm%ldr oel l,lsÍug m;a j meúos jk
wdldrh zhiiai mínÊcdZ kï YS¾Ih hgf;a úia;r
fõ' miaj. uyKqkaf.a meúoafoka wk;=re j jk fuu
isÿùu tlajr u isÿ jQjla fkd fõ' .Dy Ôú;h ms<sn|
j l,lsreKq hi" Rcq j u meñfKkafka nqÿrÿka
fj;g h' ;j o wia:dk.; jQ iajlSh mq;%hd fidhñka
tk hi l=,mq;%hdf.a mshd o nqÿrÿkag f.!rjfhka
wduka;%Kh fldg ish mq;d ms<sn| j úuihs' blaì;s
j wkqmQ¾j l:dfjka mshdg o O¾uh foaYkd lrk úg
mshd fidajdka jk w;r ta jk úg;a fidajdka j isá
hi l=,mq;a f;fï mshdg foaYkd l< O¾u m¾hdh
Y%jKfhka ry;a M,hg m;afjhs' Ydik b;sydifhys
;miaiq yd N,a¨l fofok oafõjdÑl Wmdiljreka
njg m;aùfuka wk;=re j f;rejka irK f.dia m%:u
f;jdÑl Wmdilhd njg m;ajkafka hi l=,mq;%hdf.a
mshd h' ^fidZj f,dfl mGux Wmdifld wfydis
f;jdÑfld&16 w¾y;ajhg m;a hi l=,mq;a f;fï .Dy
jdihg kqiqÿiq fyhska tys NsCLq uyK m%j%cHdfjka
uyK Wmiïmod lrk ,os' Tyq jkdys fuu Ydikf-
hys meúos jQ ihjekakd fõ' wk;=re j hi l=,mq;%hd
wkqj .sh Tyqf.a .sys l, hy¿jka jk úu," iqndyq"
mqKaKÔ yd .jïm;s hk whf.a meúoao ms<sn| j
p;=.sySiydhmínÊcdl:dj hgf;a úia;r flf¾' nqÿ
iiqfkys meúos odhdoh ,nkq ßis jQ hi l=,mq;%hdf.a

ñ;=rka isõfokd o tys NsCLq meúos Wmiïmodfjka
Ydikhg we;=¿ lr.kakd ,oy'
fuu l:dfjys Ydik b;sydifha ;j;a jeo.;a
ika ê ia : dkhla igyka j ;s f í' tkï fuf;la
m%j%cHdjg m;a msßi yd Wmdil nj ms<sk l< wh
mqreI md¾Yajfha wh u jqj o hi l=,mq;%hdf.a .sys
l, ìß| yd uj nqÿiiqfkys meyeÿKq mqj; hs' ^;d p
f,dfl mGux Wmdisld wfyiqx f;jdÑld&17
wk;=re j tk zudrl:dfjysZ tf;la
iiqka.; jQ úYd, u msßi ms<sn| j i|yka fjhs'
tkï" hif.a iy Tyqf.a ñ;=rka isõfokdf.a meúoa-
foka W;aiql jQ Tjqkaf.a iydhl 50 l muK msßila
Ydikhg we;=¿ùu hs' fufia b;d wmyiqfjka wdrïN
l< NsCIq Ydikh flá l,lska u ckm%sh ùu;a iu`.
fï jk úg nqÿrÿka o iu`. f,dalfha ry;ayq 61 kula
jQy'
uyCLJOlfha tk z;Sys irKd.ufkys
mínÊcd Wmiïmod l:dfjysZ Ydik b;sydihg yd
NsCIq úkhg wod< jeo.;a lreKla ix.%y ù we;'
fuf;la Y%djlhka meúos - Wmiïmod lsÍu nqÿrcdKka
jykafia úiska muKla u isÿlrk ,os' meúos - Wmiï-
mod lsÍfï n,h Y%djlhkag fkd mejÍu Ydikfha
YS>% jHdma;shg ndOdjla f,i is;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia
ta ta osYdjkays oS meúos Wmiïmod lrùu NsCIQkag u
mejrEy' fuhska m%lg jk ;j;a lreKla kï meúoao
wfmaCIdfjka ;j;a úYd, msßila ta ta osYdjkays jQ
njls' ta wkqj m<uq j flia rjq,a lmamjd lidj;a
fmdrjd W;=rei¿ isjqr taldxY fldg Wlal=álfhka
ys÷jd we|s,s ne| jkaojd f;jrla ;sirKh lsheúh hq;=
nj;a thska u Tjqfkdjqkaf.a meúoao yd Wmiïmodj
isÿjk nj;a wkqoek jod<y' Ydiksl úkfhys tk
z;Sys irKd.ufkys mínÊcd WmiïmodjZ wdrïN jQ

uq,a u wjia:dj fuh hs' fï iu`. u nqÿrÿka úiska
NsCIq Ydikfhys jHdma;shg mq¿,a mshjrla ;nk ,os'
fuhska ye`.S hkafka Wkajykafiag wjYH jQfha meúos
lsÍu yd Wmiïmod lsÍu ms<sn| j ;uka jykafia
u taldêldÍ;ajhla mj;ajd.kakjdg jvd ;uka ,o
úuqla;s iqjh mq¿,a f,i fndfyda msßilg odhdo
lsÍu nj hs' fojk nKjr wjidkfhys i|yka jk
zNoaoj.a.sh jF:qZ kï fldgfiys nK wid meyeoS meúos
jQ l=,mq;%hka 30 fofkl= ms<sn| mqj;la i|yka fõ'
3. w;sf¾l lreKq
nqoaO pß;h" meúoafoys wdrïNl wjêh yd
Ydik b;sydih iïnkaO lreKqj,g wu;r j uq,a
nKjr folg mdol jk wfkl=ÿ lreKq fõ' ta w;r
Wodk yd O¾u lreKq jeo.;a h' fndaê" wcmd, yd
uqp,skaol:dj, iEu l:djla wjidkfha u nqÿrÿka
úiska m%ldYs; Wodk fyj;a m%S;s jdlH i|yka h'
fïjd ta whqßka u Wodk md<sfhys o olakg ,efí'
fnda ê l:dfjys tk Wodk ;= k tu ms < s f j,g u
Wodk md<sfha mGu" ÿ;sh yd ;;sh fndaê iQ;%j, o18
wcmd,l:dfjys tk Wodkh Wodk md<sfha ksf.%daO
iQ;%fhys o19 uqp,skaol:dfjys olakg ,efnk .d:d
follska iukaú; Wodkh" Wodk md<sfha uqp,skao
j.a.fha m<uq jk uqp,skao iQ;%fhys o 20 olakg
,efí'
Wmka m%S;shla fyda O¾u ixfõ.hla ksid
nqÿrÿkaf.a uqúka ksl=;a jk m%ldYfhda Wodkfhda h'
tfia my< jQ Wodk rdYshla úfYaIfhka Wodk md<sfhys
o wúfYaIfhka wfkl=;a fm< .%ka:hkays o i|yka
fõ' uyCLJOlhg m%úIag jQ fuu Wodk jkdyS ksldh
.%ka:hkaf.ka WoaOrKh fldg nqoaO pß;h m%ldY
lsÍug W;aidy .ekSfuka m%fõY j we;' fuu Wodk

w;=ßka m<uqjeks .d:d;%h m%:u nqoaO jpkh f,i
wgqjdjkays i|yka fõ'
—hod yfj md;=NjJ;s Oïud
wd;dmsfkd COdhf;d n%dyauKiai
w:iai lÙLd jmhJ;s iínd
hf;d mcdkd;s ify;=Oïux
hod yfj md;=NjJ;s Oïud
w:iai lÙLd jmhJ;s iínd
hf;d Lhx mÉphdkx wfjos
hod yfj md;=NjJ;s Oïud
úOQmhx ;sÜG;s udrfikx
iqßfhdj TNdihuJ;,sCLZJ;s
box mGunqoaOjpkx kdu˜21
fuu Wodk .d:djkays O¾uuh jYfhka jeo.;a

lreKq o ix.%y ù we;' tfy;a Y%djlfhl=g m%;sfõO
lsÍug ;rï ir, fkd jk ksid yd Y%djldfmaCIdjlska
f;dr j foaYkd l< ksid tajd Y%jKfhka O¾udNsiuh
jQ njla i|yka j ke;'
Wodk yereKq úg fuu nKjroa j hfhys
wka;¾.; .d:d w;r wßhmßfhik iQ;f % hka Wmqgd.;a
.d:d fm<la22 m<uq nKjfrys m[apj.a.sh l:dfjys23
we;=<;a h' nqÿrÿka úiska u ;uka jykafia y÷kajd
fok ia : dk w;r fmf<ys fuu .d:d mka ; s h g
ysñjkafka jeo.;a ia:dkhls' w;a;=lalxikh ^;ud
Tijd ;eîu& fuka u mrjïNkh ^wkqka my;a fldg
ie,lSu& o nqÿkag wkNsu; fyhska nqÿrÿka fuu.ska

wfmaCId lf<a lsisfjl= úiska fkdo;a ;uka jyka-
fia ms<sn| j iy Wka j yka f ia f .a i;= wjfnda O h
ms < s n | wika k d ;= < ;lafiarejla we;slsÍu nj
is;sh yels h'
uydj.a.md<s uyCLJOlhg m%fõY j we;s
m%Odk;u O¾u lreKq w;r Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;h %
b;d jeo.;a h' ixhq;a; ksldfhys iÉpixhq;a;fhys
yuqjk24 Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;%h fuys o i|yka
fõ' Y%jKh lsÍfuka miq foúhka mjd w;sYhska
i;=gg m;a wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h yd p;=rd¾h
i;Hh wdoS .eUqre foaYkd óg we;=<;a h' fuu foaYkd-
jidkfhys oyï wei my< j fidajdka jk miaj.
uyKqkg a blaì;s j foaYkd flfrkafka wk;a;,CLK
iQ;%h ^m[apj.a.sh iQ;%h& hs' ixhq;a; ksldfha LJO
ixhq;a;fhys tk iuia; iQ;%h u fuys o wka;¾.;
j we;'25 tys we;=<;a lreKq o O¾uuh jYfhka uy;a
jeo.;alula Wiq,hs' rEm" fõokd" i[a[d" ixLdr yd
ú[a[dK hk ialkaO wd;au jYfhka .ekSfuka u
tajd iïnkaO ish¨ ÿCLfodaukiaihka o wd;au jk
nj;a tneúka wd;au iafkayh w;ay< hq;= nj;a tys
i|yka fõ'26 fuu iQ;%foaYkdfõ wjidkfha oS miaj.
uyKyq ry;a M,hg o m;ajQy'
hi l=,mq;h% d" Tyqf.a ñ;=rka" {d;s msßi wdoSk-
ag fuka u Noaoj.a.sh l=udrjrekag o O¾udjfndaOh
msKsi l< foaYkdj ms<sn| i|yka jkafka fufia h'
—N.jd wdkq m q í îl:x lf:is ( fihHÒox"
odkl:x iS,l:x i.a.l:x ldudkx wdoSkjx Tldrx
ixlsf,ix fkCLïfu wdksixix mldfiis'˜27
ksYaÑ; O¾u lreKla yuq fkd jQj o fuu
foaYkd l%uh o ie,lsh hq;a;ls' fuu.ska fmkajd oS
we;af;a wdOqkslfhl=g ;:d.; foaYkdj y÷kajd oSfï

wkqmQ¾j m%;smodjls' w;ayeÍfuka YsCIKhg;a t;=<ska
iïm;a ,nd.ekSu;a blaì;s j ,dNh ;=< we;s wdoSkj;a
flf,iaj, iajNdjh;a ffkIal%uHfhys ^meúoafoys&
wdksixi;a lshefjk fuu foaYkd l%uh ÿ¾úfkah
mqoa.,fhl= YsCIKh lsÍug foaYs. ckldka; foaYkd
l%uhls'
iudf,dapkh(
nqoaO pß;h" meúoao" Ydik b;sydih" Wodk" O¾u
lreKq wdoS YS¾I hgf;a uyCLJOlfha m<uq nKjr fol
ms<sn| by; lreKq olajk ,os' Wla; YS¾Ihkag wod< j ix.%y
ù we;s úia;r ms<sn| iudf,dapkfha oS meyeos,s jk lreKla
jkafka uydj.a.md<sfhys bosßhg úia;r jk Ydiksl úkh
iïnkaO lreKqj,g miqìu ilia lr.ekSï jYfhka tu
f;dr;=re jd¾;d fldg we;s nj hs' iQ;% msglfha uÊCêu
ksldh" ixhq;a; ksldh yd Lqoaol ksldhd.; Wodk md<sh
hkdosh u.ska fmdaIKh ù we;s fuys we;=<;a lreKqj,g
uyCLJOlfhka w¨;a wdf,dalhla ,eî ke;s w;r tajd ta
wdldrfhka u ix.%y ù we;s whqre olakg ,efí' flfia jqj
o meúoafoys wdrïNl wjêh ms<sn| j úuiSfï oS fuys i|yka
uyK - Wmiïmod l%u yd NsCIq iudcfha jHdma;sh Wfoid
nqÿrÿka .;a mshjr w;r l=,orefjl= meúos lsÍu fuka u
NsCIqjla Wmimka lrùu NsCIqjlg mejÍu wdoS f;dr;=rej,
úfYaI jeo.;alula mj;S'
wdka;sl igyka
1 uydj.a.md<s 01" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 02 msgqj'
2 tu" 06 msgqj'
3 iuJ;mdidosld kdu úkhÜGl:d" 1916" ihsuka fyajdú;drK
uqøKh" 718 msgqj'
4 mm[apiQokS kdu uÊCêuksldhÜGl:d"
wßhmßfhikiqF;jKaKkd

uqøKh" 719 msgqj'
uqøKh" 717 msgqj'
8 tu'
9 fla'ã'mS' úl%uisxy" 1973" iïnqÿ isß;" l¾;D m%ldYk" 100 msgqj'
10 tu'
12 tu'
uqøKh" 720 msgqj'
14 uÊCêuksldh 01" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 402" 404 msgq'
16 tu" 34 msgqj'
17 tu" 38 msgqj'
18 Lqoaol ksldh 01" 130 - 134 msgq'
19 tu" 134 msgqj'
20 tu" 148 msgqj'
21 wF:id,skS kdu OïuiÙ.KsmamlrKÜGl:d
22 uÊCêu ksldh 01" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 414 msgqj'
24 ixhq;a; ksldh 05 - ¸¸" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 270 - 274 msgq'
25 ixhq;a; ksldh 03" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 114 - 118 msgq'
26 uydj.a.md<s 01" 2005" nq' c' uq'" 28 - 30 msgq'
27 tu" 32" 34" 38" 40" 50 msgq'
ixhq;a;ksldfha n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhka

ms<sìUq jk n%dyauK iudch
wdrdê; lÓldpd¾h fndr,kafoa Oïur;k ysñ
nqoaOld,Skj Ndr;Sh iudcfhys j¾KO¾u i|yd

úfYaI ;ekla ysñ úh'isõj¾Khka w;r n%dyauKhd b;d
Wiia fjhs' Tyq mDÓúfha m%;HCI foaj;djd fia ms<s.kshs'
Tyq RIaáfha iajdñhd fjhs' Tyq hd.fhao m%;suQ¾;sh fjhs' ta
n%dyauKhd hd.fha m%;sksêFjh Wiq,hs' Tjqyq wOHdmk ldhH_
fha fhfo;s' fõo orkafkdao Tjqyqh'1b.ekaùu" bf.kSu" hd.
lsÍu yd lrùu" oka§u yd ms<s.ekSu hk fïjd n%dyauKfhda
;uka i;=fldg .;ay'2 rcqg wkqYdikd lsÍuo n%dyauKfhda
;uka i;=fldg .;ay' iudc ld¾hNdrhkayS iqúfYaI jQ
iEu wxYhlau ;uka hg;g .ekSug iu;a jQ n%dyauKhka
ksrka;rfhkau wkH j¾Khkag wNsfhda.hla fjñka wkH
l=, ;ukaf.a wKilg hg;afldg .ksñka iudcfhys l%shd
lsÍug .;a W;aidyh iajO¾u" wdmoaO¾u ;=<ska ms<sìUq fõ'
ixhq;;
a ksldfha n%dyauKixhq;;
a fha we;=<;a iQ;f
% oaYkd
22 uQ,dY% lr.ksñka nqoaOld,Sk n%dyauK iudcfha iajrEmh
ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lsÍug fuu ,smsfhka wfmaCId lrñ'
m<uq wryka;j.a.fha m<uq iQ;h% jkOk[acdkSi; Q f
% hka
nq o a O ld,S k j n% d ya u K iudch ms < s n | fndfyda lreKq
wkdjrKh lr .; yelsh' f;rejka ms<sn| wNsm%ikak .=K
we;s Ok[acdkS neñKsh Ndroajdc f.da;%fha n%dyauKfhl= yd
újdy ù isáh;a fn!oaO Wmdisldjla jQjdh'3f;rejka ms<sn| wE
;=< jQ ksiel ms<s.ekSu" wehg wmyiq;djla oefkk ieuúgu
f;jrla kuialdr mdGh lSug mqreÿ ù isàfuka y÷kd.;
yelsh'4tfiau weh nqÿka jykafiaj u:kh l< yels lsisfjla
iuia; f,dal Od;=fõ u fkd ue;s nj o oek isáhdh' weh

th wNS;j wkHhka bÈßfha úYajdifhka m%ldY l<dh'5 ;u
Nd¾hdjf.a wkH Ydia;DDFjh .re fkdl< Ok[acdkS nuqKd
wehg ji,sh wdÈ jYfhka ta ieuúgu wmjdo lf<ah'6 fuh
nqoaOld,Skj Ndr;fhys iudc.;j mej;s n%dyauK wdêm;Hh
ì| jeàu yuqfjys .;a ÿ¾j, m%hdYhla jYfhka y÷kd .;
yelsh' ;jo wju iudcjrm%ido ,o hq;= hehs nuqKq oyñka
ksfõokh lr ;snQ ldka;d md¾Yajhlska fuu úfõpkh
meñKSu o b;d jeo.;ah' fï ;=<ska iqúYoj n%dyauK iudchg
;;ald,Skj mej;S ia:djrFjh;a" wkql%ufhka th ì|jeàfï
,CIK;a ms<sìUq fõ'
widOdrK f,i iudc.; lr ;snQ n%dyauK iudc
l%uh m%nqoaO h:d¾:jd§ o¾Ykhla bÈßfhys ksy~ jk whqre
n%dyauKhdg ;u ìß|f.a mjd wkH Ydia;DDFjh yerùug
fkd yelsùfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' ;j o ;u Ydia;DDkajykafia
ms<sn| weh mjik joka yuqfjys m%;sjoka ke.Sug wiu¾:
jk nuqKd nqÿkajykafia fidhd hEfuka m%Yakfhka m,d
hEfï iajrEmhla m%;Shudk fõ' wjidkfha Tyqg .ekSug
isÿjk úi÷u jkafkanqÿkajykafia wNsuqLhg meñKSuhs' th
l¿ .,la yd fmdrnoka k g wiu;a jQ f jl= uyfurla yd
fmdrnokakg ierfikakdla jeks fidamydid;aul isoaêhls'
fuys§ nuqKd iajlSh nuqKq oyu w,<d mek úuiSfuka wdrCId
jk w;r idudkH ukqIH ufkdaNdjhla mokï lr .ksh's fuh
o n%dyauK b.ekaùï ms<sn| ixldjla we;s lrk wjia:djls'
;u oyfï we;s ksire ,CIK nuqKka mjd oekisákakg
we;ehs fï wkqj is;sh yelsh'
n% d ya u Kixhq ; a ; fha fojk yd f;jk iQ ; % jk
wlafldail yd wiqßkaol iQ;j % ,ska meyeÈ,s jkafka n%dyauKhka
;=< hym;a ukqIHhl= i;= jdlaiqpß;hj;a fkdmej;s njhs' ta
nj wlafldail Ndroajdc nuqKd yd wiqßkaol Ndroajdc nuqKd
nqÿka jykafiag isÿ lrk wiNH wmjdohkaf.ka meyeÈ,s
fõ'7fï nuqKka fldam .ekajQ ldrKh úuiSu o fuys,d WÑ;h'
tkï" ;u Ndroajdc f.da;%fhys nuqKka Y%uKidlHmq;%hka

ùuhs'8th ;u f.da;%hg isÿ jQ uyd le<,la f,i ie,l+
fudjqyq fldamdúIagj yeisÍu iudc iïu; lvd ì| oeóug
bv fkdfokakka ;=< we;s jk ufkdaNdjhla Ñ;%Kh lrhs'
wlafldiliQ;%fha § O¾uh wjfndaO lr§ug nqÿka
jykafia Ndú; l< wd.ka;l = i;aldrh mokï lr .;a foaYkd
ú,dYfhka meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ n%dyauKhka wd.ka;=l i;aldrh
fyd¢ka oek m%.=K l< msßila nj fy<s fõ'wiqßkaol
n%dyauKhdf.a wiNH MreI jpk yuqfjys ksy~ nj rlsk nqÿka
jykafiag nuqKdf.a m%;spdrh jQfha zzoeka Èkqjd o@ oeka yß o@
ZZ jeks w¾:j;a Wmydid;aul jokls'9kskaÈ;fhl=f.a úfõpk
yuqfõ ksy~ jk W;=ul=g yQ yçka iroï lrkakg jEhï
lrkakl=f.a m%;sèjkshla tu m%ldYk ;=< we;ehs isf;a' tn÷
;eklg n%dyauK iudch weo jeà ;sîu fuys,d i,ld ne,sh
hq;=h'isõjk ì,x.sliQ;%fhka fy<s jkafka f.da;%ydksh fkd
bjiQ ì,x.sl nuqKd nqÿka jykafia wNsuL q fha fl%dO
a fhka hq;j=
10
ksy~ j isák wdldrhhs' fï iQ;% y;frka meyeÈ,s jkafka
l%ufhka j¾Okh jQ tlu m%Yk a h ms<n
s | úúO whqßka m%;p s dr
oela jQ wdldrhhs' wjidkfha wd ì,x.sl nuqKdg isÿ jQfha ;u
fldamhj;a m%ldY lr .; fkdyelsj ksy~j isàugh'
wys x iliQ ; % f hka meyeÈ,s jk mßÈ nuq K ka ;u
kdulrKh ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,la oela jQ wdldrh úYo fõ'
fuys § nuqKd ;udf.a ku wysxil ksid ;ud wkqkag
ysxidjla fkdlrk flfkla jYfhka nqÿka jykafia yuqfjys
;ud y÷kajd fohs'11j¾;udkfha mjd ku ksid Woï wkk
msßia fndfyda fj;s';j oorejkag kï ;eîug fjfyfik
ujqmshkag o fï iQ;%fhka hï mKsúvhla ,nd fohs' tfiau
ku i,ld wkq.%y lsÍu fkdl< hq;=h" ku foi n,dj;a
prKh mj;ajd .; hq;=h hkdÈ mKsúv o fï iQ;%fhka ,nd
fokafka hehs isf;a'
yh jk cgdiQ;%fhka fmfkkafka Ôjk wr.,h
ms<sn| úi÷ï fijQ m%nqoaO n%dyauKfhl=f.a iajrEmhhs'12 fuys
§ b;d jeo.;a m% Y a k hla nq ÿ ka jyka f ia f .ka úuik

cgd Ndroajdc nuqKdf.ka Ôjk .eg¨ iQCIauj ksÍCIKh
l< iudc úoHd{fhl=f.a N+ñldj ksrEmKh flf¾'iqoaêl
yd w.a.sl iQ;%j,ska ;s%fõoh yd f.da;%prKh W;a;=x.Fjfhka
ie,l+ n%dyauKhka fofofkl=f.a iajrEmh úoHudk fõ'
YS,O¾u" ;fmda.=K we;;a n%dyauKfhla mdßY+oaO fkdjk
nj;a ;s%fõoh oekSfuka yd f.da;% pdß;%jdß;% wdrCId lsÍfuka
u mdßY+oaO jk nj;a Tjqka fofokd nqÿka jykafia yuqfjys
mjid isáhs'13 nuqKka oekqu yd cd;sh mokï lrf.k fuys,d
zn%dyauKZ hk moh w¾:l:kh lr ;s î fuka n% d ya u Khka
úis k a Wor fmdaIKh msKsi ;u o¾Ykh wjNdú; lsÍfï
l+fgdamdh m%;Shudk flf¾' YS,h jeks wdOHd;añl .=Kdx.
Tjqyq oaú;Sh ldrKd fldg ie,l+y' nqÿka jykafia Tjqkag
mjik m%ldYkh ;=< o n%dyauKfhl=f.a iajrEmh ks,Skj
we;ehs isf;a'14 oekqu yd f.da;% wdÈfhka Wïudohg m;aj
mqridrï fodvk" wdOHd;añl jYfhka lsi÷ s wd¾h .=K O¾uhla
m%.K= fkdl<" fflrdálnj" l=ylnj wdÈ kskÈa ; ,CIKj,ska
msreKq n%dyauK pß;hla tu m%ldYkfhka Ñ;%Kh fõ'
w.a.sl yd iqkaoßl iQ;%j,ska n%dyauKhkaf.a Y=oaê
ud¾.h jQ hd.h ms<sn| lreKq fy<s flf¾' hd. meje;a
jQ miq fYaI jQ hd.øjH n%dyauKfhl=g u §u isß;la jQ nj
iqkaoßld k§ ;Srfha w.aks hd. meje;a jQ iqkaoßl nuqKdf.a
m%jD;a;sfhka meyeÈ,s fõ' ;j o uqKavlhka ÿgq ÿgq ;ek fy<d
oelSug" ms<sflõ lsÍug Tjqka mqreÿj isá whqre o" we;eï úg
úr, j n%dyauKhka o ysi uqvq fldg isá nj o fuhska m%ldY
fõ' fõoh oekSu" ysiuqvq fkdlsÍu wdÈ ldrKd oaú;Shj i,ld
neÆ Tyq cd;sh úuid isákafka th n%dyauK O¾ufha yrh
jYfhka Tjqyq oeä úYajdifhka ie,l+ ksid úh yelsh'
nyqë;= iQ;%h n%dyauK ixhq;a;fha jvd;a is;a .kakd
l:d m%jD;a;shla we;=<;a iQ;%hls' fuu iQ;%fha Ndroajdc
nuq K df.ka jxYj;a " fY% a I a G n% d ya u Kfhl= f .a ia j rEmh
m%ldY fkdfõ'Ôjk .eg¨ yuqfõ wirKj isá"mSä;" ks¾Ok
n%dyauKfhla ms<sn| wkdjrKh fõ' we;eï n%dyauKfhda

.DyÔú;h úúO m%Yak yuqfõ wiykldÍj .;l< wdldrhg
lÈu ksoiqkla f,i fuu iQ;h % oelaúh yelsh'tys § fï nuqKd
f.dkqka wysñ ùu" wiajkq fkd,ndu jemsrE ;, úkdY ùu"
wgqfldgq ysiaj óhka fndùu" ;K we;sß,af,ys isákd mKqjka
ksok úg oIaglsÍu" orejka tld fokakd ne.ska jQ jekaoUq
¥jreka y;afokd f.or isàu" kmqre wj,iaik ìß| kskafoys
isáh § mhska .id wjÈ lrùu" Kh ysñfhda WoEik u wjq;a
Kh b,a,d isàu hk ldrKd 7la ms<sn| j oeä l<lsÍfuka
nqÿka jykafiag mjid isáhs'
fojk Wmdil j¾.fha m<uq iQ;h % jk liSNdroajdciQ;h
%
O¾uikakf s õokh w;ska fia u n%dyauK iudch ms<n
s |j o b;d
jeo.;a iQ;%hls' tlkd<d n%dyauK .ïjeis liSNdroajdc nuqKd
uydmßudKfhka lDIs l¾udka;fhys kshe¨Kq nuqfKls'
nuqKka Ôjfkdamdh i|yd úúO l¾udka; isÿ l< wdldrhg
fuu iQ;%h lÈu ksoiqkls' Woh iQ;%fha tk Woh nuqKdf.a
l:dmqj;ska wkH wd.ñl lKavdhïj,g mjd oCIsKdjka ms<s.
kajk nuqKl=f.a Wodr .=Khka ms<sìUq flf¾'15tfy;a Tyq
f;jk jr olajd È.ska È.gu m%;Hh wfmaCIdfjka meñKsu
fkdbjiQfjls' ta ms<sn| Tyqf.a wm%idoh nqÿka jykafiag
f;jk jr jevu l< wjia:dfõ oka msßkud mejiSh'
Wmdil j¾.fha f;jk iQ;%h jk fojys; iQ;%fhka"
nqÿka jykafia jd;dndOhlska .s,ka j isákd wjia:dfõfoajys;
nuqKd WKqÈh yd Wlail=re msßkeuQ whqre meyeÈ,s fõ'16nuqKd
ish ksjig meñKS Wmjdk f;rekaf.ka nqÿka jykafiag
WKqÈh wjYH nj oek ish fiajlfhl= ,jd WKqÈh lola
heùh' Wmjdk f;rekag il=re uq,la o ms§h' miqj nqÿka
jykafiaf.a frda.dndOh iukh ùoehs ne,Sug úydrhg o
meñKsfhah' fï ;=<ska n%dyauKhka .¾jfhka ie,l+ n%dyauK
j¾Kfha fYa%IaGFjh" iudc ia:rfha by<u jrm%ido ,nd
.ksñka .; l< iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h wkql%ufhka ÿflys
§ msysg jk hym;a ukqIHfhl=f.a ;;aFjhg m%j¾;kh jk
wdldrh y÷kd.; yelsh'
uydid,iQ;f % hka meyeÈ,s jkafka uydOkj;a nuqfKla

ish mq;=ka isõfokdg ish¨ Okh fnod ÿka miq mq;=kaf.
ka msysgla fkd,nd uyu.g jefgk" ÿlaÅ; Ôú;hla .;
lrk uy¨ nuqfKl=f.a m%jD;a;shhs'17 we;eï nuqKkag uy;a
Okhla ysñj ;snqKq nj;a" n%dyauK j¾Khg wh;a jQj o
uyu.g mjd jeà ÿlaÅ;Ôú; .; lrkakg isÿ jQ whqre;a
fïiQ;%fhka meyeÈ,s fõ' udkF:oa O iQ ; % f hka uõms h ka "
jeäys á hka " .=rejreka wNsjdokh fkdlrk udkfhka Wu;=j
isá nuqfKl=f.a iajrEmh ksrEmKh flf¾'18 Tyq wkHhka
w;r o udkaklaldr nuqfKl= f,i m%lgj isáfhah' idudkH
mqyqÿka ñksiqka ;=< mj;sk ÿ¾.=K n%dyauKhka ;=< o mej;s
njg fuh lÈu ksoiqkls'
mÉpksl iQ;%fha oelafjk mßÈ mÉpkslid; nuqKdg
nqÿka jykafia yuqùug hdug tflfKysu is;la my< fõ'19
fuhska nuqKka wkH Ydia;DDjrekaf.a O¾uhka oek.ekSug
ßisj isá wdldrh meyeÈ,s fõ' ish n%dyauK b.ekaùïj,
Y=kH;dj y÷kd.;a Tjqyq h:d¾:jd§ o¾Ykhka ms<n
s | wjÈfhka
isákakg we;' kjlïñl yd lÜGydr iQ;%j,ska nuqKka
jkfhys Èúf.jQ wdldrh úia;r flf¾' ta w;=ßka m<uq nuqKd
kj l¾udka; bÈlsÍu i|yd jk .; jQfjls'20 wfkla nuqKd
ish w;jeishka yd tlaj jkfhys úiQfjls'
n%dyauKixhq;a;fha hym;a n%dyauKfhl=f.a ,CIK
fmkajd fok iQ;%hla jYfhka ud;=fmdailiQ;%h y÷kd.;
yelsh' ud;=fmdail nuqKd nqÿka jykafia yuqjg wjq;a mjikqfha
;ud oeyeñka NsCIdj fidhd uõmshka fmdaIKh lrk njhs'21
nqÿka jykafia th fof,dju i;=gq úh yels mskajefvk
ls%hdjla fia i,ld w.h l< fial' NslaLl iQ;%fhka o
Y%uKhka fuka we;eï nuqKka NsCIdfjka hemqKq wdldrh
meyeÈ,s fõ'22
ix.drj iQ;%fhka nuqKkaf.a mdmyrKh ms<sn| ms<s.
ekSu jQ WolmdßY=oaêh ms<sn| lreKq wkdjrKh flf¾'
ix.drj nuqKd WoEik yd iji Èfhka mõ fidaod yßñhs
is;d WofldfrdyK j%;fhka hqla; fjhs'23 fuhska nuqKka

wfmaCId l< ldrKh tu iQ;f
% ha§ u nqÿka jykafia wNsuL
q fhys
ix.drj nuqKd fufia mjihs' zzud oj,a lrk ,o mdmhka
iji ÈhkEfuka md fldg yßñ' rd;%sfhys isÿ l< mdmhka
WoEik ÈhkEfuka md fldg yßñ'ZZ24 n%dyauK ixhq;a;fha
wjika fLdauÿiai iQ;%fhka fy<s jkafka hï hï lghq;=
i|yd iñ;s iud.ï jYfhka nuqKka /iaj iNd meje;a jQ
wdldrhhs'
nqÿka jykafia wNsuqLhg meñKs ieu úgu i;=gq
idñÑfhys fh§u nqÿka jykafiaf.a isß;la jQ w;r th fndfyda
nuqKka úiska o ms<s.;a nj iQ;%foaYkdjkaf.ka meyeÈ,s fõ'
zzw: fLd Ndrojdcf.df;;d n%dyufKd l=msf;d wk;;ufkd
fhk N.jd f;kqmiXlñ' WmiXlñFjd N.j;d ioêx
ifuudÈ" ifuudokShx l:x idrdKShx ù;sidfrFjd tluk;x
ksiSÈ'ZZ
n%dyauK ixhq;a;fha m<uq wryka; j.a.fha iQ;%j,ska
oelafjk mßÈ nqoaO foaYkdj wid Ndroajdc wdÈ n%dyauKfhda
O¾ufhys meye§ f;rejka irK f.diska meúÈ Wmiïmodj
b,a,d isáhy'zztjx jqf;; Ndrojdcf.df;;d n%dyufKd
N.jk;x t;ofjdp( wNsllk;x fNd f.d;u" wNsllk;x fNd
f.d;u' fihH:dms fNd f.d;u ksll=cð;x jd Wll=fcchH
mápPkkx jd újfrhH uQ <yii jd u..x wdÑflLhH"
wJOldfr jd f;,mfccd;x OdfrhH pCLqufk;d rEmdks
oCÅk;S;s' tjfujx fNd;d f.d;fuk wfklmßhdfhk
Ofuud mldisf;d tidyx Njk;x f.d;ux irKx .pPdñ"
Ouu[p Ns C Lq i X>[p' ,fNhHdyx fNdf;d f.d;uii
ik;sfl mnnccx" ,fNhHx Wmiumok;s'ZZ25
miqj meúÈj Wmimkajwm%ud§ jflf,ia ;jk fjr
we;s j ksjka msKsi fufyh jQ is;a we;s jjdih lrñkanUir
fl<jr fldg we;s ta W;=ï jQ w¾yFjhfkdfnda l,lska
u wê.u fldgCISKdY%jhka jykafia,d njg m;a jQy'
zzw,F: fLd Ndrojdcf.df;;d n%dyufKd N.jf;d ik;sfl
mnnccx" w,F: Wmiumox" wÑrEmiumfkkd fLd mkdhiud

Ndrojdfcd tfld jQmlfgGd wmmuf;;d wd;dmS mys;f;;d
úyrfk;d k Ñrfiij hiiF:dh l=,mq;;d iuufoj w.driud
wk.dßhx mnnck;s" ;okq;;rx n%yupßhmßfhdidkx Èf-
gGj Ofuu ihx wNs[[d ipýlFjd Wmiumcc úydis' ÇKd
cd;s" jqis;x n%yupßhx" l;x lrKShx' kdmrx bF:;;dhd;s
wnN[[dis'ZZ26
fï whq ß ka ixhq ; a ; ks l dfha n% d ya u Kixhq ; a ; h
nq o a O ld,S k n% d ya u K iudcfha n% d ya u Khka f .a úúO
Ôjfkdamdhud¾." .DydY%s; Ôú;h" wd.ñlixia:djka" ufkda-
fÉIagdjka" pdß;%jdß;% wdÈ fndfyda lreKq wka;¾.; jeo.;a
uQ,dY%hla jYfhka y÷kajd Èh yelsh'
wdka;sl igyka
1 m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" 2003" n%dyauK fn!oaO úpdrOdrd
;=,kd;aul wOHhkhla" fld<U" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"
73'
2 wOHdmkuOHhkx hckx hdckx ;:d
odkx m%;s.%yx ffpj n%dyauKdkdul,amh;a ^1-88&
Mahāmahopādhyāya Gangānātha Jhā (Editor), 1932, Manusmriti, Vol.
I, Publised by the Asitic socity of Bengal, P. 42.
3 zzw[[;rii Ndrojdcf.d;;ii n%dyuKii Ok[cdkS
kdu n%dyuKS wNsmmikkd fyd;s nqfoO p Ofuu p ifX>
pZZixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" foysj,( iïnqoaO chka;s ;s%msgl
.%J:ud,d" 286'
4 zzw: fLd Ok[cdkS n%dyuKS Ndrojdcf.d;;ii n%dyuKii N;;x
Wmixyrk;S WmCL,sFjd ;slL;;=x Wodkx Wodfkis ( zkfud ;ii
N.jf;d wryf;d iuudiunqoOii' kfud ;ii N.jf;d wryf;d
iuudiunqoOii' kfud ;ii N.jf;d wryf;d iuudiunqoOiidZ;s'ZZ
tu'
5 zzk Ljdyx ;x n%dyuK miidñ ifojfl f,dfl iudrfl
in%yufl iiiuKn%dyuKshd mcdh ifojukqiidh fhd ;ii
N.jf;d jdox wdfrdfmhH wryf;d iuudiunqoOii'ZZ tu'
6 zztjfujx mkdhx ji,s hiñx jd ;iñx jd ;ii uqKvlii

iuKii jKKx Ndi;s'ZZ tu'
7 zzl=msf;d wk;;ufkd fhk N.jd f;kqmiXlñ" WmiX-
lñFjd N.jk;x winNdys Mreidys jdpdys wflldi;ss
mßNdi;s'ZZixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 286'
8 zzwfiidis fLd wiqßJolNdrojdfcd n%dyufKd Ndrojdcf.df;;d
lsr n%dyufKd iuKii f.d;uii ik;sfl w.driud wk.dßhx
mnnðf;d;s'ZZixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 292'
9 zzw: fLd wiqßJolNdrojdfcd n%dyufKd N.jk;x t;ofjdp(
ðf;dZis iuK" ðf;dZis iuKd;s'ZZtu'
10 zzl=msf;d wk;;ufkd fhk N.jd f;kqmiXlñ' WmiXlñFjd
;=KySN+f;d tluk;x wgGdis'ZZtu'
11 zzwysxildyx fNd f.d;u wysxildyx fNd f.d;ud;s'ZZixhq;a;ksldh
1" 2006" 294'
12 wfk;d cgd nys cgd cgdh cá;d mcd"
;x ;x f.d;u mqpPdñ fld bux úcgfh cgk;s' tu'
13 k n%dyufKd iqcCO;s fldÑ f,dfl iS,jdms ;fmdlrx"
úccdprKiumfkkd fid iqcCO;s k w[[d b;rd mcd;s' ixhq;; a ksldh
1" 2006" 296'
14 nyqums m,mx cmmx k cppd fyd;s n%dyufKd"
wfk;d liunqixls,sfgGd l=ykx Wmksiisf;d' tu'
15 w: fLd N.jd mqnnKyiuhx ksjdfiFjd m;;Öjrudodh fhk Wo-
hii n%dyuKii ksfjikx f;kqmiXlñ' w: fLd Wofhd n%dyufKd
N.jf;d m;;x Tofkk mQfris' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 310'
16 w: fLd fojysf;d n%dyufKd WfKydolii ldcx mqßfik .dydf-
mFjd MdKs;ii p mqgx wdhiuf;d Wmjdkii mdodis'ixhq;a;ksldh
1" 2006" 312'
17 w: fLd w[[;frd n%dyuKuydidf<d ÆfLd ÆLmdmQrfKd fhk
N.jd f;kqmiXlñ' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 314'
18 f;k fLd mk iufhk udkF:foOd kdu n%dyufKd idjFÓhx
máji;s' fid fkj ud;rx wNsjdfo;s' k ms;rx wNsjdfo;s' k wdpßhx
wNsjdfo;s' k fcgGNd;rx wNsjdfo;s' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 316'
19 w: fLd mppkSlid;ii n%dyuKii t;ofydis( hkkQkdyx fhk
iufKd f.d;fud f;kqmiXlfuhHx hx hfoj iufKd f.d;fud
Ndisii;s" ;x ;fojiidyx mppkSldiik;s' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006"

320'
20 f;k fLd mk iufhk kjluñlNdrojdfcd n%dyufKd ;iñx
jkifKv luuk;x ldrdfm;s' tu'
21 wyx ys fNd f.d;u Ofuuk NsCLx mßfhidñ' Ofuuk NsCLx mßf-
hisFjd ud;dms;frd fmdfiñ' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 324'
22 tluk;x ksisfkkd fLd NsCLfld n%dyufKd N.jk;x t;ofjdp(
wyums fLd fNd f.d;u NsCLfld Njums NsCLfld bO fkd lsx
kdkdlrKk;s@ ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 326'
23 f;k fLd mk iufhk iX.drfjd kdu n%dyufKd idjFÓhx máji;s'
Woliqoêfld Woflk mßiqoêx mfpp;s' idhmd;x WofldfrdyKd-
kqfhd.ukqhqf;;d úyr;s' tu'
24 bO fu fNd f.d;u" hx Èjd mdmluux l;x fyd;s" ;x idh kdyd-
fkk mjdfyñ' hx r;;sx mdmluux l;x fyd;s" ;x md; kyd-
fkk mjdfyñ' bux Ljdyx fNd f.d;u" wF:jix iumiiudfkd
Woliqoêfld Woflk mßiqoêx mfppñ' ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 328'
25 ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 286'
26 ixhq;a;ksldh 1" 2006" 286'
cd;lÜGl:dfjys l=,djl j.a.h ms<sn|

úuiqula'
mQcH .,.u lreKdlr ysñ
m%fõYh
ñksid YsIagdpdr .; jQ wjêfha isg u iajlSh udkisl
iunr;djh Wfoid idys;Hg yd ri úkaokhg keUqre ùu
i|yd l:d lSu yd l:d weiSu" mqreoaola f,i Ndú; l<
njg ft;sydisl uq,dY%h ikso¾Ykj fmkajd fohs'yqfola th
tal mqoa., l%shdjlg jvd mqoa.,rdYshlf.a iyNd.SFjfhka
isÿùu iqúfYaISh' tysoS merKs Ndr;Sh iudch yd hqfrdamSh
YsIagdpdrj, ñksid yqÿ idys;Hh ridiajdohgu iSud fkdù
wd.ñl od¾Yksl b.kSï yd b.ekaùï udOHhla f,i o l:d
l%uh" wLHdk l%uh Ndú; l< njg p;=¾úO fõodk;ahkays
bJø jreK wdos foaj ixl,am ms<sn|j o" rdudhKfha rdu
rdjK iS;d mqj; o uydNdr;h mxp mdKAvj mqj; jeks
ùrldjH mqj;a o os,Sm rdc jxYh úia;D; r>qjxYh wdos uyd
ldjHhkays oúYaaj m%Njh ms<sn| f;a,aia wefkËsuekav¾"
wefkËs óksia jeks od¾Ykslhkaf.a jD;a;dka;hka wdos
fmr wmr foos. úúO m%ia;=; w<,d isÿ jQ úúO mqj;a fuys,d
fudkjg idËH imhhs' thg iu.dñj fn!oaO idys;Hfhys
iajlSh wkkH;djfhka wd.ñl" od¾ksl yd iodpdrd;aul
uqyqKqjrlska cd;l idys;Hh bosßm;a lrhs' fuys oS wjOdkh
fhduq jkqfha ;;a cd;l idys;Hh ms<sn| hï úuisula isÿ
lrñka cd;lÜGl:dfjys l=,djl j.a.h ms<sn| úpdrhl
fhoSu i|yd h'
cd;l idys;Hh yd cd;l md<sh

cd;l idys ; Hh jkdys hï mq o a . ,fhl= f .a fyda
iuQyhl fmr w;aneõys ksrEms; udkQISh yd w;sudkQISh
.=Khka m%lg lrñka úiD; l:d fjfiils' fukñka u
fn!oaO idys;Hh ;=< cd;l hkak WoaOD; jqj oNdr;Sh"
hqfrdmSh" .%Sl yd wrdì hkdos wkH idys;Hhka ;=< o ishqï
fjkialï hgf;a" cd;l Pdhdfjka rÑ; úúO .%F: yuqfõ'
tneúka u th úYaj idys;Hh ms<sn| wOHhkfhaoS m%n,
ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hla f,i o úoj;ayq fmkajd fo;s'tlS cd;l
idys;Hh ;=< iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla fn!oaO cd;l idys;Hhg
ysñfõ'
nqÿr÷kaf.a fndaêiFj wd;auNdjhka ms<sn| fuysoS
ksrEmKh fõ' tajd úúO wjia:dj,oS hï hï mqoa.,hkaf.a
l%h
s dldrlï yuqfõ w;S; mqj;a f,i fmkajd ÿka jD;a;dka;hka
f,i y÷kd.; yelsh' f:arjdo ;%smsglfha cd;l md<sh kñka
ix.%yd ù we;af;a fuu ld:djkah' cd;l hkak ms<sn|
w¾:l:khla cd;l wgqjd .egmofhys olakg ,efí'
zcd;;a;d cd;lx" cd;s;a;d jd cd;lx
cd;s;a;d cd;lx hkq fmr jQ ta ta cd;sfhys pß;hs'
cd;;a;d cd;lx hkq ta ta cd;lfhys l< iqpß; nqoaONdjh
bmeo jQ fyhska cd;l kïZ1
fuu w¾: oelaùug wkqj fndi;=kaf.a mQ¾j wd;au
Ndjhka ms<sn| lsh fõ' tfiau iuka;mididoslfjys o cd;l
hkak fufia y÷kajd we;'
zwmKaKlcd;ldoSsks m[a[didêldks
m[apcd;li;dks cd;lka;s fjos;ínxZ2
fuu i|ykg wkqj wmKaKl cd;lh wdoS mkaishh
mkyla jQ fldgi cd;l kï fõ' tfiau idrF:oSmkS kï úkh
àldfjys o cd;l hkak ms<n| hï i|ykla olakg ,efí'
zcd;x N+;x mqrdjq;a;x N.jf;d mqínpß;x COdh;s

lf:;s cd;lxZ3
fuhska o w¾:j;a jkqfha cd;l hkak nqÿr÷ka"
fndai;=ka f,i .; l< mQ¾jckauhka ms<sn| jD;a;dka;ka
njhs ' cd;l hka k kjx.i;:q i dikfhys o ola k g
,efnkakls' ta njg ucaCêu ksldhd.; w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h
idËHh orhs'
zbO NsCLfj tlÉfp fud>mqßid Oïux mßhdmqKka;s"
iq;a;x" f.hHx" fjhHdlrKx" .d:d Wodkx" b;sjq;a;lx"
cd;lx" wíN=;Oïux" fjo,a,x'''''''''''''Z4
fuu ish¨ WoaOD;hka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS
cd;l hkak fndaêiFj mQ¾j ckauhka ms<sn|j;a" mdró
mQrKfha ;;amr jk wdo¾Yu;a pß;h ms<sn|j;a" f;dr;=re
wka;¾.; f:rjdo ;%smsgld.; uQ, .%J:hla f,i o y÷kd.;
yelsh' nqoaO ld,h olajd u ft;sydislFjhla we;s cd;l
md<sh NdKl mrmqrlska fmdaIKh jQ njg wdpd¾h B'ví'
wosldrï jeks úh;=kaf.a woyi jk w;r thg uydjxYh
wdosh o idËHh imhhs' cd;lmd<sh .d:dj,ska rÑ;h' tajdg
wod< l:djka lshjkqfha cd;lÜGl:dfjysh' iQ;% msglf-
hys Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a 15 jk .%J:h cd;l md<shhs' th
ksmd; f,i m%Odk fldgia úisfollg ^22& fnfoa'5 tfia
moH u fldgiaj,ska hqla; cd;l md<sh wkqfldgia rdYslg
o m%fNao.; fõ'
wÜGl:d yd cd;lÜGl:dj
Wla; lreKqj,ska m%;Shudk moHuh .%J:hla jk
cd;l md<sh úia;r úNd.h ;oSh wÜGl:dj ;=< úoHudkh'
cd;lÜGl:dj ms<sn| úuiSug mQ¾jfhka wÜGl:dj hkak
y÷kd.ekSu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' ta wkqj wÜGl:d hkak
idrF:oSmkSfhaoS fufia y÷kajhs'
zwfF:d lÒh;s t;dhd;s wF:l:d idfhj wÜGl:d
:ldriai Gldrx lFjd''''w¾:h lshkq ,efí hk w¾:fhka

wÜGl:d kï fõZ'6 tfiau w¾:h ,sys,a lroSu o wÜGl:dfjys
wruqKh'
zhdhF:x wNsjKafKka;s - nH[ackF:xmodkq.x - ksodk jF:q
iïnJOx - tid wÜGl:d u;dZ7
ziïud iïnqoafOfkj ;sKaKx msgldkx
wF:jKaKkdlalfldms Ndisf;d;s oÜGínx ;F: ;F: N.jf;d
mj;a;s;d mlsKaKl foikdfhj wÜGl:d''''' hk idrF:oSmkS
àld mdGhg wkqj wÜGl:d hkq ta ta i:dkj,oS úia;r iys;j
foaYkd l< m%lS¾Kl iïnqoaO foaYkdjjka h'Z8
fuu ish¨ w¾: oelaùï yuqfõ wÜGl:djla u`.ska
.eUqre" ÿrdjfndaO hï hï m%ia;=;hka ms<sn| ir,d¾:fhka
úia;r úNd. lreKq oelaùu isÿ fõ' wgqjd rpkfhys"
wgqjdpdÍ nqoaOf>daI Oïumd," Wmfiak" uydkdu" nqoaOo;a;
wdoS uyf;rjre m% O dk fj;s ' ta wkq j fuu kHdfhka
cd;lmd<shg rÑ; wÜGl:dj" cd;lÜG;dj f,i ye|skafõ'
tys cd;lmd<sfhys we;s .d:djkaf.aka ixËsma;j olajd we;s
cd;l l:dj úia;rd¾:fhka olajd we;' ta wkqj wmf.a
wjOdkh fhduq jkqfha tfia úia;r jk cd;lmd<sfhys tall
ksmd;fha p;=F: j.a.h jk l=,djl j.a.fha cd;l l:d
lsysmla ms<sn|jh'
cd;lÜGl:dfjys l=,djl j.a.h

l=,djl j.a.h cd;lmd<sfhys tall ksmd;fha p;=F:
j.a.h hs' tys j.a.h cd;l wÜGl:dfõ m%Odk j.a.hla jk
l=,djl j.a.h hs' tys l=,djl" kÉp" iïfudoudk" uÉP"
jÜgl" il=K" ;s;a;sr" nl" kJo" Losrx.dr jYfhka cd;l
l:d 10 ls' fuu j.a.h m<uq cd;l l:d kdufhka y÷kajd
we;' fuys oS wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq jkqfha ;oSh j.a.fha
my; cd;l 05 i|ydh' tkï"
1. l=,djl cd;lh - cd;lmd<sfha 31 jekakhs" l=,djl
j.a.fha 1 hs'nq'c'uq' 2006" 14 -15 msgq
zl=,djld ud;,s isïn,siañx - BiduqfLk mßjcachiaiq

ldux jcdu wiqfriq mdKx - udhsfu oscd úl=,djd wfyiqx;sZ
ûd;,sh" iqm¾K fmda;lfhda bUq,a fjfkys t,S
fydú;s' Tjqka r: YS¾Ifhka ÿre lrj' wiqrhka flfrys
m%dK yßïy' fï iqm¾K fmda;lfhda leoe,af,ka myjqjdyQ
fkd fj;ajd'&9
meka fkdfmrd mdkh l< NsËQka jykafia kula
wrUhd foaYs; fuu cd;l l:dfjys fndai;dKka jykafia
mQ¾j ckauhl ila foõ ù Wmkafka kuqÿ hqoaOhloS m<d
hk wjia:dfõ ish iemh fjkqfjka hk .ukska ydkS jk
i;=kaf.a cSù; .ek is;d kej;=Kq w;S; mqj;a o lsh fõ'
2. jÜgl cd;lh - cd;lmd<sfha 35 jekakhs" l=,djl
j.a.fha 5 hs nq'c'uq' 2006" 14 -15 msgq
zika;s mCLd wm;kd ika;s mdod wj[apkd - ud;d ms;d
p ksCLka; cd;fjo málaludZ;sZ
ûdf.a mshdm;a we;' mshdir lrkakg wiu¾:h'
mdofhda we;' mshjr .ukska hkakg wfmdfydi;ah' uEKsfhda
o mshdfKda o ud yer oud .shy' cd;fjoh myjj&10
nqÿr÷ka NsËk
Q a yd ms`vq msKi
s jäk wjia:djl jkfhys
,eõ .skakla we;súh' tysoS ìhg m;a mD:.ack NsËQka úl,aam
.skakla iEoSug W;aiql jQy' túg nqÿ .=K fkdokafkys oehs
úuid w;S; jgq wd;aufhys l< i;H l%shdj meyeos,s lrhs'
3. ;s;a;sr cd;lh - cd;lmd<sfha 37 jekakhs" l=,djl
j.a.fha 7 hs nq'c'uq' 2006" 16 -17 msgq
zfh joaOumpdhka;s krd Oïuiai fldúod - osÜfGj
oïfu mdixid iïmrdfhp iq.a.;SZ;sZ
^jeäysáhkag ie<lSu kï jQ .=K O¾ufhys oË
jQ hï flfkl=ka .=Kfhka o jiska o jeäysáhka mqo;a o
TjQyQ fuf,djoS u meieish hq;= fj;s' mrf,dfjys oiq.;sh

fj;s'&11
ia:úr NsËQkag fikiqka fkd oS Pín.sh ysñjre
fikiqka ,dnd.ekSu ksid jevys|skg fikiqkla fkdue;s
jQ neõka wjg .ila uq, ys|skd ießhq;a uyf;reka ÿgq nqÿysñ
miqod ish,a, /ia fldg ießhq;a ysñf.a .=Kh fmkajd oS tu
isÿùu ms<sn| úuikafka ;sßika i;=ka w;r o jäysáhkag
ie,lSu we;s njg mQ¾jcd;s m%jD;a;shla f.k yer olajhs'
4. nl cd;lh - cd;lmd<sfha 38 jekakhs" l=,djl j.a.fha

8 hs nq'c'uq' 2006" 16 -17 msgq
zkdÉpka;x ksl;smam[af[d ksl;Hd iqLfuO;s
wdrdfO;s ksl;Smam[af[d nfld llalgldñjd;s'Z
^j[apk nqoaê we;af;a ;udf.a u jxpd fya;=fjka
ks;Hfhka iqj fkd jähs' lsis iqjhla fkd msysghs' j[apk
nqoaê we;af;a lgql úmdl ,nhs' ll=¿jdf.ka f., is|.;a
fldld fuka'&12
isjqre ieliSfï oË NsËqjlf.a jxpd iy.; l%shdjla
wrUhd foaYs; fuu cd;lh ;=<ska mQ¾j cd;sfha tu NsËqj
fldfll=j wyr fkdue;sj ú,l isá ud¿jka /jàug W;aiy
l< w;S; mqj; fmkajd fohs'
5. Losrx.dr cd;lh- cd;lmd<sfha 40 jekakhs" l=,djl

j.a.fha 10 hs" nq'c'uq' 2006" 16-17 msgq
ldu m;dñ ksrhx WoaOmdfod wjxisfrd - kdZkßhx
lßiaidñ yJo msKavx má.a.ydZ;s
^W!¾Ojmdo we;a f ;ñ" wO# lD; ys i we;a f ;ñ"
taldka;fhka krlfhys jefgñ' tf;l=ÿ jqj;a oka fkdoSu
is,a fkd/lSu wdos wkd¾h l%shdjla fkdlrñ' tneúka msKav
kï ,o n; ms<s.kafka uekú'&13
okaoSfuys kshq;= wfkams`vq isgdKka wrUhd foaYkd

lrk fuu cd;lfhys w;S;fha fndai;=ka uyd okafok
isgqjrfl=j isàhoS ueÿrg jeä mfia nqÿrcdKkajykafiag
fok odkh je<elaùug udrhd úiska ksujk ,o w`.=rej,g
osúmrÿj ;nd nei oka ms<s.kajk mqj; úia;r fõ'
fï whqßka iËsma;j y÷kd.kakd ,o Wla; cd;l
l:djka ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a m%fõY ;=kla Tiafia úpdrhg fhduq
l< yelsh' tkï O¾uuh jeo.;alu" ft;sydisl jeo.;alu
yd idys;huh jeo.;alu jYfhks'
O¾uuh jeo.;alu
cd;l l:djkays O¾uh jeo.;alu ms<sn| úuiS-
fïoS th hï iSudjlg f.dkq lsÍu w;sYh wiSre lreKls'
tneúka fuysoS Wla; cd;l l:djka ms<sn| wOHhk myiqj
msKsi lreKq lsysmla u`.ska ;oSh O¾uuh jeo.;alu úuiSug
wfmaËs;h' ta wkqj l=,djl j.a.fha m<uq
l=,djl cd;lfhays
 csùka iys; c,h mdkh fkd.e<fmkakla nj lsh
fõ'
 fmr mre ;u cSú; iqrË;djh i|ydj;a wka i;=kf.a
cSj; wk;=rg m;a fkdl< nj lsh fõ'
 ux udj;a iEoSu wdosh mskalï nj lsh fõ'
 fu;a jeãu ish¨ i;=ka i|ydu úh hqla;la nj lsh
fõ'
fndê i;af;d f;ix Tjdox wodis' ;=ïfy is,dk wj-
cafc:" fmiq[a[ldrfl p r[af[d p yFÓïys p w;a;fkd
w;a;fkd iÍfr p tliosifuj fu;a;x Ndfj:dZ;s 14
 iqrËs;u uka;%h ffu;%sh nj lsh fõ'
 i;amqrI ,ËK lsh fõ'
ud;dfm;a;sNrx cka;=x l=f, fcÜGdmpdhskx

iKayx iÅ,iïNdix fmiqfKhHmamdydhskx
ïÉfParúkfh hq;a;x iÉpx fldOdNsN=x krx
;x fj fojd ;dj;sxid wdyq imamqßfid b;s15
 i;amqreIhka ish cú; /l=ug wka cSú; lem fkdlrk
nj ls fõ'
ud wïfy ksiaidh tf; ls,uka;=" k uhx biaißhx
ksiaidh mdKjOlïux lfrdu'16
jÜgl cd;lh
 nqÿ.=Kh ieug jvd n,j;a nj lsh fõ'
 ;s ß ika . ; i;a ; a j fhla jq j o i;H jpkfhka
i;Hl%shdjla lrkafka kï tys n,h Wiia hehs lsh
fõ'
wFÓ f,dfl is,.=fKd iÉpx fidfphHZ kqoaohd
f;k iÉfpk ldydñ iÉplsßhukq;a;ux
wdjcacsFjd Oïun,x ißFjd mqínfl csfk
iÉpn,umiaidh uÉplsßhx wdldiZ.Zka;s17
;s;a;sr cd;lh
 m<uqj msÿug fhda.H jqkfha jeäysá NsËqj nj úia;D;
fõ'
fld kqfLd Nsfj w.a.dik w.af.dolx w.a.msKavx
wry;SZ;s' tlÉfp L;a;sh l=,d míncsf;dZ;s wyxiq tlÉfp
n% d ya u Kl= , d míncs f ;dZ;S wmfr úkhOfrd OïulÓ-
fld mGuiai COdkiai ,dNs ÿ;shiai ;;shiai p;=F:iai
COdk,dNSz;s wmfr fid;dmkafkd ilod.dñ wkd.dñ wryd
f;úcafcd P<N[af[d wdyiq tjx f;ys NsCLQys w;a;fkd
w;a;fkd reÑjfik w.a.dikdoSks lÓ;ldf, iF:d wdy'
Zk ìCLfj uhax idifk w.a.dikdoSks mFjd L;a;sh l-,d

míncsf;d mudKx k n%dyauKl=,d míncsf;d ks úkhOfrd
k iq;a;ka;sfld kdNsOïñfld k mGucaCOdkdoS ,dNsfkd
k fid;dmka k dofhd mudKx w: fLd Ns C Lfj buia ñ
idifk h:d nqâvx wNsjdokmÉpQmÜGdkx w[a[c,slïux
idñÑlïux l;a;ífnd w.a.dikx w.af.dolx w.a.msKafvd
,oaOífnd'''''''''''''''18
 ;sßika i;=ka w;r o jeäysáhdg f.!rj olajk nj
lsh fõ'
zzulAlfgd p yFÓ p ;s;a;srmKaä;x wdyxiq'z iïu
Fjx wïfyys uy,a,l;frd bf;d mÜGd uhx ;j ilaldr.
reldrudkjJok mQckdks fjZj w[a[,slïu idñÑ lïudks
p lßiaidu Tjdfo p f; Giaidu' Fjx mk bf;d mÜGdh
wïydlx Tjdodkqidiksx ofohHdisZZ19
 jeäysáhkag fkdi,lakafka kï ÿlalgdm;a;shla jk
nj lshfõ'
wkqcdkdñ NsCLfj bf;d mÜGdh ;=ïydlx h:dnqâVx
wNsjdokmÉpqÜGdkx w[ac.s lïuidñÑlïux h:d nqâV
w.a . dikx w.a f .dolx w.a . ms K a v x k bf;d mÜGdh p
kjlf;frk nqâV;frd fikdifkk mándys;ífnd' fhd
mándfyhH zzwdm;a;sÿlalgiidZ;s'20
 jeäyáhkag i,lkakd iq.;shg hk nj lsh fõ'
fhd joaOumpdhka;s krd Oïuiai fldúod - osÜfGj
Oïfu mdiid iïmrdfh p iq.a.Z;S21
 cd;sh" l=,h wdosh fkdj hful= jeäysáhkag i<lkafka
Tyq Wiia jk nj lsh fõ'
nl cd;lh
 whym;a meje;=ï we;a;d wkHhka o ;ud o mSvdjg m;a
lrk nj lsh fõ'
 m%{dj we;a;d thska iemhg m;a jk nj;a lmálñka

wkqjKd úm;g m;a nj;a nj lsh fõ'
zkdÉpka;x ksl;smam[af[d ksl;Hd iqLfuO;s
wdrdfO;s ksl;Smam[af[d nfld llalgldñjd;s'Z22
Losrx.dr cd;lh
 isf;ys meyeoSu we;a;dg oka fokakg wmyiq fkdjk
nj ls fõ'
—Ñ;a;ïms mKS; ld;=x ilafldka;iai odkx ÆLx kdu
kFÓ˜23
 meysoSu wvq odkfha wdksixY wvq nj;a meyeoSfuka fok
odkfha wkqiia jeä nj;a lsh fõ'
zkFÓ Ñ;af; miïkïys wmamsld kdu oCÅKd
;:d.f; jd iïnqoafO w: jd ;iai idjfl
k lsrFÓ wfkduoiaiSiq mdßpßhd nqoafOiq wmamsld
iqLdh wf,dKsldh p miai M, l=ïudimsoaêhd24
 nqÿ iiqkg wjev lrkakdg foúhka o msysg fkdjk

nj lsh fõ'
 is,aj;=kaf.a n,j foúhkag o blauúh fkdyels nj
lsh fõ'
 ieoeye;shd osú mrÿjg ;nd oka fok nj lshfõ'
 mdmfha úmdlh fkdolsk ;dla nd,hd mfõ wef,k
nj;a úmdl lgql f,i w;aú|sk nj;a lsh fõ'
mdfmdZms miai;s Nøx hdj mdmx k mÉp;s
hod p mÉp;s mdmx w: mdfmd mdmdks miai;s
NfødZms miai;s mdmx hdj Nøx k mÉp;s
hod p mÉp;s Nø w: Nfød Nødks miai;sZ25
fï whqßka Wla; cd;l l:djkays O¾uuh jeo.;alu

kso¾Yk lsysmla weiqßka fmkajdosh yelsh'
ft;sydisl jeo.;alu
Wla ; l= , djl j.a . d.; cd;l l:djka ms < s n |
;jÿrg;a wOHhk lsßu i|yd ft;sdisluh jeo.;alu o iqú-
fYAIS jkakls' ta wkqj cd;lgGld:dfjys Wla; cd;lhkays
ft;sydislFj lreKq lsysmhla weiqßka úuish yelsh'
l=,djl cd;lh
 fuu cd;lh meka fkdfmr mdkh l< NsËqjla wrUhd
foaYs;h
 ;;ald,Sk NsËqj pdßldfõ jeä njg;a fmrykalv
wksjd¾h wx.la jQ nj o lsh fõ'
 fndai;=kaf.a fmr wd;au Ndjhka ms<sn| úia;r lsh-
fõ'
 u> udkjlhd we;=¿ msßi isÿl< lghq;=" Ndú; Wm-
lrK ms<sn| lsh fõ'
 mkais,a ms<sn| i|yka fõ'
 we;= ,jd mE.ùu o`vqjula f,i Ndú; l< nj lsh-
fõ'
 iqOïud" Ñ;%d" kkaod" iqcd;d jYfhka u> udkjldf.a
Nd¾hdjka ms<sn| i|yka fõ'
 u> l=ure urKska miq ila foú njg m;a jQ nj yd Tyq
,o iïm;a ms<sn| lshfõ'
 iqr wiqr hqoaOh ms<sn| lsh fõ'
 hqoaOfhka kslafuk ila foúÿf.a ud;,S r:dpd¾hka
mojk ffjcka; r:h isïn,S kï jkhg msúfik
neúka mSvdjg m;a jk iaj¾K fmda;lhka ms<sn| lsh

fõ'
jÜgl cd;lh
 nqÿr÷ka NsËQka msßjrd msKavmd;fha jäk whqre úia;r
fõ'
 nqÿr÷kaf.a ld,fhys yd w;S; jgq w;a Njfha we;s jQ
,eõ.sks ms<sn| lsh fõ'
 ,eõ.sks ksùu i|yd úl,am .sks we;s lsÍu Ndú;
Wml%uhla f,i i|yka fõ'
 i;Hl%shd ms<sn| lsh fõ'
 nqÿr÷kaf.a .=Khka lsh fõ'
;s;a;sr cd;lh
 fuh ießhq;a ysñg fikiqka wysñ ùu iïnJOj
foaYs;h
 nqÿr÷ka jev úiQ ia:dk ms<sn| yd wfkams`vq isgdKka
úydr lrjd th ¥; ud¾.fhka oeka jQ wdldrh úia;r
fõ'
 nqÿr÷ka O¾u ifõ.hg m;a jQ wjia:djla lsh fõ'
 Pín.a.sh NsËQkaf.a l%shdjka ms<sn| lsh fõ'
 jgqjd" jÿrd" we;d hk i;=kaf.a jDoaO;r nj ms<sn|
w;S; l:djla ms<sn| lshfõ'
 jeäysá NsËQkag f.!rj lsÍu iïnJOj úkh kS;shla
meKúu yd th lvlrkakkag ÿl=,d wej;la fjk
nj lsh fõ'
nl cd;lh
 fuh Öjr jxpl Ns Ë q j la wrUhd foa Y kd lrk
,oaols'
 isjqre ilia lsÍug u isá NsËQka yd isjqre ilia lsÍu
ms<sn| f;dr;=re lshfõ'
 isjqre ilik NsIqjf.a jpksl l%shd úia;r fõ'
 fndai;=ka w;S; w;a Njhla jDË foj;dfjlaj isá
iufha ud¿ka /jàfï fhoS isá fldfll= ms<n
s | mqj;la
úia;r fõ'
 mia mshqñka .ejiS.;a ú,la ms,sn| lshfõ'
Losrx.dr cd;lh
 wfkams`vq isgdKka wrUhd foaYkd lrk ,oaols'
 wfkams`vq isgdKka osklg f;jrla nqÿr÷ka oelSug .sh
nj;a úúO mQcd øjHhka o idufKar NsËkQ g
a o rileú,s
wdosh /f.k .sh nj lshfõ'
 uqo,a fmd<shg oSu tl, isÿ jQ nj;a" isgq;=ud oywg
fldaáhla tfia Khg .;a nj lsh fõ'
 wiQuyd Y%djlhka jykafia,d ms<sn| i|yka fõ'
 .nvd y;lska hq;a isgqf.a ueÿr ms<sn| i|yka fõ'
 isgqf.a ueÿf¾ isá foaj;dúhla ms<sn|j o lreKq lsh
fõ'
 ñ;HdoDIaál foaj;dúh isgq ueÿfrka fkrmSu;a iu`.
weh isõ foújreka yd ila foõ r÷ka yuqjg .sh mqj;la
úia;r fõ'
 tu foaj;dúh fidajdka jQ nj lsh fõ'
 nqÿr÷f.a fo;siauyd mqreI ,ËKhka ms<sn| lsh fõ'

 fndai;=ka fmr w;a Njhl isgql=ufrlaj udrhd úiska
ujk ,o uyd .sks w`.=re j,la u;ska jev mfia
nqÿr÷kag oka ÿka mqj;la úia;r fõ'
fï whq ß ka cd;lÜGl:dfjys l= , djl j.a . fha
ft;sydislFjh úuiSug yels fõ'
idys;huh jeo.;alu
cd;lÜGl:dj yqÿ O¾u .%J:hlau muKla fkdfõ'
th wmQ¾j ldfjHdala;Ska o wk;¾ .; jQjls'
l=,djl cd;lh
 fmrykal`vh we;s yd ke;s NsËqj w;r jk ixjdoh
kdgHdkqidrfhka olajd we;"
 ilafoõ rcqf.a rdcY%Sh úÑ;%Fjfhka j¾Kkd lrhs'
jÜgl cd;lh
 we;s jQ ,eõ .skak mD:.ack NsËQkaf.a l%shdjka úis;re
whqßka olajhs'
zfidms fLd w.a . s tlOQ f ud tlcdf,d yq F jd
wjF:rudfkd wd.ÉPf;j' ;F:fl mq : q c a c ckNs C Lq
urKNhNS;d" kSy¾Fjd w.a.s lfrdka;s'Z26
 nqÿ.=K úÑ;% whqßka lsh fõ'
—..kuca f CO À; pJo mdÖ kf,dlOd;= f ld
W.a.ÉP;x iyiairdism;suKaä;x iqßhuKav,x fj,d;Sfr
À;x iuqoao isfkre ksiaid is;d isfkre p wmiaaikd úh
ifojflf,dfl w.a.mq.a., w;a;kd ioaêx .ÉPka;fuj
iïux iïnqoOa x wfkdf,dflFjd mj.a.xs fojd;s jo:@ nqoO
a n,
27
k cdkd:@˜
 .skak ÿre jQ whqre ukialdk; whqßka olajhs'

zodj.a.s wNsNjkaf; úh úrjkaf;d wd.ÉP;s' wd.kaFjd
;d:d.;iai À;ÜGdk mFjd ;iai iuka;d fid<ilßiu;a;x
Gdkx m;af;d Wofl Tms,dms;a;sKqlald úh ksíndhs'Z28
 i;Hl%shdj Ñ;a;c rEm uefjk whqßka m%ldYs;h'
zika;s mCLd wm;kd ika;s mdod wj[apkd - ud;d
ms;d p ksCLka; cd;fjo málaludZ;sZ
;s;a;sr cd;lh
 Pín.a.sh ysñjre fikiqka w;alr .;a whqre kdgHdkq-
idrfhka m%ldYs;h'
 jgqjd" jÿrd" we;d hk i;=kaf.a jDoaO;r nj lshfjk
kq. me,h ms<sn| w;S; l:dj úis;=re whqßka olajhs'
nl cd;lh
 jxpksl NsËqj isjqre ilik wqre úis;=rej lsh fõ'
 fldld ms<sn| ish woyi ud¿fjd ldjHd;aulj m%ldY
lr;s'
mGulmamslf;d mÜGdh uÉPdkx Ñka;knfld kdu
kFÓFjx wïfyiq tflzlx Ldos;=ldfudis@29
 fldld ud¿jka rjgk whqre úis;=rej lsh fõ'
 ll=¿jd fldldf.a fn,a, lmk whqre WmudkQidrfhka
lsh fõ'
l=uqokd,x lmafmkaf;d úh ;iai .Sjx lmafmFjd
Wofl mdúis'30
 jxpkslhd úm;g m;jk whqre WmudkQidÍj olajhs'
kdÉpka;x ksl;smam[af[d ksl;Hd iqLfuO;s

wdrdfO;s ksl;Smam[af[d nfld llalgldñjd;s'31
Losrx.dr cd;lh
 wfkms`vq isgdKkaf.a pß;h ú;=re whqßka m%ldY fõ'
 wfkms`vq isgdKka yd foaj;dúh w;r ixjdoh úis;=re
whqßka olajd we;'
 wkqm%dirifhka hq;a .d:djka fhdod we;'
mdfmdZms miai;s Nøx hdj mdmx k mÉp;s - hod p mÉp;s
mdmx w: mdfmd mdmdks miai;sNfødZms miai;s mdmx
hdj Nøx k mÉp;s - hod p mÉp;s Nø w: Nfød Nødks
miai;sZ
 fndai;=ka w`.=rej,g mshjr ;nk wqre úis;=rej olajd
we;'
 mfia nqÿr÷kag odkh ms<s.ekaùug jäk fndai;=ka
mjikqfha ldjHd;aul m%ldYhls'
—ldux m;dñ ksrx WoaOmdfod wjxisfrd - kdZkdßh
lßiaidñ yJo msKavx má.a.ydZ;s˜32
ks.ukh
fï whqßka cd;lÜGl:dfjys l=,djl j.a.d.; ;;a cd;l
l:djka ms<sn| O¾uuh jeo.;alu wdos Wla; m%fõYhka ;=<ska
úuiSu isÿl< yelsh' ta wkqj cd;lÜGl:dj O¾uuh .%J:hla
f,i muKla fkdj ft;sydisl yd idys;Hhuh wkkH;djhka
iys; iqúfYaIs fn!oaO uQ,dY%hla nj wmf.a ks.ukhs' ta i|yd
Wla; kso¾Ykhka m%dudKsl idËH bosßm;a lrhs'
wdka;sl igyka
1 Ys% ,dldm%dÖk NdfIdamdldr iud.u Ydia;%sh ix.%ydh" ixia
fidaudkkao ysñ f;ßmeye" fmaur;k ysñ jrldf.dv" iqu., ysñ
myuqfKa" fidaNs; ysñ n<xf.dv" fudrgqj.u tÉ tï" ú;dkf.a

isßfiak" 113 msgqj" 2000'
2 iuka;mdidosld kïjQ úkhÜgl:d ndysr ksodk jKaKkd" ixia"
úmiais ysñ rUqlaje,af,a" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," urodk fld<U 10"
70 msgqj" 2005'
3 Ys% ,dldm%dÖk NdfIdamdldr iud.u Ydia;%sh ix.%ydh" ixia
fidudkkao ysñ f;ßmeye" fmaur;k ysñ jrldf.dv" iqu., ysñ
myuqfKa" fidaNs; ysñ n<xf.dv" fudrgqj.u tÉ tï" ú;dkf.a
isßfiak" 114 msgqj" 2000'
4 ucaCêu ksldh" uQ, mKaKdilh" Tmïuj.a.h" w,.oa¥mu iq;%h"
nq#c#uq# 2006" 334 msgqj'
5 nqoaOo;a; ysñ fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;Hh" r;akfmd;a m%ldYlfhda
n;a;ruq,a," 2007" 102 msgqj'
6 m[a[dr;k ysñ f.daKfoKsfha" md,s wÜGl:d yd wdpd¾hjre"
Y%Sfoaùmskag¾" keosud," foysj,"2010" 1msgqj'
7 tu"02 msgqj'
8 tu" 02 msgqj'
9 cd;lmd<sh" tall ksmd;h" nq#c#uq# 2006" 15 msgqj'
10 tu 15 msgqj'
11 tu" 17 msgqj'
12 tu" 17 msgqj'
13 tu" 17 msgqj'
14 cd;lÜGl:d" mGu Ndf.d"tllksmd; jKaKkd" ixia'
msh;siaiudydf:r úÿrefmd," ;%smsgl uqøkd,h" 1992" 175 msgqj
15 cd;lÜGl:d" mGu Ndf.d"tllksmd; jKaKkd" ixia'
msh;siaiudydf:r úÿrefmd," ;%smsgl uqøkd,h" 1992" 177 msgqj
16 tu 177 msgqj'
17 tu 186 msgqj'
18 tu 189 msgqj'
19 tu 190 msgqj'
20 tu 191 msgqj'
21 tu 191 msgqj'
22 tu 194 msgqj'
23 tu 198 msgqj'
24 tu 198 msgqj'
25 tu 201 msgqj'
26 tu 185 msgqj'
27 tu 185 msgqj'
28 tu 185 msgqj'
29 tu 193 msgqj'
30 tu 194 msgqj'
31 tu 194 msgqj'
32 tu 202 msgqj'
Oïumoh ms<snò úuiqula

mQcH iQßhjej iqiS, ysñ
m%fõYh
O¾uiajdñ jQ Nd.Hj;a f.!;u ;:d.; nqÿrcdKka
jykafia úiska ;uka jykafia kqjKskA wjfndaO fldg f.k
il, i;a;ajhkaf.a u ys; iqj msKsi fmkajd jod< O¾u
ud¾.h nqoaOidik kï fõ' th mßh;a;s idik" mám;a;s
idik" máfõO idik hk wx. ;=klska iukaú; fõ' tys
mßh;a;s idikh kï nqoaO NdIs;h hs' nqÿka úiska foaYkd
fldg jod< ish¨ O¾uh hs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska jod< YS% ioaO¾uh ;%smsglh
kñka m%lgh' ta ;s%msglfhys fjdaydr foaikd" mru;a: foaikd"
wdKd foaikd hkqfjka m%fNao;%hla we;=<;a fõ' iQ;%" wNsO¾u"
úkh hk msgl;%h u mQ¾fjdala; foaikd l%u ms<sfj<ska u
tu kduhkaf.ka o y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a mßks¾jdKfhka f;uilg
miqj uyd ldYHm uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka"
wcdi;a; uy rc;=udf.a odhl;ajfhka yd mkaishhla uy
ry;ka jykafia,df.a iyNd.s;ajfhka mej;s m%:u O¾u
ix.dhkdfõ oS il, nqoaO foaYkh
01' iQ;% msglh"
02' wNsO¾u msglh"
03' úkh msglh"
hkqfjka ;%smsglfhys,d ix.%y lsÍu ix.dhkd ldrl
NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska lrk ,oaols' ixjD;s jYfhka mej;s
ish¨ foaYkd iQ;% msglhg wh;a fõ'

01' oS> ksldh"
02' uca¯u ksldh"
03' ixhqla; ksldh"
04' wx.=;a;r ksldh"
05' Lqoaol ksldh"
jYfhka iQ;% msglh o m%Odk .%ka: mylska iukaú;h'
fjdaydr foaikd ke;fyd;a jHjydr foaYkdj hkqfjka m%lg
jkafka o ksldh mfilska iukaú; fuu iQ;% msglh hs' fu-
fia ksldh kdufhka m%Odk fldgia mylg fjka fldg uq,a
ksldh y;rg fmd;a y;rl=;a Lqoaol ksldhg fmd;a my<jl=;a
we;=<;a lrk ,os' tu fmd;a myf<dj kï"
01' Lqoaol mdG
02' Oïu mo
03' Wodk
04' b;sjq;a;l
05' iq;a; ksmd;
06' úudkj;a:q
07' fma;j;a:q
08' f:r.d:d
09' f:Í.d:d
10' cd;l
11' ksoafoai
12' máiïNsodu.a.
13' wmodk
14' nqoaOjxi
15' pßhdmsgl
hkqfjks' fï .%ka:dj,sfhys fojeks j iòyka jQ Oïu
moh Lqoaol ksldh fyj;a l=ÿf.d;a i`.shg wh;a yia;idr
jia;=jls' nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka f;uilg miqj mej;s m%:u
O¾u ix.S;sfha oS u Oïu moh Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a .%ka:hla
jYfhka ix.%y flßKs' th .eUqre fuka u ir, O¾u fldgia
o we;=<;a fldg ix.%y lrk ,oaols'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska úúO wjia:djkays úúO
mqoa.,hka wrNhd l< foaYkd moaO;shla Oïu mohg wh;a fõ'
Woa.; jQ wjia:djg yd ldrKdjg wkqj l< flá O¾udjjdo
Oïu moh hkqfjka tla fldg fjk u lD;shla jYfhka ix.%y
fldg we;' fuf,dj yd mrf,dj cSú;h ilia lr .ekSug
b;d m%fhdackj;a jk iodpdrd;aul cSú;hla wjOdrKh
lrk O¾fudamfoaY rdYshla nqoaO foaYkfhys ta ta ;kays úisÍ
;sìK' Pkaoia wkqj mne`ÿKq .d:djkag fï O¾fudamfoaY wh;a
fõ' ;%smsglfha tk iq;a; ksmd;" f:r.d:d yd f:Í.d:d wdoS
lD;Skaf.ka fï .d:d fjka fldg Oïu moh jYfhka kï
lsÍug fya;= jkakg we;af;a" fï .d:djkays we;s WmfoaYd;aul
iajrEmh hs' fuu WmfoaYd;aul ,laIKh uq¨ Oïu moh mqrdu
úysfoñka tys talSh nj wdrlaId lr f.k we;'
tu Oïu moh hul wmamudo j.a. wdoS jYfhka
mßÉfPao úisyhlska iukaú; fõ' tajd kï"
01' hul j.a.h .d:d 20
02' wmamudo j.a.h .d:d 12
03' Ñ;a; j.a.h .d:d 11
04' mqmaM j.a.h .d:d 16
05' nd, j.a.h .d:d 16

06' mKaä; j.a.h .d:d 14
07' wry;a; j.a.h .d:d 10
08' iyiai j.a.h .d:d 16
09' mdm j.a.h .d:d 13
10' oKav j.a.h .d:d 17
11' crd j.a.h .d:d 11
12' w;a; j.a.h .d:d 10
13' f,dal j.a.h .d:d 12
14' nqoaO j.a.h .d:d 18
15' iqL j.a.h .d:d 12
16' msh j.a.h .d:d 12
17' fl%daO j.a.h .d:d 14
18' u, j.a.h .d:d 21
19' OïuÜG j.a.h .d:d 17
20' u.a. j.a.h .d:d 17
21' mlsKaKl j.a.h .d:d 16
22' ksrh j.a.h .d:d 14
23' kd. j.a.h .d:d 14
24' ;Kayd j.a.h .d:d 26
25' NslaLq j.a.h .d:d 23
26' n%dyauK j.a.h .d:d 41
jYfhks' fï ish¨ j¾.hkays we;s iïmQ¾K .d:d ix-

LHdj ydrish úis;=kls' m%:u ix.S;sfha oS Oïumoh jYfhka
yeòskajqKq uQ,sl lD;sfha fï .d:d ydrish úis;=k u ;snqKsoehs
iaÓrj lsj fkdyel' Oïumofha tk we;eï .d:djka fjk;a
lD;sj,ska Bg we;=<;a lr.;a tajd njg we;euqkaf.a woyila
we;'
wNsOdkh
fï lD;shg Oïumo hk wNsOdkh fhdod we;af;a
ljr lreKla ksidoehs úuid ne,Su o wjYH fõ' Oïumo hk
wNsOdkh fyj;a ku fhoSu ms<snòj mj;akd u; o rdYshls'
Oïu hkafkys fuka u mo hkafkys o úúO w¾: we;s ksid
tys kdu iïNjh ms<snò tl woyila oelaùu wmyiqh' Oïu
hkak wd.u iòyd o Ndú; fõ' nqÿka jykafia foaYkd l<
iqúfYaI u foh O¾uh fõ' th kï il, fn!oaOhka úiska
ms<f
s .k wkq.ukh l< hq;= O¾uh hs' Oïu hk md,s Yíofhka
iajNdjh" m¾hdma;sh" m%{dj" kHdh" i;Hh" m%lD;sh" mqKHh
wdoS w¾: iuqodhla ms<sìUq fõ'
1
mo hkafkys o wre;a iuqodhls' ;ek" wdrlaIdj"
ks¾jdKh" fya;=j" jpkh" foh" mh" mshjr hk wre;a mo
hk jpkhg olajd we;'
Oïumoh hkq O¾uh ms<snò mshjr hk w¾:fhka
fhfok nj tla woyils' we;eï wh thg ud¾.h hk wre;
f.k fohs' Oïumofhys u tk wmamudfod wu; mox - mudfod
uÉpqfkd mox hk .d:dfjys iòyka mßos mox hk jpkh ;=<
ud¾.h hk wre; .uHudk jk nj fmfka' fï lD;sfhys
u wry;a; j.a.fhys 3-4 hk .d:doajfhys o u, j.a.fhys
wjika .d:d fol jQ 20-21 hk .d:doajfhys o iòyka jk
mo hk Yíoh .;sh" .uk hkdoS wre;aj,ska olajd we;'
mq¾fjdala; woyia wkqidrfhka i,ld n,k úg Oïumo
hkafkys wre; mámod ud¾.h hehs fmkajd osh yelsh' fuys
u tk mqIaM j.a.fhys uq,a u mo foflys iòyka fld Oïumox
iqfois;x - fifLd Oïumox iqfois;x hk .d:d mdooajfhka

o fï u;h ;yjqre flfrk fihla fmkS hhs'
Wla; iòyka jQ .d:d mdoj, oelafjk Oïumo hk
jpkfhys wre; jkafka i;a;sia fndaêmdlaIsl O¾u hkakhs'
i;a;sia fndaêmdlaIsl O¾ufhda wjfndaO fldg f.k wkq.
ukh lrkafkda wd¾h mqoa.,hka i;afokdh' tkï"
wêYS,
wêÑ;a;
wêm%{d
fidajdka
ilDod.dñ
wkd.dó
wry;a
hk ;%súO YslaIdfjys yd p;=¾ ud¾.hkays yeisfrk W;=ï
mqoa.,fhda h' nqÿ oyfuys iòyka jk mámodfõ Wiia u M,h
,nkafka o fudjqka u h' fuu woyi yqjd olajk .d:djla
l=KaviQ;%fhka yuqfõ'
—fhd Oïumfo iqfoisf;
u.af. cSj;s i[a[f;d i;sud
wkjcac modks fijudfkd
;;shx NslaLqx wdyq u.a. cSúx˜
^l=Kaviq;a;" 6 jk .d:dj&
fï wkqj Oïumo hk jpkhg mámod ud¾.h" O¾u ud¾.h
hk wre;a fndfyda fihska .e<fma' Ök Oïumoh .ek woyia
olajk î,a uy;d Oïumo hk jpkhg O¾uh ms<snò .d:d"
iqNdIs; hkdoS wre;a f.k yer olajhs' fï l=uk wre;lska
jqj o .uHudk lrkq ,nkafka Wla; iòyka l< ixl,amh
hs' ta wkqj Oïumoh oyï u`. ke;fyd;a ks¾jdKh iòyd
we;s mámod ud¾.h hs'
ksñ;a;
Oïumofhys iòyka .d:d nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska ta
ta wjia:djkays oS hï hï lreKq wruqKq fldg f.k foaYkd
fldg jod< .d:d iïmsKavkhls' tu ksid ta .d:d w¾:
W;am;a;s foaYkdjg wh;a fõ' fuu .d:d ljfrl= wrNhd
l=uk lreKla Wfoid foaYkd lrk ,oafoa o hk uQ,dY%
f;dr;=re oel.; yels jkafka Oïumohg rpkd lrk ,o
wgqjdj jQ OïumoÜGl:dj kï lD;sfhks' Oïumofha uq,a u
.d:dj jQ ufkd mqínx.ud Oïud hk .d:djg wod< lreKq
wgqjdj wdrïNfhys u olajd we;af;a fufiah'
whx Oïufoikd l;a:Ndis;d;s @ idj;aÓhx lx
wdríNd;s @ plaLqmd,;af:rx
tys fojk .d:dj ms<snòj iòyka fldg we;af;a
ufkd mqínx.ud;s ÿ;sh .d:dms idj;aÓhx fhj
uÜgl=Kav,sx wdríN Ndis;d
hkqfjks' fuu .d:d foisug fya;=j" md;% j¾.hd" isoaêud,dj
hkdosh l:d jia;=jg we;=<;a jk w;r .d:d wre;a l:d
jia;=j wjidkfhys .d:d ú.%yfha we;=<;a fõ' .d:dj foiS-
fuka we;s jQ m%;sM, iòyka lsÍfuka l:d jia;=j wjidk fõ'
úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a úúO jQ cSú; .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lrñka
tu mqoa.,hkaf.a fuf,dj mrf,dj WNhd¾: iqNisoaêh Wod
lrñka ksjka ud¾.hg fhduq lsÍfï wNs,dYfhka fuu .d:d
iuqÉph foaYkd fldg we;'
ixhq;sh
m%:u O¾u ix.S;sfha oS O¾u ix.dhkd ldrl NslaIQka
jykafia,d úiska Oïumoh thg we;=<;a .d:d ksjeros f,i
f;dard ix.%y lsÍfuka miqj tu lD;sh iQ;% msglfha Lqoaol
ksldfha wka;¾.; fojk lD;sh f,i f.k yer olajhs'
fuu .d:d ix.%yh fuf,iska ks¾udKh flrefKa m%:u O¾u
ix.dhkdfõ oS h' tkuq;a fuu lD;sfhys oelafjk .d:dj,ska
hï m%udKhla ;%m
s g
s lfha tk iQ;% msglfha wfkl=;a .%k:
a j,ska
oelsh yelsh' iuyr .d:d úkh msglfhys o oelsh yel'
fï lreK ms<snòj wOHhkhla l< fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a;
kdysñfhda tu wjia:djka fufia fmkajd fohs'
fuys hul j.a.fha 3-4-5-6 fjks .d:d uca¯u
ks l dfha Wmß mKa K dilfha Wmla l s f ,i iQ ; % f hys o"
úkhuydj.a.md<sfha fldiïnlaLkaOlfhys o fj;s' 6 fjks
.d:dj f:r.d:dmd<sfha p;=lal ksmdfha iNsh f:r.d:djkays
olakd ,efí' ta j¾.fha 9 fjks —wkslalidfjd ldidjx˜ wdoS
.d:dj yd 10 fjks .d:dj f:r.d:dmd<sfha ;sxiksmd;fha
Mqiai;af:r.d:djkays fmfk;a' ta j¾.fha 13-14 fjks .d:d
f:r.d:d md<sfha rdO;af:r.d:djkays fmfk;a'
wma m udoj.a . fha 6-7 .d:d fol ùi;s k s m d;fha
wx.=,sud,;af:r.d:djkays o" ixhq;a;ksldfha
foaj;dixhq;a;fhys o fmfka' ta j¾.fha wka;su .d:dj
p;= l a l x.= ; a ; rfha p;= l a l j.a . fhys ola k d ,efí' mq m a M
j.a.fha 8-9 fjks .d:dfol f:r.d:d p;=lal ksmd;fha
iq N + ; s ; a f :r.d:djka y s fmfka ' tys u 11 fjks .d:dj
wx.=;a;r;slksmd;fha wdkkaoj.a.fhys fmfka' nd,j.a.fha
7-8-9 fjks .d:d ixhq;a;ksldfha foajmq;a;ixhq;a;fhys
úoHudk fj;s' mKaä;j.a.fha uq,a .d:d fol f:r.d:djkays
;sxi ksmd;fha idßmq;a;;af:r.d:djkays fmfka' tys mi-
afjks .d:dj f:r.d:d tal ksmd;fha l=Kav,;af:r.d:dfjys
o" ùi;sksmd;fha wx.=,sud,;af:r.d:djkays o fmfka' ta
j.a.fha w. .d:d my ixhq;a;ksldfha u.a.ixhq;a;fhys o"
wx.=;a;rksldfha oilksmd;fha mÉfpdfrdysksh j.a.fhys o
olakd ,efn;a'
wryka;j.a.fha 9 fjks .d:dj ilal ixhq;a;fhys
fmfka' 9-10 fjks .d:d fol f:r.d:d ;sxi ksmd;fha
idßmq;a;;af:r.d:djkays fmfka' mdmj.a.fha —fhd wmam
ÿÜGiai˜ wdoS .d:dj foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys o" iq;a;ksmd;fha
fldld,sl iQ;f% hys o fmfka' oKavj.a.fha —ysÍksfifOd˜ wdos
.d:dj foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys olakd ,efí' tys 3-4 fjks .d:d

Wodkmd<sfha uqp,skaoj.a.fhys fj;s' crdj.a.fha fofjks
.d:dj f:r.d:d ;sxi ksmd;fha wdkkao;af:r.d:djkays o" ta
j.a.fha —cSrka;s fj rdcr:d˜ wdoS .d:dj fldai, ixhq;a;fhys
o olakd ,efí' tys u jq —wmamiq;dhx mqßfid˜ wdoS .d:dj
f:r.d:d ;sxi ksmd;fha wdkkao;af:r.d:djkays fmfka'
nqoaOj.a.fha 7 fjks .d:dj Wodkmd<sfha fï>shj.a.fhys
fmfka' f,dalj.a.fhys 10 fjks .d:dj b;sjq;a;lmd<sfha
25 fjks iQ;%fhys fmfka' fldaOj.a.fha uq,a.d:dj foaj;d
ixhq;a;fhys o" ta j¾.fha 10 fjks .d:dj wx.=;a;rp;=lal
ksmd;fha NKav.duj¾.fhys o fmfk;a' u,j.a.fha 7-8-9
fjks .d:d wx.=;; a r wÜGl ksmd;fha uyd j.a.fhys fmfk;a'
OïuÜGj.a.fha —k f;k NslL a q fyd;s˜ wdoS .d:d fol n%dyauK
ixhq;a;fhys olakd ,efí' u.a.j.a.fha 5-6-7 fjks .d:d
f:r.d:d fid<i ksmd;fha fldKav[a[;af:r.d:djkays
úoHudk fj;s' ksrhj.a.fha m%:u .d:dj iq;a; ksmd;fha
fldald,sl iQ;%fhys yd Wodkmd<sfha fï>shj.a.fhys o"
6-7 fjks .d:d fol foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys o" 7 fjks .d:dj
f:r.d:dp;=lal ksmd;fha iNsh;af:r.d:djkays o" 8-9 fjks
.d:d foaj;d ixhq;a;fhys o olakd ,efn;a' 10 fjks .d:dj
;sxi ksmd;fha idßmq;a;;af:r.d:djkays olakd ,efí'
kd.j.a . fha —ñoa ê hod fyd;s uy.a > fid p'''˜
wdoS .d:dj f:r.d:d tal ksmd;fha odil;af:r.f:dfjys
fmfka ' Bg wk;= r e .d:dj f:r.d:d ta l ks m d;fha
y;a : dfrdylmq ; a ; ;a f :r.d:fjys ; a ;s x i ks m d;fha
;d,mqg;af:r.d:dfjys;a fmfka' ta j.a.fhys —ifp ,fN:
ksmlx˜ wdoS .d:d ;=k uca¯uksldfha WmßmKaKdilfha
Wmlalsf,i iQ;%fhys fmfka' ;KAydj.a.fha uq,a.d:d y;r
f:r.d:d Plal ksmd;fha ud¨xlHmq;a;;af:r .d:djkays
olakd ,efí' ta j.a.fha —k ;x o<ayx nkaOkudyq ërd˜
wdoS .d:d fol fldai,ixhq;a;fhys fmfka' NslaLqj.a.fha 5
fjks .d:dj f:r.d:d ;sxiksmd; wdkkao;af:r.d:djkays
fmfka ' tys 11 fjks .d:dj foa j ;d ixhq ; a ; fhys ; a
l=KavOdk;af:r.d:djkays;a fmfka' tys wjidk .d:dj

f:r.d:d ùi;s ksmd; wx.=,sud,;af:r.d:djkays fmfka'
n%dyauKj.a.fha 14 fjks .d:dfõ isg 41 fjks .d:dj olajd
.d:d 28 la uca¯uksldfha fofjks mKaKdilfha jdfiÜG
iQ;f% hys o" iq;;
a ksmd;fha jdfiÜG iQ;f
% hys o olakd ,efn;a'
wjidk .d:dj wx.=;a;r;slksmd;fha n%dyauKj.a.fhys
fõ'2
fï wkqj fmkS hkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska
úúO wjia:djkaj, foaYkd lrk ,o .d:dj,ska fldgila
f;dardf.k mYapd;ald,Skj isÿ l< m%:u O¾u ix.dhkdfjys
oS lD;shla jYfhka ix.%y fldg we;s njhs'
ld,h
Oïumofha tk .d:dj, W;a m ;a ; s h nq ÿ rcdKka
jykafiaf.a Ôjudk iuhg wh;a fia ie,l=j o tu .d:d
we;=<;a fldg lD;shla jYfhka ks¾udKh jQfha m<uq O¾u
ix.dhkdfõ § nj fndfyda úoaj;=ka úiska ms<sf.k we;s
woyils' iQ;% yd úkh msglj, ilia lsÍï fyj;a ixj¾Okh
wNsO¾u msglhg ;rula mQ¾jld,Skj isÿ ú we;' flfia jqj
o m<uq O¾u ix.dkdfõ § Oïumoh flaj, ix.%yhla f,i
m%lg jQ nj meyeÈ,s h' rc.ykqjr ima;m¾KS .=ydoajdrfha §
mj;ajk ,o m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdj wdrïN lrk ,oafoa nqoaO
mßks¾jdKfhka ;=ka uilg miq jQ wei< mqka fmdfydfha
miajk Èkfhys h' fï wkqj Oïumoh ix.%y jQ ld,h l%s' j'
ishjia my yudrlg ;rï fmr ld,hlg wh;a fõ'
ta flfia jqj o j<.ïnd rcqf.a ld,fhys ,xldfõ
§ ;s%msglh .%ka:drEV lrk iuh jk úg Oïumoh flaj,
mßmQ¾K lD;shla njg m;a j ;snqKs' nqoaOf>daI ysñhka
OïumoÜG l:dj rpkd lsÍug Ndú; fldg we;af;a fï
.%ka:drEV l< msgm;a úh hq;= h' nqoaOf>daI ysñhka OïumoÜG
l:dj rpkd lrk ,oafoa l%s' j' 5 jk ishjfia § muK fõ' fï
lreKq wkqj Oïumoh .%ka:drEV jQ ld,fha isg OïumoÜG
l:dj rpkd jk iuh f;la fn!oaOhkaf.a w;a fmd; f,i

mßYs,kh fldg ;sfí'
lD;sfha iajNdjh
Oïumofhys ix.Dys; .d:d ixLHdj 423 ls' ta nj fuys
ks.uk .d:dj, iòyka jk .d:d —i;dks p;a;dß f;aúi p
mqkdmfr˜ hkafkka ±lafõ' tfia jqj o miajk ldYHm rcqf.a
Oïmshd wgqjd .egmofha ix.Dys; .d:d ixLHdj 422 ls' tla
.d:djl fï wvqmdvqj flfia isÿ jQfha±hs lsj fkdyel' kuq;a
th úuish hq;a;ls' fuu .d:djkag wh;a w¾: W;am;a;s 300
la nj Oïmshd wgqjd .egmofha ±lsh yel' fuu ixLHdfjys
o iuyr lD;Skaj, fjkila we;' nqreu Oïumo ks.uk
.d:dj, l:d 305 la we;s nj iòyka lrhs' —m[apdêldks
;SKs j;a:qi;dks˜ hkqfjka tys ±lafõ'3
Oïumoh l=vd .%ka:hla jqj o tys .dïNSr;ajh fuka
u ir, O¾u ldrKd o ix.Dys;h' by; iòyka l< wdldrhg
Oïumofhys wka;¾.; .d:d 423 j.a. 26 lg fnod we;' tu
j¾. kï fldg we;af;a ndysr fuka u wNHka;ßl ldrKd o
uQ,dY%h fldg f.k nj fmfka' m%:u j.a.h jQ hul j.a.h
tla lreKla ms<snòj ud¾. folla fmkajd §u iòyd .d:d
hq., jYfhka olajd we;s j.a.hls' tu j.a.hg ta wNsOdkh
fyj;a ku § we;af;a ndysr ,laIK ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks'
fojk j.a.h jk wmamudo j.a.h ikao¾N.; úIh uQ,sl
ldrKd wkqj kï lr we;' tu j.a.h ;=< úYo flfrkafka
wm%udoh ksid we;sjk m%fhdack yd m%udoh ksid we;sjk
w.;Skah' Oïumofha j.a. kï fldg we;s wdldrh y`ÿkd
.ekSug mQ¾fjdala; WodyrK m%udKj;a fõ'
Oïumofhys iQ;%dka; O¾u lreKq wka;¾.; ùu
úfYaIhla fkdfõ' ukao h;a th iQ;% msglhg u wh;a jQjla
jk ksidfjks' tfia jqj o fuys wNsO¾u foaYkd ms<snò lreKq
o wka;¾.; ù we;s nj oelsh yel' ta iòyd fï WodyrK
lsysmhls'
—ufkdmqínx.ud Oïud
ufkd fiÜGd ufkduhd˜ ^hul j.a.h 1 .d:dj&
—h:dms uQf, wkqmoaofj o<afy
cskafkdms relafLd mqkfrj rEy;s
tjïms ;Kaydkqifh wkqyf;
ksínka;;s ÿlaLñox mqkmamqkx˜
^;Kayd j.a.h 5 .d:dj&
uq,a WodyrKfhka Ñ;a; ffp;isl úNd.h wkd-
jrKh lrkq ,nhs' fojeks WodyrKfhka fya;M= , oyu ;=<k
s a
i;a;ajhdf.a meje;au iïnkaO .dïNSr od¾Yksl Ñka;khla
wkdjrKh flf¾' Oïumoh ;=< úkh YslaId lreKq o
wka;¾.; jk nj oelafjk WodyrK rdYshla o ;sfí'
—k mfrix úf,dudkS - k mfrix l;dl;x
w;a;fkdj wfjlafLHh - l;dks wl;dksp˜
^mqmaM j.a.h 7 .d:dj&
—plaLqkd ixjfrd idOq - idOq fidf;k ixjfrd
>dfKk ixjfrd idOq - idOq csõydh ixjfrd˜
^NslaLq j.a.h 1 .d:dj&
fuu lreKq wkqj meyeos,s jkafka il, ;%smsglfha
u idrj;a lreKq Oïumohg wka;¾.; fldg we;s njhs'
w¾: rifhka yd O¾u udOq¾hfhka iukaú; jQ fuu lD;sh
mßyrKh fldg wkq.ukh lrkakd ;=< W;=ï .;s.=Kj,ska
fmdaIKh lsÍug bjy,a jQ nK fmd;la f,i fuh yeòskaúh
yelsh' nqoaO foaYkdj ;=< wka;¾.; il, O¾u ldrKd fuu
Oïumofhys ix.Dys;h'
mßjdr lD;s
fï Oïumoh kï jQ yia;idr lD;sh uQ,ls fldg f.k
,shejqKq mßjdr lD;s iuqodhla we;' ta w;r uyd wgqjdpdÍ
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka úiska rpkd lrk ,o OïumoÜGl:dj
kï jQ md,s lD;sh m%uqLia:dkfhys,d ie,fla' l=udr ldYHm

kï jQ NslaIqjlf.a wdrdOkfhka rÑ; fï lD;sh l%s' j' 5 jk
ishjig wh;a jQjls'
lD;{ jQ wêrdchd úiska lrjQ úydrfhys isßl=âv rcqf.a
m%didofhys jiñka nKjr foie;a;Ejlska hq;a fï .%ka:h
lrk ,oehs
.%ka:djidkfhys iòyka fõ' Oïumofhys wka;¾.;
.d:d m%udKh 423 ls' l:djia;= 299 ls' l:d m%udKh wvqùug
fya;=j iuyr wjia:dj, oS .d:d tllg jeä m%udKhla
faYkd fldg ;sîuhs' Oïumo .d:d O¾uhka foaYkd lsÍug
fya;= jQ ksodk l:d we;eï ;ekays w;S; l:d yd w;=re l:d o
.d:djkaf.a w¾: újrKh iys;j j¾;udk l:dj,ska mßmQ¾K
OïumoÜG l:dj Oïumo .d:d foaYkdjkaf.a yrh u;=fldg
fmkajk legm;ls' foaYlhka jykafia,dg O¾u NdKavd.
drhls' Wla; l%ufõoh cd;l wgqjdfõ fuka u f:r.d:d
wgqjdfõ o oelsh yel'
OïumoÜGl:dfjys .eg,q ;eka t<s oelaúu iòyd
foìij cd wndi, fujka ksß`ÿka úiska rpkd fldg we;s
Oïumo .egmo újrKh úfõpkd;aul w.kd .%ka:hls' óg
wjqreÿ oyilg muk fmr ,xldfjys 5 jeks i,fujka wnd
ldYHm uy rc;=ud úiska Oïmshd wgqjdjg u Oïmshd wgqjd
.egmoh o rpkd fldg we;' OïumoÜg l:dj o m%:ufhka
isxy, NdIdfjka ;sî md,shg mßj¾;kh we;ehs tys uq,
tk .d:d oyfhka tll iòyka fõ' md,s OïumoÜG l:dj
;sîfuka fyda fjk;a fya;=jlska fyda isxy, OïumoÜGl:dj
wNdjhg f.dia we;' fï fya;=fjka isxy, muKla W.;a
ckhdf.a ys;iqj msKsi ldYHm uy rcqka úiska Oïmshd wgqjd
.egmoh rpkd lrkakg we;ehs is;sh yelsh'
OïumoÜG l:dj wruqKq fldg f.k fYa%IaG;u
idys;H .%ka:hlska isxy, idys;H iqfmdaIs; úh' ta W;=ï
l,d lD;shla jk ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh hs' O¾u lÓlhkaf.a
foaYk l=i,;djka Y%djlhkaf.a Y%oaOd Nla;sh;a l=¿.eka-

fjk whqßka O¾ufiak ysñhka úiska ck jyrg uq,a ;ek
oS Wmud rEmldosfhka iu,xlD;j isxy, .oH ldjHhla
jQ ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh OïumoÜG l:dj wdY%fhka rpkd jQ
w;súYsIag O¾u .%ka:hls' oUfoks hq.fhys O¾ufiak ysñhka
úiska rÑ; ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh ;rï fmdÿ ckhdf.a is;a neò
.;a wkH lD;shla isxy, idys;Hfha fkdue;s ;rïh'
Oïumo mßj¾;k
Oïumoh ;rï úYa j lS ¾ ;s h g m;a jQ fn!oa O
idys;HdïNrfhys m%Ndu;a jQ wkH lD;shla ;s%msglfhka
fiúh fkdyel' f,dal NdIdjkaf.ka jeä NdId .Kklska
mßj¾;kh l< ;s%msgl lD;sh o fuh hs' f,dalfha f.!rj
nyqudkhg md;% ù we;s Oïumohg úúO rgj, m`äjreka
úiska úúO NdIdjka f .ka újrK imhd ;s f í' ys k a o s "
jx." ixialD;" cmka" Ök" ;sín;sh wdoS fmros. NdIdjkaf.
ka fuka u bx.%Sis" reishka" m%xY" c¾uka" ,;ska wdoS wmros.
NdIdjkaf.ka o mßj¾;kh ù Oïumoh f,dalh mqrd úysoS
we;s lD;shls'
Oïumoh Ök NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrk ,oafoa l%s' j'
3 jk Y; j¾Yfha oS h' tu mßj¾;kh md -lshq - lsx ^Fa -
Kheu - King& hkqfjka yeòskafõ' th Iduka - fõhsls - ,ka
we;=¿ lsysm fofkl=f.a mßj¾;khls' fuh y`ÿkajd we;af;a
O¾ukS;s iQ;% hkqfjks' md,s Oïumofha j.a. yd .d:dj,g
jvd Ök Oïumofha j.a. fuka u .d:d m%udKh o wêlh'
Ök Oïumofha j.a. 39 ls' .d:d 752 ls' jpk 14"580 ls' fuu
Ök Oïumoh î,a kï m`äjrhd úiska uE;l oS ixialrKh
fldg uqøKh fldg we;'
m%:ufhka u hqfrdamfha uqøKh jQ md,s lD;sh jQfha
Oïumoh hs' th fâksia m`äjrhl= jQ úlag¾ *jqiafnda,a uy;d
úiska l%s' j' 1855 oS uqøKh lrk ,os' fï lD;sh m%:ufhka u
bx.%i
S s NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrk ,oafoa f,dal m%lg m`äjrfhl=
jQ uelaiauq,¾ uy;d úisks' tkï l%s' j' 1881 j¾IfhaoS h' fla'
ta' fkdhsuka kï jQ c¾uka m`äjrhd úiska fuu .%ka:h l%s' j'
1893 j¾Ifha oS c¾uka NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lf<ah' Oïumoh
yskaos NdIdfjka mßj¾;kh lrk ,oafoa l%s' j' 1904 j¾Ifha
oS h' fï whqßka f,dalfha úúO NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh lrk
,o Oïumo mßj¾;k 1881 j¾Ifha isg fï olajd uqøKh jQ
bx.%Sis mßj¾;k u yegla muK ;sfí' fï ish¨ lD;s w;ßka
ydj¾â úYajúoHd,hSh mqi;a l ud,dj hgf;a B' ví' n¾,skf a .aï
uy;df.a ixia l rKh jq ^Buddhist Legends& kï .% k a:h
w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'
Oïumofhys iqúfYaI;d
Oïumofhys wka;¾.; lreKq ms<ns òj úu¾YkdlaIf
s hka
n,kafkl=g úfYaIfhka fmkajd osh yels fndfyda ldrKd we;s
nj mqÿuhla fkdfõ' ta ish,a, oS¾> úu¾Ykhlg m%udKj;a
fõ' tjeks fohlg fuys,d we;s bvlv iSud fõ' tu ksid
ta ms<snò ixlaIsma; úia;rhla oelaùu WÑ; fõ' Oïumoh
fmdÿfõ f.k n,k úg uQ,sl jYfhka tys jeo.;alu
wx.;%hlg fnod oelaúh yel'
01' iduhsl
02' idys;Hhsl
03' iudc úoHd;aul
hkqfjks' fuys mj;akd jQ iduhsl w.h m%lg jQjla
ñi wm%lg jQjla fkdfõ' fn!oaO o¾Ykh wkqidrfhka n,k
úg ckhdg fuf,dj mrf,dj hk WNhd¾: cSú;h hym;a
ud¾.hg .ekSu iòyd wjYH lrk u`. fmkaùu Oïumofhys
ukdjg meyeos,s lrhs' tu u`. fmkaùu fyj;a Oïumofhka
fok O¾udf,dalh uyd id.rh ;rïh' jhiska fuka u nqoaêf-
hka o jeã .sh mqoa.,hkag fndfyda fihska w¾:j;a fuka u
m%fhdackj;a ixl,am fuys wka;¾.; fldg we;' uyd iuqøfha
.eUqr fjrf<a isákd mqoa.,fhl=g jvd oshfUys isákakd jQ
mqoa.,hkag wjfndaO jkakd fia Oïumofha .dïNSr nj yd

O¾u rih nqoê
a u;=kg
a u wjfndaO jkakls' fï wkqj Oïumoh
fmdÿ ckhdg fkdjegfyk njla fyda wod< fkdjk njla
.uH lrkafka ke;' idudkH fmdÿ ckhd flfrys;a nqoaêu;a
ckhd flfrys;a Oïumoh bjy,a jk wdldrh oU rkaj,
w.h yd iajNdjh okakd jQ .eñ ldka;djf.a yd rkalrejdf.a
Wmudj wdY%fhka oelsh yelsh'
Oïumofha O¾u w.h ikd;k O¾u;djls' th yeu
ld,hlg u fmdÿ i¾jld,Sk jQjls' ish¨ cd;Skag u fmdÿ
jQjls' ´kEu ld,hlg" ´kEu foaYhlg" ´kEu ñksfil=g
bjy,ajk Oïumofhys jákdlu jgyd.kakg tla WodyrKh-
la jqj o m%dudKsl fõ'
—mfrp k úcdkka;s - uhfu;a: hudufi
fhp ;;a: úcdkka;s - ;f;d iïuka;s fuO.d˜
^hul j.a.h 6 .d:dj&
^fï ix>hd ueo flda,dy, lrk ckfhda wms ure-
uqjg hïy hs fkdoks;s' ta l,ylrejka w;=ßka hï kqjKe;s
flfkla wms ureuqjg hïy hs oks;a kï ta fya;= fldg
f.k l,yfhda ikaisfò;s'& me< bksjegg" ìï w`.,g ur-
Khg m;a lrk" urKhg m;ajk fudav oßø;djfhka hq;a
.eñhdf.a isg rgla ksid rgla úkdY lrk f,dal n,j;=ka
olajd l,flda,dy, lrk ish¨ u fokdg cSú;fha jákdlu
fmkajd fok fujeks O¾fudamfoaYj,ska kQ;k f,dalhg .;
yels m%fhdack wm%udKh'
Oïumoh úYsIag idys;H .%ka:hla jYfhka o úYaj
lS¾;shg m;a ù we;' mo ,d,s;Hh" Wmud" w,xldr" WmfoaY
hk idys;Hh ,laIKj,ska iukaú; idys;Hh lD;shla f,i
o yeòskaúh yelsh' tfia jqj o tajd ndysr ,laIK fõ' fuys
idys;Hhuh w.h /òS mj;skafka thska bosßm;a flfrk
cSú; o¾Ykh fya;= fldg f.kh' ffk¾hdksl jQ;a" ksrdñi
jQ;a" wjfndaOhla lrd f.k hk cSjk o¾Ykhla Oïumof-
hka újrKh flf¾' wjfndaOh j¾Okh lrk w;r nqoaê

úldYkh o j¾Okh lrhs' úYsIag idys;Hh lD;shlska bgq úh
hq;= jeo.;a u ld¾hh th fõ' Oïumofhys fï .=Kh imqrd
oelsh yelsh'
Oïumofhys iudc úoHd;aul jákdlu /òS mj;skfa ka
fuhska m%lg flfrk iudc o¾Ykh wdY%fhks' wd.ï" l=,"
foaY" ld," iudc wdoS jYfhka lsis u fNaohlg hg;a fkdù
fydò" krl" hym;" whym;" mska" mõ" O¾uh" wO¾uh
wdoS lreKq fmkajd fok tl u mámod ud¾.h Oïumoh
jkafkah'
Oïumoh ms<snòj fndfyda lreKq m%ldY lsÍug ;sfí'
ta lreKq úia;r lsÍu .=Kfhka yd rifhka hq;a fNdackhla
wkqNj lrkakg fkdoS th j¾Kkd lsÍula jeksh' .=Kh yd
rih oek .ekSug kï wkqNj lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' tf,iska
Oïumofha ri" ñysr" oyu" .eUqr" o¾Ykh wjfndaO lr .kakg
kï th mßYS,kh l< hq;= u h' mQ¾fjdala; ish¨ lreKq wkqj
;s%msgl idys;HdïNrfhys Oïumoh mqka iòla fuka nn<k
w.%.KH lD;shls'
wdka;sl igyka
1 wNsOdkmamoSmsldj" —Oïu˜ hkak fufia úia;r lrhs
—Oïfud iNdfj mßh;a;s m[a[d
[dfhiq iÉpmaml;Siq mq[af[
f[Hfh .=Kdpdr iudëiq ^ms&
ksiai;a;kd
2 md,s idys;Hh" w.a.uyd mKaä; fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; udysñ
3 Oïumo m%oSmh" jïngqjefõ O¾ulS¾;s Y%S Y%S ksjdi ia:úr" weï' ã'
.=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 4 msgqj'

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myqr —m%dÖk mKaä; m%drïN úNd.

myqr Ydia;%Sh ix.%yfhys wka;¾.; ish¨ ,smsj, woyia ta ta

m%:u uqøKh( Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2560

tlai;a NsCIq l%shdldÍ lñgqfõ mKsúvh

nqÿiuh udkj YsIagdpdrh kj u.lg fhduq l< nj

úkh kS;s mkjd ;u Y%djlhka ld,Sk iudchg wkq.; fldg

foia úfoia wOHdmk wdh;k ish,a,la u wdh;kfha kñka u

fufyh jQfjda NsCIQka jykafia,d hs' fï wdh;k kd,kaod

kd,kaodj jeks f,dal mQcs; wOHdmk wdh;khkays

l< i`.rc mrmqr nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a uQ,sl WmfoaYh

wdl%uKh lsÍfuka miq ;ju;a tkak tkaku wm cd;shla

wd¾Ól fidaodmd¨jlg o ,laúh' wo wm uqyqK § isákafka o

tl, isá isxy, ck kdhlhska msßila ;k;=re" ;dkak - ud-

flfrys úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a m%idoh we;sjkakg jQfha

jeks ft;sydisl ysñjre ;u cSjk mkakrh ,enqfha fuu

isxy, isß;a úß;a lsisjla fkdokakd ksid;a fïmd,k l%uh

fCIa;%hg hs' tfy;a j;auka wOHdmk fCIa;%h fï ms<sn|

fndaj, ysñhkaf.a ckm%idoh ke;s lsÍug uQ,slFjh .kafka

kñka b;sydihg tlaù yudrh' isxy, Och ìu fy<d bx.%Sis

’ffklY%Ska úrdcudk''''˜ wdÈ jYfhka j¾Kkdjg ,la fldg

i`.rd;a weia uyskao ysñ" mshodi isßfiak" ví' ta' is,ajd

flfia fyda ,nd.ekSfï wruqK we;sj ,xld cd;sl ix.uh

fmkaùfï f.!rjh Tjqkag ysñjk nj i;Hhls' wms Tjqkf.a

meje;ajQfha jfrka;= msg isáh§ ùu ld,fha yeáhg iqúfYaIS

yd cd;sl Wiia wOHdmk mk; ;rï rfÜ wOHdmkhg úk

bkaÈhdfõ ksoyia wr.,hg mK fmjQy' bkaÈhdfõ § muKla

fuu l=vd i`.rdj ilia lsÍfï § b;sydih ms<sn|j wfma l=vd

lr;ehs hk md,lhkaf.a NS;h s o fkd tfia kï rfÜ wOHdmk

m%uqL NsCIQka jykafia,d;a" f,kska idu ;Hd.h ,nñka

fkdyels fohla o fkdfõ' l<hq;j

jQfha o ta ksidh' isik

tlai;a NsCIq l%shdldÍ lñgqj

f,aLl - f,aLk kdudj,sh

2. ikafoaY ldjHh idys;Hh yd .srd ikafoaYh

3. yxi ikafoaYfhka fy<s jk iudc ft;sydisl

4. O¾u m%pdrl lD;shla jYfhka mshodi isßfiakf.a

5. kjlõ irKsh ms<sn`o úpdrd;aul wOHhkhla 93 - 128

ixialD; idys;Hh lD;s úpdrh

6. mxp;ka;%d.; ñ;%iïm%dma;sh ms<sn`o úuiqula 129 - 152

8. ffjrd.H Y;lh ms<sn`o wOHhkhla 167 - `79

md,s idys;Hh lD;s úpdrh

9. uydj.a. md<s - uydlLkaOlh

10. ixhq;a; ksldfha n%dyauK ixhq;a;fhka

12. Oïumoh ms<sn`o úuiqula 229 - 245

uhqrmdo mßfjKdêm;s nqoaOmq;% ysñhka úiska

fojk merl=ïnd rcq ,jd nqoaO;aj m%d¾:kh uqÿka

rgjeishka fm<k i;=rdg úreoaOj isxy,hka mgka .;a

ld,h wjidk ù hehs i,lkq ,efí' mrïmrd.; j¾I l%uh

merl=ïnd rcqg fiajh l< foajm;srdc kï w.ïm;sjrhd

16' NsCIdgkd§ woaN+; mQcd l;d

fjïjdhs m;kakd jQ m%d¾:kdj W;=ï jQ m%d¾:kdjla kshdj;a

05' wCIrdNHdih fldg.; fkdyelsj úo¾Ykdfjys fhÿK

u udf.a iajdñ orefjda hkak o tfia;a fkdue;s kï udf.a

fn!oaOfhl=g mQcdj,sh yia;idr jia;j

Wla; fmf,ys i`oyka mßÈ nqÿka ±l je`o ms§u mjd

—tfjf,ys u,a,sld foaù rcacqrejkaf.a Y%S hyka .nvdjg jeo

NsCIQkag ,efnk fkdfhla ,dN i;aldr ±l tajdg

;u mq;=ka fofokdg l< wkqYdik;a tlsfklg iudk nj

nj fmfka' foõo;a fmrÆ ., isidrd nqÿ/ia kef.k mßÈ

ikafoaYldjHidys;Hh yd .srdikafoaYh ms<n

¥; - ÿ¬la;#" ikafoaYyfr" jd¾;dyfr p'3

uqla;lx l=,lx fldI# i`Ù>d; b;s ;doDY#

hf:dal;a moHldjH m%fNao i;r w;=ßka i`Ù>d; kï jQ

by; hq.fhaoS o mej;S we;s whqre yskaÿ yd fn!oaO idys;H