EXAMPLE: Water Flow in a Pipe

P1 > P 2 Velocity profile is parabolic (we will learn why it is parabolic

later, but since friction comes from walls the shape is intu-
itive)

The pressure drops linearly along the pipe.

Does the water slow down as it flows from one end to the other?

Only component of velocity is in the x-direction.

~v = vx~i

vy = vz = 0
Incompressible Continuity:
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂vx
∴ ∂x
= 0 and the water does not slow down.

1
 EXAMPLE: Flow Through a Tank
V = constant (always full)
R
Integral Mass Balance: S
(~v · ~n)dA = 0

v 1 A 1 = v 2 A2 ≡ Q

Constant volumetric flow rate Q.

EXAMPLE: Simple Shear Flow

vy = vz = 0 vx = vx (y)

~ · v ⇒ ∂vx + ∂vy + ∂vz = 0

∇
∂x ∂y ∂z
satisfied identically

2
 NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 1)
(in the limit of slow flows with high viscosity)

ρvD
Reynolds Number: Re ≡ (1-62)
η
ρ = density
η = viscosity
v = typical velocity scale
D = typical length scale

For Re  1 have laminar flow (no turbulence)

∂~v ~ + ρ~g + η∇2~v

ρ = −∇P
∂t
Vector equation (thus really three equations)

The full Navier-Stokes equations have other nasty inertial terms that are
important for low viscosity, high speed flows that have turbulence (airplane
wing).

3
 NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 2)
∂~v ~ + ρ~g + η∇2~v
ρ = −∇P
∂t

∂~v
= acceleration
∂t
mass
ρ=
unit volume
∂~v force
ρ = (F~ = m~a) Newton’s 2nd Law
∂t unit volume

Navier-Stokes equations are a force balance per unit volume

What accelerates the fluid?

~ = Pressure Gradient
−∇P

ρ~g = Gravity

η∇2~v = Flow (fluid accelerates in direction of increasing velocity gradient.

Increasing ∇~v ⇒ ∇2~v > 0

4
 GENERAL FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTIONS
Navier-Stokes equations + Continuity + Boundary Conditions

Four coupled differential equations!

Always look for ways to simplify the problem!

EXAMPLE: 2D Source Flow

Injection Molding a Plate

1. Independent of time

2. 2-D ⇒ vz = 0

3. Symmetry ⇒ Polar Coordinates

4. Symmetry ⇒ vθ = 0

Continuity equation ~ · ~v =
∇ 1 d
(rvr ) =0
r dr

rvr = constant

constant
vr =
r
Already know the way velocity varies with position, and have not used
the Navier-Stokes equations!

5
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 1)

Independent of time

vy = vz = 0

Cartesian coordinates

Continuity:
∂vx
= 0 vx = vx (y)
∂x
Navier-Stokes equation:

∂P ∂ 2 vx ∂P ∂P
− +µ 2 =0 = =0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
P = P (x) vx = vx (y)

∂P ∂ 2 vx
=µ 2
∂x ∂y
How can f (x) = h(y)? Each must be constant!
∂P
∂x
= C1 P = C1 x + C2

B.C. x = 0 P = P1 ⇒ C2 = P1
x = L P = P2 ⇒ C1 = −∆P/L where : ∆P ≡ P1 − P2
P = P1 − ∆P
L
x

6
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 2)

∂ 2 vx
µ = C1 = −∆P/L
∂y 2
∂ 2 vx ∆P
2
=−
∂y µL
∂vx ∆P
=− y + C3
∂y µL
∆P 2
vx = − y + C3 y + C4
2µL

B.C. NO SLIP top plate y = d/2 vx = 0

bottom plate y = −d/2 vx = 0

−∆P 2 d
0= d + C3 + C4
8µL 2
−∆P 2 d
0= d − C3 + C4
8µL 2
∆P d2
∴ C3 = 0 C4 =
8µL
d2
 
∆P
vx = − y2 Parabolic velocity profile
2µl 4

7
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 3)
Where is the velocity largest?
Maximum at ∂v x
∂y
= 0 = − ∆PµL
y
maximum at y = 0 centerline

What is the average velocity?

R
vx dA
Z
A 1
vave = R = vx dA A = zd
A
dA A A
Z z Z d/2
1 d/2 ∆P d2
Z  
1 2
vave = vx dydz = − y dy
zd 0 −d/2 d −d/2 2µL 4
d/2
∆P d2 y3 ∆P d2

vave = y− =
2µLd 4 3 −d/2 12µL
For constant ∆P , µ, L: double d ⇒ quadruple v

8
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 1)

P1 > P 2

Independent of Time

Cylindrical Coordinates

vr = vθ = 0

vz = vz (r)

∂vz
Continuity: ∂z
=0

Navier-Stokes equation:
  
∂P 1 ∂ ∂vz
=µ r
∂z r ∂r ∂r
f (z) = g(r) = a constant
Split into two parts - Pressure Part:
∂P
∂z
= C1 P = C1 z + C2

B.C. z = 0 P = P2 ⇒ C2 = P2
z = L P = P1 ⇒ C1 = ∆P/L where : ∆P ≡ P1 − P2
P = P2 + ∆P
L
z

∆P
P = P2 + L
z analogous to Poiseuille flow between parallel plates.

9
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 2)
  
1 ∂ ∂vz ∆P
µ r =
r ∂r ∂r L
∂vz ∆P 2
r = r + C3
∂r 2µL
∂vz ∆P C3
= r+
∂r 2µL r
∆P 2
vz = r + C3 ln r + C4
4µL

B.C. NO SLIP at r = Ri , vz = 0
at r = R0 , vz = 0

∆P 2
0= R + C3 ln Ri + C4
4µL i
∆P 2
0= R + C3 ln R0 + C4
4µL 0
 
subtract ∆P
0 = 4µL (R02 − Ri2 ) + C3 ln RR0i

∆P (R02 − Ri2 )
C3 = −
4µL ln(R0 /Ri )
(R02 − Ri2 ) ln R0
 
∆P 2
C4 = − R0 −
4µL ln(R0 /Ri )

10
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 3)

∆P 2 (R02 − Ri2 ) (R02 − Ri2 )

 
2
vz = r − ln r − R0 +
4µL ln(R0 /Ri ) ln(R0 /Ri )
∆P R02 r2 (R02 − Ri2 )
 
vz = −1 + 2 − ln(r/R0 )
4µL R0 ln(R0 /Ri )
r < R0 always, so vz < 0

Leading term is parabolic in r (like the flow between plates) but this one
has a logarithmic correction.

What is the volumetric flow rate?

Z Z R0
Q= vz dA = vz 2πrdr
A Ri
" 4 #
π∆P R04 2 2

Ri (1 − (Ri /R0 ) )
Q= −1 + +
8µL R0 ln(R0 /Ri )

11
GENERAL FEATURES OF NEWTONIAN
POISEUILLE FLOW
∆P d3 W
Parallel Plates: Q=
12µL
π∆P R4
Circular Tube: Q=
8µL
π∆P R04
Annular Tube: Q= f (Ri /R0 )
8µL
∆P d3 w
Rectangular Tube: Q=
12µL
All have the same general form:


Q ∼ ∆P 
Q ∼ 1/µ Weak effects of pressure, viscosity and flow length
Q ∼ 1/L


Q ∼ R4 or d3 w Strong effect of size.

In designing and injection mold, we can change the runner sizes.

12
 NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in a Circular Pipe

Newtonian Velocity Profile:

∆P R2 
1 − (r/R)2

vz =
4µL

Shear Rate:
∂vz ∆P r
γ̇ = − =
∂r 2µL

Apparent Viscosity: Viscosity is lower

where γ̇ is higher

Real Velocity Profile:

Lower ηa increases vz
non-parabolic