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    Ronald Allan Rivera
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    The document discusses different methods for determining horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, tacheometry, graphical and mathematical methods, mechanical devices, and photogrammetry. It explains the difference between spatial and horizontal distances and covers factors to consider when choosing a measurement method, such as required accuracy and cost. The document provides details on specific techniques within each method like the stadia method in tacheometry and using a subtense bar.

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    The document discusses different methods for determining horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, tacheometry, graphical and mathematical methods, mechanical devices, and photogrammetry. It explains the difference between spatial and horizontal distances and covers factors to consider when choosing a measurement method, such as required accuracy and cost. The document provides details on specific techniques within each method like the stadia method in tacheometry and using a subtense bar.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 views34 pages

    GE10 Lecture 3 Horizontal Distance Measurement I

    Uploaded by

    Ronald Allan Rivera
    The document discusses different methods for determining horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, tacheometry, graphical and mathematical methods, mechanical devices, and photogrammetry. It explains the difference between spatial and horizontal distances and covers factors to consider when choosing a measurement method, such as required accuracy and cost. The document provides details on specific techniques within each method like the stadia method in tacheometry and using a subtense bar.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 34

    Department of Geodetic Engineering

    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry


    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Lecture 3

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    At the end of the lecture, the student should be
    able to:
     Define and differentiate spatial and horizontal
    distances
     Enumerate the methods and instruments used
    to determine horizontal distances
     Determine which method of determining
    horizontal distances is suited for a particular
    condition

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    I. Spatial and Horizontal Distances
    II. Factors to be Considered in Choosing Methods of
    Determining Horizontal Distances
    III. Methods of Determining Distances
    A. Pacing
    B. Tacheometry
    C. Graphical and Mathematical Methods
    D. Mechanical Devices
    E. Photogrammetry

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Spatial Distance
    - distance between
    any two random points in
    3D space

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Horizontal Distance
    - linear distance between two points on any surface
    - if points are at different elevations, distance is the
    horizontal length between plumb lines at the points

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    1. Purpose of the measurement
    2. Required Accuracy
    • Rough reconnaisance ( 1 part in 100 )
    • First-order surveys (1 part in 1,000,000)
    3. Cost

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    1. Pacing
    2. Tacheometry
    3. Graphical and Mathematical Methods
    4. Mechanical Devices
    5. Photogrammetry
    6. Taping
    7. EDM
    8. Global Positioning Systems
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Pace
    – defined as the length of a
    step in walking
    – 2 paces is equivalent to a
    stride or a double step
    – Relative Precision: 1/200
    to 1/100 seldom less than
    1/300

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    How to Calibrate One’s Pace?


    – walk at a uniform step along a line of known length on a
    level ground and count the number of paces to cover the
    whole stretch
    – compute the pace factor (in m/pace)

    Factors Affecting Length of Pace:


    • Speed of pacing
    • Roughness of the ground
    • Weight of clothing and shoes
    • Fatigue on the part of the pacer
    • Slope of the terrain
    • Age and sex of the individual

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    1. Pedometer
    - a pager-size device worn on the
    belt that simply records the number of
    steps made based on the body’s
    movement (hips).
    - old pedometers are hand
    carried
    - registers number of paces and
    distances

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    2. Passometer
    - registers a pace by impact
    each time a foot touches the
    ground.
    - about the size of a watch

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    - an indirect method of measuring


    horizontal distances
    - it is based on the optical geometry of
    the instruments used
    - uses subtended intervals and angles
    observed with a transit or a theodolite on
    a graduated rod or scale
    - relative accuracy is 1 part in 300 to 400

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Methods in Tacheometry

    1. Stadia Method
    2. Subtense Bar Method

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    - uses a telescope with 2 horizontal cross hairs called


    stadia hairs, and a graduated rod called stadia rod

    Precision depends on the ff:


     Refinement with which
    instrument was manufactured
     Skill of the observer
     Length of measurement
     Effects of refraction

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    Stadia Method
    Formula:

    D  Ks  C

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    Stadia Method
    Formula:

    D  Ks  C
    Where:
    K = stadia interval factor
    s = stadia interval
    C = distance from the center of
    instrument to principal focus
    (instrument constant)

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    ANS: 40.00 m
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    - a subtense bar is set up at


    a distant station while a
    theodolite at the end of the
    line measures the
    horizontal angle subtended
    by the distance between the
    two targets

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    The formula for subtense


    bar method is:

    s   Where D=horizontal distance


    D  cot  s = length of the subtense bar
    2 2 a = angle subtended by the
    targets

    Relative Precision:
    1/3000 with sights of about 150m or less using a
    1” theodolite

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance:
    Tacheometry
    Methods in Tacheometry

    ANS: 307.86 m
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Example:
    Compute the distances of lines AB, BC and CA
    using the given coordinates of the three points

    A
    Eastings (X) Northings (Y) 1192.69
    A 20,000.00 20,000.00
    C
    B 20,050.00 18,900.00 1101.14
    C 20,650.00 19,000.00

    608.28
    B
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Odometer
    - attached to a wheel for
    purposes of roughly
    measuring surface distances
    (speed)

    Relative Precision:
    1/200 on fairly level
    ground

    Uses:
    Route Location Surveys
    Preliminary Surveys
    Small-scale Mapping
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Measuring Wheel
    - very similar to odometer
    except that it is a more portable
    and self-contained device

    Use:
    Determining distance along
    irregular or curved lines and
    boundaries

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Optical Rangefinder
    - determines distances approximately by focusing

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Mileage Recorder

    - attached to ordinary automobile speedometer

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

     Measuring of images on a photograph


     Uses scale to obtain ground distances

    image distance
    Scale = ------------------------------
    ground distance

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Methods for Determining Horizontal Distance

    Example:
    A line connecting two electric posts and defining
    a lot boundary is 2.6cm long on a photo.
    Determine its ground distance in meters if the
    photo scale used is 1:500.

    Solution:
    TL (ground dist.) = 500*0.026

    = 13 m
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book
    Store.
    Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA:
    McGraw-Hill, Inc.
    Subtense bar
    http://www.answers.com/topic/surveying
    About Hor. Dist. Measurement
    ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6
    707e/x6707e02.htm
    Odometer
    http://waspeeding.com/
    Wheel
    http://www.starsealfl.com/tools.htm
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Department of Geodetic Engineering
    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
     Engineer’s Field Book Fieldwork #
     Use as your scratch Fieldwork Title
    paper
     Record all data from
    the field
     Final FW report (A4)

    Group Attendance and Member


    Designation
    Date, Weather Condition

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I
    Fieldwork Title
    Date/s of Fieldwork:
    Weather Condition:
    I. Objectives
    II. Group Composition – including the attendance and designation
    III. Instruments and Accessories Used
    IV. Procedures
    V. Graphical Representation
    VI. Data - tables
    VII. Computations – solutions
    VIII. Results and Conclusion – tables of results, interpretations, conclusions

    Department of Geodetic Engineering


    Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
    GE 10 – General Surveying I

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