ICTPMG501

Manage ICT projects

ASSESSMENT TASK 1: WRITTEN QUESTIONS

Question 1: Answer the following:

a. Describe essential characteristics of leader. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

A great leader possesses a clear vision, is courageous, has integrity, honesty, humility and clear focus.
Great leaders help people reach their goals, are not afraid to hire people that might be better than
them and take pride in the accomplishments of those they help along the way

The Characteristics & Qualities of a Good Leader

 Integrity.
 Ability to delegate.
 Communication
 Self-awareness.
 Gratitude.
 Learning agility.
 Influence.
 Empathy.

b. List and explain characteristics of technical team that you think are crucial for the success of ICT
project. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

1. Technology buff:
Doing what one loves, can increase the efficiency of the work. This is also true for this sector.
A professional who enjoys working with current technology and has a sound knowledge of
the modern techniques is sure to progress in this field.
2. Having a deeper understanding of data:
This sector runs on data. The data provides tools for running the business properly and
providing better businesses solutions.
3. Better communication skills:
In this industry, the workforce is compiled of both technical as well as non-technical labors.
The better worker will be able to communicate with both the type of workforce
4. They must possess a working knowledge regarding the technical area:
The complexity of the business and economy needs the professional to have a working
knowledge of project management. On the other hand, a hardcore technical background is
also essential to carry out the technology-oriented side of the industry.
5. Interested in learning:
The information technology sector is ever evolving and progressing. With the b introduction
of new technology’s each day, the earlier tools of the trade become obsolete very quickly
 6. A team player:
Any industry cannot run on the shoulder of a single employee. The cumulative effort of
everyone is essential to create a successful business. It is also true for the information
technology sector. An individual who can work as a team player is not only appreciated by the
management of the organization but also becomes the critical factor in the progress of the
industry. The workforce management is always on the lookout for such individuals.

https://medium.com/@Adamkodi/top-characteristics-of-successful-it-professionals-2ff44be31c84

Question 2: Answer the following:

a. Explain different consultation and communication techniques and strategies that could be
used to resolve team differences. Write your answer in 100-200 words.
1-Communicate freely:
Communication is the cousin of chemistry. In any team, communication is crucial to building a sense
of camaraderie between members. The content of the communication is rather irrelevant, as
researchers at MIT’s Human Dynamics Laboratory have shown. Rather, the manner of communication 
— how freely and frequently team members communicate — determines the effectiveness of the
team.
2-Collaboration:
Close collaboration is a trait shared by every successful team, whether it be the Apple leadership
team or Lennon-McCartney of the Beatles fame or Jordan-Pippen of the Chicago Bulls fame. The idea
is simple enough: the more you collaborate and the more you communicate, the more you create.

b. Explain different communication strategies used in the ICT project management. Write your
answer in 100-200 words.

 Consultation: Consultation should ensure that every person in your workplace understands
the importance of company policies and procedures and why they need to be implemented
effectively. It will also ensure that the policies and procedures are realistic and actionable on a
daily basis.
 Tailor the policy to your business: The policies and procedures you adopt need to be tailored
to the needs of your business, not just lifted straight from a generic manual.

 Make the policy realistic: Make sure your business has the time, resources and personnel to
implement the policy. There is no point in adopting a policy which aspires to the best practice
possible if your business cannot realistically adopt the procedures set out.
Question 3: Answer the following:

a. Describe the process of establishing technical team. Write your answer in 100 – 200 words.

Step 1: Establish leadership.

If your employees trust your judgement, they will work effectively even when you’re not
around. Before you can start team building, you need to develop the right kind of leadership
skills

Step 2: Establish relationships with each of your employees.

Try to learn more about each member of your team, their skill sets, how they are motivated
and their likes and dislikes. This knowledge is invaluable to leaders, as it allows them to match
each employee’s expertise and competencies to specific problems, which will help increase
their productivity and job satisfaction.

Step 3: Build relationships between your employees.

As your team starts to cooperate more, examine the way they work together and take steps
to improve communication, cooperation and trust amongst the team. If there are any
conflicts, try to resolve them amicably.

Step 4: Foster teamwork.

Once you have established relations with and between your employees, it’s time to help them
work together effectively. Encourage your team to share information, both amongst
themselves and within the wider organisation.

Step 5: Set ground rules for the team.

Finally, you can begin officially establishing your team through creating team values and
goals, as well as evaluating team performance alongside individual performance. Be sure to
include your team in this process, so they know what’s required and agree with it.

b. Determine stages of team development. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

1-Forming Stage
The first stage of team development is forming, which is a lot like orientation day at college or
a new job. You could even compare it to going out on a first date.
2-Storming Stage
In the storming stage, the reality and weight of completing the task at hand have now hit
everyone. The initial feelings of excitement and the need to be polite have likely worn off.

3-Norming Stage
During the norming stage, people start to notice and appreciate their team members’
strengths. Groups start to settle into a groove. Everyone is contributing and working as a
cohesive unit.
 4-Performing Stage
In the performing stage, members are confident, motivated and familiar enough with the
project and their team that they can operate without supervision

5-Adjourning Stage
Once a project ends, the team disbands. This phase is sometimes known as mourning because
members have grown close and feel a loss now that the experience is over.

Question 4: Explain estimation and different cost-analysis techniques used in ICT project
management. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

The 3 Major Parts to Project Estimation

Effort estimation
Cost estimation
Resource estimate
While accurate estimates are the basis of sound project planning, there are many techniques used as
project management best practices in estimation as - Analogous estimation, Parametric estimation,
Delphi method, 3 Point Estimate, Expert Judgment, Published Data Estimates, Vendor Bid Analysis,
Reserve Analysis, Bottom-Up Analysis, and Simulation. Usually, during the early stages of a project life
cycle, the project requirements are feebly known and less information is available to estimate the
project. The initial estimate is drawn merely by assumptions knowing the scope at a high level, this is
known as ‘Ball-park estimates’, a term very often used by project managers.

1. Top-Down Estimate
Once more detail is learned on the scope of the project, this technique is usually followed
where high-level chunks at the feature or design level are estimated and are decomposed
progressively into smaller chunks or work-packets as information is detailed.

2. Bottom-Up Estimate
This technique is used when the requirements are known at a discrete level where the
smaller workpieces are then aggregated to estimate the entire project. This is usually used
when the information is only known in smaller pieces.

3. Analogous Estimating
This technique is used when there is a reference to a similar project executed and it is easy to
correlate with other projects. Expert judgment and historical information of similar activities
in a referenced project are gathered to arrive at an estimate of the project.

4. Parametric Estimate
This technique uses independent measurable variables from the project work. For example,
the cost for construction of a building is calculated based on the smallest variable as the cost
to build a square feet area, the effort required to build a work packet is calculated from the
variable as lines of codes in a software development project. This technique gives more
accuracy in project estimation.
 5. Three-point Estimating
This technique uses a mathematical approach as the weighted average of an optimistic, most
likely and pessimistic estimate of the work package. This is often known as the PERT (Program
Evaluation and Review Technique).

https://www.simplilearn.com/project-estimation-techniques-article

Question 5: Answer the following:

a. Describe different method of communication and communication styles. Write your answer
in 100-200 words

1. Verbal
Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or sign
language. It is one of the most common types, often used during presentations, video
conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations. Verbal communication
is important because it is efficient. It can be helpful to support verbal communication with
both nonverbal and written communication

2. Nonverbal
Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to
convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. For
example, you might smile unintentionally when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or piece
of information. Nonverbal communication is helpful when trying to understand others’
thoughts and feelings.

3. Written
Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and
numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information for
reference. Writing is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets, blogs,
letters, memos and more. Emails and chats are a common form of written communication in
the workplace.

4. Visual
Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches, charts and
graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used as an aid during presentations to
provide helpful context alongside written and/or verbal communication. Because people have
different learning styles, visual communication might be more helpful for some to consume
ideas and information.
https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-communication

b. Describe different communication styles. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

1. Passive communication: PASSIVE COMMUNICATION is a style in which individuals have
developed a pattern of avoiding expressing their opinions or feelings, protecting their rights,
and identifying and meeting their needs. As a result, passive individuals do not respond
overtly to hurtful or anger-inducing situations.
 2. Aggressive communication: Aggressive communication is a method of expressing needs
and desires that does not take in to account the welfare of others. A
harmful communication style, aggressive communication can end up worsening social anxiety
by making others view you more harshly

3. Passive-aggressive communication: PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE COMMUNICATION is a style in

which individuals appear passive on the surface but are really acting out anger in a subtle,
indirect, or behind-the-scenes way. People who develop a pattern of passive-aggressive
communication usually feel powerless, stuck, and resentful – in other words, they feel
incapable of dealing directly with the object of their resentments. Instead, they express their
anger by subtly undermining the object (real or imagined) of their resentments

4. Assertive communication: ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION is a style in which individuals

clearly state their opinions and feelings, and firmly advocate for their rights and needs
without violating the rights of others. These individuals value themselves, their time, and
their emotional, spiritual, and physical needs and are strong advocates for themselves while
being very respectful of the rights of others.

c. Explain different interview techniques

1. The Telephone Interview.

Telephone interviews are hugely valuable because they speed up the interview process and
minimise time-wasting, whilst culling your weaker candidates earlier on.

2. The Video Interview.

Video interviews (Skype, Google Hangouts, FaceTime) are a great alternative to telephone
interviews.

The fact that you can actually see each other adds a certain level of importance and
professionalism to the ‘call’ and removes the temptation for either party to multi-task or lose
focus.

3. The Panel Interview.

Panel interviews are the same as individual, face-to-face interviews, but with two or more
interviewers in the room.

The main advantage of panel interviewing is that it precludes any personal biases that might
creep into the assessment process.

Each interviewer will pick up on different characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and
together (hopefully) make a much fairer judgement.

4. The Assessment Day.

Assessment “days” can be used to assess larger groups of interviewees at the same time, for a
range of different skills.

Common amongst graduate employers, they are a great way to evaluate candidates in more
detail, for a longer period of time.
 If you’re interviewing a large group and your offices are only small, it’s a good idea to seek out
a local assessment centre to host the day for you.

5. Group Interviews.
Group interviews are used a lot less regularly than the other interview techniques we’ve
mentioned, but they still have their place in modern recruitment.

You could conduct your group interview in two key ways… like an individual interview; asking
exactly the same questions that you would ask in an individual interview, openly, to the whole
group, allowing candidates the chance to compete to impress.

Or like the assessment day, with brief introductions, leading into group tasks and activities.

6. Individual (face-to-face) Interviews.

Individual, face-to-face interviews are by far the most popular and efficient form of
assessment.

Allowing you to get up close and personal with each candidate while keeping an eye on their
body language is far more effective than any other interviewing format.

Question 6: Answer the following:

b. Explain the process of cost benefit analysis. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

a. List and explain techniques to identify ICT project objective. Write your answer in 100-150
words.

1. Strategic Objectives
These are the primary focus of the individual project which set a target for your team to work
towards. These strategic objectives strive to achieve the overall goal set for the project by the
relevant stakeholders. It is generally up to the project manager and team leaders to define
these more specific objectives once the goal has been set.

2. Performance Objectives
These are project objectives geared towards measuring the processes and function of your
team. They are often ongoing goals that apply to all projects and the data gathered can be
used to improve the productivity of the whole organization. They allow your projects to
always have a secondary, but very important function, that of tracking the progress of your
organization in terms of how it does its work

3. Financial Objectives
Projects cost money but are also generally about making money as well, thus financial
objectives are those that are concerned with the monetary ins and outs of a specific project.
This encompasses dealing with the basic performance of a budget, i.e. how much was spent,
but can also include the underlying financial details of both the project and the organization
as a whole.
4. Regulatory Objectives
Depending on the industry, a project will face varying levels of regulatory requirements.
 These can be set at a government level but also can include things such as a company’s
desired sustainability goals. Being aware of a project’s impact in terms of these requirements
can often be overlooked but are nevertheless an important consideration for a project
manager.

5. Effectiveness Objectives
An organization will always want to try to improve its processes and the way it performs its
tasks. Inside every individual project, the PM should be aware of and track the effectiveness
of the methods that are implied. By setting specific objectives to this end, it gives the
organization an opportunity to monitor its processes and identify possibilities for productivity
gains.

https://www.clarizen.com/how-to-identify-your-projects-objectives/

b. Explain the process of cost benefit analysis. Write your answer in 100-200 words.

Cost benefit analysis is a process used primarily by businesses that weighs the sum of the
benefits, such as financial gain, of an action against the negatives, or costs, of that action. The
technique is often used when trying to decide a course of action, and often incorporates
dollar amounts for intangible benefits as well as opportunity cost into its calculations.

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and

weaknesses of alternatives used to determine options which provide the best approach to
achieving benefits while preserving savings (for example, in transactions, activities, and
functional business requirements). A CBA may be used to compare completed or potential
courses of actions, or to estimate (or evaluate) the value against the cost of a decision,
project, or policy. It is commonly used in commercial transactions, business or policy decisions
(particularly public policy), and project investments.

Question 7: Answer the following:

a. Outline the importance of organisational values? Write your answer in 50-100 words.

 Organizational values determine the way we treat people, and it shapes our basic work ethics.
 A systematic approach to build organizational values enables an organization to develop an
effective and strong work culture to bind the behaviour of people. Theoretically, we can
categorize values as terminal and instrumental.
 Terminal values process our upbringing. During this process of upbringing, we shape our
values from cues that emerge from our experience of happiness, freedom, and friendship.
However, in the process of our upbringing, we may not always experience happiness. To
sustain this, we develop instrumental values to shape our values, which guide us on the ways
to be cheerful, to be responsible, and to show self-control.

b. What is the purpose of Project Management Policy

The purpose of a project management policy is to ensure that projects have guidelines so
they are completed in a timely, efficient manner. Having an effective policy in place saves a
 company the challenge of handling each project on an individual basis and guarantees
cohesiveness and consistency throughout the business's operations.

c. Explain project management process and phases.

1. Initiation
This is where all projects begin. The value of the project is determined, as well as its
feasibility. Before the project is approved or rejected, these two documents are created to
sell the work to stakeholders or sponsors
2. Planning
If the project is approved, then the next step is to assemble a project team and to start
planning how to manage the project so it can achieve its goals within budget and on time.
3. Execution
Now that you’ve done your planning, it’s time to start the project. This is where the rubber
hits the road, but that doesn’t mean you’re just cruising.
4. Monitor and Control
To ensure that the project plan is being actualized, all aspects of the project must be
monitored and adjusted as needed.
5. Close
The project isn’t over once the project goals and objectives have been met. The last phase of
the project is closing it out.
https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/project-management-processes-phases

Question 8: Answer the following:

a. What is Performance Management and components of Performance Management?

Performance management (PM) is a process of ensuring that set of activities and outputs meets an
organization's goals in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the
performance of an organization, a department, an employee, or the processes in place to manage
particular tasks.

Components of Performance Management

1. Management Involvement. It starts here. Managers are responsible for setting performance
expectations, providing feedback and coaching, and recognizing excellent work. That doesn’t
happen on the sidelines. Managers need to buy into and be an active part of the performance
management process.
2. Goal Setting. High performing individuals and teams have a big hairy audacious goal (BHAG) that
drives their performance. And company cultures that place an emphasis on goals align employee
performance with that BHAG. The connection creates engagement because employees see how
their work helps the company.
3. Learning and Development. Once goals are set, employees need to have the knowledge and skills
to do the work. Companies that want high performance need to make investments in employee
learning and development. It will allow employees to accomplish their goals – both now and in
the future.
 4. Feedback and Coaching. Employees want to know how they are performing. Because they want
to do a good job. Managers should regularly tell employees about their performance – what’s
good, what could be improved, and even more importantly, how to evaluate their own work.
When employees can evaluate their own performance well, they can set their own goals and
begin to become self-learners.
5. Ongoing Conversations. This component brings the other four items (management, goals,
learning, and feedback) together. Organizations should create cultures where having ongoing
discussions about performance goals, learning, coaching, etc. are happening.

https://www.hrbartender.com/2017/employee-engagement/5-components-performance-management/

b. Explain different project team appraisal methods?

1. Management by Objectives (MBO)

Management by objectives (MBO) is the appraisal method where managers and employees
together identify, plan, organize, and communicate objectives to focus on during a specific
appraisal period. After setting clear goals, managers and subordinates periodically discuss the
progress made to control and debate on the feasibility of achieving those set objectives.
2. 360-Degree Feedback
360-degree feedback is a multidimensional performance appraisal method that evaluates an
employee using feedback collected from the employee’s circle of influence namely managers,
peers, customers, and direct reports. This method will not only eliminate bias in performance
reviews but also offer a clear understanding of an individual’s competence.
3. Assessment Centre Method
The assessment centre method enables employees to get a clear picture of how others observe
them and the impact it has on their performance. The main advantage of this method is that it
will not only assess the existing performance of an individual but also predict future job
performance.
4. Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) bring out both the qualitative and quantitative
benefits in a performance appraisal process. BARS compares employee performance with specific
behavioral examples that are anchored to numerical ratings.
5. Psychological Appraisals
Psychological appraisals come in handy to determine the hidden potential of employees. This
method focuses on analyzing an employee’s future performance rather than their past work
6. Human-Resource (Cost) Accounting Method
Human resource (cost) accounting method analyses an employee’s performance through the
monetary benefits he/she yields to the company. It is obtained by comparing the cost of retaining
an employee (cost to company) and the monetary benefits (contributions) an organization has
ascertained from that specific employee.

https://kissflow.com/hr-process/performance-management/employee-performance-appraisal-method/

Question 9: Explain different metrics of monitoring team and individual performance? Write your
answer in 100-200 words.

#1: Attendance
 First and foremost, it’s important to look at whether a team member shows up to work or not.
Attendance is definitely worth tracking. We’ve talked about using time and attendance data for
company growth before, but team attendance can be a useful performance metric as well.
Automating time and attendance is a great way to keep an eye on things. If a team member is
consistently showing up late, leaving early, or taking an unusual number of sick days, they’re likely not
showing their full potential.

#2: Helpfulness

Helpfulness is important for fostering a culture of teamwork, allowing your team to perform better
when tackling difficult tasks together. It might be difficult to measure helpfulness, but Konowe’s
method is a great place to start.

#3: Efficiency
Team members need to be able to complete their work on time. They should have a good handle on
the limitations provided by the time and resources available and should be able to prioritize to get
things done as efficiently as possible. Look for missed deadlines or work that suffers as a result of
cramming for deadlines for clues as to how efficiently a team member is working.

#4: Initiative
It’s nice when those you work with ask what’s needed and where they can help. It’s even nicer when
they see a need and take steps to meet it on their own. An employee that takes initiative is definitely
a sign of team satisfaction and engagement.

#5: Quality
The quality of work your team members put out is perhaps the most important metric, but it is also
the most difficult to define. Team members who care about what they do and are engaged at work
will likely perform better, and it’s a good idea to recognize resulting achievements.

https://risepeople.com/blog/5-metrics-team-member-performance/

Question 10: Answer the following:

a. Describe the concept of Project cash flow.

Project cash flow is the net cash flow associated with the project for that year. Calculation: Project
Cash Flow = Sources of Cash – Uses of Cash. Project Financial Planning provides a way to indicate the
cash flow incidence for the account or project. The cash flow incidence affects cash flow

b. Explain budgeting process and strategies involved in budgeting process

1. Aids in the planning of actual operations

The process gets managers to consider how conditions may change and what steps they need to take,
while also allowing managers to understand how to address problems when they arise.

2. Co-ordinates the activities of the organization

 Budgeting encourages managers to build relationships with the other parts of the operation and
understand how the various departments and teams interact with each other and how they all
support the overall organization.

3. Communicating plans to various managers

Communicating plans to managers is an important social aspect of the process, which ensures that
everyone gets a clear understanding of how they support the organization. It encourages
communication of individual goals, plans, and initiatives, which all roll up together to support the
growth of the business. It also ensures appropriate individuals are made accountable for
implementing the budget.

4. Motivates managers to strive to achieve the budget goals

Budgeting gets managers to focus on participation in the budget process. It provides a challenge or
target for individuals and managers by linking their compensation and performance relative to the
budget.

5. Control activities
Managers can compare actual spending with the budget to control financial activities.

6. Evaluate the performance of managers

Budgeting provides a means of informing managers of how well they are performing in meeting
targets they have set.

Question 11: Answer the following:

a. Write your answer in 100-150 words.
b. Explain minmum three (3) project management tools in ICT project management. Write your
answer in 100-150 words.

Explain minimum four (4) project management methodologies.

1. Agile
One of the more recognizable project management methodologies, Agile is best suited for projects
that are iterative and incremental. It’s a type of process where demands and solutions evolve through
the collaborative effort of self-organizing and cross-functional teams and their customers
2. Scrum
Scrum is comprised of five values: commitment, courage, focus, openness, and respect. It’s goal is to
develop, deliver, and sustain complex products through collaboration, accountability, and iterative
progress. What distinguishes Scrum from the other Agile project management methodologies is how
it operates by using certain roles, events, and artifacts.
3. Kanban
Kanban is another popular Agile framework that, similar to Scrum, focuses on early releases with
collaborative and self-managing teams.
4. Lean
Lean methodology promotes maximizing customer value, while minimizing waste. It aims to create
more value for the customer by using fewer resources. Stemmed from the Japanese manufacturing
industry, its values suppose that ‘as waste is eliminated, quality improves while the production time
and cost are reduced.’
 https://zenkit.com/en/blog/7-popular-project-management-methodologies-and-what-theyre-best-
suited-for/

Explain minimum three (3) project management tools in ICT project management

Gantt Chart
Gantt chart can help in planning and managing projects by breaking a large project into a series of
smaller tasks in an organized way. Each task has an expected time duration which is presented by a
horizontal bar whose left end indicates the beginning date of the task and whose right end indicates
the completion date of the task. Tasks may run sequentially, in parallel or overlapping. During the
process, important events can be highlighted as "Milestone" which is marked by a small diamond
shape

PERT Chart
PERT is shorted for project evaluation and review technique. It's a primary project management tool
used for planning and scheduling entire projects and tracking the implementation phase. PERT chart
can also show task division, time allocation, and starting and ending dates

Calendar
Calendar is the date or time based project management tool which is the easiest to understand. It is
more suitable for personal time management, to help better manage your daily, weekly or monthly
time schedule. The outstanding part of this tool is that it has more space for adding to do lists. It will
remind you what to do on each day and make sure things can be finished before deadline.

Question 12: Answer the following:

a

a. Explain GAP analysis and

A gap analysis (performed internally or externally) is a way to research sales opportunities where the
demand is greater than the supply. Using this process can help a company identify markets that are
currently under-serviced. Through the deployment of market gap analyses, an organization can make
logical decisions based on market facts rather than opinion.

Steps to conduct GAP analysis

 Identify the area to be analyzed and identify the goals to be accomplished.

 Establish the ideal future state.
 Analyze the current state.
 Compare the current state with the ideal state.
 Describe the gap and quantify the difference

b. Describe project management modelling techniques

Project management methodology can help you organize your project into a structured, streamlined
process. It makes team collaboration more efficient and projects become better organized.
 Project management plays a crucial role in accomplishing goals and following through with plans and
expectations. Often times, businesses have huge hopes for projects and for team members to
collaborate on their ideas but things don’t get carried out as planned.

Project management methodology helps managers through every stage of a project. It begins with
helping the manager plan, initiate, and implement the project. Methodologies even take the project
to closure. They are models that project managers can use to plan and achieve task goals.

Question 13: Answer the following:

a. List and explain different roles and delegations within ICT project management. Write your
answer in 100-200 words.

1. Project Manager
Project Managers are primarily responsible for the completion of the project as planned. Depending
on the type of project organization, they usually play a lead role in the overall planning, executing,
monitoring, controlling, and closing of projects

2. Project Team
The project team comprises of full-time or part-time employees who are assigned to work on
different activities and deliverables of the project. They are responsible for contributing to the overall
objectives of the project and the specific team deliverables.

3. Steering Committee
The steering committee comprises of management representatives and other high-level stakeholders
(people or groups who have a stake, or an interest in the outcome of the project) and oversees the
entire project lifecycle, providing guidance on the overall strategic direction.

4. Project Client
Clients are the people (or organization/business unit/department, etc.) for whom the project is being
undertaken. Whether it is an internal-company project or an external project, every project has a
client or a customer, who has a business need that will be satisfied by the successful completion of
the project. While the term client generically refers to one or more people from the client’s
organization, specific large projects also have a dedicated client Project Manager as a comparable
Project Manager to work on the client side. During the course of a project, the client’s role is crucial to
the overall success. They play an active role in approving project plans, requesting changes, raising
issues and risks, approving milestones, releasing payments, and accepting (or declining) the final
deliverables of the project.

5. Project Management Office (PMO)

The Project Management Office aka PMO is a group of people who help build and maintain a set of
standards and best practices for internal Project Management, and oversee their adherence across all
projects

6. Resource Manager
 Albeit smaller in number, many organizations have this role of a dedicated Resource Manager, whose
primary responsibility is to manage resource pools assignable to projects.

Question 14: Answer the following:

a. Describe different technology-based solutions used in project management.

Collaboration Tools

When it comes to newer types of project management technology, there can be no underestimating
the effect of collaboration tools and project-based chat platforms. Recent innovations in social
platforms reflect the growing need for team members who may not be working in the same space to
keep updated in real time.

Project Tracking

As businesses gravitate more and more towards cloud-based sharing and project management
technology, project managers are presented with a number of ways to increase productivity within
teams, while also establishing better accountability for team members. Recent research has shown
that using cloud-based project management technology can increase productivity and focus among
team members.

Information-Gathering Tools

When it comes to technology used in project management, there’s no underestimating the effect of
sensors and other information-gathering tools that can provide project managers with a specific type
of informed, accurate market research within a short timeframe. Creating an accurate, wide-ranging
census of data is crucial to many research-based projects.

Scheduling Software

Many teams today are working across cities, countries and time zones to accomplish a specific time-
sensitive goal. Because of this, the importance of scheduling software to successful project
management cannot be underestimated.

Workflow Automation

Developing your own workflow has its own set of challenges, which is why workflow automation
tools are so important. With workflow and reporting automation, you can free members of your team
from ongoing administrative tasks so they can focus on what’s really important. In doing so, they can
respond faster to important queries and complete the task at hand. When seeking out workflow
automation tools, be sure to adopt a flexible system that can quickly adapt to changing market
conditions.
https://www.clarizen.com/five-technologies-can-improve-project-management/
b. Analysis different frameworks used in ICT project management domain

Project management framework is a combination of processes, tasks, and tools used to transition a
project from start to finish. An overview of a generic process used by this framework is:

 Initiation: when the project starts

 Planning: when all of the key decisions are made
 Execution: when project work actually takes place
 Control: when adjustments are made to the plan
 Monitoring: when project progress is checked
 Termination: when the project comes to an end

 Tools & Templates

As previously mentioned, there’s really no need to reinvent the wheel with all the templates
already available online at your disposal. Popular ones include PRINCE2, CCPM (critical chain
project management), scrum (primarily used in development environments) and the waterfall
methodology. Many Gantt charts employ the waterfall methodology into their makeup, so it’s
an easy transition to make should you migrate from software to software.

 Project Lifecycle
The project lifecycle is essentially how you’ll set up your project management framework
overall. You’ll start mapping out your project management framework by taking a look at your
project lifecycle.

 Project Control Cycle

This is essentially the monitoring and management portion of your project. At this phase,
you’ll use software to combine communication across all channels into one area. Different
project management metrics help you record the progress of all your team members, monitor
for possible risks that you’ve already identified prior to kick-off and manage expectations of
key stakeholders.

https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/project-management-framework