1% Greenhouse gases

Atmosphere
21% Oxygen
78% Nitrogen
GREENHOUSE GAS EFFECT
CO2

Miriam College- ESI

CO2

Miriam College- ESI

The term climate change is often used interchangeably with the term global
warming, but according to the National Academy of Sciences, "the phrase 'climate
change” is growing in preferred use to 'global warming' because it helps convey that
there are other changes in addition to rising temperatures.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE ?
Health Effects and Spread
of Diseases Animal Migration/
such as Dengue Fever, Plant Range Shift and
Malaria, Leptospirosis, Population Changes
Avian Flu

Sea Level Rising, Heavy

Rainfalls Forest Fires /
and Flooding Wild Fires

Droughts, Effects in
Crops/Food Supply and
Ecological System
\
STRATEGIES ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
M I T I G AT I O N
STRATEGIES ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
A D A P TAT I O N
SOURCES OF GHG
Philippines’ GHG
emission is 3 tons
per year per
capita
Definition
• A greenhouse gas inventory is an accounting
of the amount of greenhouse gases emitted to or
removed from the atmosphere over a specific
period of time.

Purpose
• corporate social responsibility
• competitiveness/edge
• environmental leader
• track emission trends
• climate change strategies
• carbon credits in the carbon market
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Organizational boundary defines
what part of the organization
Identify base should be included in the
year inventory.
Generally includes owned
Identify emission vehicles, buildings and facilities
sources In case of rented buildings, then
the percentage occupancy needs
Select emission to be calculated.
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
 CDP: Accounting, Boundaries & Scopes

Accounting for GHG emissions according the GHG Protocol

Corporate Standard
Accounting Category
Based on Equity Share Based on Financial Control

Group companies/ subsidiaries Equity share of GHG emissions 100% of GHG emissions

A
Associated/
i t d/ affiliated
ffili t d companies
i E it share
Equity h off GHG emissions
i i 0% off emissions
i i

Non-incorporated joint ventures/

partnerships/ operations where
Equity share of GHG emissions Equity share of GHG emissions
partners have joint financial
control

Fixed asset investments 0% 0%

Franchises Equity share of GHG emissions 100% of GHG emissions

Please see GHG Protocol Appendix: Categorizing GHG Emissions

Leased assets
from Leased Assets.
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Operational boundary defines
the scope of emissions that will be
Identify base addressed in the GHG inventory.
year

Identify emission
sources

Select emission
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
• SCOPE 1
– DIRECT emissions from sources
OWNED/CONTROLLED
– Stationary combustion: boilers, generator sets, etc.
– Mobile combustion: automobiles, planes, ship
• SCOPE 2
– INDIRECT emissions from PURCHASED energy,
heat or steam
• SCOPE 3
– INDIRECT emissions of the organization’s activities
from sources owned/controlled by OTHERS
– Business travel, employee commuting, transportation
of purchased goods and services
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Base year is the reference year
against which emissions
Identify base
performance is tracked over time
year
• A single year, or
• An average of annual emissions over
Identify emission several consecutive years
sources Can be used as a basis for setting
and tracking progress
Select emission towards a GHG target.
factor Target base year
USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project
Apply
calculations

Report results
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies

Identify base
year

Identify emission
sources

Select emission
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
 GHG EMISSION SOURCES
• Fuel, Waste, Electricity

Sector Description
Buildings includes electricity consumption of owned/ operated
buildings
Generators includes fuel consumption of generators owned and/
or operated
Vehicles fuel consumption of light and heavy vehicles owned
and/ or operated
Water and Sewage includes emissions from waste treatment plants
owned and/ or operated
Solid Waste includes emissions from solid wastes generated by
the employees at the buildings and facilities
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
Emission Factor is the measurement
boundary/ies
of the average amount of a specific
pollutant discharged in the atmosphere
Identify base by specific activities.
year Carbon Dioxide equivalents or CO2e
is the standard unit of measurement
used for GHG inventory
Identify emission Emissions from non-CO2 gases are
sources
converted to CO2e based on the
Global Warming Potential (GWPs) of
Select emission each gas
factor • GWP for CH4 is 21
• GWP for N2O is 310
Apply
calculations IPCC and WRI websites provide
emission factors for different types
of activities.
Report results
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies

Identify base
year Basic Formula:
Activity Data x Emission factor = GHG emissions

Identify emission Activity Data – gallons or liters of fuel,

sources kilowatt hours of electricity, air
miles or kilometers
Select emission
factor Emission Factor – kilograms of CO2
per kilometer traveled, kilograms of
Apply CO2 per liter of fuel
calculations
e.g.
1,000 kWh x 0.594 kg CO2/kWh
Report results = 594 kg CO2
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Decide on the GHG Emission
Target
Identify base
year Absolute target: absolute amount
e.g. 5% below the 2010 base year
Identify emission emissions
sources
Intensity target: amount is relative to
Select emission some measure of business
factor Activity
e.g. 5% reduction per unit produced
Apply
calculations GHG inventory reporting is currently
voluntary in the Philippines
Report results There are no established reporting
protocols or platform at the moment
Identify emission reduction opportunities

Reducing electricity use in buildings and facilities such as lighting,

computers, equipment, green building design

Emission reductions from transportation such as fuel use or switching to

cleaner fuel, reducing business travel and employee
Commuting.

CO2
OPEX = Efficiency
= footprint

Operational expenses have a DIRECT

impact on the Carbon Footprint
REDUCTION INITIATIVES

Support/buy local products

Switch to CFL/LED lighting
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Conserve water
Regular preventive maintenance
Travel less
Teleconference
PLANT TREES!
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Quantity Net power rating Daily usage
Lights 4 25 watts each 7 hours/day
Television 2 123 watts each 5 hours day
Air conditioner 1 1,000 watts each 6 hours/day
Refrigerator 1 125 watts each 24 hours/day
Computer 1 870 watts each 10 hours/day

Diesel fueled van 1 3 liters/day

Gas fed car 2 2 liters/day
Example:
Air con: 1 unit x 1,000 watts/unit Compute for the following:
1,000 watts x 6 hours/day x 30 days = 180,000 watts-hour
180,000 watts-hour x 1 kilowatt/1,000 watts = 180 kwh
180 kwh x 0.594 kg CO2/kwh = 106.92 kwh/month •Monthly kg CO2 e of Scope 1
•Monthly kg CO2 e of Scope 2
•Total monthly GHG emissions
Answers:

•Scope 1 = 509.1 kg CO2 e

•Scope 2 = 349.81 kg CO2 e
•Total monthly GHG emissions = 858.91 kg CO2 e
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the annual GHG emissions of Makuliglig
Manufacturing Company based on the following data:
•The company has 1 main building generating an average of
2,671 KWH per month and 5 satellite offices generating an
average of 2,900 KWH per month.
•The total kilometers travelled of the company-owned vehicles
in 2010 is 19,485,179 wherein 84% of the vehicles utilized
gasoline and the remaining utilized diesel. While MMC’s
supplier Chaka Services consumed 15,809 liters of diesel on
the same year.
•The company has 3,840 employees in 2010 generating an
average of 0.6kg per pax per day. Assume that there are 22
working days per month
 ANSWER
Scope 2: Electricity purchased

Main building
• 2,671 KWH x 12 months/ year = 32,052 KWH
• 32,052 KWH x 0.594 kg CO2 e/ KWH = 19,038.89 kg CO2 e

Satellite offices
• 2,900,000 KWH x 12 months/ year = 34,800 KWH
• 34,800 KWH x 0.594 kg CO2 e/ KWH = 20,671.20 kg CO2 e

• 19,038.89 kg CO2 e + 20,671.20 kg CO2 e = 39,710.01 kg CO2 e

 ANSWER
Scope 1: Fuel consumption

Gas
•19,485,179km x .84 = 16,367,550 km
•15,003,587 km ÷ 8 km/ liter of gas = 2,045,943 liters of gasoline
•2,045,943 liters of gasoline x 2.27 kg CO2 e/liter = 4,644,292.1 kg CO2 e

Diesel
•19,485,179km x .16 = 3,117,629 km
•4,481,592 km ÷ 5 km/ liter of diesel = 623,526 liters of diesel
•623,526 liters of diesel x 2.63 kg CO2 e/liter = 1,639,872.6 kg CO2 e

•4,644,292.1 kg CO2 e + 1,639,872.6 kg CO2 e = 6,284,164.7 kg CO2 e

 ANSWER
Scope 1: Waste generated

• 3,840 employees x 22 working days per month x 12 months x 0.66 kg

waste per employee per day = 669,081.60 kg of waste
• 669,081.60 kg of waste x 1 ton/1,000 kg = 669.08 tons of waste
• 669.08 tons of waste x 0.4817 ton CO2 e/ ton of waste = 322.29 ton
CO2 e
• 322.29 ton CO2 e x 1000 kg/ton = 322,290 kg CO2 e

Scope 3: Fuel Consumption by the supplier

• 15,809 liters of diesel x 2.63 kg CO2 e/liter = 41,577.67 kg CO2 e

TOTAL EMISSIONS: 6,687,722.38 kg CO2 e

 THANK YOU!

Sources:
www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/index.html
www.garlicchop.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/co2cycle.jpg
www.epa.gov/outreach/images/bnrmeth.jpg
www.climate-change-knowledge.org/uploads/N2O_cal.jpg
www.epa.gov/highgwp/images/sourceleft.jpg
World Research Institute
KLIMA
Manila Observatory
USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project
General Formula
Energy used X Coefficient = Kg eCO2

Electricity Consumption
KWH X 0.594 kg CO2 per KWH = Kg eCO2

Transportation
L of Gas X 2.27 kg CO2 per L = Kg eCO2
L of Diesel X 2.63 kg CO2 per L = Kg eCO2
Km travelled X Fuel efficiency for diesel is 5 km per liter = Liters of diesel
Km travelled X Fuel efficiency for gas is 8 km per liter = Liters of gas

Waste Generation
Tons of waste x 0.4817 tons of eCO2 per ton of waste = ton eCO2