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1. 1 min To I. INTRODUCTION
introduce Immunization is one of the most cost effective Listening
the topic Flash
health interventions known to mankind. It is also cards
true that immunization is the most successful,
single, child survival strategy. Immunization
schedules are the basic framework for the
delivery of vaccines to individuals as well as the
community as whole. Prevention of disease is one
of the most important goals in childcare. During
infancy and childhood, preventive measures
against certain infectious diseases are available.
One of the most dramatic advances in pediatrics
has been the decline of infectious diseases during
20thcentury because of the widespread use of
immunization for preventable diseases.
II. DEFINITION
Immunization: Immunization is a process

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whereby a person is made immune or resistant to

an infectious disease, typically by the
administration of a vaccine.
III. PURPOSES
1. Protect oneself from communicable
diseases: Immunization is the preventive
measure which help the child from
infectious diseases.
2. Prevents epidemics: It is a wide spread
occurrence of the disease of an infectious
disease in a community at a particular time.
3. Protect specific diseases: It is the mass
means of protecting the largest number of
people from various diseases.
4. Eradication and elimination of disease: it
helps from the reduction of an infectious

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disease's prevalence in a regional population to
zero, or the reduction of the global prevalence to
2. Imin
a negligible amount.
IV. TYPES OF VACCINE
1. BCG VACCINE: BCG vaccination
should be administered at birth. It
provide Immunity against tuberculosis.
0.05 ml should be injected
intradermally. Mother can feed the
baby after vaccination. Give oral
medicines to reduce pain.
2. PENTAVALENT VACCINE: It is a
5 in 1 combination vaccine which
includes diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,
hepatitis B vaccine and hemophilus
influenza B vaccine. Each dose is 0.5
ml to be given by intra muscular

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3. injection in anterolateral aspect of the mid-thigh.

Three doses are given. The first dose is given as
pentavalent vaccine only after a child is 6 weeks
old. The second and third doses are given at 10
and 14 weeks. Do not massage the area after
injection. Give cold compression at the injection
site. Give oral paracetamol to reduce pain. Watch
for redness or swelling at the injection site.

3. Inactivated Polio Vaccine and oral

polio vaccines: The oral polio vaccine
is a safe and effective tool for
immunizing children against polio. The
efficacy of IPV in preventing
poliomyelitis is excellent. IPV is
subcutaneously and combination
vaccines given intramuscularly. A The
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4. regular schedule is to give 3 doses at 6,10 and 14

weeks.OPV will give at birth. The OPV is given
by mouth. Pain will be present so oral analgesic
should be given if necessary. Watch for any
anaphylactic reactions. Inform doctors regarding
the allergic reaction occurred at the first
vaccination.
4. MEASLES RUBELLA (MR
Vaccine): the triple combination
vaccine (MMR) is now manufactured
only double combination of MR
vaccine. The vaccine is administered in
a 0.5ml dose. The recommended route
of administration is subcutaneous
injection administered in the upper arm
or antero lateral aspect of thigh. The

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5. vaccine should be used within 4 hour after
reconstitution. Watch for fever and give oral
paracetamol syrup to the child. Transient macular
rash may occur, so keep observe the child after
vaccination. Do not give vaccine if child is
severely immunocompromised. Give vaccine
only after 9 months because maternal antibodies
interfere with response to the vaccine if give
earlier.
5. PNEUMOCOCCAI VACCINE: S.
pneumoniaeis responsible for 5-50% of
all episodes of community acquired
pneumonia. polyvalent pneumococcal
vaccine can protect children from
infection caused by streptococcus
pneumonia resulting pneumonia,
meningitis, otitis media, bacteremia,

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 etc. The vaccine is given intramuscular or
subcutaneously with 0.5 ml amount.
6.
6. MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINE:
The vaccine is administered deep
subcutaneously in single dose of 0.5
ml, in children older than two years of
age to prevent meningitis. When first
dose is given after 4 years of age, than
next dose should be administered only
after another 5 years.
7. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (JE)
VACCINES: Japanese encephalitis is
an important viral disease causing fatal
condition in children. The vaccine is
administered in 2 doses
subcutaneously, with 0.5 ml amount to
the children of 1 to 3 years age and

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 with 1.0 ml for above 3 years age, at interval of 1-
7. 2 weeks. The 3rd dose can be given after 6
months and booster dose every 3 to 4 years.
8. ROTAVIRUS VACCINE: vaccines
are administered orally to infants
starting at a minimum age of 6 weeks,
with a minimum 1 weeks interval
between doses. It helps to prevent
diarrhea in children.
V. COLD CHAIN
The ‘cold-chain’ is the system of transporting
and storing vaccines within recommended
temperature range from the place of
manufacture to the point of administration. It
has three main components:
1. Vaccine transport and storage equipment
2. Trained personnel

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8.
3. Efficient management procedures

At the higher level of cold chain that is national

and regional OPV must be kept frozen between
-15 and-25oC. freeze-dried vaccines (BCG,
measles, MMR) may also be kept frozen at-15 to-
25°C. At other level of cold chain, these vaccines
should be stored at 2-8°C. If a vaccine is
damaged by heat and loses some of its potency,
this loss can never be restored and this damage is
cumulative with fresh damage occurring each
time the temperature fluctuates outside the
recommended vaccine storage temperature range.

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9. VI.CONTRAINDICATIONS OF
VACCNATION

Contraindications (conditions in a recipient that

increases the risk for a serious adverse reaction)
and precautions to vaccination are conditions
under which vaccines should not be administered.
 Severely immunocompromised persons
generally should not receive live vaccines
 women known to be pregnant generally should
not receive live, attenuated virus vaccines,
because of the theoretical risk of foetus
 Persons who experienced encephalopathy
within 7 days after administration of a
previous dose of pertussis-containing vaccine
not attributable to another identifiable cause
should not receive additional doses of a

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 vaccine that contains pertussis
 Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
disease and a history of intussusceptions are
both contraindications to the receipt of
rotavirus vaccines.
 Severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis)
after a previous dose or to a vaccine
10 component
 Encephalopathy (e.g., coma, decreased level
of consciousness,  prolonged seizures), not
attributable to another identifiable cause,
within 7 days of administration of previous
dose of DTP or DTaP
  severe immunodeficiency (e.g., from
hematologic and solid tumors, receipt of
chemotherapy, congenital immunodeficiency,
long-term immunosuppressive therapy or
patients with HIV infection who are severely
immunocompromised)

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  Family history of altered
immunocompetence

VII.ROLE OF PARENT

Parents having a major role in the health

care of children. They are the primary care
takers of the children.
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 The parents should follow the national
immunization schedule
 After vaccination, sometimes adverse
reactions may occur in the child. That
should be identified and reported to the
doctors immediately.
 The child should not skip any vaccination.
All the vaccinations should be given at
correct time and age according to the
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 immunization schedule.
 If the child is having any childhood
diseases, that must be reported to the
doctors before immunization
 The parents should not apply any hot
fomentation or cold application at the
injection site.
 Each vaccination needs 28 days of interval
in between.
 If child vomits after any oral vaccination
especially OPV then that should be
repeated with another dose.
 Breast feeding can be given immediately
after each vaccination, there is no
restrictions
 Child can take bath after vaccination but
watch for fever when bathing in cold water.
Prefer warm water for bath.

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  There is no dietary restrictions after

vaccination.

VIII. ROLE OF NURSE

Nursing personnel are mostly responsible for

administration of immunization and its related
activities.
 The nurse should check the immunization
card and conform about the vaccine which
should be given.
 Check the vaccine and its expiry date
before opening.
 Dilute the vaccine with appropriate dilutent
and check the quantity need for injection.
 The access the site where the injection have
to give and clean the area with suitable

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 solution.

 The provide injection with adequate

syringe at preferred site.
 Watch for any adverse reactions like
redness, swelling etc.
 Inform the mother to watch for any adverse
reactions.
 Provide information regarding next due
date, and record in the vaccination card.

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