LECTURE-6

PROBLEMS SOLVING
1). The circuit is an example of proportional voltage divider. Find the voltage drop across
each resistor by the method of proportional parts.

V1 = ? R1 = 20 Ω

R2 = 30 Ω V2 = ?
VS = 100 V DC

V3 = ? R3 = 50 Ω

Solution:
R eq  R 1  R 2  R 3  20  30  50  100

R1 20 Ω
V1  VS   100 V  20 V
R eq 100 Ω

R2 30 Ω
V2  VS   100 V  30 V
R eq 100 Ω

R3 50 Ω
V3  VS  100 V  50 V
R eq 100 Ω

2). In the circuit shown in figure, find the total power PT dissipated by R1 and R2.

I
R1 = 5Ω
VS = 60 V

R2 = 10Ω

Step 1. Find I by Ohm’s law

VS VS 60 V
I   4A
R eq R 1  R 2 5 Ω  10 Ω

Step 2. Find the power used in R1 and R2.

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 P1  I 2 R 1  4 2 A  5 Ω  80 W

P2  I 2 R 2  4 2 A  10 Ω  160 W
Step 3. find the total power PT by adding P1 and P2.
PT  P1  P2  80 W  160 W  240 W

An alternative method is
PT  Vs I  60 V  4 A  240 W

3). A series circuit (Fig. a) uses ground as a common connection and a reference point for
voltage measurement. (The ground connection is at 0 V). Mark the polarity of the voltage
drops across the resistance R1, R2, and find the voltage drops at points A and B with
respect to ground.

VS = 100 V VS 100 V

B A B I A B A

R2 100Ω 100Ω R1 R2 I 50V 50V

R1

(a) (b) 0V (c) 0V

0V 0V

Step 1. Mark the polarities. The current–I flows from the positive terminal of the battery
through R1, through ground, up through R2, and back to the negative terminal of
battery (Fig. b). Assign a + sign where the current enters the resistance and a ─ sign
to the end where the current emerges (muncul) (Fig b). Mark the ground voltage 0V
as the reference to measure voltage 0 V as the reference to measure voltage drops.
Step 2. Find the total resistance,
R eq  R 1  R 2  100 Ω  100 Ω  200 Ω

Step 3. Find the current in the circuit.

Vs 100
I   0.5 A
R eq 200

Step 4. Find the voltage drops.

V1  I R 1  0.5 100  50 V

V2  I R 2  0.5 100  50 V

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Step 5. Find voltage polarity at points A and B. Point A is 50 V positive with respect to
ground, while point B is 50 V negative with respect to ground (Fig c). Point A is
nearer to the positive terminal, while point B is nearer to the negative terminal.
Step 6. Verify the voltage drops.
Sum of voltage drops = applied voltage
Vs = V1 + V2
100 = 50 + 50
100V = 100 V Check

4). For the following circuit, what are the steady state voltages across R1, R2 and C, if
VS = 10 V DC, R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 1 kΩ and C = 0.01 µF?

R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 1 kΩ
VS = 10 V DC

C = 0.01 µF

Solution:
The impedance of a capacitor in a DC circuit (ω = 0) is infinite (∞), so it acts as an open
circuit (no current pass through).
I1 I2

DC I3 X
R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 1 kΩ
VS = 10 V DC

C = 0.01 µF

VR 1  I 3 R 1  0  1 kΩ  0
VC  I 3 Z C  0  Z C  0

Vs 10 V
Vs  I1 R 2  I1    0.01 A I1  I 2
R 2 1000 Ω
VR2  I 2 R 2  0.01 A  1000 Ω  10 V

5). The circuit of Figure bellow solved by node-voltage analysis.

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 A R1 N R3 B

V1 I1 I2 V3
4Ω 2Ω
R2
VA = 58 V 3Ω VB = 10 V
V2
I3
Loop 1 G Loop 2

Step 1. Assume the direction of currents shown. Mark nodes A, B, N, and G. Mark the
voltage polarity across each resistor consistent with assumed direction of current.
Step 2. Apply KCL at principal node N and solve for VN.
I  0
I1  I 2  I 3  0

I 3  I1  I 2

By Ohm’s law,
VN VA  VN VB  VN
I3  , I1  , I2 
R2 R1 R3

VN VA  VN VB  VN
 
R2 R1 R3

VN 58  VN 10  VN
 
3 4 2
Clear fractions by multiplying each term by 12.
4VN  3 58  VN   610  VN 
4VN  174  3VN  60  6VN

13VN  234

VN  18 V

Step 2. Find all voltage drop and currents.

V1  VA  VN  58  18  40 V Ans.
V2  VN  18 V Ans.
V3  VB  VN  10  18   8V Ans.
The negative value for V3 means I2 is flowing opposite to the assumed direction and the
polarity of V3 is the reverse of the signs shown across R3.

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 V1 40
I1    10 A Ans.
R1 4

V3  8
I2    4A Ans.
R3 2
I3  I1  I 2  10  4  6 A Ans.
V2 18
I3    6 A Check
R2 3

6). Conversion of voltage and current sources can often simply circuits when there are two or
more sources. Voltage sources are easier for series connections because we can add
voltages, whereas current sources are easier for parallel connections because we can add
voltage currents. Find the current IL through the middle load resistor RL

R1 a R2
IL = ? 3Ω
9Ω

V1 72 V RL 6Ω V2 24 V

b Voltage
Voltage
Source 1 Source 2
(a)
a a
IL = ? IL

R1 9Ω RL 6Ω R2 3Ω IT 16 A R 2.25 Ω R 6Ω
L

I1 8 A I2 8 A

b Current b
Current
Source 1 (b) Source 2 (c)

Step 1. Convert voltage source V1 and V2 into current sources.

V1 72
I1    8A Shunt R1 = series R1 = 9 Ω
R1 9

V2 24
I2   8A Shunt R2 = series R2 = 3 Ω
R2 3

Step 2. Draw the equivalent current source circuit (see Fig b). I1 and I2 can be combined for
one equivalent current source IT. Since they produce current in the same direction
through RL, they are added.

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 I T  I1  I 2  8  8  16 A

The shunt R for the 16-A combined current source is the combined resistance of the 9
Ω and the 3 Ω R2 in parallel. So
R1 R 2 9  3 27
shunt R     2.25 Ω
R 1  R 2 9  3 12

The circuit of Fig (b) can be redrawn as shown in Fig (c).

Step 3. Find IL. Use the current-divider formula for the 6 Ω and 2.25 Ω branches.
R 2.25 2.25
IL  IT  16  16  4.36 A
R  RL 2.25  6 8.25

7). Find the current IL by converting the series current sources I1 and I2 into series voltage
sources (Fig a)
a
Source 1
IL = ?
I1 3A R1 4Ω

RL 6Ω
Source 2
R2 2Ω
I2 4A

b
(a)
a

IL = ?
R1 R a
4Ω

6Ω IL = ?
V1 12 V
RL 6Ω
VT 20 V RL 6Ω
R2 2Ω

V2 8V b

b
(b)

Step 1. Convert I1 and I2 into voltage sources

V1  I1 R 1  3 4   12 V Shunt R1 = series R1 = 4 Ω
V2  I 2 R 2  4 2   8 V Shunt R2 = series R2 = 2 Ω
Step 2. Draw the equivalent voltage source circuit (see Fig b). The series voltages are added
because they are series-aiding.

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 VT  V1  V2  12  8  20 V

The series resistances are added.

R  R1  R 2  4  2  6 Ω

Then by Ohm’s law,

VT 20 20
IL     1.67 A
R  R L 6  6 12

8). A 500 Ω is in parallel with 300 Ω ZL assume Vs = 500 V. Find I, φ, and Zeq.

I IR IL

~ Vs = 500 V R 500 Ω ZL 300 Ω

Solution:
VS 500V
IR    1A
R 500
VS 500V
IL    1.67 A
Z L 300

I  I R  I L  1A  1.67A  2.67A

1 1 1 ZL  R
  
R eq R ZL R.ZL

R.ZL 500 Ω  300 Ω 150000 2

R eq     187.5 Ω = Zeq
R  ZL 500 Ω  300 Ω 800

V t   Vm cos  ω t  φ 
Vs = 500 V Vm=500 cos  ω t  φ   1

 ω t  φ   0o
  0o  ωt   0o (ω = 0 no information in Vs)

9). Find impedance equivalent (Zeq) and the current (I) in the circuit as follow

R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 1 kΩ
~ Vin = 5 cos 10 t 53
C = 10 µF
Sinyal AC: V t   Vm cos  ω t  φ 

ω = 10 rad/s φ = 0o (identifying from Vin)

j
The phasor and complex form of the voltage source is
φ = 00
Vin  Vm     x  yj x
Vin  5 0o   5  0 j (see Figure)
Vm = r = 5

1 j 1
ZC     90 o
j ω C ωC ωC

j
ZC  3
 10000 j  10000  90o  μF = 10–6 F
10  0.01  10
Z R1C  R 1  ZC  1000  10000 j 

10002    10000
2
r  10049.9

y   10000 
φ  tan 1    tan 1    84.3
o

x  1000 
ZR1C  R 1  ZC  1000  10000 j   10049.9  84.30

R 2  1000Ω  1000  0 j

r  1000 2  0 2  1000

y  0 
φ  tan 1    tan 1  0
o

x  1000 

R 2  1000  1000  0 j  1000 0 0 

1 1 1 R  Z R1C
   2
Z R1CR 2 Z R1C R2 Z R1C R 2

Z R1C R2 10049.9  84.30  1000 00 r1 φ1 . r2 φ 2  r1 . r2 φ1  φ 2

Z R1CR 2  
Z R1C  R2 1000  10000 j  1000  0 j

10049.9  84.30 1000 00 10049900  84.30

Z R1CR 2  
1000  10000 j  1000  0 j 2000  10000 j

r 2000 2  10000 2  10198

r1 φ1 r
 y  10000   1 φ1  φ 2
φ  tan    tan 1 
1
  78.7
o
r2 φ 2 r2
x
   2000 

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 10049900  84.30 10049900  84.30
Z R1CR 2    985.5  84.30  78.7 0  985.5  1630
2000  10000 j 10198 78.7 0

Vin 5 00
I   0.005 00  1630  0.005 1630 A
Zeq 985.5  1630

Take Home Work-2 (PR-2)

Find the steady state current I(t) in the following circuit, where R1 = R2 = 100 kΩ, C = 1µF,
and L = 20 H for
a). Vs = 5V DC
b). Vs = 5 cos (πt) V

R1 = 100 kΩ I(t)
L = 20 H
DC X

C = 1 µF R2 = 100 kΩ
VS

1). The current can not flow through capacitor if voltage source DC signal and the inductive
impedance is 0 (ω = 0).

2).
V t   Vm cos  ω t  φ 

1 j 1
ZC     90 o
j ω C ωC ωC

Z L  j ω L  ω L 90 0 

r1 φ1 . r2 φ 2  r1 . r2 φ1  φ 2

r1 φ1 r
 1 φ1  φ 2
r2 φ 2 r2

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