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04.TNPSC Study Material Modern India Final PDF
04.TNPSC Study Material Modern India Final PDF
INuhg;gpah;fspd; tUif
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs;
1661y; Nghh;r;Rf;fr
P pa kd;dh; jdJ rNfhjhpapd; jpUkz tujl;rizahf
gk;ghia rhh;y]; II vd;Dk; Mq;fpNya kd;dUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;.
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;:
1602y; lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp njhlq;fpaJ.
1605y; ,th;fs; jq;fsJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy;
(Me;jpuh) Jtq;fpdh;. kw;w njhopw;rhiyfis Gypfhl;> rpd;Ruh>
ghl;dh> ghy#h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> nfhr;rp> #uj;> fhiuf;fhy;> fhrpk; g[hh;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mikj;jdh;.
nrd;idf;F mUNf cs;s goNtw;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Kjy; tzpfj;jyk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tzpfk;. ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fsJ muR
miktij tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mk;ghapdhg; gLnfhiy
1623-y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu mk;ghapdh
vd;Dkplj;jpy; gLnfhiy nra;jdh;.
Mq;fpNyah;fs;:
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1599y; cUthdJ. murpay; tpahghu
mq;fPfhuk; 1600-y; uhzp vypngj;jhy;; fpof;fpe;jpahtpy; tzpfk; nra;a
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1613y; #uj;jpy; thzpg ikak; mikf;f rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh mDkjp
ngw;whh;. #uj;> Mf;uh> mfkjhghj;> GNuhr; efhpy; gz;lfrhiy
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1616y; fk;ngdp jdJ Kjy; njd; gFjp njhopw;rhiyia
k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; epWtpaJ. 1633y; fk;ngdp jdJ Kjy; fpof;Fg;
gFjp Miyia `hpfh;g+hpy; (xhp]h – ghy#hpy;) epWtpaJ.
1639y; fk;ngdp nrd;idia xg;ge;jj;jpw;F vLj;J(rh;gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w
Mq;fpy tzpfh;) nrapd;l; [hh;[N; fhl;ilia mikj;jJ (1640).
1668-y; Fj;jifahf Kk;igia ,uz;lhk; rhh;yrplkpUe;J ,yz;ld;
thzpf epWtdk; tUl Fj;jif 10 ngnsz;L nrYj;jp
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
1668y; gk;gha; fk;ngdpapd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Fg; gFjp FbNaw;wkhdJ.
fy;fj;jhtpy; gz;lf rhiy epWt1690-y; mTuq;frPg;gplk; ,irT
ngw;wdh;.
1696-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
1717 [hd; rh;Nkd; Kfyha kd;dh; g&f;\pahhplkpUe;J fk;ngdpf;fhd
thzpgk; nra;Ak; muR Miziag;ngw;whh;. ,J ‘Nkf;d fhh;l;lh Mg;
fk;ngdp’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nldp\;fs;:
Nldp\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1616y; Jtf;fk;.
,th;fs; FbNaw;wq;fs; nruhk;G+h; (tq;fhsk;)> buhq;$gh; (juq;fk;ghb)
(jkpo;ehL). ,th;fs; rka gug;ghsh;fs;. jq;fs; FbNaw;wq;fis 1845y;
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F tpw;W tpl;ldh;.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;:
gpuhd;]; ke;jphp fhy;gh;l;bd; MNyhridg;gb (14k; Yhap Ml;rpapd; NghJ)
1664 gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
,th;fs; jq;fsJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia 1668y; #uj;jpYk;> 1669y;
k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; mikj;jdh;.
ghz;br;Nrhp 1674y; gpuhd;rp]; khh;l;bd; vd;gtuhy; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplk;
GJr;Nrhp vd;w fpuhkk; ngwg;gl;lJ.
1699-y; GJr;Nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. gpd;dh; hp];tpf;
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; GJr;Nrhpia jpUk;gg; ngw;wdh;.
1701-k; Mz;L ghz;br;Nrhp gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhdJ.
1725-y; jQ;iria Mz;l kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fsplkpUe;J kyghh;
flw;fiuapy; cs;s kh`p gFjpiaAk; 1739-y; Nrho kz;ly flw;fiuapy;
fiuf;fhy; gFjpiaAk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
ifg;gw;wpdh;.
rhh;y]; nkl;fhy;/g;(1835-36):-
gj;jphpf;if kPjhd midj;J jilfisAk; ePf;fpdhh;.(,th;
gj;jhpf;iffspd; kPl;gh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;)
eph;thf fhuzq;fs;
ghurPf nkhop khw;wk.; Mq;fpy nkhopia GFj;jpaJ (ePjpkd;wq;fspy;)
Mq;fpy ePjp toq;FKiw mjpf nryT cilaJ ,ae;jpuj; jd;ik
cilaJ> fhy tpuak; nfhz;lJ.
Mq;fpy eph;thfj;jpd; mjpfkhd ghjpg;gpid Vw;gL;j;jpaJ epythp
KiwahFk;. epygpuGf;fshy; Fbahdth;fs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
,e;jpah;fSf;F murpay; ,uhZtj;jpy; cah;gjtp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
nghUshjhu fhuzq;fs;
nry;tk; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ. ifj;njhopy; mopT> nerTnjhopy; mopT
,e;jpa nghUs;fSf;F ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mjpf fhg;Gthp. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpynghUl;fSf;F Fiwe;j ,wf;Fkjpthp
;Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ (nerTj;njhopypy;)
ngz;;bq; gpuG fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l tq;fhs epy Fj;jifr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb Fj;jif Rje;jpuk; nfhz;l epyq;fs; murpd; fl;Lghl;by;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljhy; gyh; tWikf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldh;
19-k; Ehw;whz;bd; Kjy;ghjpapy; njhlh;eJ
; Vw;gl;l 7-gQ;rq;fs;
nghUshjhu epiyia ghjpj;jJ.
r%f kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
,e;jpag;giltPuh;fSf;F jq;fs; rkak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tof;fg;gb
new;wpapy; jpyfkply;> jhbtsh;j;jy;> jiyg;ghif mzpjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F
jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWjy; tof;fk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ ngz;rpRf;nfhiy
jLg;G> tpjit kWkzk; rl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;Jf;fs; nrhj;Jhpik rl;lk;
khw;wk;> fpUj;Jth;fshf khwpath;fSf;F jq;fs; Kd;Ndhh;fsp;d; nrhj;jpy;
gq;FngWk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nfhapy; k#jpfSf;F nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspd; kPJ Mq;fpNyah; tpjpj;j
thp kf;fspd; rka czh;tpid nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ.
,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;
,uhZtj;jpy; ,e;jpag;gil tPuh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l kpf cah;e;j gjtp
RNgjhh; MFk;. ,e;j cah;e;j gjtpf;F msp;f;fg;gl;l Cjpak; Gjpjhf
Nrh;e;j Mq;fpy rpg;gha;fspd; Cjpaj;ijtplf; Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ.
gjtp cah;T ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F ,y;iy. ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F
,opthfTk; jho;;thfTk; elj;jg;gl;ldh;.
1856 Mk; Mz;L fhdpq; gpuGtpd; nghJ ,uhZtg;gilfs; rl;;lk; (The
general service enlistment act) - ,e;jpa rpg;ggha;fs; fly; fle;J nrd;W
Nghhpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpag;gil tPuh;fs; vz;zpf;if Mq;fpyg;gil tPuh;fistpl 5 klq;F
mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.
Nghh; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Kf;fpa ,lq;fshd nly;yp> myfhkhghj;
Mfpait ,e;jpa gil tPuh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jd. ,it
midj;Jk; ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fis Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Gul;rpia
nra;;a Jhz;LNfhyhf mike;jJ.
cldbf; fhuzk;:
,uhZtj;jpy; mwpKfg;;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa vd;/gPy;L uf Jg;ghf;fpapy;
nfhOg;G jltpa Njhl;lhf;fs; (gRtpd; nfhOg;G> gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G)
gR ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpjk; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fspd; ntWg;Gf;Fhpa tpyq;F
gd;wp vd;gjhy;> Njhl;lhf;fs; cgNahfpg;gJ rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ rkaf;
Nfhl;ghl;bw;F vjpuhdJ vdf; fUjpdh;.
1857 khh;r; 29 ,y; fy;fj;jh mUfpy; guhf;g+hpy; tq;fhsgil tPuh;
kq;fs;ghz;Nl (gpuhkz ,e;jpah;) Gjpa vd;gy P ;L Njhl;lh cgNahfpf;f
kWg;Gj; njuptpj;J> jdJ Nkyjpfhhpia Rl;Lf;nfhd;W vjph;g;ig
ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ePjp tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Jhf;fpyplg;gl;lhu;
guhf;g+hpy; fhyhl;gil gphpT kPul;bw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;nra;jp gutp
,e;jpa giltPuh;fs; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; Gul;rpia njhlq;fpdh;.
Gul;rp guTjy; kw;Wk; mlf;fgLjy;:
1857 ,y; tq;fhsj;jpy; guhf;g+hpy; jhd; Kjypy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.
,g;Gul;rp cldbahf mlf;fg;gl;L Gul;rpahsh;fs; jz;lidf;F
cl;gLj;;jg;gl;ldh;.
1857 Nk khjk; kPul;bypUe;J giltPuh;fs; ntspg;gilahf Gul;rpapy;
<Lgl;ldh;. rpiwr;rhiyia jfh;j;J rfgiltPuh;fSk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
gpd;dh; nly;yp Nehf;fp nrd;W nly;;yp ifg;gw;wgl;lJ. mjthJ jq;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jdh;.
rpg;gha; fyfk; (or) fytuk; gutpa ,lq;fs; jpy;yp> fhd;G+h;>yf;Ndh>gNuyp>
[hd;rp> gPfhh;>igrhghj;> tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;> Mf;uh> gdhu];
gpuk;kQhd rig
,e;jpa fyhr;ruhj;jpdhy; <h;f;fg;gl;l Nkw;fj;jpah;fshy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nklk; H.P. gpsthl;];fP - 1875 mnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. gpd;
mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd; M.S. My;fhl; mtUld; ,ize;jhh;.
1882y; ,J jkpo;ehl;bYs;s milahWf;F ,lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
md;dpngrd;l; 1907y; ,jd; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; 1898y;
kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;. 1916y; gzhuh]; ,e;Jf;
fy;Y}hpahf khwpaJ.
gpuk;kQhd rig gug;g md;dpngrd;l; elj;jpa nra;jp jhs; vJ?
epA+ ,e;jpah (New India)
,e;jpa murpapypy; ,e;jpah;fs; Rahl;rp ngw (Home Rule Movement)
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpath;?
jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; jiyik ,lk; vJ?
nrd;id milahh;.
milahhpy; E}yfj;ij epWtp mjpy; rk];fpUj E}y;fis ghJfhj;J
te;jth;? jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
,e;jpah;fspd; kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf Xh; Kd;Ndhb ,af;fkhf nray;gl;l rig-
jpNahNrhgpfs; rig
,uhkfpU\;zklk; 1897y; nfhy;fj;jh mUfpy; cs;s NgY}hpy; Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jhuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
tpNtfhde;jh; 1893y; rpfhNfhtpy; eilnge;e cyf rka khehl;by;; ,U
ciufis epfo;j;jpdhh;: gpuGj ghuj; (Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; cj;Nghjdh
(tq;fnkhop).
Jtf;ff;fy;tp> cah;fy;tp> fpuhkKd;Ndw;wk;> cly;eyk;> NguopT
epthuzk;> Mjpthrpfs; eyd;> fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait
,uhkfpU\;zguk`k;r ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.
flTs; xUtNu vd;w nfhs;ifAk;> kdpjDf;Fr; nra;Ak; gzp flTSf;F
nra;Ak; gzp vd $wpath; - ,uhkfpU\;zguk`k;rh;
Jwj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrit ,uz;Lk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L nfhs;if vd
$wp ciuj;jth; - Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;.
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Re;jutdgFjpapy; R+hpa xspia gad;gLj;jp
kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpl;lk; (Photo voltaic (P.V) Lighting System)
Njhd;w Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;J te;j ,af;fk; ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;.
[f;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; FOtpd;
(UNESCO) jiyik ,af;Feh; nglhpf;Nfh Nkah; (Federico Mayor) 1993k;
Mz;by; nrhw;nghopT Mw;Wk; nghOJ 1897Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l
,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; 1945y;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ad];Nfhtpd; mikg;ig Nghd;Nw ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; kpfTk;
<h;f;fg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
Ntjrkh[k;:
njw;fpd; gpuk;krkh[k; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ ,jid =juY} ehAL
njhlq;fpdhh;.
,th; gpuk;k jh;kh vd;Dk; E}iy jkpo; kw;Wk; njYq;fpy;
nkhopngau;j;jhh;.
jh;k rig:-
uhjhfhe;j; vd;gtuhy; nrg;lk;gu; 1830y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis vjph;f;fTk;> kjpg; gz;ghl;L Kiwfisf; fhg;ghw;wTk;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,J ngz;fSf;F Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpia
mspg;gij Mjhpj;jJ.
Nyhffpjthb:-
Nfhghy; `hp Nj];Kf; vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tp
kw;Wk; gFj;jwpit typAWj;jpaJ. ,th; ngz;fy;tpia ( ngz;fspd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij) Mjhpj;jhh;.
1876y; nly;yp jh;ghhpy; gq;F nfhz;lhh;. mjpy; ifapdhy; E}w;fg;gl;l
fjuhil mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;.
ehl;bd; Ra rhh;gpid Mjhpj;jhh;.
,uhjhRthkp ,af;fk;:-
,J Mf;uhtpy; tq;fp elj;jpa Jsrpuhk; ( rpth jahs; rhfpg; my;yJ
Rthkp k`huh[;) vd;gtuhy; 1861y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
,th;fs; xUtNu flTs; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. FU
Nkd;ikahdth; vdTk; rp\;ah;fs; (rj;rq;fpfs;) vspikahd tho;T
thoTk; Nghjpj;jhh;.
mypfhh; ,af;fk;:-
mypfhh; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; (ePjpj;Jiw
mYtyh;)
,t;tpaf;fk; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia K];yPk; rKjhaj;Jld; GFj;jp
mth;fs; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s top nra;jJ.
etPd fy;tp> r%f rPh;jpUj;jk;> gh;jh vjph;g;G> ngz; fy;tp> ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wik –mypfhh; ,af;f Nehf;fq;fs;.
1875;y; mypfhh; gs;spia epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1877 y; ,g;gs;sp Kfkjpad;
Mq;fpNyh fpof;fpe;jpa fy;Y}hpahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. gpd;dh; ,f;fy;Y}hp
mypfhh; K];yPk; gy;fiyf; fofkhf khwpaJ.
Scientific Society mwptpay; fofk; ahuhy; vg;NghJ vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ?
rh;iraJ mfkJfhd;>1864y; fhrpg;g+h; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l gs;sp
gpd;dh; Scientific Society MFk;.
mwptpay; fofk; mwptpay; E}y;fis ve;j nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;J
ntspapl;lJ – cUJnkhop
1875y; mypfhhpy; rh;iraJ mfkJfhdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}hp vJ?
MAO Kfkjpad; Mq;fpNyh xhpaz;ly; fy;Yhhp
rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; njhlq;fpa ,af;fk; vJ? mypfhh; ,af;fk;
K];ypk;fspilNa jd;Dila rPu;jpUj;j nfhs;iffis gug;g rh; iraJ
mfkJ fhd; elj;jpa gj;jpupf;if – jhrpy; - cj; - mj;yf;
Kfk;kjpah; ,yf;fpaf; fofj;ij ethg; mg;Jy; yj;jPg; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
gz;ila ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;w Gfo;kpf;f Nky;ehl;L mwpQh;fs;
khf;];Ky;yh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;];.
,e;Jf;fSk;> K];yPk;fSk; ,e;jpah vd;fpd;w mofpa gwitapd; ,U
fz;fs; vd $wpatu; - ru; iraJ mfkJfhd;
1873y; rj;jpa Nrhjf; rkh[; (cz;ik NjLNthh; rq;fk;) mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpath; - N[hjp ghG+Ny.
Nrhjf; rigapd; Nehf;fk; - gpuhkzh;gpbapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; epiyia
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
,tuJ E}y;fshd “Fyhk;fphp” kw;Wk; “rh;ti[dpf; rjpajh;k Gj;jfk;”
Mfpait tof;fkhd G+i[KiwfisAk; kj ek;gp;f;iffisAk;
rhLfpd;wd.
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;j jd; tPl;bd; mUfpy; Fsk;
mikj;J jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; ePh; vLj;J gad;gLj;j nra;jth; N[hjpghG+Ny.
Nfusj;jpy; <ot kf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F xh; ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; ahh;? ,af;fj;jpd; ngah;
vd;d? ve;j tUlk;? = ehuhaz FU – jh;k ghpghydNahfk; - 1903.
tpyq;Ffis gyp nfhLj;jy;> rhjp NtWghL> jPz;lhik fz;bj;jth; -
ehuhaz FU
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa khngUk; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspy; xUth; -
<.nt.uhkrhkp
r%f rka rPh;j;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; tpisT ahJ?
r%f nfhLik (rjp jPz;lhik) xopa cjtpaJ
ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk;
Njrpa czh;T ngUfpaJ
fyhr;rhuk; ngUikfs; njhpate;jJ.
mwptpay;> Neh;ik topapy; gpur;ridf;F jPh;T fhz nra;jJ.
kpjthjpfs;
Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpuir topelj;jpa jiyth;fs; kpjthjpfs;
vdg;gl;ldh;. jhjhgha;nesNuh[p> gpNuh]; \h Nkj;jh> RNue;jpuehj;
ghdh;[p> NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy MfpNahh; kpjthjpfs; Mth;.
jPtputhjpfs;:
jPtputhj mZF Kiwapy; ,g;gphptpd; gpujpepjpfshf tq;fhsj;J
uh[ehuhaz Ngh]; kw;wk; kfhuh\;buj;jpy; tp\;Zrh];jphp rpg;yq;fh;
Mth;.
gpw;ghL ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F cj;Ntf%l;bath; ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; Mthh;.
ghyfq;fhju jpyfH (jPtputhjpfspd; jiytH)> gpgpd; re;jpuNgh];>yhyh
y[gjp uha; >mugpe;NjhNfh\;.
Gul;;rpfu vz;zq;fs; nfhz;l ,isQh;fs; njhlq;fpa ,af;fq;fs;
ehl;by; jPtputhj vz;zq;fs; MFk;. gk;ghapd; thRNjt;gy;tj; ghl;Nf
vd;gth;jhd; jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy; jiyth; Mth;.
tpehaf; jhNkhjh; rthh;fh; GNdtpy; mgpetghujp vd;w mikg;ig
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtHfs; gp.Nf. Nfh\;>
gp.vd;. jj;.
yz;ldpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH v];.Nf. tHkh.
ghhp;]py; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH v];.MH. uhkh.
gaq;futhjpfs;:
1924-y; fhd;G+hpy; ,e;jpa Gul;rpahsh;fs; xd;W $bdh;. ,ij njhlh;e;J
,e;J];jhd; Nrhrpayp];l; hp;gg;spf;fs; mNrhrpNahrd; (HSRA) vd;w
mikg;G Gjpjhf nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
1915 [dthp 9-k; ehs; fhe;jp[p jdJ 49-Mk; tajpy; ,e;jpah te;jhh;
(jdJ murpay; Nrhjidf; $lk; vd Fwpg;gpl;l
njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J) ,e;ehs; ntspehL tho; ,e;jpau; jpdkhf
(gputhrp ghujPa jpdkhf) filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhe;jp[p 1916-,y; mfkjhghj;jpd; rgh;kjp M];ukj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
fhe;jpapd; ,af;fq;fs; :
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (fp.gp.1920 – 1922)
khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;> nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;J Nkw;nfhz;l ,af;fk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; MFk;.
,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; fhe;jp[p elj;jpa Kjy; Nghuhl;lk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; MFk;.
,jd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919-d;gb elf;f ,Uf;Fk; NjHjiy
Gwf;fzpg;Nghk;.
Xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; %d;W epiyfs;:
Kbkd; FO
rH mnyf;rhz;lH Kbkd; jiyikapy; xU FO 1919-k; Mz;L ,e;jpar;
rl;lk; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij Muha ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk;
1924y; (Muddiman Committee) mDg;gpaJ.
1947y; Mq;fpy muR gpujpepjp kTz;lN; gl;ld;. mth; filrp muR gpujpepjp.
1947 [Pd; 3 kTz;lN
; gl;ld; jpl;lk; mwptpg;G. ,J [Pd; 3 jpl;lk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mJ ,e;jpa A+dpad;> ghfp];jhd; A+dpad; ,U ehL gphpT MFk;.
RUf;fk;:
fp.gp
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - 1920
nrshpnrsuh rk;gtk; - 1922
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp cjak; - 1923
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp (1923 -25)
irkd; J}J FO - 1927 - 1928
yh$h; khehL G+uz Rauh[;ak; - 1929
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; - 1930
cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; - 1930
tl;lNkir khehLfs; - Kjy; - 1930
,uz;lhk; - 1931
%d;whk; - 1932
fhe;jpapd; ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; - 1931
tFg;G thj (k) G+dh xg;ge;jk; - 1932
,e;jpa muR rl;lk; - 1935
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; - 1939 – 45
Mf];l; ed;nfhil - 1940
ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if - 1940
fphpg;]; J}JFO - 1942
nts;isaNd ntspNaW - 1942
INA Njhw;wk; - 1942
Nfgpdl; FO - 1946
,ilf;fhy muR - 1946
kTz;lN ; gl;ld; jpl;lk; - 1947
,e;jpa tpLjiy rl;lk; - 1947
gpnuQ;R gFjp ,izg;G - 1954
Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa gFjp ,izg;G - 1961
*******
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpah (1947-2000) r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; :
,e;jpahtpd; it];uha;fs;
fhdpq; gpuG (1856-62):-
filrp fth;dh; n[duy; kw;Wk; Kjy; it];uha;
rpg;gha; fyfk; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; jhd; ele;jJ.
etk;gh; 1858y; gphpl;b\; Neubahf Ml;rp nra;jJ.
thhprpy;yhf; nfhs;if tpyf;fg;gl;lJ.
1857y; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
nrd;id> fy;fj;jh> gk;ghapy; 1962y; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
,e;epaf; fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1861y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.