Final Thisis Project End OF ENDD PDF

6/1/2010
SAMARA UNIVERSITY DEP OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Designed By:
Name ID NO
1 Nejiya Sefa……………………………………………………………………………567/06
2 Kidist Wale……………………………………………………………………………463/06
3 EtsubdinkTbebu…………………………………………………………………….348/06
4 Fasil Edalamaw ………….…….…………………………………………………..359/06
5 Adem Mohammed……………………………………………………………..….200/06
6 Abdulhafiz Mohammed……………………………………………………………174/06
7 Henok Eshetu………………………………………………………………………..423/06
8 Khat Nguen…………………………………………………………………………….457/06
9 Yidersal molla………………………………………………………………………...706/06
ADVISOR; Mr. Govinde

CO - ADVISOR; Mr. kifle. A
SUMTION DATE /2010 EC
i
APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis/project entitled ―Analysis and Design of G+6 MIXED USED
Building‖ prepared and submitted by Nejiya, kidist, Etubdink, Fasil, khat,
Henok , Abdulhafiz, Adem and ydersal in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGIENERING, is here
by recommended for approval.
Mr. Govindeh
Advisor
Signature: ____________
Date: ________________
Mr. Kifle. A
Co-advisor
Signature: _________________
Date: _____________________
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the above-cited degree.
Mr. Mohammed Seid
Department Head
Civil Engineering Department
Signature___________________
Date: _______________________
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our greatest thanks from the depth of our heart is to God (ALLAH) for endowing us with the
courage, strength as well as health through-out our school time and for the successful
accomplishment of this project. The successful completion of our project would be incomplete
without mentioning the people who made it possible.
First and foremost, we would like to express our deepest gratitude and respect to our advisor
Mr.Govindeh and Co-advisors Mr.kifle for their valuable suggestion and clarification with all
doubts we have encountered during this project.
Secondly, we give a respected thanks to all civil engineering staff members who share their skill
and knowledge to accomplish the whole program of the department.
Last but not least, we have no words to Express our heartily love to our family for un-payable
care throughout all up and downs and without them the accomplishment of this event would not
have been possible.
iii
ABSTRACT
Practical knowledge is an important and essential skill required by every engineer. For obtaining
this skill, a mixed used building is analyzed and designed. Structural design involves the
determination of different cross sections of the skeletal part of the building to make it
economical, stable and sustainable throughout its design life with the prime objective of safety
and serviceability. This paper is prepared in partial fulfillment for the B.Sc. degree in civil
engineering. Our project deals about the structural analysis and design of a G+6 mixed used
building considering all the external and external effects according to EBCS, 1995. The objective
of this project is to examine the integrated techniques used in the design of a building.
This paper has (NINE) chapters. Chapter-1deals with introduction, chapter-2 deals with Wind
load analysis and roof design, Chapter-3 deals with Solid and slab design, Chapter-4 deals with
Stair-case design, Chapter-5 deals with Lateral load analysis, Chapter-6 deals with Frame
analysis including Beam and Column design, chapter 7 deals with shall wall, Chapter-8 deals
with Foundation design, chapter-9 deals with conclusion, recommendation, and finally the
document includes reference and Appendix.
The modeling and analysis of the structure is done by using SAP 2000 (v14) and the detailing is
done using AUTOCAD 2007.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................................................ vii
List of table................................................................................................................................................... ix
ACRONYM ..................................................................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER - ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1. Background ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. DESIGN CONSTANTS AND SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER -TWO ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. ROOF DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Wind Load Analyses and Design ......................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER-THREER ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Slab Design .............................................................................................................................................. 66
3. Slab Analysis and Design ........................................................................................................................ 67
CHAPTER – FOUR ...................................................................................................................................... 155
4. STAIR CASE DESIGN .............................................................................................................................. 155
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 155
CHAPTER – FIVE......................................................................................................................................... 166
5. Analysis of Lateral Loads ....................................................................................................................... 166
5.1. Earthquake load ............................................................................................................................. 166
5.2. Base Shear Determination ............................................................................................................. 167
6.3. Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces to each story ........................................................... 171
5.4. Determination of seismic load ....................................................................................................... 171
5.5. Determination of the center of mass............................................................................................. 173
5.6. Direct Shear Force Distribution...................................................................................................... 215
v
5.7. Determination of Centre of stiffness and Design Eccentricity Center of Stiffness ........................ 216
5.8. Determination of Design Eccentricity ............................................................................................ 220
5.9. Calculation of shear correction factor ........................................................................................... 222
CHAPTER –SIX FRAME ANALYSIS AND OUT PUT ...................................................................................... 244
6.1. Beam Design .................................................................................................................................. 262
6.2. COLUMN......................................................................................................................................... 298
CHAPTER SEVEN ........................................................................................................................................ 356
7. Design of shear wall .............................................................................................................................. 356
7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 356
CHAPTER –EIGHT....................................................................................................................................... 380
FOUNDATION DESIGN............................................................................................................................... 380
Foundation design ..................................................................................................................................... 380
8.1. Design of isolated footing .............................................................................................................. 385
CHAPTER Nine ........................................................................................................................................... 398
Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................................................ 398
9.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 398
9.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................................ 399
Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 400
APPENDEIX ................................................................................................................................................ 401
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1:Flat roof zoning According to EBCS-1/1995 .................................................................................. 16

Figure 2: roof plan lay out ........................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3unadjusted span and support for roof ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 4:adjusted support moment ............................................................................................................ 44
Figure 5:support moment reinforcement calculation ................................................................................ 49
Figure 6: Reinforcement detail for roof ...................................................................................................... 55
Figure 7: shear force for roof ...................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 8:second to six floor plan lay out ..................................................................................................... 67
Figure 9: AdJusted support moment ........................................................................................................ 108
Figure 10: Reinforcement detail for floor slab.......................................................................................... 112
Figure 11: shear force for floor slab.......................................................................................................... 120
Figure 12:first floor lay out ....................................................................................................................... 126
Figure 13:Reinforcment detail .................................................................................................................. 149
Figure 14: support condition type ............................................................................................................ 150
Figure 15:stair case layout ........................................................................................................................ 157
Figure 16 :D value for fram on axis B ........................................................................................................ 205
Figure 17:D-value for frame on axis c ....................................................................................................... 206
Figure 18:D-value for frame on axis D ...................................................................................................... 207
Figure 19:D-value for frame on axis E ...................................................................................................... 208
Figure 20:D-value for frame on axis F ....................................................................................................... 209
Figure 21:D-value for frame on axis G ...................................................................................................... 210
Figure 22:D-value for frame on axis -1...................................................................................................... 211
Figure 24 :D- value for frames on axis -3 ................................................................................................. 213
Figure 26:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -1 ....................................................................... 234
Figure 27:corrected shear values on the frame on axis -2 ....................................................................... 235
Figure 28:corrected shear values on the frame on axis 3 ......................................................................... 236
Figure 29: corrected shear value on the frame on axis -4 ........................................................................ 237
Figure 30:corrected shear values on the frame on axis -B ....................................................................... 238
Figure 31: corrected shear values on the frame on axis -c ....................................................................... 239
Figure 32: corrected shear value on the frame on axis -D ........................................................................ 240
Figure 33: Corrected shear value on the frame on axis -E ........................................................................ 241
Figure 34:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -F ...................................................................... 242
Figure 35:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -G....................................................................... 243
Figure 36:3-D value from frame analysis .................................................................................................. 244
Figure 37:load apply on frame analysis on axis -A .................................................................................... 248
Figure 38: load apply from frame analysis on axis -B ............................................................................... 249
vii
igure 39: Axial force from frame analysis on axis -c ................................................................................. 250
Figure 40 :Axial force from frame analysis on axis -D ............................................................................... 251
Figure 41 :Axial force from frame analysis on axis -E ............................................................................... 252
Figure 42: B moment 3-3 from frame analysis on axis -F ......................................................................... 253
Figure 43:B moment 3- from frame analysis on axis -G............................................................................ 254
Figure 44:Load applied from frame analyses on axis -H ........................................................................... 255
Figure 45:B moment 3-3 from frame analyses on axis -1 ......................................................................... 256
Figure 46: shear force from frame analysis on axis -4 .............................................................................. 257
Figure 47:shear force 2-2 from frame analysis on axis -B......................................................................... 258
Figure 48: shear force 2-2from frame on analysis on axis -c .................................................................... 259
Figure 49 :moment 3-3 from frame analysis on axis-c ............................................................................. 260
Figure 50: shear force 2-2 from frame on axis -G ..................................................................................... 261
viii
List of table
Table 1:Area of each zone........................................................................................................................... 17
Table 2: external pressure coefficient ........................................................................................................ 18
Table 3 :Net Wind pressure for internal pressure ...................................................................................... 19
Table 4: Internal negative pressure ............................................................................................................ 20
Table 5: Ba values of EBCS .......................................................................................................................... 23
Table 6: Governing depth ........................................................................................................................... 24
Table 7:depth determination for slab ......................................................................................................... 72
Table 8: floor finishing load ........................................................................................................................ 76
Table 9: Total load distributionFIRST FLOOR SLAB DESIGN ............................................................. 125
Table 10: Adjustment of slab moment ..................................................................................................... 143
Table 11:bed rock acceleration from EBCS 8,1995 ................................................................................... 169
ix
ACRONYM
RC : Reinforced Concrete
: Unit weight
: Diameter of reinforcement bars
fyk : The characteristic strength of reinforcement steel in tension and
compression
fyd: The design yield strength of reinforcement steel in tension and compression
fcu : Cubic compressive strength of concrete
fck : Characteristic cylindrical compressive strength of concrete
fcd : Design compressive strength of concrete in compression
fctd : Design compressive strength of concrete in tension
s ,c: Partial safety factors for concrete and steel, respectively
cu: Maximum compressive strain on the concrete
E : Modulus of elasticity
HCB: Hollow concrete block
d: Effective depth for the center of reinforcement bars
Ac : Gross area of concrete section
As : Area of tensile reinforcement bar
As‘ : Area of compressive reinforcement bar
: Slenderness ratio
r : Radius of gyration
X : Neutral axis depth
I : Second moment of inertia
po : Ultimate axial load capacity of column
Nsd : design values of internal axial load
x
CHAPTER - ONE
INTRODUCTION
1. Background
Structural design is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of a structure that
support or resist a given load and functional during its life time. It is mainly focuses on structural
safety and serviceability with due durability. It must also optimize the cost expended in building
the structure and maintenance. Building structures are composed of architectural and structural
parts. The structural part of the building supports the body of the building preventing it from any
collapse or failure. Therefore, structural design involves the determination of the different
sections of the skeletal part of the building to make it stable and sustainable throughout its design
life. The prime objective of design is structural safety and serviceability. In case the structure
fails, it must be in such a way it will minimize risks and casualty.
The structure should satisfy the following major criteria‘s
 Appropriateness: The arrangement of spaces spans, ceiling heights, access, and traffic
flow must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing.
 Economy: The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client‘s budget.
 Structural adequacy: involves two major aspects;
 A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated loadings
safely.
 A structure must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that
impairs its usefulness.
 Maintainability: A structure should be designed so as to require a minimum amount of
simple maintenance procedures.
1. Design Approaches
This structural design is executed based on the Ethiopian Building Code of Standard (EBCS)
prepared in 1995 E.C. This code follows the Limit State Design approach.
1
Limit state is a state beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
requirements. It consists of two states namely Ultimate Limit State and Serviceability Limit
State. Ultimate Limit States are conditions related with collapse or states prior to structural
failure. Its main concern is the safety of structure and people.
Serviceability Limit states are those associated to conditions beyond for which a structure does
not accomplish specified service requirements. It is mainly concerned about the function of
construction works, comfort of people, and appearance of the building.
Some software like SAP, AutoCAD and Excel sheets are used to simplify the work which can
take much more time for analyzing, drawing and tabulation as well as calculation.
2
2. Design Steps of Reinforced Concrete elements
Design of structural elements consists of the following common steps:
 Structural planning and configuration
 Estimation of loads, their classification and combination
 Analysis of the model
 Design of structural elements, and Detailed structural drawing and schedule of reinforced
bars
1.2. DESIGN CONSTANTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Design data and material properties
Concrete
Class I workmanship and ordinary loading condition is used.
Sub structure
Concrete grade C-25 Class I
Partial safety factor, ( γC)
γC= 1.5 (Ordinary loading) ...................................[EBCS – 2, 1995 table 3.1]
Characteristic strength
Compression
fck=0.8*25=20Mpa
Tension
fctk = 0.21* fck2/3
=0.21*202/3
=1.55MPa
fctd= 0.21* fck2/3/1.5
= (0.21*202/3)/1.5
= 1.0315MPa................................................. [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 2.4 & 2.5]
Ecm = 29Gpa
SUPER STRUCTURE
3
Concrete grade C-25
γC = 1.5 (Ordinary loading) ............ [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 3.1]
fck = 0.8*25 = 20Mpa
= 11.33Mpa
fctk = 1.55Mpa
Ecm = 29Gpa
=1.03 Mpa..................... [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 2.4 & 2.5]
REINFORCEMENT (STEEL)
fyk =300Mpa
γs = 1.15Mpa
where: fcd= the design compressive strength of concrete

fck=characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
γc= partial safety factor for concrete(1.5,for our case).
fctd= design tensile strength of concrete.
fctk= characteristic tensile strength of concrete
fyd= the design yield strength of steel
fyk= characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
γs = partial safety factor for steel(1.15,for our case).
fcu=ultimate compression strength of concrete
DESIGN LOAD
fD= γ *f *fK
Where:- fK = characteristic load

γf = partial safety factor for loads
4
– 2, 1995 table 3.3]
Design Method and Reference

We adopt limit state design method and the references we used are:-
–1, 1995
—2, 1995, part 1
—2, 1995, Part 2
—7, 1995
—8, 1995
1.3 OBJECTIVE
As we stated earlier, this team has planned to work on different disciplines that have a good
effort both in the development of new skill for our self and putting some tangible contribution for
our profession. This thesis has wide objectives which are classified into two categories. Bearing
in mind, it may have more Objectives than we try to state here.
Based on the Knowledge we gained
Since all the team members are the future responsible civil engineers, this project has an
objective;
 Getting basic structural design knowledge
 Strengthen and accomplishment of different capacity of structural Analysis and design
philosophy
 Relating theoretical knowledge to the actual site condition
 Development of new skills such as development of software and existing software
 Using the courses that we took for required purpose
 Integrating different disciplines
Based on putting some contribution to the profession
The project also has an objective to create an important contribution in the civil engineering
profession.
 To develop software by applying Ethiopian Building codes of Standard(EBCS 1995)

 Creating an awareness for others to develop such kind of idea for either B.Sc or M.Sc
thesis
 Creating a good integration between our profession and computer programing
Structural design and analysis

Component of structural analysis and design
5
ROOF DESIGN
In this part we do have a task based on the required requirement
 Wind load analysis
 Roof analysis and design
SLAB AND STAIR CASE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
 Slab design using coefficient method analysis
 Design of stair case
 Load transfer to frames
 Vertical loads
 Horizontal loads (Earthquake)
FRAME ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
 Beam Analysis and Design
 Beam design and analysis for flexure
 Shear Reinforcement
 Column Analysis and design
 Foundation deign
OTHER SPECIAL STRUCTURES
 design of Shear wall
Specifications and codes for Design requirements are provided based on Ethiopian Building
Code of Standard, EBCS-1995 by applying limit state design approach.
6
CHAPTER -TWO
2. ROOF DESIGN
2.1 Wind Load Analyses and Design
Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should be resisted
By using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements like roofs, walls.
The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally or
Internally .How ever these effects are more magnified for structure with more openings and large
Surface areas .And we focus on sensitive part of the building that is roofs (flat roof) for analysis
and design of its parts.
A) Method of Analysis
There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the quasi-static method and detailed
dynamic analysis. The former is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make
them susceptible to dynamic exaltation. The latter is applied to structures which are likely to be
susceptible to dynamic excitation. For our case we prefer Quasi static since our structure is
assumed to be less susceptible to Dynamic excitation and from EBCS-1, 1995 section 3.9.3 a
building has 𝐶𝑑<1.2 and height less than 200m) can be analyzed using quasi static method of
analysis.
B) Pressure coefficient
To calculate the external and internal wind pressure coefficients, Cpe and Cpi, we divide the
Roof into the following zones. The magnitude of the coefficients depends on the loaded area of
The roof. Different zones of the loaded area are subjected to different magnitude.
Wind pressure on the structure may be external wind pressure or internal wind pressure. External
wind pressure, we is the wind pressure acting on the external surfaces of a structure and internal
wind pressure, Wi is the wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure.
7
Where:
qref= Reference mean wind pressure
Ce(z) =Exposure coefficient that takes into account the influence of terrain roughness
Cpe= External wind pressure coefficient from Appendix A of EBCS-1/1995
Cpi=Internal wind pressure coefficient from Appendix A of EBCS-1/1995
Where: V ref is the reference wind velocity.

is the air density .
The air density is affected by altitude and depends on the temperature and pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storms.
A temperature of 20°C has been selected as appropriate for Ethiopia and the variation of mean
atmospheric pressure with altitude is given in Table below.
8
Reference Wind Velocity
The reference wind velocity is the 10 minute mean wind velocity at 10m above ground of terrain
category II (see Table 3.2 of EBCS-1/199) having an annual probability of exceeding of 0.02
(commonly referred to as having a mean return period of 50 years).
The exposure coefficient,

Wind velocity tends to decrease near to ground level owing to frictional forces between the
grounds. If the terrain is rough, the decrease in velocity can be substantial. The exposure
coefficient takes into account of the variation from the reference wind velocity due to terrain
roughness, topography and height above ground on the mean wind speed and turbulence.
The roughness coefficient: takes into account the variation of mean wind velocity at the site of
the structure due to:
 the height above ground level,
 The roughness of the terrain depending on the wind direction.
9
Note:
When there is any doubt about the choice between two categories in the definition of a given
area, the worst case should be taken.
The topography coefficient accounts for the increase of mean wind speed over isolated hills and
escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions). It is related to the wind velocity at the
base of the hill or escarpment, it shall be considered for locations within the topography affected
zone.
It is defined by:
10
Where:
S is the factor to be obtained by interpolation from the value of S=1 at the crest of a hill, ridge or
escarpment and the value of S=0 at boundary of the topography affected zone. Interpolation shall
be linear with horizontal distance from crest and with height above the local ground level.
is the upwind slope in the wind direction
Is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction
11
Is the actual length of the downwind slope in the wind direction
H is the effective height of the feature

X is the horizontal distance of the site from the top of the crest
Z is the vertical distance from the ground level of the site
Wind pressure Coefficients

 External wind pressure coefficient: External pressure coefficients give the effect of the
wind on the external surfaces of buildings.
 Internal wind pressure Coefficient: internal pressure coefficients give the effect of the
wind on the internal surfaces of buildings.
External Pressure coefficients

The external pressure coefficients are divided into local coefficients and overall coefficients.
Local coefficients, give the pressure coefficients for loaded areas of 1m2. They
may be used for the design of small elements and fixings.
Overall coefficients, give the pressure coefficients for loaded areas of 10 m2. They
may be used for loaded areas larger than 10 m2.
The external pressure coefficients for buildings and parts of buildings depend on the
size of the loaded area A, this is the area of the structure that produces the wind action in the
section to be calculated.
For buildings with the loaded area between 1m2 and 10m2 the following procedure is
12
Recommended for determining the external pressure coefficient
Internal Pressure coefficients

Net Pressure: The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the
pressures on each surface taking due account of their signs. (Pressure, directed towards the
surface is taken as positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as negative).
Design information
The building is located in samara city. Therefore, according to EBCS-1, 1995 the area is
categorized according to the following:
Terrain Category: According to Table 3.2 of EBCS-1, 1995 samara fall under Terrain
Category- . Category is characterized with
 Terrain factor, KT = 0.22 ,

 Roughness length, Zo = 0.3 ,
 Minimum height, Z min = 8
Topography coefficient, no escarpment or hills are located around
The building site which means the site is topography unaffected zone and therefore, according to
section 3.8.4 of EBCS-1, 1995
Roughness coefficient:
13
Geometric Data of flat roof
Width of the roof, L=15.1m

Cross wind dimension, b=23m
Height of the building at the roof level, h=21.15m
e =min{b,2h}
e= min {b=23m
{2h=43.3m take e =23m
hp =21.7-21.15=0.55m
hp/h=0.55/21.15=0.026
Air density: since the altitude of samara is 430m-433m above sea level, the density of air can be
computed from Table 3.1 of EBCS-1, 1995 by using interpolation.
=1.13
External wind pressure, We
External wind pressure is the wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure and is
given by:
=
=1/2*222*1.13=273.4N/m2=0.2734KN/m2
Roughness coefficient
14
In our case Z=21.15
=0.22ln (21.15/0.3)=0.936
=0.9362*12{1+ ( )}=1.766
We=0.2734*1.766*Cpe =0.483cpe
15
Figure 1:Flat roof zoning According to EBCS-1/1995
For the flat roof type the following zoning division is used.
D=15.1m
F
5.75
G
B=23m H I e=min b or 2h
11.5
5.75 F
2.3
11.5 3.6 take e min=23m
16
Area of each zone is calculated as:-
zone L W Area(m2)
F 5.75 2.3 13.225
G 11.5 2.3 26.45
H 23 9.2 211.6
I 23 3.6 82.8
Table 1:Area of each zone
17
Local and overall external pressure coefficients for each zone by using interpolation
F G H I
Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10
hp/h=0.026 -2.208 -1.608 -1.808 -1.108 -1.2 -0.7
Table 2: external pressure coefficient
External pressure coefficients, Cpe for each zone
In our case Cpe=Cpe10 b/c All area ≥ 10m2
Zone Area(m2) Cpe
F 13.125 -1.608
G 26.45 -1.108
H 211.6 -0.7
I 82.8
18
Internal wind pressure, Wi
Internal wind pressure is the wind pressure acting on the internal surface of a structure and is
given by:
=Wi=0.483Cpi
Internal wind pressure coefficients, Cpi
According to EBCS-1, 1995 for closed building with internal partitions and opening windows the
extreme values are:
Cpi =0.8 for pressure
Cpi =-0.5 for suction
Net wind pressure
Wnet=We-Wi = qref*Ce(ze)(Cpe-Cpi)
There can be two cases while calculating the net wind pressure
Case 1: An internal positive pressure [Pressure]
Net wind pressure for internal positive pressure
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.608 -1.108 -0.7 -0.2
Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cpe-Cpi -2.408 -1.908 -1.5 -1
Wnet -1.163 -0.922 -0.725 -0.483
Table 3 :Net Wind pressure for internal pressure
19
Case 2: An internal negative pressure [Suction]
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.608 -1.108 -0.7 0.2
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe-Cpi -1.108 -0.608 0.2 0.7
Wnet -0.535 -0.294 0.097 0.338
Table 4: Internal negative pressure
The maximum values from the above two cases are:
Wnet=-2.9KN/m2
Wnet=0.588KN/m2
Take max
Wnet=0.588KN/m2
20
Design of Roofs
S-1 S-2 S-3
S-4 S-5 S-6
S-11
S-8 S-9 S-10
S-7
S-13 S-14 S-15

S-12
S-16
S-17 S-18 S-19
Figure 2: roof plan lay out
Roof plan lay out
21
Material Strength
Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).
Depth determination:
The minimum depth required for the slab can be calculated from the minimum depth required for
deflection. The effective depth requirement for deflection can be calculated using the following
formula (EBCS – 2 – 1995 Article 5.2.3)
The minimum depth of a roof slab for deflection requirement is computed by:
Where: fyk – is the characteristic strength of the reinforcing bars.

Le – is the effective span. For two-way solid slabs it is the shorter span
Βa - is the appropriate constant which depends on the support condition of the slab
The value of Ba shown below
22
Simply End Span Interior Cantilevers
Supported Span
Member
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
Span 25 30 35 12
ratio 2:1
Span ratio=1:1 35 40 45 10
Flat slabs(based on 24
longer span)
Table 5: Ba values of EBCS
S1=d≥ {0.4+ (0.6*300)/400}Le/Ba
d ≥ 0.85Le/Ba
Ba=37.5 by using Interpolations in two way slab
d=0.85*(4000/37.5) =90.67mm
For the other slab calculated by using table format.
23
panel Depth Determination
Ly(m) Lx(m) Ly/Lx Type Support condition Ba D
S-1 5 4 1.25 Two way End span 37.5 90.67
S-2 5 4 1.25 Two way End span 37.5 90.67
S-3 5 4 1.25 Two way End span 37.5 90.67
S-4 4.5 4 1.125 Two way End span 38.75 87.74
S-5 4.5 4 1.125 Two way Interior span 43.75 77.71
S-6 4.5 4 1.125 Two way End span 38.75 87.74
S-7 4.5 1 4.5 Cantilever Cantilever 10 85
S-11 4.5 1.5 3 Cantilever Cantilever 10 127.5
S-12 4.5 1 4.5 Cantilever Cantilever 10 85
S-16 4.5 1.5 3 Cantilever Cantilever 10 127.5

S-17 4 4 1 Two way End span 40 85
S-18 4 4 1 Two way End span 40 85.6
S-19 4 4 0.78 Curved Cantilever 10
Table 6: Governing depth
Take the governing depth
d=127.5
Gross Depth, D
Assumptions: clear cover=15mm, bar diam =10mm
127.5+10/2+15=147.5 ……………..=150
24
D=150mm
Effective depth in the shorter direction for normal slab:
150-10/2-15=130
Loading and load determination
We design the slab for two load cases namely dead load and live load of the slab.
Dead load on the slab includes the self-weight of the slab, finishing load, plastering load, weight
of cement screed, while live load on the slab is based on the function of the slab. In case if there
are more than one live load values on a given panel, the governing value is taken in this project.
40mm cement screen
RC Slab
Asphalt point
Plastering
Cut section at a flat roof slab
Dead load
 Asphalt point (30mm)=0.03*0.14=0.42KN/m2
 Cement screen 40mm=0.04*0.23=0.92KN/m2
 RC Slab 150mm=0.15*25=3.75KN/m2
 Plastering /mortar 25mm=0.25*23=5.75KN/m2
Total=10.84KN/m2
Live load:
25
According to EBCS-1, 1995 for roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance live
load is
Design Load and load combination

We use first combo in slab design as there are only two load cases on the slab namely
live and dead load.
Pd =(1.3*10.84)+(1.6*0.5)=14.89KN/m2
LOAD COMBINATION
Combination -1
Pd =1.3DL+1.6LL
=(1.3*10.84)+(1.6*0.5)
=14.89KN/m2
Combination-2
Pd=1.3DL+0.9WL (+ve)
= (1.3*10.84) + (0.9*0.59)
=14.6KN/m2
Combination-3
Pd=0.9DL+1.6WL (-ve)
= (0.9*10.84) + (1.6*3.293)
=14.396KN/m2
Therefore, the governing combination is combination-1.

Use Pd=14.89KN/m2
26
Roof slab analysis
Support and span moments for individual panel are determined by treating their edges as simply
Supported or fully fixed. External edges are considered as simply supported and internal
supports as fully fixed. If the slab is connected with an external wall or if any of its edges is
Partly fixed and partly simply supported, the following procedure may be adopted:-
(a)- The ratio of the actual support moment to the bending moment of fully
Fixed slab, or the ratio of the width of fixed part to the width of the simply
Supported part of the edge is evaluated
(b)- The bending moments of the slab are then computed by interpolating
Between different Support conditions.
Alternatively for slabs supported by simply and partly fixed support condition the analysis has
to be by the worst condition. Moments with individual panel with edges either simply supported
or fully fixed are calculated as per the following equation
27
Slab-1 (Two way slab).........using EBCS coefficient method
Ly/lx=1.25
By using interpolation
Coefficient
=0.066 =0.066*42*14.89=15.72384
=0.049*42 *14.89=11.673
=0.049
=0.047*42*14.89=11.1972
=0.047
=0.036*42*14.89=8.576
=0.036
Panel 2
28
Ly/Lx=1.25
Coefficient
=0.059*42*14.89=14.056
=0.059
=0.0445*42*14.89=10.60
=0.0445
=0.039*42*14.89=9.29
=0.039
=0.030*42*14.89=7.147
=0.030
Panel 3
Ly/Lx=1.25
Coefficient
=0.066*14.89*42=15.72
=0.066
=0.049*14.89*42=11.67
=0.049
=0.047*14.89*42=11.49
=0.047
=0.036*14.89*42=8.57
=0.036
Panel 4
29
Ly/Lx=1.125
Coefficient
=0.045*14.89*42=10.72
=0.045
=0.034*14.89*42=8.10
=0.034
=0.039*14.89*42=9.29
=0.039
=0.029*14.89*42=6.91
=0.029
Panel 5
Ly/Lx=1.125
Panel 6
Coefficient
=0.038*14.89*42=9.053
=0.038
=0.029*14.89*42=6.91
=0.029
=0.032*14.89*42=7.62
=0.032
=0.024*14.89*42=5.72
=0.024
30
Ly/Lx=1.125
Coefficient
=0.045*14.89*42=10.72
=0.045
=0.034*14.89*42=8.10
=0.034
=0.039*14.89*42=9.29
=0.039
=0.029*14.89*42=6.91
=0.029
31
Moment coefficient, moment for support and field slab
Panel Support Ly/lx Support Field coefficient Support moment Field

number Condition coefficient Moment
αxs Αys Αxf αyf Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
1 4 1.25 0.066 0.047 0.049 0.036 15.72 11.19 11.67 8.57

2 3 1.25 0.059 0.039 0.044 0.030 14.056 9.291 10.60 7.147
3 4 1.25 0.066 0.047 0.049 0.036 15.72 11.197 11.67 8.57

4 4 1.125 0.034 0.045 0.034 0.029 10.72 9.29 8.10 6.91
5 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.053 7.62 6.91 5.72
6 2 1.125 0.045 0.039 0.034 0.029 10.72 9.29 8.10 6.91
7 Cantilever 4.5
8 1 10.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.083 7.62 6.91 5.72
9 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.085 7.62 6.91 5.61
10 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.085 7.62 6.91 5.61
11 Cantilever 3
12 Cantilever 4.5
13 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.053 7.62 6.9 5.72
14 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.05 7.62 6.9 5.72
15 1 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.05 7.62 6.9 5.72
16 4 3
17 4 1 0.047 0.047 0.036 0.036 11.197 11.197 8.576 8.576
18 3 1 0.039 0.039 0.030 0.030 9.291 9.291 7.147 7.147
19 Cantilever o.78
32
11.67 10.6 11.67
8.57 7.14 15.72 8.57
5m 15.72 14.05 14.05
11.19 9.29 11.19
9.29 7.62 9.29
8.1 6.91 8.1

4.5m 6.91 5.72 6.91
10.72 9.05 9.05 10.72
9.29 7.62 9.29
9.05 7.62 7.62
6.91 6.91 6.91
5.72 9.05 5.61 5.61
7.4 7.62 7.62 9.05 9.05 9.05 16.75
9.05 7.62 7.62
9.05 9.05
14.89 6.9 6.9 6.9
7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 16.7
5.72 5.72 5.72
9.05 9.05 9.05
1m 11.19 9.29 4.53
8.576 7.14 4.53 1.5m

4m
8.576 9.29 7.14
11.19 9.29
span and support moment before adjustment

Figure 3unadjusted span and support for roof
33
CHECK DEPTH OF SLAB FOR FLEXURE
Considering maximum moment: M =16.75
= * √ +=0.003985
Where
=0.025
ρmax = 0.75*ρb=0.75*0.025= 0.019
ρmax
Use =0.003985
d=√ =128.95mm
Design depth is 130mm which is greater than depth for flexure which is 128.95mm.Therefore;
the depth is safe for flexure
34
Support moment adjustment
For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally be two different
Support moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the
Support to equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.
Two methods of differing accuracy are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution on
Moments away from the support.
If of the larger moment, the adjustment is the average of the two moment
values.
If of the larger moment, then the unbalanced moment is distributed based

on their stiffness.
35
Support Moment adjustments
panel 1
panel 1 and panel 2
ml=15.72
ms=14.05 15.72-14.05=1.67
so use avarge value

𝑑
Panel 1 and panel 4

Ml=11.19
ms=9.29
11.19-9.29=1.9
Panel 2
Panel 2 and panel 3
Ml=15.72
Ms=14.05
Panel 2 and panel 5

Ml=9.29
Ms=7.62
36
Panel 3
Panel 3 and panel 6
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.29
Panel 4
Panel 4 and panel 1
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.29
𝑑
Panel 4 and panel 5
Ml=10.72
Ms=9.05
Panel 4 and panel 8

Ml=9.29
Ms=9.05
𝑑
Panel 5
37
Panel 5 and panel 2
Ml=9.29
Ms=7.62
Panel 5 and panel 4

Ml=10.72
Ms=9.05
𝑑
Panel 5 and panel 6
Ml=10.72
Ms=9.05
20% avarge
𝑑
Panel 5 and panel 9= 𝑑
Panel 6
Panel 6 and panel 3
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.29
𝑑
Panel 6 and panel 5
Ml=10.72
Ms=9.05
38
𝑑
Panel 6 and panel 10

Ml=9.29
Ms=7.62
Panel 7
Panel 7 and panel 8
𝑑
Panel 8
Panel 8 and panel 9
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
Panel 8 and panel 7

𝑑
𝑑
Panel 9
Panel 9 and panel 8
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
𝑑
𝑑
Panel 9 and panel 5
𝑑
39
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
𝑑
Panel 10
𝑑
Ml=9.29
Ms=7.62
𝑑
Md=16.75
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
Panel 11
Panel 12
14.89
Panel 13
𝑑
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.05
40
use avarge
Panel 14

𝑑
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
𝑑
Panel 14 and 15
𝑑
Ml=9.29
Ms=9.05
𝑑
Panel 15

𝑑
Ml=9.05
Ms=7.62
𝑑
𝑑
Md=9.05
Panel 16
Md=16.7
41
Panel 17
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.05

Ml=11.19
Ms=9.29
Panel 18
Ml=11.19
Ms=9.29
Md=10.24
Md=9.29
Ml=9.29
Ms=9.05
42
Panel 19
Md=9.05
Md=9.29
43
11.67 10.6 11.67
14.885
14.885
8.57 7.14 8.57
5m
10.24 8.455 10.24
8.1 6.91 8.1

4.5m 6.91 5.72 6.91
9.88
9.88
9.17 7.62 8.45
6.91 6.91 6.91
16.75
5.72 5.61 5.61
7.62
8.33
9.05
9.05 8.33 8.33
6.9 6.9 6.9

16.75
14.89
7.62
7.62
5.72 5.72 5.72
10.12 8.33 9.05

1m
4m 8.576 7.14 1.5m

10.24
9.29
8.576 7.14
Adjusted support moment

Figure 4:adjusted support moment
44
Span (Field) moment adjustment
According to EBCS 2, 1995 article A.3.3.3 Method II

1. In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited to
The adjacent spans. Since no effects on neighbouring support sections need to be considered;
only a simple balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative
Process is involved.
2. The procedure for applying method II, is as follows

a. Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming
each panel to be fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficients given in Table
A-1 as described in Section A.3.2
b. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method.
The relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment
Of inertia divided by the smaller span.
c. If the support moment is decreased, the span moments mxf and myf are then increased to
allow for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated
as being equal to the change of the support moment multiplied by the factors given
in Table A-2. If a support moment is increased, no adjustments shall be made to the span
moments.
If the support moment is decreased the span moments Mxf and Myf are then increased allow
for the changes of support moment.
Mxdf = Mxf + Cx M‗
Mydf = Myf + Cy M‗
Where, M‗= MR-Md (on all the supports)
Cx, Cy= Coefficients for adjusting span moments given in table.
If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moment.
Panel 1
45
Cx=0.329 Cx=0.359
Cy=0.148 Cy=0.359 by using interpolation
Ly/Lx=1.25 𝑑
𝐶 𝐶
𝑑 𝑑
𝐶 𝐶
𝑑 11.673+0.626=12.299
𝑑 =8.57+0.453=9.023
12.299
9.023
46
Panel 2
Cx=0.359 Cx=0.329
Cy=0.359 Cy=0.148 by interpolation
no need of adjust the field moment
𝑑 10.60+0.275=10.875
𝑑 =7.147+0.123=7.27
10.875
7.27
47
Panel 3
Cx=0.359 Cx=0.329
Cy=0.359 Cy=0.148 by interpolation
𝑑 11.67+0.616=12.286
𝑑 =8.57+0.443=9.013
12.286
9.013
Note: - The other panel no need of span adjustment b/c the support moment is increased, or
support moment are greater than span moment
Adjusted support moment and field moment
48
12.299 10.875 1 12.286
14.885
14.885
9.023 7.25 9.013
5m
10.24 8.455 10.24
8.1 6.91 8.1

4.5m
6.91 5.72 6.91
9.88
9.88
9.17 7.62 8.45
6.91 6.91 6.91
16.75
5.72 5.61 5.61
7.62
8.33
9.05
9.05 8.33 8.33
6.9 6.9 6.9

16.75
14.89
7.62
7.62
5.72 5.72 5.72
10.12 8.33 9.05

1m
4m 8.576 7.14 1.5m

10.24
9.29
8.576 7.14
Support moment reinforcement calculation

Figure 5:support moment reinforcement calculation
49
√
( ) ( )
𝑑
( √ )
Panel1 and panel 4
( √ )
Then take ρcal
Assuming Bar dia=10mm as=78.54mm2
B =1000mm
50
Reinforcement for Roof slab support
Support Moment 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Remark
b/n S-1 & S-2 14.885 130 0.00358 0.001667 0.00358 461.82 170 170 461.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-2 & S-3 10.24 130 0.002428 0.001667 0.002428 313.212 250.756 250 314.16 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-1 & S-4 14.88 130 0.003577 0.001667 0.003577 461.43 170.209 170 461.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-4 & S-5 8.455 130 0.001995 0.001667 0.001995 257.355 305.18 300 261.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-2 & S-5 10.24 130 0.00242 0.001667 0.00242 312.18 251.585 250 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-5 & S-6 9.88 130 0.00234 0.001667 0.00234 301.86 260.186 260 314.16 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-3 & S-6 9.17 130 0.002168 0.001667 0.002168 279.67 280.83 280 302.07 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-4 & S-8 9.88 130 0.00234 0.001667 0.00234 301.86 260.186 260 280.49 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-5 & S-9 7.62 130 0.001793 0.001667 0.001793 231.23 339.66 300 302.07 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-6 & S-10 8.45 130 0.001993 0.001667 0.001993 257.09 305.49 300 261.79 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-7 & S-8 7.62 130 0.001793 0.001667 0.001793 231.23 339.66 300 261.79 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-8 & S-9 14.89 130 0.00358 0.001667 0.00358 461.82 170 170 261.79 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-9 & S-10 8.33 130 0.001964 0.001667 0.001964 253.356 309.99 300 461.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-10 & S-11 9.05 130 0.002139 0.001667 0.002139 275.93 284.63 280 261.79 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-7 & S-12 9.05 130 0.002139 0.001667 0.002139 275.93 284.63 280 280.49 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-8 & S-13 8.33 130 0.001964 0.001667 0.001964 253.356 309.99 300 280.49 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-9 & S-14 16.75 130 0.00405 0.001667 0.00405 522.45 150.33 150 523.59 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
51
b/n S-10 & S-15 8.33 130 0.001964 0.001667 0.001964 253.356 309.99 300 261.79 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-11 & S-16 16.75 130 0.00405 0.001667 0.00405 522.45 150.33 150 528.59 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-12 & S-13 14.89 130 0.00358 0.001667 0.00358 461.82 170 170 4610.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-13 & S-14 7.62 130 0.001793 0.001667 0.001793 231.297 339.562 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-14 & S-15 10.12 130 0.00239 0.001667 0.0239 308.31 254.7743 250 314.16 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-15 & S-16 8.33 130 0.001964 0.001667 0.01994 253.356 309.997 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-13 & S-17 7.62 130 0.001793 0.001667 0.001793 231.217 339.562 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-14 & S-18 16.75 130 0.00405 0.001667 0.00405 522.45 150.33 150 523.598 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-15 & S-19 9.05 130 0.002139 0.001667 0.002139 275.931 284.634 280 280.499 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-17 & S-18 10.24 130 0.002428 0.001667 0.002428 313.212 250.756 300 250 314.159 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-18 & S-19 9.29 130 0.002197 0.001667 0.002197 283.413 277.12 300 270 290.88 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
52
Reinforcement for span
position Fiel 𝑑 𝑑 Remark
d 𝑑
S-1 12.2 130 0.00288 0.00166 0.00288 374.4 209.77 200 329.699
9 7
7.6 130 0.00176 0.00166 0.00176 228.8 343.268 300 261.799 0 c/c 300
7
S-2 10.8 130 0.00254 0.00166 0.00254 330.2 237.85 300 230 341.477
7 7
7.27 130 0.00168 0.00166 0.00168 218.4 359.614 300 300 261.799
7
S-3 12.2 130 0.00288 0.00166 0.00288 374.4 209.77 300 200 392.699
8 7
9.01 130 0.00209 0.00166 0.00209 271.70 289.06 300 280 280.499
3 7
S-4 8.1 130 0.001879 0.00166 0.00187 244.27 321.258 320 245.436 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 9
6.91 130 0.001598 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 7
S-5 6.91 130 0.001667 0.00166 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7
5.72 130 0.000131 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
8 7 7
S-6 8.10 130 0.001667 0.00166 0.00187 244.27 321.528 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 9
6.91 130 0.001589 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 7
6.91 130 0.001598 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-8 7 7
5.72 130 0.001318 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 7
S-9 6.91 130 0.001598 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 7
53
5.61 130 0.001667 0.00166 0.00166 216.71 362.4189 300 261.799 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7 7
S-10 6.91 130 0.001598 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.418 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
5.61 130 0.0012927 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999
S-11 130
130
S-12 130
130
S-13 6.9 130 0.00159 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
5.72 130 0.001318 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-14 6.9 130 0.00159 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
5.72 130 0.001318 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-15 6.9 130 0.002159 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
5.72 130 0.001318 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.999 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-16 130
130
S-17 8.576 130 0.001992 0.001667 0.001992 258.96 303.289 250 314.159 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
8.576 130 0.001992 0.001667 0.001992 258.96 303.289 250 314.159 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-18 7.14 130 0.0016522 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7.14 130 0.0016522 0.001667 0.001667 216.71 362.4189 210 373.99 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-19 130
130
54
Reinforcement detail
``
Figure 6: Reinforcement detail for roof
55
Load transfer to beam
Load transfer to beam from two way solid slab
According to EBCS-2/1995, the design loads on supporting beam and the design shear
force of two-way slab subjected to a uniformly distributed load considering torsion at
corners may be determined using the following equation.
The design load on supporting beam is assumed to be distributed over a length of
0.75 times the span length of beam.
For simplicity to distribute the load over the entire span of he beam, consider the following
beams
56
Panel 1
Coefficient Shear (vi)bvi*pd*lx(kn/m)

Bvxc=0.485 Vxc=0.485*14.89*4=28.88
Bvxd=0.32 Vxd=0.32*14.89*4=19.05
Bvyc=0.40 Vyc=0.40*14.89*4=23.824
Bvyd=0.26 Vyd=0.26*14.89*4=15.48
Calculated by interpolation
Panel 2

Bvxc=0.455 Vxc=0.455*14.89*4=27.09
Bvxd=0.3 Vxd=0.3*14.89*4=17.89
Bvyc=0.36 Vyc=0.36*14.89*4=21.44
Bvyd=0 Vyd=0
Panel 3
57
Bvxc=0.485 Vxc=0.485*14.89*4=28.88
Bvxd=0.32 Vxd=0.32*14.89*4=19.05
Bvyc=0.40 Vyc=0.40*14.89*4=23.824
Bvyd=0.26 Vyd=0.26*14.89*4=15.48
Panel 4

Bvxc=0.41 Vxc=0.41*14.89*4=24.419
Bvxd=0.275 Vxd=0.275*14.89*4=16.329
Bvyc=0.36 Vyc=0.36*14.89*4=21.44
Bvyd=0 Vyd=0
Panel 5
58

Bvxc=0.3675 Vxc=0.3675*14.89*4=21.88
Bvxd=0 Vxd=0
Bvyc=0.33 Vyc=0.33*14.89*4=19.65
Bvyd=0 Vyd=0
Panel 6

Bvxc=0.3975 Vxc=0.3975*14.89*4=23.62
Bvxd=0 Vxd=0
Bvyc=0.36 Vyc=0.36*14.89*4=21.4416
Bvyd=0.24 Vyd=0.24*14.89*4=12.2944
Panel 7
Similar value for panel 8,9,10,13,14,15
59
Bvxc=0.3675 Vxc=0.3675*14.89*4=21.88
Bvxd=0 Vxd=0
Bvyc=0.33 Vyc=0.33*14.89*4=19.65
Bvyd=0 Vyd=0
Panel 11
Panel 12
Panel 16
Panel 17

Bvxc=0.40 Vxc=0.40*14.89*4=23.824
Bvxd=0.26 Vxd=0.26*14.89*4=15.4856
Bvyc=0.40 Vyc=0.40*14.89*4=23.824
Bvyd=0.26 Vyd=0.26*14.89*4=15.4856
Panel 18
60
Bvxc=0.36 Vxc=0.36*14.89*4=21.4416
Bvxd=0.24 Vxd=0.24*14.89*4=14.2944
Bvyc=0.36 Vyc=0.36*14.89*4=21.4416
Bvyd=0 Vyd=0
Panel 19
61
19.059 17.868 19.05
15.48 23.82 21.441 21.44 23.824 15.48
28.88 27.09 28.88
24.419 21.88 23.62
14.29 21.44 19.65 19.65 21.441 12.29
24.419 21.88 23.62
21.88 21.88 21.88
14.89 22.335
19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65
21.88 21.88 21.88
21.88 21.88 21.88 22.335
14.89
19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65 19.65
21.88 21.88 21.88
21.824 21.44
15.485 23.824 21.44 21.44
14.485 14.485
Figure 7: shear force for roof
62
Check depth for shear
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑
since
The distributed load through the length beam
Wxd=
Wyc=
Wyd=
63
Axis Loadonbeam Load transfer Coefficient Total load transfer
kn/m to beam
B/n G1-F1 15.485 0.914 14.153
1 B/n F1-E1 19.65 0.914 17.9601

B/n E1-D1 19.65 0.914 17.9601
B/n D1-C1 14.29 0.914 13.061
B/n C1-B1 15.48 0.914 30.0312
B/n G2-F2 45.264 0.914 41.3715
2 B/n F2-E2 39.30 0.914 35.9202
B/n E2-D2 39.30 0.914 35.9202
B/n D2-C2 41.09 0.914 37.556
B/n C2-B2 45.261 0.914 41.368

B/n G3-F3 21.44 0.914 19.596
B/n F3-E3 39.30 0.914 35.9202

3
39.30 0.914 35.9202
B/n E3-D3
B/n D3-C3 41.90 0.914 37.556
B/n C3-B3 45.261 0.914 41.368
B/n G4-F4 0 0.914 0
4 B/n F4-E4 19.65 0.914 17.9601
B/n E4-D4 19.65 0.914 17.9601
B/n D4-C4 12.29 0.914 11.233
B/n C4-B4 15.48 0.914 14.148
64
B/n 1-2 19.059 0.914 15.7639
B
B/n 2-3 17.869 0.914 16.3313
B/n 3-4 19.05 0.914 17.4117
B/n 1-2 53.299 0.914 48.7152
C
B/n 2-3 42.18 0.914 38.552
B/n 3-4 52.50 0.914 47.985
B/n 1-1 14.89 0.914 13.609
B/n 1-2 46.299 0.914 42.317

D
B/n 2-3 43.76 0.914 39.996
B/n 3-4 45.50 0.914 41.587
B/n 4-4 22.335 0.914 20.414

b/n 1`-1 14.89 0.914 13.609
b/n 1-2 43.76 0.914 39.996
E b/n 2-3 43.76 0.914 39.996
b/n 2-4 43.76 0.914 39.996
b/n 4-4` 22.335 0.914 20.414
F b/n 1`-1 0 0.914 0

b/n 1-2 45.70 0.914 41.769
b/n 2-3 43.32 0.914 39.594
b/n 3-4 45.70 0.914 41.769
b/n 4-4` 0 0.914 0
G b/n 1-2 14.485 0.914 13.239

b/n 2-3 14.485 0.914 13.239
b/n 3-4 0 0.914 0
65
CHAPTER-THREER
Slab Design
SECOND TO SIXTH FLOOR PLAN LAY OUT
66
Figure 8:second to six floor plan lay out
3. Slab Analysis and Design
Reinforced concrete floors (slabs) are continuous plate structures and can be supported directly
on Columns without beams or on relatively stiffened elements called beams arranged in suitable
position. Slabs are horizontal structural elements which transfer service loads to the frame
elements.
There are two types of slabs based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one way and
two way slabs. One-way slabs transmit their load in one direction while two way slabs resist
applied load in two directions. These types of slabs are composed of rectangular panels
supported at all four edges by walls or beams stiff enough to be treated as unyielding.
In our case all of the slabs are two way, cantilever, curved and need to be analyzed based on the
principle of two way actions and cantilever.
Design Procedure
1. Depth determination:
The minimum depth required for the slab can be calculated from the minimum depth required for
deflection. The effective depth requirement for deflection can be calculated using the following
formula (EBCS – 2 – 1995 Article 5.2.3)
The minimum depth of a slab for deflection requirement is computed by:
67
Where: fyk – is the characteristic strength of the reinforcing bars.
Le – is the effective span. For two-way solid slabs it is theshorter span
Βa - is the appropriate constant which depends on thesupport condition of the slab
For slabs with intermediate span ratio, linear interpolation can be used.
Note: For the purpose of construction simplicity and monolithic construction the governing
overall depth has been taken.
2. Analysis of Design load:
Dead load (DL) Analysis

The dead load is composed of the self-weight of the slab itself, weights of the partition walls,
weight of the finishing and other considerable permanent loads. Self-weight of the slab is equal
to the overall depth time‘s unit weight of concrete.
Live load (LL) Analysis
Our building is apartment building but it have multipurpose functions in the ground and first
floor areas since the live loads are different depending on the function of the building.The design
load is the total sum of the live load and the dead load from the partition walls and finishing.
The design load are factored according to the following formula
Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
Where:
Pd = design load
DL = total dead load on slab
LL = total live load on slab
68
3. Analysis of moment
Analysis of the design moment will be done as per the EBCS-2-1995 Art A.3.2 for two-way
solid slabs and for one way solid slabs the calculation will be performed as 1m wide beam. The
analysis of slab moments of two way slabs is accomplished by the formula:
Mi = α iPdLx2
Where:- Mi = the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
αi = the coefficient given in Table A-1 in EBCS-1995.
Pd = the design load
Lx = the shorter span of the of the panel
Ly = is the longer span of the panel
Moment Adjustment:
The support and the span moments will be adjusted to avoid over reinforcements and to achieve
economical design.
A. Support Moment Adjustment For a continuous support there will be two supports
which are different in magnitude. These moments are usually different in magnitude and must be
adjusted to make only one moment. Therefore, the difference is distributed on either side of the
support to equalize their moments. There are two cases
A. If ΓM<20% of the larger moment, the design moment is the average of the two.
B. If ΓM≥20%, then the unbalanced moment is distributed based on their stiffness.

Let
ML be moment in the left
MR be the moment in the right
K the stiffness of the slabs
Therefore the design moment Md cab be calculated in either of the following formula
Md = MR - ( ) taking the right
Or Md = ML +( ) ΓM , taking the left Where K = 1/𝐿
69
B. Span Moment Adjustment If the moment in the adjusted support decreases, the span
moment are increased to compensate the changes in the support moments. The design moments
for the spans are calculated:
ΓMxf=CxΓMxs+CxΓMys
ΓMyf=CyΓMxs+CyΓMys
The adjusted field moment will be as follows
Mxf=Mxf+ ΓMxf
Myf=Myf+ΓMyf
Cx and Cyare coefficients for adjusting span moments in EBCS-2, Table A-2
4. Reinforcement details:
After calculation of the design moment reinforcement detailing follows the appropriate rebar
spacing.
Note: For the purpose of construction simplicity and monolithic construction the governing
overall depth has been taken.
5. Load transfer to Beams
Finally loads are transferred to beams as shear. The shear is calculated using the formula (EBCS-
2, 1995).
Vx = ßvx* Pd*Lx
Vy = ßvy* Pd*Ly
The load transfer coefficients are read from EBCS-2, 1995 of Table A-3. The design load on a
beam determined in the above may be taken as the maximum shear in the slab at of the support
which will be distributed on 75% of the span of the beam. For the sake of simplicity the load is
uniformly distributed throughout the length of the beam by multiplying the existing shear by
0.914.Step-1 Depth determination Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete)
70
DepthDetermination
71
Ly Lx Ly/Lx Type Support Βa
Panel condition
S-1 5 4 1.25 two-way End span 37.5
S-4 4.5 4 1.25 two-way End span 38.75
S-5 4.5 4 1.25 two-way Interior span 43.75
S-6 4.5 4 1.25 two-way End span 38.75
S-7 4.5 1 4.5 Cantilever Cantilever 10

S-11 4.5 1.5 3 Cantilever Cantilever 10
S-12 4.5 1 4.5 Cantilever Cantilever 10

S-16 4.5 1.5 3 Cantilever Cantilever 10

S-17 4 4 1 two-way End span 40
S-18 4 4 1 two-way End span 40
S-19 4 4 1 Cantilever Curved 10

Table 7: depth determination for slab
( ) ( )
72
for C-25 concrete and S-300 reinforcement
Take the governing depth for the normal slabs and also for the cantilever slabs.
 For normal Slabs:
𝑑
 For cantilever slabs

𝑑
Gross Depth, D
Assumptions
𝐶
𝑑 𝐶 ⁄
Effective depth for normal slab

𝑑 ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
73
Step-2 Loading
We design the slab for two load cases namely dead load and live load of the slab.
Dead load on the slab includes the self-weight of the slab, finishing load, plastering
load, weight of cement screed, while live load on the slab is based on the function
of the slab. In case if there are more than one live load values on a given panel, the
governing value is taken in this project.
In calculating the loading on the slab we consider 1m strip of the slab.
200
Dead load
 Self –weight of the slab ⁄ ⁄
 5cm thick cement screed ⁄ ⁄
 200mm thick gypsum plastering ⁄ ⁄
Total ⁄
The floor finishing for each panel differs, therefore; it is calculated separately for each
panel.
74
The live load at panel with more than one function largest value of live load is
taken to be conservative
Design Load and load combination
We use first combo in slab design as there are only two load cases on the slab
namely live and dead load.
Design load excluding the partition wall load:
The design load excluding partition wall load is summarized in the following table:
Finishing load Total
panel Type Load DL
LL
S- 2 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
Panels
S- 3 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 4 PVC 0.32 8.62 5 19.206
S-
ID 5 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 6 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 7 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 8 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 9 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 10 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 11 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 12 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 13 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
75
S- 14 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 15 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 16 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 17 Ceramic 0.42 8.72 5 19.336
S- 18 Marble 0.81 9.11 5 19.843
S- 19 PVC 0.32 8.62 5 19.206
Table 8: floor finishing load
Partition wall load:

For the panels with partition walls, we will check the partition wall load with 20%
of the design load on the wall to decide the method of analysis for the panel.
According to EBCS-2/1995 section A.3.1 if a slab is subjected to concentrated or
line loads (such as partition walls), in addition to a uniform load, these can be
treated by considering them as a uniform load using approximate rules such as
Reynold‘s method, provided that the sum of the non-uniform loads on panel does
not exceed 20% of the total load.
If line or point load percent exceed 20% we can use other methods such as ACI
code, strip methods.
Partition wall load is given by:
76
Panel Partition Material unit weight Panel dimension
Length Height HCB Unit Lx (m) Ly (m) Area ( )
width(m)
(m) (m) weight
⁄
S-3 8.25 2.85 0.15 14 5 4 20

S-4 12.34 2.85 0.10 14 4.5 4 18
S-5 4.68 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-6 3.5 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-7 1.4 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 1 4.5
S-8 2.34 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-9 7.5 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-10 1.4 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-11 2 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 1.5 6.75
S-12 1.3 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 1 4.5
S-13 2.46 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-14 7 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 4 18
S-16 1.3 2.85 0.15 14 4.5 1.5 6.75
S-18 4.14 2.85 0.15 14 4 4 16
77
Partition wall load
Check partition wall load less than with 20% of the design load on the panel
S-3 ⁄
⁄
𝑑
S-4 ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-5 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-6 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-7 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-8 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-9 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-10 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
78
𝑑
S-11 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-12 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-13 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-14 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-16 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
S-18 = ⁄
𝑑 ⁄
𝑑
79
(excluding partition) Partition wall Total
Panels ⁄ load( ⁄
S- 2 19.336 0 19.336
S- 3 19.336 3.21 22.546
S- 4 19.206 3.56 22.77
S- 5 19.843 2.02 21863
S- 6 19.336 1.5 20.836
S- 7 19.843 2.42 22.263
S- 8 19.336 1.01 20.346
S- 9 19.843 3.24 23.083
S- 10 19.336 0.605 19.941
S- 11 19.843 2.3 22.143
S- 12 19.843 2.25 22.093

S- 13 19.336 1.06 20.396
S- 14 19.843 3.02 22.862
S- 15 19.336 0 19.336
S- 16 19.843 1.5 21.343
S- 17 19.336 0 19.336
S- 18 19.843 2.01 21.853
S- 19 19.206 0 19.206
80
3. Moment analysis
Moment Calculation for two way slab using coefficient method
 The first stage of design is to determine support and span moments for all panels.
 The support and span moments are calculated as
𝑑𝐿
EBCS-2, 1995, Page 109
Where Design moment per unite width of reference
𝑑 Uniformly Distributed Design Load
Coefficient given in table A-1 𝐿 𝐿 , Support condition
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝐿
Based on the value of the support condition and span ratio:
81
Panel-2
Where 𝐿
𝐿 By using Interpolation the value of will be obtain as follows

Coefficient( Moment 𝑑 𝐿
82
Panel 3
Where 𝐿
𝐿
83
Panel-4
𝐿
𝐿
84
Panel 5
𝐿
𝐿
85
Panel 6
𝐿
𝐿
86
22.263KN/m^2
1m
Panel 7
𝐿
𝐿
𝑑 ⁄
𝐿
⁄
Panel 8
87
𝐿
𝐿
Panel 9
𝐿
𝐿
88
Panel 10
𝐿
𝐿
89
Panel 11
22.143KN/m^2
1.5mm
90
mm
𝑑 ⁄
𝐿
⁄
Panel 12
22.09KN/m^2
1m
𝑑 ⁄
𝐿
⁄
Panel 13
91
𝐿
𝐿
92
Panel 14
𝐿
𝐿
93
Panel 15
𝐿
𝐿
94
Panel 16
21.343KN/m^2
1.5m
𝑑 ⁄
𝐿
⁄
Panel 17
95
𝐿
𝐿
96
Panel 18
𝐿
𝐿
97
Panel 19
Equivalent to rectangular section
⁄ ( ) 𝐿
⁄ ( )
Equivalent to rectangular area

𝐿 𝐿
𝐿
It is one way solid slab (cantilever)
19.206KN/m^2
0.7855m
m
98
𝐿
⁄
Check depth for flexure
𝑑 √
𝑑 √
𝑑 √
𝑑
𝑑 m………………………..safe for flexure
99
13.922 17.676
18.253
9.281 12.986
18.253
23.81
5m
12.46 16.954
14.208 11.194 13.002

12.39 10.144 11.335
10.56 8.395 9.668
16.39
13.293
13.293
15.002
4.5m
14.208 11.194 13.002
10.417 11.818 10.209

9.44 10.71 9.253
7.813 8.864 7.657
14.034
12.37
14.034
12.37
11.13
24.917
12.124
12.124
10.417 11.818 10.209
10.443 11.705 9.9

9.464 10.608 8.792
11.765
11.756
11.0465
13.9
7.832 8.779 7.425

24.41
13.9
12.4
12.4
10.443 11.705 9.9

1m 14.591 13.636 5.925 1.5m
11.137 10.489
14.541
13.636
13.636
4m 10.489
5.925
Unadjusted support and spam moment
100
Redistribution of support moment and adjustment of span moment
Support moment adjustment
Case-1 If
Case-2 If 𝑑 𝑑
Panel 7 & 3
( )
( )
By using moment distribution method
Panel 2 & 5
( )
( )
By using average method
Panel 3 & 6
101
( )
( )
Panel 5 & 6
( )
( )
Panel 5 & 9
( )
( )
Panel 6 & 10
( )
( )

102
Panel 8 & 9
( )
( )
Panel 8 & 13
( )
( )
Panel 9 & 10
( )
103
( )
Panel 9 & 14
( )
( )
Panel 10 & 15
( )
( )
Panel 13 & 14
( )
( )
104
Panel 14 & 15
( )
( )
Panel 13 & 17
( )
( )
Panel 17 & 18
( )
( )
105
Panel 14 & 18
( )
( )
Panel 4 & 5
( )
( )
Panel 4 & 8
( )
( )
106
13.922 17.676
18.253
21.34
9.281 12.986
5m
11.63 15.2
14.208
12.39 10.144 11.355
13.078
4.5m 14.84
10.56 8.395 9.668
12.426
11.506 11.689
9.44 10.71 9.253
13.202
13.079
24.917
12.37
7.813 8.864 7.657
11.13 10.43 11.77 10.055 24.917

9.464 10.608 8.972
24.01
7.832 8.779 7.425
12.82
13.15
12.4
9.9
1m 12.67
12.615
4m 11.137 10.489 1.5m
14.088
13.63
11.137 10.489
Adjusted support moment

107
Figure 9: AdJusted support moment
Span Moment Adjustment

Panel 2
𝐿
𝐶 𝐶
𝐿
𝐶 𝐶 By interpolation
No need of field moment adjustment
𝐶 𝐶
Panel 3
𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 𝐶 by interpolation
𝐶 𝐶
𝐶 𝐶
Note: - The other panel no need of span adjustment b/c support moment is greater than
span momen
108
Reinforcement for second to sixth floor slab (for support)
109
Support Moment 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Remark
b/n S-1 & S-2 18.253 129 0.00443 0.001667 0.00443 571.47 197.91 190 595.3 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-2 & S-3 21.34 129 0.00522 0.001667 0.00524 675.96 167.32 160 706.87 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-1 & S-4 14.208 129 0.0034 0.001667 0.0034 438.6 257.86 250 452.4 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-4 & S-5 14.84 129 0.00357 0.001667 0.00357 460.53 245.6 240 471.25 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-2 & S-5 11.63 129 0.00277 0.001667 0.00277 357.33 316.5 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-5 & S-6 14.15 129 0.00339 0.001667 0.00339 437.31 258.6 250 452.4 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-3 & S-6 15.2 129 0.00366 0.001667 0.00366 472.14 239.56 230 491.7 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-4 & S-8 12.426 129 0.00297 0.001667 0.00297 383.13 320.3 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-5 & S-9 11.506 129 0.00274 0.001667 0.00274 353.46 319.9 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-6 & S-10 11.689 129 0.00278 0.001667 0.00278 358.62 315.4 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-7 & S-8 12.37 129 0.00295 0.001667 0.00295 380.55 297.2 290 390 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-8 & S-9 13.202 129 0.00316 0.001667 0.00316 407.34 277.45 270 418.9 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-9 & S-10 13.079 129 0.00313 0.001667 0.00313 403.77 280.1 280 403.9 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-10 & S-11 24.917 129 0.00618 0.001667 0.00618 797.22 141.86 140 807.8 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-7 & S-12 11.13 129 0.00265 0.001667 0.00265 341.85 330.85 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-8 & S-13 10.43 129 0.00248 0.001667 0.00248 319.92 352.5 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-9 & S-14 11.77 129 0.00280 0.001667 0.00280 361.2 313.1 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-10 & S-15 10.055 129 0.00238 0.001667 0.00238 307.02 368.4 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-11 & S-16 24.917 129 0.006185 0.001667 0.00618 797.865 141.75 140 807.85 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-12 & S-13 12.4 129 0.00296 0.001667 0.00296 381.84 296.2 290 390 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-13 & S-14 13.15 129 0.00315 0.001667 0.00315 406.35 278 270 418.9 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-14 & S-15 12.898 129 0.0031 0.001667 0.0031 399.9 282.8 280 403.9 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-15 & S-16 24.01 129 0.00594 0.001667 0.00594 766.26 147.6 140 807.56 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-13 & S-17 12.615 129 0.003 0.001667 0.003 387 292.25 290 390 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-14 & S-18 12.67 129 0.00303 0.001667 0.00303 390.87 289.35 280 403.9 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-15 & S-19 9.9 129 0.00235 0.001667 0.00235 303.15 373.08 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-17 & S-18 14.088 129 0.00338 0.001667 0.00338 436.02 259.39 300 250 452.4 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
b/n S-18 & S-19 13.635 129 0.003266 0.001667 0.00326 421.314 268.45 300 260 435 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
110
Reinforcement for span moment
position Field 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 Remark
S-2 13.922 129 0.00334 0.001667 0.00334 430.86 262.5 260 435 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
9.44 129 0.00223 0.001667 0.00223 287.67 393.16 300 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-3 19.126 129 0.00466 0.001667 0.00466 601.14 187.98 180 628.3 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
13.992 129 0.00336 0.001667 0.00336 433.44 260.94 260 435 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-4 12.39 129 0.00296 0.001667 0.00296 381.84 296.197 290 390 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
10.56 129 0.00251 0.001667 0.00251 323.79 349.3 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-5 10.144 129 0.00241 0.001667 0.00241 310.89 363.8 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
8.395 129 0.00198 0.001667 0.00198 255.42 442.8 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-6 11.335 129 0.002697 0.001667 0.002697 347.913 325.08 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
9.668 129 0.00229 0.001667 0.00229 295.41 382.8 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-8 9.44 129 0.002234 0.001667 0.00234 301.86 374.67 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7.813 129 0.00184 0.001667 0.00184 237.36 476.5 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-9 10.71 129 0.0025 0.001667 0.0025 322.5 350.7 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
8.864 129 0.002094 0.001667 0.002094 270.126 418.7 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-10 9.253 129 0.00219 0.001667 0.00219 282.51 400.34 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7.657 129 0.00222 0.001667 0.00222 286.38 394.13 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-13 9.464 129 0.00224 0.001667 0.00224 288.96 391.4 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7.832 129 0.001845 0.001667 0.00845 238.00 475.21 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-14 10.608 129 0.003343 0.001667 0.003343 431.25 262.3 260 437 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
8.779 129 0.00207 0.001667 0.00247 267.03 423.5 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-15 8.972 129 0.00212 0.001667 0.00212 273.48 413.6 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
7.425 129 0.00175 0.001667 0.00175 225.75 500 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-17 11.137 129 0.00265 0.001667 0.00265 341.85 330 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
11.137 129 0.00265 0.001667 0.00265 341.85 330 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
S-18 10.489 129 0.00249 0.001667 0.00249 321.21 352 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
10.489 129 0.00249 0.001667 0.00249 321.21 352 377 𝐶 ⁄𝐶
111
Figure 10: Reinforcement detail for floor slab
112
Vx=βvx×Pd×Lx
Vy=βvy×Pd×Lx
The distributed load through the length of the beam
Shear force calculation

Panel 2
𝐿
𝐿
𝐶 𝑑 𝐿 ⁄
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
113
Panel 3
𝐿
𝐿
𝐶 𝑑 𝐿 ⁄
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
28.859
59
114
Panels Type 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝐿 𝑑 𝑑
S- 4 0.397 0 0.36 0.24 22.77 4 36.158 0 32.79 21.8
6
S- 5 0.3675 0 0.33 0 21.86 4 32.14 0 28.86 0
S- 6 0.3975 0 0.36 0.24 20.83 4 33.129 0 30 20
S- 8 0.3675 0 0.33 0 20.34 4 29.91 0 26.857 0
S- 9 0.3675 0 0.33 0 23.08 4 33.932 0 30.469 0
S- 10 0.3675 0 0.33 0 19.94 4 29.313 0 26.322 0
S- 13 0.3675 0 0.33 0 20.39 4 29.982 0 26.923 0
S- 14 0.3675 0 0.33 0 22.86 4 33.607 0 30.178 0
115
S- 15 0.3675 0 0.33 0 19.33 4 28.424 0 25.523 0
S- 17 0.4 0.26 0.4 0.26 19.33 4 30.938 20. 30.938 20.0

09 9
S- 18 0.36 0.24 0.36 0 21.85 4 31.468 20. 31.468 0

97
116
For cantilever
Panel 7
22.263KN/m^2
1m
𝐿
𝐿 ⁄ ⁄
𝐿
Panel 11
22.143KN/m^2
1.5m
𝐿
𝐿 ⁄ ⁄
𝐿
Panel 12
22.143KN/m^2
1m
𝐿
𝐿 ⁄ ⁄
𝐿
117
⁄
Panel 16 21.343KN/m^2
1.5m
𝐿
𝐿 ⁄ ⁄
𝐿
Panel 19
19.206KN/m^2
0.785m
𝐿
𝐿 ⁄ ⁄
𝐿
118
23.203 28.859
23.447
36.074
27.844
27.844
S-2 S-3
5m
34.418 43.739
36.158 32.14 33.129
21.86
20.00
32.79
28.86
28.86
30.00
S-4 S-5 S-6
4.5m
36.158 32.14 33.129
29.91 33.932 29.313

26.857
26.857
S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11

22.263
30.469
30.469
26.322
26.322
29.91 33.932 29.313 33.214

29.982 33.607 28.424
30.178
25.523
30.178
26.923
25.523
26.923
22.093
S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16

32
29.882 33.607 28.424

1m 30.938 31.468 5.925 1.5m
31.468
20.09
15.076
30.938
31.468
4m S-17 S-18 S-19
20.09 20.978
119
Figure 11: shear force for floor slab
Check depth for shear
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
………..safe for shear
120
Panel Vxc Vxd Vyc Vyd Wxc Wxd Wyc Wyd
(kn/m) (kn/m) (kn/m) (kn/m) (kn/m) (kn/m) (Kn/m) (kn/m)
s-1
s- 2 34.418 23.203 27.844 0 31.46 21.207 25.45 0
s- 3 43.739 28.859 36.074 23.447 39.98 26.38 32.97 21.43
s- 4 36.158 0 32.79 21.86 33.05 0 29.97 19.98
s- 5 32.14 0 28.86 0 29.38 0 26.38 0
s- 6 33.129 0 30 20 30.28 0 27.42 18.28
s- 7 - - 22.263 - - - 20.35 -
s-8 29.91 0 26.857 0 37.34 0 24.55 0
s-9 33.932 0 30.469 0 31.014 0 27.85 0
s-10 29.313 0 26.322 0 26.79 0 24.06 0
s-11 - - 33.214 - - - 30.36 -
s-12 22.093 - - - 20.19 -
s-13 29.982 0 26.923 0 27.4 0 24.6 0
s-14 33.607 0 30.178 0 30.72 0 27.58 0
s-15 28.424 0 25.523 0 25.97 0 23.33 0
s-16 - - 32 - - - 29.25 -
s-17 30.938 20.09 30.938 20.09 28.28 18.36 28.28 18.36
s-18 31.468 20.978 31.468 0 - - - 0
s-19 - - 15.076 - - - 13.78 -
121
For simplicity of calculation we distributed the load over the total dimension of the beam by multiplying
by
Axis Load on beam Load transfer kn/m coefficient Total load Wall Door or
transfer to length window
beam(knm)
1 B/N G1-F1 20.09 0.914 18.36 3.5 -

B/N F1-G1 26.923 0.914 24.61 4 1.67
B/N E1-D1 26.857 0.914 24.55 4 0.63
B/N D1-C1 21.86 0.914 19.98 4 1.7
B/N C1-B1 O 0.914 0 4.5 2.7
2 B/N G2-F2 62.41 0.914 57.04 3.5 0.73

B/N F2-E2 57.1 0.914 52.19 4 -
B/N E2-D2 57.33 0.914 52.39 4 -
B/N D2-C2 61.65 0.914 56.35 4 -
B/N C2-B2 27.844 0.914 25.45 4.5 -
3 B/N G3-F3 36.658 0.914 33.51 3.5 -

B/N F3-E3 55.7 0.914 50.91 4 -
B/N E3-D3 56.79 0.914 51.91 4 -
B/N D3-C3 58.86 0.914 53.79 4 -
B/N C3-B3 63.92 0.914 58.42 4.5 -
4 B/N G4-F4 15.076 0.914 13.78 3.5 -

B/N F4-E4 25.523 0.914 23.33 4 2.60
B/N E4-D4 26.322 0.914 24.06 4 2.60
B/N D4-C4 20 0.914 18.28 4 1.5
B/N C4-B4 23.447 0.914 21.43 4.5 0.6
B B/N 1B-2B 0 0.914 0 3.5 -

B/N 2B-3B 23.203 0.914 21.21 3.5 -
B/N 3B-4B 28.859 0.914 26.37 3.5 -
C B/N 1C-2C 36.158 0.914 33.05 3.5 -

B/N 2C-3C 66.56 0.914 60.84 3.5 -
B/N 3C-4C 76.87 0.914 70.26 3.5 -
122
D b/n 1`-1 22.263 0.914 20.35 1 0.96
b/n 1-2 66.1 0.914 60.42 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 66.1 0.914 60.42 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 62.44 0.914 57.07 3.5 -
b/n 4-4` 33.314 0.914 30.45 1.5 -
E b/n 1`-1 22.09 0.914 20.19 1 -
b/n 1-2 59.89 0.914 54.74 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 67.54 0.914 61.73 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 57.74 0.914 52.77 3.5 -
b/n 4-4` 32 0.914 29.25 1.5 -
F b/n 1`-1 0 0.914 0 1 0.96
b/n 1-2 60.92 0.914 55.68 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 65.07 0.914 59.47 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 43.5 0.914 39.76 3.5 -
b/n 4-4` 0 0.914 0 3.5 -
G b/n 1-2 20.09 0.914 18.36 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 20.978 0.914 19.17 3.5 1.81
b/n 3-4 0 0.914 0 3.5 -
123
Total load distribution
Axis Load of load Length height deduction wall weight distr total Loal
beam transfer of wall of wall window $ weigh/m2 wall (KN) load(kn/m) transfer to
kn/m (m) (m) door beam (kn m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8=((4*5)- 9=8/4 10=3+9
6)*7
B b/n 1b-2b 0 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 7.98
b/n 2b-3b 21.21 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 29.19
b/n 3b-4b 26.37 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 34.35
C bln 1c-2c 33.05 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 41.03
b/n 2c-3c 60.84 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 68.82
b/n 3c-4c 70.26 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 78.24
D b/n 1'd-1d 20.35 0 20.35
b/n 1d-2d 60.42 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 68.4
b/n 2d-3d 60.42 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 68.4
b/n 3d--4d 57.07 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 65.05
b/n 4d-4'd 30.45 0 30.45
E b/n1'e-1e 20.19 0 20.19
b/n 1e-2e 54.74 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 62.72
b/n 2e-3e 61.73 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 69.71
b/n 3e-4e 52.77 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 60.75
b/n4e-4'e 29.25 0 29.25
F b/n 1'f-1f 0 0 0
b/n 1f-2f 55.68 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 63.66
b/n 2f-3f 59.47 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 67.45
b/n 3f-4f 39.76 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 47.74
b/n 4f-4'f 0 0 0
G b/n 1G-2G 18.36 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 26.34
b/n 2G-3G 19.17 3.5 2.85 1.81 2.8 22.862 6.532 25.702
b/n 3G-4G 0 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 7.98
1 b/n G1-F1 18.36 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 26.34
b/n F1-E1 24.61 4 2.85 1.67 2.8 27.244 6.811 31.421
b/n E1-D1 24.55 4 2.85 0.63 2.8 30.156 7.539 32.089
b/n D1-C1 19.98 4 2.85 1.7 2.8 27.16 6.79 26.77
b/n C1-B1 0 4.5 2.85 2.7 2.8 28.35 6.3 6.3
124
2 b/n G2-F2 57.04 3.5 2.85 0.73 2.8 25.886 7.396 64.436
b/n F2-E2 52.19 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 60.17
b/n E2-D2 52.39 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 60.37
b/n D2-C2 56.35 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 64.33
b/n C2-B2 25.45 4.5 2.85 2.8 35.91 7.98 33.43
3 b/n G3-F3 33.51 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 41.49
b/n F3-E3 50.91 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 58.89
b/n E3-D3 51.91 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 59.89
b/n D3-C3 53.79 4 2.85 2.8 31.92 7.98 61.77
b/n C3-B3 58.42 4.5 2.85 2.8 35.91 7.98 66.4
4 b/n G4-F4 13.78 3.5 2.85 2.8 27.93 7.98 21.76
b/n F4-E4 23.33 4 2.85 2.6 2.8 24.64 6.16 29.49
b/n E4-D4 24.06 4 2.85 2.6 2.8 24.64 6.16 30.22
b/n D4-C4 18.28 4 2.85 1.5 2.8 27.72 6.93 25.21
b/n C4-B4 21.43 4.5 2.85 0.6 2.8 34.23 7.606666667 29.03666667
Table 9: Total load distribution
125
FIRST FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
Figure 12:first floor lay out
126
1. DEPTH DETERMINATION FOR DEFLECTION
d≥(0.4+0.6fyk/400)*(Le/βa) ……………………(5.3)
Where, d is the effective depth of the slab
fyk is the characteristic strength of reinforcement in Mpa, 300Mpa,
le is the effective span, in two way slab the shorter of the two sides
βais constant taken from table 2-5 of EBCS-1
Support condition
Panel Type Ly(mm) Lx(mm) Leff. Ly/Lx ßa d(mm) D(mm)
S-1 END
5000 4000 4000 1.25 37.5 90.67 120.00
S-2 END
5000 4000 4000 1.25 37.5 90.67 120
S-3 END
4500 4000 4000 1.125 38.75 87.74 110
S-4 INTERI0R
4500 4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
S-5 END
4500 4000 4000 1.125 38.75 87.74 110
S-6 CANTILVER
4500 1000 4000 4.5 10 85 110
S-7 END
4500 4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
S-8 INTERIOR 4500

4000 4000 1251. 4375. 77.71 100
127
S-9 INTERIOR 4500
4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
S-10 CANTILVER 4500

1500 1500 3.00 10 127.5 150
s-11 CANTILVER 4500

1000 1000 4.5 10 85 110
s-12 INTERIOR 4500

4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
s-13 INTERIROR 4500

4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
s-14 INTERIOR 4500

4000 4000 1.125 43.75 77.71 100
s-15 CANTILVER 4500

1500 1500 3 10 127.5 150
s-16 END 4000

4000 4000 1 40 85 110
END
S-17 4000 4000 4000 1 40 85
CANTILVER
S-18 4000 780 780 5.13 10 66.3 90
Table…… determination of depth for individual panels
For the purpose of construction simplicity and monolithic construction we have taken the overall
depth (Taking the maximum depth) d=127.5mm governs using Øbar=12mm & cover =15 mm
128
Over all depth becomes:-
D=127.5+6+15=147.5mm………………D=150mm on the safer side
The effective depth becomes
d=150-15-6=129mm
2.2 calculation of design load for first slab
In our slab individual panel might have different purpose (function) and finishing material, we
might encounter different live load and dead load in a single panel. In such cases we used the
maximum value as a governing dead load or live load for that panel.
The live load at the panel with more than one function, we have taken the largest value of the live
load to be the safer side and conservative.
First we have done a design load without the partition load,then the total design load with in
partition be calculated.
We have two load combination cases.
Case1
for panels without partition i.e. 1.3PD+1.6LL
Case 2
For panels without partition

*
Live load from EBCS -1
1. Balcony ----------------4 KN/M2
2. Circulation area---------------5KN/m2
3. for stair case-----------3KN/m2
4. Lobby ------------------4KN/M2
5. for corridor-------------3KN/m2
6. internet cafe---------------- 3KN/m2
7.
for general rooms -----2KN/m2
8.
For shop -----------------5KN/m2
Unit weight of same selected materials.
 Glass ϒ = 25KN/m^3
 HCB ϒ= 14 KNm^3
 Ceramics =23 KN/m^3
129
 mortar=23 KN/m^3
 PVC tile = 16KN/m^3
 RC slab ϒ = 25KN/m^3
-DEAD LOAD [GK] FOR FLOOR SLAB
 Dead load is the load associated with the self-weight of the structures and its
permanent components.
Marble
Figure…..floor slab section
 Layer one---Finishing[20mm]=0.02*x=---------------KN/m2
 Layer two--- Cement screed[30mm]=0.02*23= 0.46KN/m2
 Layer three---RCSlab [D mm]=150*25=---------------3.75KN/m2
 Layer four--- Plastering/mortar[20mm]=0.02*23=0.46KN/m.
 Design load (Pd ) =1.3Gk+1.6Qk
Sample calculations for the panels
For slab-1,
 Dead load:-
 (Finishing ceramic tile] =0.02*23 = 0.46KN/m2
Cement screed [30mm] =0.03*23= 0.69KN/m2
RCSlab [150 mm] =0.15*25= 3.75KN/m2
Plastering/mortar [20mm] = 0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Dead load =0.46+0.69+0.46+3.75=5.36 KN/m2.

Live load =5 KN/m2.
Design load (Pd) =1.3Gk+1.6Qk
130
Design load (Pd) = (1.3*5.36) + (1.6*5) =14.97 KN/m2.
Cantilever (slab 18)
Dead load:-
(Finishing PVC tile)=0.02*16=0.32kn/m2
Cement screed [30mm] =0.03*23= 0.69KN/m2
RCSlab [150 mm] =0.15*25= 3.75KN/m2

Plastering/mortar [20mm] = 0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Dead load =0.32+0.69+0.46+3.75=5.44 KN/m2.
Live load =3 KN/m2.
Design load (Pd) =1.3Gk+1.6Qk
Design load (Pd) = (1.3*5.44) + (1.6*3) = 11.87KN/m2.
131
Similarly, the other values are calculated as follows
Floor Cement
Function and Rc slab Plastering Dead Live Design
finishing screed
Panel finishing loads load load load load(Pd)
load load
material
(KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
Circulation
s-2 area(ceramic 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
tile)
Urinal(ceramic
s-3 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 2 10.17
tile)
Corridor and
s-4 shop(ceramic 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
tile)
s-5 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
s-6 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
s-7 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
Corridor
s-8 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
&shop(ceramic)
s-9 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
s-10 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
S-11 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
S-12 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
s-13 Lobby(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
s-14 Shop(ceramic) 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
shop(ceramic
s-15 3.75 0.46 0.69 0.46 5.36 5 14.97
tile)
Internet
s-16 3.75 0.32 0.69 0.46 5.44 3 11.87
café(PVC tile)
Internet
s-17 3.75 0.32 0.69 0.46 5.44 3 11.87
café(PVC tile)
132
Partition Wall Load
We will use Reynolds‘s method of analysis.
Partition dead load calculation
Material data:-
 Thickness of HCB=150mm
 Thickness of plastering on both sides=20mm
 Unit weight of HCB=14kn/m3
 Unit weight of plastering=23kn/m3
 Height of wall=2.85
 Unit weight of HCB for light weight aggregate ranges from 10-14 kn/m3and lower
values are used for having smaller size thickness (100-200)mm, so we use
ϓHCB=14kn/m3
D.LPW (KN) = (2.85*Lpl*0.02*23)*2 + (2.85 *LHCB*0.15*14)
D.Lpw (KN) =2.622*Lpl +5.985*LHCB
But, Lpl=LHCB=Lpw
Therefore, D.Lpw=8.61*Lpw
133
Then calculating in tabular form,
HCB PLASTERING
panel L height thick unit D.L Lpl height thickne unit D.L Total
HCB p
ness weight HCB ss(m) weight *2
(m) (m) (m) w pwl
(m) (kn/m3)
(m) kn/m3
s-3 12.34 2.85 0.10 14 49.24 12.34 2.85 0.02 23 32.36 81.59
s-4 3.58 2.85 0.15 14 21.43 3.58 2.85 0.02 23 9.39 30.82
s-8 3.51 2.85 0.15 14 21.01 3.51 2.85 0.02 23 9.20 30.21
Table…….computation of partition load
134
CHANGING THE LINE PARTION WALL LOAD TO THE AREA (DISTRIBUTED LOAD)
Panel Dead load of Area of panel D.Lpw(kn/m2)=D.Lpw/area)

partition
wall(D.Lpw) (m2)
s-3 81.59 18 4.53
s-4 30.82 18 1.712
s-8 30.21 18 1.678
Reynolds‘s method
Pan D.L L.L PD’=1.3D.L+1. D.LPWL(kn/m2 PDTOTAL

el 6L.L ) if,≤20%=(PD‘+1.3*D.
Lpw)
(kn/m2)
(kn/m2)
s-3 5.36 2 10.17 4.53 3.95%≥20% 16.37
s-4 5.36 5 14.97 1.712 11.44%≤20% 17.20
s-8 5.36 5 14.97 1.678 11.21%≤20% 17.15
135
MOMENT ANALYSIS AND DETRMINATION
We have to determine the design load for both the cantilever slabs and for two way panels by
using coefficient method as noted above.
A, Design Moment Determination for one way cantilever slabs

Sample calculations:-
Panel- 6
Ly/Lx = 4.50/1.00 = 4.50 one way cantilever slab. Pd =14.97 KN/m
s-6
Ly=4.50
1.00=Lx
Msup=WL2/2= 14.97x1.002/2 =7.46KN/m

Mxs =7.46 KN.m and Mys =pmini*b*d (for Temperature and shrinkage)
Panel -18
Ly/Lx=4.00/0.78=5.06m≥2 one way cantilever slab. Pd=11.87kn/m2
Ly=4.00
Lx=0.78m
136
Msup=WL2/2 = 11.87x0.782/2 =3.71KN.m
Mys =3.71 KN.m and Mxs =p mini*b*d (for Temperature and shrinkage.
cantilever
SLAB support Lx Pd support
ID condition Moment
S-10 cantilever 1.5 14.97 16.84
S-11 cantilever 1.00 14.97 7.46
S-15 cantilever 1.5 14.97 16.84
S-18 cantilever 0.78 11.87 3.71
B. Design Moment Determination for two way slabs
Moment for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are
Calculated as (EBCS – 2 – 1995 Article A.3.2)
Mi = αiPd Lx2
Where Mi – is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference.
αi- is the coefficient given in table A-1 as a function of aspect ratio. Ly/Lx and support
conditions
Pd- design load
Lx – is the shorter span of the panel.
Ly – is the longer span of the panel.
The subscripts has the following meaning
s- Support
f- Field
137
x- in the x- direction y- in the y- direction. The design moment of each panel is calculated using
coefficient method according to EBCS -2, 1995 (table A.1)
Mi. =αi*Pd*Lx2 (for two way slabs)

Mxs = αxs*Pd*Lx2 (Support moment in the x- direction)
Mxf = αxf*Pd*Lx2 (Field or span moment in the x- direction)
Mys = αys*Pd*Lx2 (Support moment in the y- direction)
Myf = αyf*Pd*Lx2 (Field or span moment in the y- direction)
I, Slab-1 ………Support condition-4 Mi = αiPd Lx2
138
Slab -2 support condition 4
139
Similarly other panels are tabulated as follows:-
Support Field Support field

Pd Lx
Slab Support Ly/Lx coefficient coefficient moment moment
ID Condition Αxs Αys Αxf Αyf Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
3 16.37 4 1.125 0.045 0.039 0.034 0.029 11.79 10.21 8.91

7.59
4 17.20 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 10.46 8.81 7.98

6.60
5 14.97 4 1.125 0.045 0.039 0.034 0.024 10.78 9.34 8.14

6.95
7 14.97 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.10 7.66 6.95

5.75
8 17.15 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 10.43 8.78 7.96

6.59
9 14.97 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.10 7.66 6.95

5.75
12 14.97 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.10 7.66 6.95

5.75
13 14.97 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.10 7.66 6.95

5.75
14 14.97 4 1.125 0.038 0.032 0.029 0.024 9.10 7.66 6.95

5.75
16 11.87 4 1.00 0.047 0.047 0.036 0.036 8.93 8.93 6.84

6.84
17 11.87 4 1.00 0.039 0.039 0.030 0.030 7.41 7.41 5.69

5.69
140
Moment adjustment.
Balancing support moment
For supports in which the slab is continuous there will be two different support moments. The
difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of supports to equalize their
moment.
If MS large –Msmall<0.2*Mlarge =no need of moment distribution or use average of the two as design
moment, then Md=(Msmall+Mlarge)/2.
If Mslarge-Msmall> 0.2 Mlarge =moment distribution is necessary or distribute based on relative
stiffness.
Md= Mlarge-Kr/(Kr+Kl)x∆M………….if take large moment.
Md= Msmall+Kl/(Kr+Kl)x∆M………….if take small moment.
K=1/Lx.
If the adjustment is b/n two way and cantiliver Md=Mmax
B/n panel S-1 &S-2
Mlarge=15.81, Msmall=15.81
∆M= x100≤20%
Therefore, we will not use moment distribution method.

Sample calculation
B/n panel S-1 &S-2
Mlarge=15.81 , Msmall=15.81
∆M= x100≤20%
Therefore, we will not use moment distribution method.

Md= 15.81kn.m
B/n panel S-1 &S-4
Mlarge=11.26, Msmall=8.81
∆M= x100=21.76≥20%
Therefore, it needs moment distribution method.

Md=mR-Lxl*ʌM/lxR+LXLwhere, MR is the largest moment and lxr and lxl are the shorter
length of larger support moment panel and smaller support moment panel respectively.
141
Md= 11.26-(4.0⁄(4+4)*2.45=10.04kn.m
Similarly, the other values are calculated as follow.
If Mslarge-Mssmall> 0.2 Mslarge ==moment distribution is necessary.
B/n panels MS, large MS, small Ms ʌMs/Ms,large Moment Ms,d

distribution
S1&S2 15.81 15.81 0 0 No Needed 15.81
S1&S4 11.26 8.81 2.45 0.22 needed 10.04
S2&S5 11.36 9.34 2.02 0.177 No Needed 10.31
S3&S4 11.79 10.46 1.33 0.11 No need 11.13
S3&S7 7.98 7.66 0.32 0.04 No need 7.82
S4&S5 10.78 10.46 0.32 0.03 No Needed 10.62
S4&S8 8.81 8.78 0.03 0.003 No Needed 8.79
S5&s9 9.34 7.66 1.66 0.18 No need 8.50
S7&S8 10.43 9.10 1.33 0.13 No Needed 9.77

S7&S12 7.66 7.66 0 0 No need 7.66
S8&S9 10.43 9.10 1.33 0.13 No Needed 9.77
S8&S13 8.78 7.66 1.12 0.13 No Needed 8.22
S9&S10 6.7 2.57 0.28 Needed 7.83
S9&S14 7.66 7.66 0 0 No need 7.66
S12&S13 9.10 9.10 0 0 No need 9.10

S12&S16 8.93 7.66 1.27 0.14 No Needed 8.30
S13&S14 9.10 9.10 0 0 No Needed 9.10
S13&S17 7.66 7.41 0.25 0.03 No Needed 7.54
S14&S15 16.84 16.84 0 0 No needed 16.84
S14&S18 7.66 7.66 0 0 No needed 7.66
S16&S17 8.93 7.41 1.52 0.17 No needed 8.17
S17&S18 7.41 7.41 0 0 No needed 7.41
142
Adjustment of span (field) moments
Span moment adjustment is calculated for panels whose support moments are lowered during
Support moment adjustment, because as Msup decreases Mspan increases.
According to EBCS-2-1995:
Mxd= Mxf + CxM
Myd= Myf + CyM
Table … adjustment of span moment
Panel Mxf Myf

panel-1 12.18 9.07
panel-2 12.08 8.97
panel-3 9.18 8.18
panel-4 7.99 6.61
panel-5 8.47 7.30
panel-8 10.84 6.95

Panel-16 7.31 7.29
Table 10: Adjustment of slab moment
143
Depth adequacy for flexure
Mmax=16.84, fyd=260.87 MPA

ρ =0.75((700/fyd+700) *(0.8*11.33/fyd))
ρ =0.019
m = (fyd/0.8fcd) =28.78
dmin> = √ ,dmin> = √
b=1000mm, Ф=12mm
dmin = 65.95mm
therefore, D‘=dmin+cover+Ф/2
=65.95+15+6=86.95mm
Since D‘=86.95mm<D=150mm…………………………………….ok !!!!!!!!!
Hence,the depth is adequate for flexure
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
Effective depth
d-cover-Ф/2………………………for short direction
d= d-cover-(Ф+Ф/2)………….for long direction
d= 150-15-6=129mm-------for short direction.
150-15-(1.5*12) =117mm--------for long direction.
Minimum reinforcement area

ρmin= 0.5/fyk =0.5/300 =0.0017
Asmin=ρmin*b*d=0.0017*1000*d= 1.7d
= 1.7*129=219.3mm2
= 1.7*117= 198.9mm2
Smax< 2D=2*150=300mm………………Governing.
350mm
UseФ bar =12mm, as=113.10mm2.we select it based on avalibility.
Reinforcement Calculations of the Slab is done in the spread sheet. See the spread sheets below for the
reinforcement calculation
144
Assume 0% moment redistribution.
Km=(md/bd2)1/2.
Ks=from tables due to km ,c-25 and s-300
As=mks/d ≥Asmin
Spacing=asxb/AS,
In x-direction , for unit strip width------b=1000mm
145
Panel M(KNm) as(mm2) dmin(m) Km Ks As Asmin Srequ. Sprov.&remark
@Span
S-1 12.18 113.10 0.129 27.05 4.02 379.56 219.3 297.9 ɸ12c/c297
s-2 12.08 113.10 0.129 26.94 4.01 375.5 219.3 301.2 Ф12c/c300
s-3 8.18 113.10 0.129 22.17 3.97 251.74 219.3 449.26 Ф12c/c 300
s-4 7.99 113.10 0.129 21.91 3.97 245.89 219.3 460.0 Ф12c/c 300
s-5 8.47 113.10 0.129 22.56 3.97 260.67 219.3 433.9 Ф 12c/c300
s-7 10.83 113.10 0.129 20.44 3.96 213.35 219.3 530.1 ɸ12c/c300
s-8 6.95 113.10 0.129 25.51 4.00 335.8 219.3 336.8 Ф12 c/c300
S-9 10.83 113.10 0.129 20.44 3.96 213.35 219.3 530.1 Ф12c/c 300
s-12 6.95 113.10 0.129 20.44 3.96 213.35 219.3 530.1 Ф12c/c 300
s-13 6.99 113.10 0.129 20.50 3.96 214.58 219.3 527.1 Ф12c/c 300
s-14 6.95 113.10 0.129 20.44 3.96 213.35 219.3 530.1 Ф12c/c 300
s-16 7.31 113.10 0.129 20.96 3.96 224.4 219.3 504.01 Ф12c/c 300
s-17 5.69 113.10 0.129 18.49 3.95 174.23 219.3 649.14 Ф12c/c 300
@Support
S1&s4 10.04 113.10 0.129 24.56 3.99 310.54 219.3 364.20 Ф12c/c 300
S2&s5 10.31 113.10 0.129 24.89 3.99 318.89 219.3 354.67 Ф 12c/c300
s3&s7 7.82 113.10 0.129 21.68 3.98 241.27 219.3 468.8 ɸ12c/c300
s4&s8 8.80 113.10 0.129 22.99 3.98 271.50 219.3 416.60 Ф12 c/c300
s5&s9 8.50 113.10 0.129 22.60 3.97 261.59 219.3 432.36 Ф12c/c 300
S7&s12 7.66 113.10 0.129 21.45 3.97 235.74 219.3 479.77 Ф12c/c 300
S8&s13 8.22 113.10 0.129 22.23 3.97 252.97 219.3 447.09 Ф12c/c 300
S9&s14 7.66 113.10 0.129 21.45 3.96 235.14 219.3 480.99 Ф12c/c 300
S12&s1
8.30 113.10 0.129 22.33 3.97 255.43 219.3 442.78 Ф12c/c 300
6
S13&s1
7.54 113.10 0.129 21.29 3.97 232.04 219.3 487.42 Ф12c/c 300
7
S14&S1 7.66 113.10 0.129 21.45 3.96 235.14 219.3 480.99 Ф12c/c 300
146
8
Panel M(KN.m) as(mm2) dmin(m) Km Ks As Asmin Srequired Sprov.&remark

@ Span
S-1 9.07 113.10 0.117 25.74 3.99 309.3 198.9 365.7 Ф12c/c 300
s-2 8.97 113.10 0.117 25.60 3.99 305.9 198.9 369.7 Ф 12c/c300
s-3 9.18 113.10 0.117 25.89 4.00 313.85 198.9 360.36 ɸ12c/c300
s-4 6.61 113.10 0.117 21.97 3.97 224.3 198.9 504.2 Ф12 c/c300
s-5 7.30 113.10 0.117 23.09 3.98 248.3 198.9 455.5 Ф12c/c 300
s-7 5.75 113.10 0.117 20.50 3.96 194.6 198.9 581.2 Ф12c/c 300
s-8 6.95 113.10 0.117 22.53 3.97 235.8 198.9 479.6 Ф12c/c 300
s-9 5.75 113.10 0.117 20.50 3.96 194.6 198.9 581.2 Ф12c/c 300
s-12 5.75 113.10 0.117 20.50 3.96 194.6 198.9 581.2 Ф12c/c 300
s-13 5.79 113.10 0.117 20.57 3.97 194.46 198.9 575.7 Ф12c/c 300
s-14 5.75 113.10 0.117 20.50 3.96 194.6 198.9 808.54 Ф12c/c 300
s-16 7.29 113.10 0.117 23.08 3.98 247.9 198.9 456.2 Ф12c/c 300
s-17 5.69 113.10 0.117 20.39 3.96 192.6 198.9 587.3 Ф 12c/c300
@ support
s1&s2 15.81 113.10 0.129 30.82 4.06 497.6 238 227.3 Ф12c/c 227
S3&s4 11.36 113.10 0.129 26.01 3.98 347.40 238 325.56 Ф12c/c 300
S4&S5 10.62 113.10 0.129 25.26 3.99 328.5 238 344.3 Ф12c/c 300
147
S6&s7 9.10 113.10 0.129 23.38 3.98 280.8 238 402.8 Ф12c/c 300
S7&s8 9.77 113.10 0.129 24.23 3.98 301.43 238 375.21 Ф12c/c 300
S8&s9 9.77 113.10 0.129 24.23 3.98 301.43 238 375.21 Ф12c/c 300
S9&s10 16.84 113.10 0.129 31.81 4.07 531.31 238 212.88 Ф 12c/c210
S11&s12 9.10 113.10 0.129 23.38 3.98 280.8 238 402.8 Ф12c/c 300
S12&s13 9.10 113.10 0.129 23.38 3.98 280.8 238 402.8 Ф12c/c 300
s- 0.129
9.10 113.10 23.38 3.98 280.80 238 402.88 Ф12c/c 300
13&s14
S14&s15 16.84 113.10 0.129 31.81 4.07 531.31 238 212.88 Ф12c/c 210
S16&s17 8.17 113.10 0.129 22.16 3.97 251.43 238 449.83 Ф12c/c 300
s-
78.54 0.14 21.10 3.96 227.5 238 497.14 Ф12c/c 300
17&s18 7.41
In y-direction
148
Figure 13:Reinforcment detail
149
Load transfer to the beams
The loads from the slabs are transferred to beam as shear. The shear is calculated using the
following formulas from EBCS-2, 1995
Vxi=βvx*Pd*Lx
Vyi=βvy*Pd*Lx
Where Vxi=shear force transferred to the beam
βvx =load transfer coefficient which depends on the span ratio and support conditions and read
from EBCS2, 1995 table A-3
Pd= the design load on the slab and
Lx=length of shorter span
Sample calculations:-
Slab-1 ………Support condition-4
Ly/Lx = 5.0/4.0= 1.25, DL=14.97KN/m ,Two way slab.

vi = Bvi*Pd *Lx
βvx,c =0.49--
vx,c=0.49x14.97x4=29.04KN
βvx,d =0.32-------
vx,d=0.36x14.97x4=19.16 KN
5m βvy,c =0.40-----------
vy,c=0.40x14.97x4=23.95KN
βvy,d =0.26-------
vy,d=0.26x14.97x4=15.57KN
Support condion-4 ( By taking linear interpolation
Figure……support condition type
Figure 14: support condition type
150
B. design moment determination for one way slab.
Pane6:- DL=14.97KN/m ,LL=1. KN/m.
Lx=1.00m
Vxc= WL=14.97*1.00=14.97KN
Similarly the other values are calculated as follow.

A, for cantilever slabs
cantilever
Support Lx DEAD VXC
SLAB
ID condition LOAD DL
S-6 cantilever 1.00 14.97 14.97
s-10 cantilever 1.00 14.97 22.46
s-11 cantilever 1.50 14.97 14.97
s-15 cantilever 1.50 16.84 22.46
s-18 cantilever 0.78 11.87 9.38
B, for two way panels
shear force shear force

coefficient of coefficient of
for for
slab panel continuous discontinuous
Lx Ly/Lx DL continuous discontinuous
ID type edge edge
edge edge
βvx,c βVy,c βVx,d βVy,d Vx,c Vy,c Vx,d Vy,d
1 4 4 1.25 14.97 0.485 0.40 0.32 0.26 29.04 23.95 19.16 15.57
2 4 4 1.25 14.97 0.485 0.40 0.32 0.26 29.04 23.95 19.16 15.57
151
3 4 4 1.125 16.37 0.485 0.40 0.32 0.26 31.76 26.19 20.95 17.02
4 1 4 1.125 17.20 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
5 2 4 1.125 14.97 0.3675 0.36 0.24 23.80 21.56 14.37
7 1 4 1.125 14.97 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
8 2 4 1.125 17.15 0.3675 0.33 25.21 22.64
9 1 4 1.125 14.97 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
12 1 4 1.125 14.97 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
13 1 4 1.125 14.97 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
14 1 4 1.25 14.97 0.3675 0.33 25.28 16.51
16 4 4 1 11.87 0.40 0.26 18.99 12.35
17 3 4 1 11.87 0.36 0.36 0.24 17.09 17.09 11.39
by
Axis Load on beam Load transfer kn/m coefficient Total load Wall Door or
transfer to length window
beam(knm)
1 B/N G1-F1 0 0.914 0 3.5 -

B/N F1-G1 0 0.914 0 4 1.67
B/N E1-D1 40.17 0.914 36.72 4 0.63
B/N D1-C1 20.95 0.914 19.14 4 1.7
B/N C1-B1 O 0.914 0 4.5 2.7
152
2 B/N G2-F2 62.41 0.914 57.04 3.5 0.73
B/N F2-E2 57.1 0.914 52.19 4 -
B/N E2-D2 57.33 0.914 52.39 4 -
B/N D2-C2 61.65 0.914 56.35 4 -
B/N C2-B2 27.844 0.914 25.45 4.5 -
3 B/N G3-F3 36.658 0.914 33.51 3.5 -

B/N F3-E3 55.7 0.914 50.91 4 -
B/N E3-D3 56.79 0.914 51.91 4 -
B/N D3-C3 58.86 0.914 53.79 4 -
B/N C3-B3 63.92 0.914 58.42 4.5 -
4 B/N G4-F4 15.076 0.914 13.78 3.5 -

B/N F4-E4 25.523 0.914 23.33 4 2.60
B/N E4-D4 26.322 0.914 24.06 4 2.60
B/N D4-C4 20 0.914 18.28 4 1.5
B/N C4-B4 23.447 0.914 21.43 4.5 0.6
B B/N 1B-2B 0 0.914 0 3.5 -

B/N 2B-3B 15.57 0.914 14.23 3.5 -
B/N 3B-4B 15.57 0.914 14.23 3.5 -
C B/N 1C-2C 17.03 0.914 33.05 3.5 -

B/N 2C-3C 35.67 0.914 32.60 3.5 -
B/N 3C-4C 45.51 0.914 41.59 3.5 -
D b/n 1`-1 0 0.914 20.35 1 0.96

b/n 1-2 48.27 0.914 44.18 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 39.51 0.914 35.78 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 38.09 0.914 34.81 3.5 -
1.5 -
E -
b/n 1-2 33.08 0.914 30.18 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 39.15 0.914 35.78 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 33.02 0.914 30.18 3.5 -
-
F b/n 1`-1 0 0 0 1 0.96
b/n 1-2 16.51 0.914 15.09 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 33.6 0.914 39.76 3.5 -
b/n 3-4 25.89 0.914 0 23.66 -
153
b/n 4-4` 0 0 0 3.5 -
G b/n 1-2 12.35 0.914 11.29 3.5 -
b/n 2-3 0 0.914 1 3.5 1.81
b/n 3-4 11.39 0.914 10.32 3.5 -
154
CHAPTER – FOUR
4. STAIR CASE DESIGN

4.1. Introduction
Stair case is an inclined structural system for movement from one level to another. Staircases are
mainly of two types based on structural load carrying and transferring to supports. These are
transverse staircase and longitudinal staircase.
 Transverse staircase: are staircases supported on their shorter sides on walls or cantilever
from beams or walls. Main reinforcement is placed in the shorter direction
 Longitudinal staircase: are staircases supported on their longer sides. They carry load
and transfer to the supporting beams or walls in the larger direction.
Staircase behaves like an ordinary slab. Its section is designed similar to slab as singly
reinforced without shear reinforcement. The main reinforcement is provided in the
direction of span either in the direction of span while secondary reinforcement is
provided in the other direction. Staircases may span either in the direction of steps or in
the direction of flight or going.
 In our building dog legged stair type around the lift on all floor
Loading
The staircase slabs and landings should be designed to support the most unfavourable
arrangement of loads. Normally this arrangement will be satisfied if they are designed for a
single load case of maximum design load on all spans. Where staircases with open wells have
two intersecting slabs at right angles to each other, the loads on the areas common to both spans
may be divided equally loads for which stairs should be designed are given in Table 2.10, EBCS
-1 depending on the categories of building areas (See table 2.9, EBCS 1).
The dead load for flight considers the weight of treads, wt of finishes, and the increased loading
in plan due to the inclination of the waist. Dead load of step is calculated by treating the step to
be equivalent to the horizontal slab of thickness equal to half the rise. The bending moments
should be calculated from the total weight of the stairs and the total imposed load combined
155
With the horizontal span. The stresses produced by the longitudinal thrust are small and are
generally neglected in the design of simple systems.
 Effective Width
This is normally equal to the actual width of the stair.

 Effective Span
If the stair is monolithic at the ends with supporting members spanning at right angles, the
effective span is equal to center to center spacing between the supports
The staircase modeling and analysis
Stair case analysis and design is similar to slabs. It involves the analysis steps followed for slabs.
The inclined configuration is analyzed by projecting the loads on a horizontal plane. The stair
Contains two flights with the same configuration and one with less number of steps.
The available data we have are:
 Thickness of the marble = 20mm
 Thickness of plastering = 20mm
 Thickness of cement screen = 30mm
 Riser = 150mm
 Tread = 300mm
 Live load = 3KN/m2
 Material : C-30, S-300 , class-I work
Material properties:
Concrete =𝐶25 and Steel = 400 with class-I workmanship

Clear cover =15
Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete):
Concrete =1.5 𝐶 −𝐼 𝐸 𝐶 −2 3.1
156
The stair is designed as one way slab, taking unit width strip in the larger span direction or
direction of flight.
Most of the time serviceability limit state governs for slab design and we take the depth from
serviceability limit state as an initial depth and check that depth for shear and flexure.
C
C
B
B
Figure 15:stair case layout
157
1.18m
1.6m
1.8m 1.6m
Sec B-B
1.6m 1.8m 1.6m 1.18m
Sec C-C
158
Analysis and design of stair
1, design strength
Fcd=11.33
Fyd=260.87
Fctd=1.03
2, minimum depth determination
BA=32.5 by using interpolation
𝑑 ( ( ))
𝑑 ( ( )) ( )
𝑑
Assume 12 D=d+ cover+/2
130+15+12/2=151
Use D=160mm
d used =160mm-15mm-12/2=139mm
( )
Loading and load determination

Live load
Live lode of stair =3kn/m2 from EBCS 2,1995
Dead load
Self-weight of the flight=D*c=0.160*25kn/m2=4kn/m2
Dead load of the step=1/2*rise*tread*c*number of step/L
1.875kn/m2
159
2cm plastering =0.02*plastering
0.02*23kn/m3=0.46kn/m2
3cm cement screed =0.03*23kn/m3=0.69kn/m2
2cm marble tile =0.02*27kn/m3 =0.54kn/m2
Marble on thread = (cement screed+ marble)* number of thread*thread/length of stair
(0.69kn/m 2+0.54kn/m2)*7*0.15/2.1m=0.615kn/m2
Total dead load on the stair =
4kn/m2+1.875kn/m2+0.46kn/m2+1.23kn/m2+0.615kn/m2=8.18kn/m2
LL=3kn/m2
Design load on the stair =1.3DL+1.6LL
1.3(8.18) +1.6(3) =15.434kn/m2
Dead load on landing
Self-weight of the flight =D*c
0.16*25kn/m3=4kn/m2
3cm cement screed=0.03*23kn/m2=0.69kn/m2
2cm marble tile =0.02*27kn/m2=0.54kn/m2
2cm plastering=0.02*plastering=0.02*23kn/m3=0.46kn/m2
Total dead load on the landing=4kn/m2+0.69kn/m2+0.46kn/m2+0.54kn/m2=5.69kn/m2
LL=3kn/m2
Design load on landing =1.3DL+1.6LL
1.3(5.69) +1.6(3) =12.2kn/m2
Modelling
Design load on the stair=15.434kn/m2*1.3m=20.06kn/m
Design load in landing =12.2kn/m2*1.3m=15.86kn/m
20.06KN/m
15.86KN/M 15.86KN/m
1.6m 1.8m 1.6m
160
Reaction
m@A=0
Rb*5=15.86kn/m*1.6*4.2+20.06*1.82.5+15.86*1.6*0.8
Rb5/5=217.15/5 Rb=43.43kn
m@ B=0
5RA=15.86*1.6*4.2+2.06*1.8*2.5+15.86*1.6*0.8
RA=43.43kn
Design shear 20.06KN/m

15.68KN/m
1.6m
=43.43
mo=0 -RA*(1.6+x)+15.86*1.6(1.6/2+x)+20.06*x*x/2
Mx=-43.43(1.6+x)+15.86*1.6(1.6/2+x)+20.06x2/2
Mx=-69.49+-43.43x+20.3+25.38x+10.03x2
-49.19-18.05x+10.03x2
Mx=10.03x2-18.05x-49.19
At v=o moment is maximum
20.06x-18.05 at x=0.9 v=0
V=20.06x-18.05 which is located of maximum moment

O=20.06x-18.05
20.06x/20.06=18.05/20.06 hence Mmax@x=0.9
X=0.9 Mmax=10.03(0.9)2-18.05(0.9)-49.19
=57.3knm
Design for deflection
161
Maximum deflection
W=max(total DL on stair +LL,total DL on loading+LL)

=max(8.18kn/m2+3kn/m2,5.69kn/m2+3kn/m2)
Max(11.18kn/m2,8.69kn/m2)take max
11.18kn/m2*1.3m=14.54kn/m
L=1.6+1.8+1.6=5m
Modules elasticity of concrete E=29Gpa
I=wd3/12=1.3*0.163/12=4.44*10-4m4
Mmax =(5*14.54kn/m*54)*(384*29gpa*4.44*10-4m4)
According to EBCS-2section 5 .2.2 the final deflection shall not exceed the value
= (le/200)
=5000/200=25mm> .....so it is ok!!! Safe

Considering maximum moment Mmax=57.3knm
𝑑
( ) ( )
𝑑
C2=0.32m2fcd=3003.04
√ ( )
𝑑
√ ( ) 0.01345
ρmax=0.075ρb=0.075 ( )
ρmin (0.5/fyk)=(0.5/300)=0.00167
therefore ρmin<ρ<ρmax
0.00167<0.01345<0.019
Thus we use ρ=0.01345
d=√
162
𝑑 √
d=138mm therefore d=138mm<139mm ok!

dused=139mm
Check for shear capacity

Vc=0.25fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
K1=1+50(0.00167)=1.0835
K2=1.6-d=1.6-0.139=1.461
Vc=73.66kn
Vc>vr, 73.66>43.4.kn ok!!!
163
Reinforcement calculation
Reinforcement design for longitudinal reinforcement
M=57.3kn
AS=ρbd=0.01345*1000*139=1869.76
Taking the assumed diameter for reinforcement use 12
No of bar =(As/as)=
( ) As=as*17
ASprov=1922.7mm
Minimum requirement
Asmin =ρmin*b*d=0.001667*1000*139
Asmin=231.66
AScal(1922.7)>Asmin(231.66)mm2 it is safe!
Smax , EBCS-2/1995 section 7.2.2.2
Smax ,
Scal=
Take min
So use 1712mm bar with clear spacing S=60mm for negative moment reinforcement
164
Secondary (transversal) reinforcement
According to EBCS-2 section 7.2.2.2 the ratio of secondary reinforcement to the main
reinforcement shall be at least equal to 20%
Transverse 20%of Amin
Transverse=0.2*1922.7mm=384.54mm2
A transvers>Amin=384.54mm2>231.66 ok!
Use10 bar
Number of bar=(AS/as)=(384.54/78.53)=4.89=5
Acal=78.55*5=392.65mm2
S=b*as/as=(1000*78.53)/(392.65)=200mm
So use 10 bar c/c 200mm
Development length for longitudinal reinforcement
 𝑑
( )
𝑑
𝑑
( ) ( )
𝑑
( ) ( ) α=0.7 for hook anchorage
For straight anchorage
Fbd=2fctd=2*1.03=2.06mpa
Assume straight anchorage

Lbent=αlb
for straight bar anchorage in tension or compression
Where Ascal theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design of stair
Aseff the area of reinforcement actual provided
Lbmin the min an anchorage length for bar in tension
Ibnet= ( )
Lb min=max{
Therefore lb min =200mm

Lbnet>lb min
Therefore provide effective anchorage length of at least 200mm.
165
CHAPTER – FIVE
5. Analysis of Lateral Loads

5.1. Earthquake load
Earthquakes are essentially the vibration of the earth‘s crust caused by the ground forces. It is
caused by volcanic eruption and tectonic movements of the earth‘s crust. During earthquake the
ground moves in all directions. The most damaging effects on structure are generally the
movement in the direction parallel to the ground surface (i.e. horizontally) because of the fact
that structures are routinely designed for vertical gravity loads. The lateral loads on the structures
are of mainly Earthquake and wind loads. The occurrence of these loads simultaneously on the
structure is very rare and therefore, we will design the structure for the governing load among the
two. Thus, for design purpose the major effects of an earthquake is usually considered in terms
of horizontal forces similar to the effect of wind. Therefore, we use EBCS 8, 1995 and determine
earthquake forces.
Design methods
Two accepted methods of estimating magnitude and distribution of earth quake induced lateral
force on structure are;
1) Equivalent static (building code) analysis method
This type of analysis is applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by
contribution from higher modes vibration. These requirements are claimed to be Satisfied by
buildings which:
a) Meets the criteria for regularity in plan and elevation.
b) Have fundamental periods of vibration T1, in the two main directions is less than 2secs.
2) Dynamic Analysis method (time History, response spectrum)
This type of analysis shall be applied:
 To buildings which do not satisfied the condition given in static analysis.
 For buildings not complying with criteria for regularity significantly to the global
response shall be taken into account.
 To all type of building.
166
Therefore our building is analyzed by static method of analysis since T1=0.74 sec<2sec and our
building is regular in elevation.
The following activities are included under this chapter:
 Determination of the total weight of the building
 Determination of the Center of mass
 Determination of the center of stiffens
 Determination of the total lateral load on the building based on the Equivalent Static
method of analysis provided on the EBCS-8/1995
 Distribution of the total lateral load into each story level
 Distribution of the lateral loads, story shear, into the lateral load resisting systems
 Determination of total (design) eccentricity
 Determination of shear correction factor for torsion
5.2. Base Shear Determination

Earthquake stars from the base and is the function of the total weight of the structure. As the
weight of the structure increases, so does the effect of the load on the structure. The total seismic
load on the structure at the base is called the base shear force, 𝐹 .The seismic base shear force
Fb for each horizontal direction in which the building is analyzed, shall be determined using the
following expression:
𝐹 = (𝑇1)
Where,
(𝑇1)= ordinate of the design spectrum at period Ti;
𝑇1=fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral (translational) motion in the
direction considered;
W = seismic dead load
Determination of the fundamental period of vibration
In lieu of this the approximate expression for T1 may also be used as given below:
 For buildings with heights up to 80m the value of T1 may be approximated from the
following formula:
𝑇1=𝐶1𝐻2/3
Where: 𝑇1= fundamental period of building, in seconds.
167
H= height of the building above the base in meter
𝐶1 = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced steel
frames.
𝐶1 = 0.05 for all other buildings
Alternatively, the value of 𝐶1 for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken
as:
𝐶1=0.075/√
Where: is the combined effective area of the shear walls in the first story of the building, in
2 and it can be obtained using the following equation:
= Σ[0.2+(𝐿 /𝐻)2]
Where: Ai=Cross sectional area of the shear wall i in the first story of the building in m2
Lwi=length of the shear wall i in the first story in the direction parallel to the applied forces, in
meter with the restriction that Lwi/H shall not exceed 0.9.
Alternatively, the estimation of T1 can be made by the following expression:
T1=2√d
Where:
d=lateral displacement of the top of the building, in m, due to the gravity loads applied
horizontally.
Design Spectrum, (𝑻)
The earthquake motion at a given point of the surface is generally represented by an elastic
ground acceleration response spectrum called ―elastic response spectrum‖.
For linear analysis, the design spectrum (𝑇) normalized by the acceleration of gravity g is
defined by the following expression: (𝑇)= 𝛽
The parameter is the ratio of the design bedrock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity g
and is given by: = 0𝐼
Where, 0= the bedrock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone as shown
in the table below
168
Table 11:bed rock acceleration from EBCS 8,1995
i = the importance factor
Importance categories and importance factors

Buildings are generally classified into four importance categories which depend on the size of
the building, on its value and importance for the public safety and on the possibility of human
losses in case of a collapse.
𝛽 = response factor and is given by:
S=site coefficient based on the subsoil class as given in table below

Table 1.1 EBCS 8, 1995 Site coefficient, S
= the behaviour factor
169
Behaviour factors (𝜸)
Horizontal seismic actions
The behaviour factor introduced to account for energy dissipation capacity shall be derived for
each design direction as follows:
= 0 𝑅 ≤0.70
Where: 0= basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the structural type
is factor reflecting the ductility class
𝑅 is the factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation
Where: 0 = prevailing aspect ratio of the walls i of a structural system:
170
Where: 𝐻 =height of wall i
𝐿 = length of the section of wallsi
6.3. Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces to each story

The base shear force is distributed over the height of the structure at each floor level according to
the following formula:
Where: n=number of stories Fi=the concentrated lateral force acting at floor i Ft= concentrated
force ( in addition to Fn) at the top of the structure
The horizontal forces Fi determined in the above manner shall be distributed to the lateral load
resisting system assuming rigid floors.
5.4. Determination of seismic load

𝐹 = (𝑇1)
Design spectrum: (𝑇) = 𝛽 α= α0I
Note: Samara out of the region under the provision of EBCS-8 and we consider the nearest zone
for samara is i.e. near from asayita under zone-4. Therefore, from the above table for bed rock
acceleration ratio determination: 0=0.1
𝐼=importance factor and for ordinary building it is 1 𝐼=1
Therefore, = 0𝐼=0.1 1=0.1
𝛽 = response factor and is given by:
171
rom the following
formula:
𝑇1=𝐶1𝐻3/4
C 1 = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced steel
frames.
H=21.15M
T1=0.075*21.153/4=0.74sec
Site coefficient(S):
=1.2 For soil class-B, loose cohesion less soil deposits.
Note here that as exact soil profile is not known the soil is assumed to be loose cohesion less soil
(deep sand soil) to be conservative.
= =1.76 2.4………..OK
= 0 𝑅 ≤0.70
=2.0 𝐶"𝐿"
𝑅=1.00
= 1.00 𝑑 𝑞 𝑑
0=0.2 for frame equivalent dual system
There fore
= 0 𝑅 =0.2*2*1*1=0.4<0.7….....ok
Sd(T)= 𝛽 =0.1*1.76*0.4=0.0704
Sd(T)=0.0704
172
Fb=Sd(T1)W=0.0704W
Which implies the base shear is 7.04% of the weight of the building. That is 7% of the total
weight of the building is acting as a horizontal load on the building.
The following tables give the mass of each element (column, beam, slab, partition walls, roof,
and stair and shear wall). They also give the x and y – coordinates of each elements. The lumped
mass at each floor level was calculated by taking half portion from above and half from below of
the floor.
5.5. Determination of the center of mass

Center of mass (Xm, Ym): it is a point on a floor level where the whole floor mass and its
inertial effects can be replaced using a lumped equivalent mass.
𝑋 =Σ /Σ
𝑌 =Σ 𝑌 /Σ
Where Xm, Ym= the coordinate of the point of application of Fi when the seismic action is
parallel to the Y-direction and X-direction respectively.
173
Weight and center of mass calculation for each floor
2st -6th floor
Designation L(m) w(m) d (m( unit Wi(KN) Xi(m) Yi(m) wixi(KN.m) wiyi(KN.m)
wt(KN/m2)
Column
B1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 22.5 0 400.78125
B2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 22.5 71.25 400.78125
B3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 22.5 142.5 400.78125
B4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 22.5 213.75 400.78125
C1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 17.5 0 311.71875
C2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 17.5 71.25 311.71875
C3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 17.5 142.5 311.71875
C4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 17.5 213.75 311.71875
D1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 13 0 231.5625
D2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 13 71.25 231.5625
D3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 13 142.5 231.5625
D4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 13 213.75 231.5625
E1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 8.5 0 151.40625
E2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 8.5 71.25 151.40625
E3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 8.5 142.5 151.40625
E4 CR 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 8.5 213.75 151.40625
F1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 4 0 71.25
F2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 4 71.25 71.25
F3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 4 142.5 71.25
F4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 4 213.75 71.25
G1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 0 0 0
G2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 0 71.25 0
G3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 0 142.5 0
SUM 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875
174
2nd-6th Designtion L (m) W D (m) UNIT Wi(KN) Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi (KNM) WiYi(KNm)
floor (m) Wt(KN/m3)
slab
Slab awhole 23 15.2 0.15 25 1311 7.6 11.5 9963.6 15076.5
slab
Beam 1 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 0 20 0 270
1 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 15.25 0 183
1 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 10.75 0 129
1 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 6.25 0 75
1 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 0 2 0 21
2 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 4 20 54 270
2 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 15.25 48 183
2D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 10.75 48 129
2 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 6.25 48 75
2 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 4 2 42 21
3 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 8 20 108 270
3C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 15.25 96 183
3 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 10.75 96 129
3 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 6.25 96 75
3 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 8 2 84 21
4 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 12 20 162 270
4 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 15.25 144 183
4 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 10.75 144 129
4 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 6.25 144 75
4 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 12 2 126 21
B 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 22.5 21 236.25
B 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 22.5 63 236.25
B 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 22.5 105 236.25
C 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 17.5 21 183.75
C 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 17.5 63 183.75
C 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 17.5 105 183.75
D 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 13 21 136.5
D 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 13 63 136.5
D 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 13 105 136.5
E 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 8.5 21 89.25
E 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 8.5 63 89.25
E 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 8.5 105 89.25
F 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 4 21 42
F 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 4 63 42
F 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 4 105 42
G 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 0 21 0
G 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 0 63 0
G 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 0 105 0
Canti D1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 13 1.5 39
175
1
Canti E1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 8.5 1.5 25.5
1
Canti F1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 4 1.5 12
1
Canti D4- 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 13 57.375 58.5
4'
Canti E4- 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 8.5 57.375 38.25
4'
Canti F4-4' 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 4 57.375 18
SUM 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
176
2nd- Desinat d( W( L( unit Wi(K Xi( Yi( WiXi(K WiYi(K
6th ion m) m) m) wt(KN/m N) m) m) Nm) Nm)
floor ^3)
finish
es
S-2 0.0 4.5 5.5 21 10.395 6 20 62.37 207.9
2
S-3 0.0 4.5 5.5 21 10.395 10 20 103.95 207.9
2
S-4 0.0 4.5 5 16 7.2 2 15.2 14.4 109.8
2 5
S-5 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 6 15.2 109.35 277.9312
3 5 5
S-6 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 10 15.2 94.5 144.1125
2 5
S-7 0.0 1.25 5 27 5.0625 0.5 10.7 2.53125 54.42187
3 5 5
S-8 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 3 10.7 28.35 101.5875
2 5
S-9 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 7 10.7 127.575 195.9187
3 5 5
S-10 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 11 10.7 103.95 101.5875
2 5
S-11 0.0 1.75 5 27 7.0875 13.7 10.7 97.45312 76.19062
3 5 5 5 5
S-12 0.0 1.25 5 27 5.0625 0.5 6.25 2.53125 31.64062
3 5
S-13 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 3 6.25 28.35 59.0625
2
S-14 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 7 6.25 127.575 113.9062
3 5
S-15 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 11 6.25 103.95 59.0625
2
S-16 0.0 1.75 5 27 7.0875 13.7 6.25 97.45312 44.29687
3 5 5 5
S-17 0.0 4.5 4.5 21 8.505 2 2 17.01 17.01
2
S-18 0.0 4.5 4.5 27 16.402 6 2 98.415 32.805
3 5
S-19 0.0 4.5 4.5 16 6.48 10 2 64.8 12.96
2
SUM 185.60 1284.513 1848.093
25 75 75
177
wall
2nd - desination Length width Depth unit Wi Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
6th wt
floor
wall
1 B-C 1.8 0.2 2.85 14 14.364 0 20 0 287.28
1 C-D 2.4 0.2 2.85 14 19.152 0 15.25 0 292.068
1 D-E 3.3 0.2 2.85 14 26.334 0 10.75 0 283.0905
1 E-F 3.3 0.2 2.85 14 26.334 0 6.25 0 164.5875
1 F-G 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 0 2 0 55.86
B 1-2 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 2 22.5 55.86 628.425
B 2-3 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 6 22.5 167.58 628.425
B 3-4 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 10 22.5 279.3 628.425
4 B-C 3.94 0.2 2.85 14 31.4412 12 20 377.2944 628.824
4 C-D 2.5 0.2 2.85 14 19.95 12 15.25 239.4 304.2375
4 D-E 1.61 0.2 2.85 14 12.8478 12 10.75 154.1736 138.11385
4 E-F 2.96 0.2 2.85 14 23.6208 12 6.25 283.4496 147.63
G 1-2 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 2 0 55.86 0
G 2-3 1.7 0.2 2.85 14 13.566 6 0 81.396 0
2 B-C 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 4 20 83.79 418.95
2 C-D 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 4 15.25 83.79 319.449375
2 D-E 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 4 10.75 95.76 257.355
178
2 E-F 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 4 6.25 95.76 149.625
2 F-G 2.77 0.15 2.85 14 16.57845 4 2 66.3138 33.1569
3 B-C 4.5 0.15 2.85 14 26.9325 8 20 215.46 538.65
3 C-D 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 15.25 191.52 365.085
3 D-E 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 10.75 191.52 257.355
3 E-F 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 6.25 191.52 149.625
3 F-G 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 8 2 167.58 41.895
C 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 17.5 41.895 366.58125
C 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 17.5 125.685 366.58125
C 3-4 2.8 0.15 2.85 14 16.758 10 17.5 167.58 293.265
D 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 13 41.895 272.3175
D 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 13 125.685 272.3175
D 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 13 209.475 272.3175
E 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 8.5 41.895 178.05375
E 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 8.5 125.685 178.05375
E 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 8.5 209.475 178.05375
F 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 4 41.895 83.79
F 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 4 125.685 83.79
F 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 4 209.475 83.79
179
B/n S 3 8.25 0.15 2.85 14 49.37625 10 20 493.7625 987.525
b/n s-4 12.35 0.1 2.85 14 49.2765 2 15.25 98.553 751.466625
b/n s-5 4.68 0.15 2.85 14 28.0098 6 15.25 168.0588 427.14945
b/n s-6 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 15.25 209.475 319.449375
b/n s-7 1.4 0.15 2.85 14 8.379 0.5 10.75 4.1895 90.07425
b/n s-8 2.34 0.15 2.85 14 14.0049 3 10.75 42.0147 150.552675
b/n s-9 7.5 0.15 2.85 14 44.8875 7 10.75 314.2125 482.540625
b/n s-10 1.4 0.15 2.85 14 8.379 11 10.75 92.169 90.07425
b/n s-11 2 0.15 2.85 14 11.97 13.75 10.75 164.5875 128.6775
b/n s-12 1.3 0.15 2.85 14 7.7805 0.5 6.25 3.89025 48.628125
b/n s-13 2.46 0.15 2.85 14 14.7231 3 6.25 44.1693 92.019375
b/n s-14 7 0.15 2.85 14 41.895 7 6.25 293.265 261.84375
b/n s-16 1.3 0.15 2.85 14 7.7805 13.75 6.25 106.981875 48.628125
b/n s-18 4.14 0.15 2.85 14 24.7779 6 2 148.6674 49.5558
Sum 1132.6812 6727.648725 13275.2088
180
plastering
2nd-6th desination d(m) W(m) L(m) unit wt wi Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
floor (KN/m^3) (KN)
plastering
S-2 0.02 4.5 5.5 17 8.415 6 20 50.49 168.3
S-3 0.02 4.5 5.5 17 8.415 10 20 84.15 168.3
S-4 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 2 15.25 15.3 116.6625
S-5 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 6 15.25 45.9 116.6625
S-6 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 10 15.25 76.5 116.6625
S-7 0.02 1.25 5 17 2.125 0.5 10.75 1.0625 22.84375
S-8 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 3 10.75 22.95 82.2375
S-9 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 7 10.75 53.55 82.2375
S-10 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 11 10.75 84.15 82.2375
S-11 0.02 1.75 5 17 2.975 13.75 10.75 40.90625 31.98125
S-12 0.02 1.25 5 17 2.125 0.5 6.25 1.0625 13.28125
S-13 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 3 6.25 22.95 47.8125
S-14 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 7 6.25 53.55 47.8125
S-15 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 11 6.25 84.15 47.8125
S-16 0.02 1.75 5 17 2.975 13.5 6.25 40.1625 18.59375
S-17 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 2 2 13.77 13.77
S-18 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 6 2 41.31 13.77
S-19 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 10 2 68.85 13.77
SUM 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
181
Stair
Stair case Desination length width Dead Wi(kN) Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
L(kN/m2)
Flight 1 1.82 1.3 4 9.464 2 20 18.928 189.28
Landing 1 1.6 1.55 5.69 14.1112 2 20 28.2224 282.224
Flight 2 1.5 1.55 4 9.3 2 20 18.6 186
Landing 2 1.6 1.55 5.69 14.1112 2 20 28.2224 282.224
Flight 3 1.82 1.3 4 9.464 2 20 18.928 189.28
Sum 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
2nd-6th floor
Wi WiXi WiYi
Slab 1311 9963.6 15076.5
Beam 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
columun 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875
floor finshes 185.6025 1284.51375 1848.09375
Plaster 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
Wall 1132 6727.648725 13275.2088
Stair 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
Sum 3655.89 23991.30203 42166.93305
Center of
mass
Xm=ΣWiXi/ΣWi 6.562369054
Ym=ΣWiYi/ΣWi 11.53397078
182
1st floor
Designation L(m) w(m) d (m( unit Wi(KN) Xi(m) Yi(m) wixi(KN.m) wiyi(KN.m)
wt(KN/m2)
Column
B1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 22.5 0 400.78125
B2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 22.5 71.25 400.78125
B3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 22.5 142.5 400.78125
B4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 22.5 213.75 400.78125
C1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 17.5 0 311.71875
C2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 17.5 71.25 311.71875
C3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 17.5 142.5 311.71875
C4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 17.5 213.75 311.71875
D1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 13 0 231.5625
D2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 13 71.25 231.5625
D3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 13 142.5 231.5625
D4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 13 213.75 231.5625
E1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 8.5 0 151.40625
E2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 8.5 71.25 151.40625
E3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 8.5 142.5 151.40625
E4 CR 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 8.5 213.75 151.40625
F1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 4 0 71.25
F2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 4 71.25 71.25
F3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 4 142.5 71.25
F4 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 12 4 213.75 71.25
G1 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 0 0 0 0
G2 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 4 0 71.25 0
G3 2.85 0.5 0.5 25 17.8125 8 0 142.5 0
SUM 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875
183
1st floor Designtion L W D UNIT Wi(KN) Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi WiYi(KNm)
slab (m) (m) (m) Wt(KN/m3) (KNM)
Slab awhole 23 15.2 0.15 25 1311 7.6 11.5 9963.6 15076.5

slab
Beam 1 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 0 20 0 270
1 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 15.25 0 183
1 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 10.75 0 129
1 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 0 6.25 0 75
1 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 0 2 0 21

2 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 4 20 54 270
2 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 15.25 48 183
2D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 10.75 48 129
2 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 4 6.25 48 75
2 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 4 2 42 21
3 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 8 20 108 270
3C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 15.25 96 183
3 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 10.75 96 129

3 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 8 6.25 96 75
3 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 8 2 84 21
4 B-C 4.5 0.3 0.4 25 13.5 12 20 162 270
4 C-D 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 15.25 144 183
4 D-E 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 10.75 144 129

4 E-F 4 0.3 0.4 25 12 12 6.25 144 75
4 F-G 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 12 2 126 21
B 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 22.5 21 236.25

B 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 22.5 63 236.25
B 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 22.5 105 236.25
C 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 17.5 21 183.75
C 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 17.5 63 183.75
184
C 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 17.5 105 183.75
D 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 13 21 136.5
D 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 13 63 136.5
D 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 13 105 136.5
E 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 8.5 21 89.25
E 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 8.5 63 89.25
E 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 8.5 105 89.25
F 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 4 21 42
F 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 4 63 42
F 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 4 105 42
G 1-2 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 2 0 21 0
G 2-3 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 6 0 63 0
G 3-4 3.5 0.3 0.4 25 10.5 10 0 105 0
Canti D1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 13 1.5 39
1
Canti E1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 8.5 1.5 25.5
1
Canti F1"- 1 0.3 0.4 25 3 0.5 4 1.5 12
1
Canti D4- 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 13 57.375 58.5
4'
Canti E4- 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 8.5 57.375 38.25
4'
Canti F4- 1.5 0.3 0.4 25 4.5 12.75 4 57.375 18
4'
SUM 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
185
1ST Desinati d(m W( L( unit Wi(KN Xi( Yi( WiXi(KN WiYi(KN
floor on ) m) m) wt(KN/m ) m) m) m) m)
finishes ^3)
S-2 0.0 4.5 5.5 21 10.395 6 20 62.37 207.9
2
S-3 0.0 4.5 5.5 21 10.395 10 20 103.95 207.9
2
S-4 0.0 4.5 5 16 7.2 2 15.2 14.4 109.8
2 5
S-5 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 6 15.2 109.35 277.93125
3 5
S-6 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 10 15.2 94.5 144.1125
2 5
S-7 0.0 1.25 5 27 5.0625 0.5 10.7 2.53125 54.421875
3 5
S-8 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 3 10.7 28.35 101.5875
2 5
S-9 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 7 10.7 127.575 195.91875
3 5
S-10 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 11 10.7 103.95 101.5875
2 5
S-11 0.0 1.75 5 27 7.0875 13.7 10.7 97.453125 76.190625
3 5 5
S-12 0.0 1.25 5 27 5.0625 0.5 6.25 2.53125 31.640625
3
S-13 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 3 6.25 28.35 59.0625
2
S-14 0.0 4.5 5 27 18.225 7 6.25 127.575 113.90625
3
S-15 0.0 4.5 5 21 9.45 11 6.25 103.95 59.0625
2
S-16 0.0 1.75 5 27 7.0875 13.7 6.25 97.453125 44.296875
3 5
S-17 0.0 4.5 4.5 21 8.505 2 2 17.01 17.01
2
S-18 0.0 4.5 4.5 27 16.402 6 2 98.415 32.805
3 5
S-19 0.0 4.5 4.5 16 6.48 10 2 64.8 12.96
2
SUM 185.60 1284.5137 1848.0937
25 5 5
186
plastering
1St floor designation d(m) W(m) L(m) unit wt wi Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
plastering (KN/m^3) (KN)
S-2 0.02 4.5 5.5 17 8.415 6 20 50.49 168.3
S-3 0.02 4.5 5.5 17 8.415 10 20 84.15 168.3
S-4 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 2 15.25 15.3 116.6625
S-5 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 6 15.25 45.9 116.6625
S-6 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 10 15.25 76.5 116.6625
S-7 0.02 1.25 5 17 2.125 0.5 10.75 1.0625 22.84375
S-8 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 3 10.75 22.95 82.2375
S-9 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 7 10.75 53.55 82.2375
S-10 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 11 10.75 84.15 82.2375
S-11 0.02 1.75 5 17 2.975 13.75 10.75 40.90625 31.98125
S-12 0.02 1.25 5 17 2.125 0.5 6.25 1.0625 13.28125
S-13 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 3 6.25 22.95 47.8125
S-14 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 7 6.25 53.55 47.8125
S-15 0.02 4.5 5 17 7.65 11 6.25 84.15 47.8125
S-16 0.02 1.75 5 17 2.975 13.5 6.25 40.1625 18.59375
S-17 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 2 2 13.77 13.77
S-18 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 6 2 41.31 13.77
S-19 0.02 4.5 4.5 17 6.885 10 2 68.85 13.77

SUM 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
187
wall
1stfloor desination length width depth unit wt Wi Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
wall
1 B-C 1.8 0.2 2.85 14 14.364 0 20 0 287.28
1 C-D 2.4 0.2 2.85 14 19.152 0 15.25 0 292.068

1 D-E 3.3 0.2 2.85 14 26.334 0 10.75 0 283.0905
1 E-F 3.3 0.2 2.85 14 26.334 0 6.25 0 164.5875

1 F-G 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 0 2 0 55.86
B 1-2 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 2 22.5 55.86 628.425
B 2-3 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 6 22.5 167.58 628.425
B 3-4 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 10 22.5 279.3 628.425
4 B-C 3.94 0.2 2.85 14 31.4412 12 20 377.2944 628.824
4 C-D 2.5 0.2 2.85 14 19.95 12 15.25 239.4 304.2375
4 D-E 1.61 0.2 2.85 14 12.8478 12 10.75 154.1736 138.11385
4 E-F 2.96 0.2 2.85 14 23.6208 12 6.25 283.4496 147.63
G 1-2 3.5 0.2 2.85 14 27.93 2 0 55.86 0
G 2-3 1.7 0.2 2.85 14 13.566 6 0 81.396 0
2 B-C 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 4 20 83.79 418.95
2 C-D 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 4 15.25 83.79 319.449375
2 D-E 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 4 10.75 95.76 257.355
2 E-F 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 4 6.25 95.76 149.625
2 F-G 2.77 0.15 2.85 14 16.57845 4 2 66.3138 33.1569
3 B-C 4.5 0.15 2.85 14 26.9325 8 20 215.46 538.65
3 C-D 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 15.25 191.52 365.085
3 D-E 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 10.75 191.52 257.355
3 E-F 4 0.15 2.85 14 23.94 8 6.25 191.52 149.625
3 F-G 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 8 2 167.58 41.895
C 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 17.5 41.895 366.58125
C 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 17.5 125.685 366.58125
C 3-4 2.8 0.15 2.85 14 16.758 10 17.5 167.58 293.265
D 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 13 41.895 272.3175
188
D 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 13 125.685 272.3175
D 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 13 209.475 272.3175

E 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 8.5 41.895 178.05375
E 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 8.5 125.685 178.05375
E 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 8.5 209.475 178.05375

F 1-2 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 2 4 41.895 83.79
F 2-3 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 6 4 125.685 83.79
F 3-4 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 4 209.475 83.79
B/n S 3 8.25 0.15 2.85 14 49.37625 10 20 493.7625 987.525
b/n s-4 12.35 0.1 2.85 14 49.2765 2 15.25 98.553 751.466625
b/n s-5 4.68 0.15 2.85 14 28.0098 6 15.25 168.0588 427.14945
b/n s-6 3.5 0.15 2.85 14 20.9475 10 15.25 209.475 319.449375
b/n s-7 1.4 0.15 2.85 14 8.379 0.5 10.75 4.1895 90.07425
b/n s-8 2.34 0.15 2.85 14 14.0049 3 10.75 42.0147 150.552675
b/n s-9 7.5 0.15 2.85 14 44.8875 7 10.75 314.2125 482.540625
b/n s-10 1.4 0.15 2.85 14 8.379 11 10.75 92.169 90.07425
b/n s-11 2 0.15 2.85 14 11.97 13.75 10.75 164.5875 128.6775
b/n s-12 1.3 0.15 2.85 14 7.7805 0.5 6.25 3.89025 48.628125
b/n s-13 2.46 0.15 2.85 14 14.7231 3 6.25 44.1693 92.019375
b/n s-14 7 0.15 2.85 14 41.895 7 6.25 293.265 261.84375
b/n s-16 1.3 0.15 2.85 14 7.7805 13.75 6.25 106.981875 48.628125
b/n s-18 4.14 0.15 2.85 14 24.7779 6 2 148.6674 49.5558
Sum 1132.6812 6727.648725 13275.2088
189
stair
Stair case desination length width Dead Wi(kN) Xi(m) Yi(m) WiXi(KNm) WiYi(KNm)
L(kN/m2)
Flight 1 1.82 1.3 4 9.464 2 20 18.928 189.28
Landing 1 1.6 1.55 5.69 14.1112 2 20 28.2224 282.224
Flight 2 1.5 1.55 4 9.3 2 20 18.6 186
Landing 2 1.6 1.55 5.69 14.1112 2 20 28.2224 282.224
Flight 3 1.82 1.3 4 9.464 2 20 18.928 189.28
sum 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
1st floor
Wi WiXi WiYi
Slab 1243 9963.6 15076.5
Beam 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
columun 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875
floor finshes 185.6025 1284.51375 1848.09375
Plaster 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
Wall 1132 6727.648725 13275.2088
Stair 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
Sum 3655.89 23991.30203 42166.93305
Center of
mass
1st floor
Wi WiXi WiYi
Slab 1243 9963.6 15076.5
Beam 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
columun 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875
floor finshes 185.6025 1284.51375 1848.09375
Plaster 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
Wall 1132 6727.648725 13275.2088
Stair 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
Sum 3655.89 23991.30203 42166.93305
190
Center of mass
shear wall
designation L(m) w(m) H(m) unit Wi(KN) Xi(m) Yi(m) wixi(KN.m) wiyi(KN.m)
wt(KN/m2)
wall 1 3.5 0.25 21.15 25 462.6563 2 22.5 925.3125 10409.7656
wall 2 3.5 0.25 21.15 25 462.6563 2 22.5 925.3125 10409.7656
wall 3 3.5 0.25 21.15 25 462.6563 2 22.5 925.3125 10409.7656
wall 4 3.5 0.25 21.15 25 462.6563 2 22.5 925.3125 10409.7656
wall 5 3.5 0.25 21.15 25 462.6563 2 22.5 925.3125 10409.7656
Sum 2313.281 4626.5625 52048.8281
191
G+ 0 floor
COLUMN Determination of center of mass
descrption length(m) width(m) thickness(m) unit weight(wi) distance(xi) distance(yi) wi*xi wi*yi
weight
B1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 22.11 0 414.5625
B2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 22.11 75 414.5625
B3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 22.11 150 414.5625
B4 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 12 22.11 225 414.5625
B5 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 16 22.11 300 414.5625
C1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 17.11 0 320.8125
C2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 17.11 75 320.8125
C3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 17.11 150 320.8125
C4 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 12 17.11 225 320.8125
C5 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 16 17.11 300 320.8125
D1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 12.61 0 236.4375
D2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 12.61 75 236.4375
D3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 12.61 150 236.4375
D4 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 12 12.61 225 236.4375
E1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 8.11 0 152.0625
E2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 8.11 75 152.0625
E3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 8.11 150 152.0625
E4 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 12 8.11 225 152.0625
E5 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 16 8.11 300 152.0625
192
F1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 3.61 0 67.6875
F2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 3.61 75 67.6875
F3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 3.61 150 67.6875
F4 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 12 3.61 225 67.6875
F5 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 16 3.61 300 67.6875
G1 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 0 0 0 0
G2 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 4 0 75 0
G3 3 0.5 0.5 25 18.75 8 0 150 0
SUM 506.25 3675 5306.813
193
GROUND FLOOR SLAB
SLAB
slab as awhole 16.75 22.61 0.15 25 1420.190625 8.375 11.31 11894.1 16062.36
HCB WALL OF
GROUND FLOOR
1BCDEFG 20.25 0.2 2.65 25 268.3125 0 10.125 0 2716.664
2BCDEFG 20.25 0.15 2.65 25 201.234375 4 10.125 804.9375 2037.498
3BCD-EFG 20.25 0.15 2.65 25 201.234375 8 10.125 1609.875 2037.498
4BCD-EFG 16.75 0.2 2.65 25 221.9375 12 8.375 2663.25 1858.727
B1234 10.5 0.2 2.65 25 139.125 5.25 5.25 730.4063 730.4063
C1234 10.5 0.15 2.65 25 104.34375 5.25 5.25 547.8047 547.8047
D1234D'D'' 13 0.15 2.65 25 129.1875 6.5 6.5 839.7188 839.7188
E1234E'E'' 13 0.15 2.65 25 129.1875 6.5 6.5 839.7188 839.7188
F1234F'F'' 13 0.15 2.65 25 129.1875 6.5 6.5 839.7188 839.7188
G123 7 0.2 2.65 25 92.75 3.5 3.5 324.625 324.625
SUM 1616.5 9200.055 12772.38
STAIR CASE
AXIS A-A 4 1.3 0.15 25 15 2 17.5 30 262.5
AXIS B-B 4 1.3 0.15 25 18.75 2.5 17.5 46.88 328.125
AXIS C-C 5 1.3 0.15 25 15 2 17.5 30 262.5
sum 48.75 106.88 853.125
194
CENTER OF MASS
FOR GRADE BEAM
descrption length(m width(m) thickness(m unit weight(wi) distance(xi distance(yi) wi*xi wi*yi
) ) weight )
B12 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 2 22.11 35 386.925
B23 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 6 22.11 105 386.925
B34 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10 22.11 175 386.925
B45 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 14 22.11 245 386.925
C12 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 2 17.11 35 299.425
C23 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 6 17.11 105 299.425
C34 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10 17.11 175 299.425
C45 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 14 17.11 245 299.425
0 0
D12 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 2 12.61 35 220.675
D23 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 6 12.61 105 220.675
D34 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10 12.61 175 220.675
D44' 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10.75 12.61 188.12 220.675
5
E12 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 2 8.11 35 141.925
E23 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 6 8.11 105 141.925
E34 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10 8.11 175 141.925
E44' 3.5 0.4 0.5 25 17.5 10.75 8.11 188.12 141.925
5
1BC 4.5 0.4 0.5 25 22.5 0 19.61 0 441.225
1CD 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 0 14.86 0 297.2
1DE 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 0 10.36 0 207.2
1EF 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 0 5.86 0 117.2
195
1FG 4.5 0.4 0.5 25 22.5 0 1.81 0 40.725
2BC 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 4 19.61 80 392.2
2CD 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 4 14.86 80 297.2
2DE 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 4 10.36 80 207.2
2FG 3.11 0.4 0.5 25 15.55 4 5.86 62.2 91.123
1.81 0 0
3BC 4.5 0.4 0.5 25 22.5 8 19.61 180 441.225
3CD 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 8 14.86 160 297.2
3DE 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 8 10.36 160 207.2
3EF 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 8 5.86 160 117.2
3FG 3.11 0.4 0.5 25 15.55 8 1.81 124.4 28.1455
4BC 4.5 0.4 0.5 25 22.5 12 19.61 270 441.225
4CD 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 12 14.86 240 297.2
4DE 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 12 10.36 240 207.2
4EF 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 12 5.86 240 117.2
5BC 4.5 0.4 0.5 25 22.5 12 19.61 270 441.225
D'E' 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 13.5 10.36 270 207.2
E'F' 4 0.4 0.5 25 20 13.5 5.86 270 117.2
sum 703.6 5012.8 9206.49
5 4
196
Foundation column
column disignation L(M) W(M) d(M) UNIGHT WEIGHT WI xi(m) yi(m) Wixi(knm) wiyi(knm)
foundation column axis 1-B 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 22.5 0 303.75
Axis 2-B 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 22.5 54 303.75
AXIS 3-B 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 22.5 108 303.75
AXIS 4-B 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 12 22.5 162 303.75
AXIS 1-C 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 17.5 0 236.25
AXIS 2-C 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 17.5 54 236.25
AXIS 3-C 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 17.5 108 236.25
AXIS 4-C 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 12 17.5 162 236.25
AXIS 1-D 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 13 0 175.5
AXIS 2-D 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 13 54 175.5
AXIS 3-D 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 13 108 175.5
AXIS 4-D 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 12 13 162 175.5
AXIS 1-E 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 8.5 0 114.75
AXIS 2-E 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 8.5 54 114.75
AXIS 3-E 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 8.5 108 114.75
AXIS 4-E 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 12 8.5 162 114.75
AXIS 1-F 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 4 0 54
AXIS 2-F 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 4 54 54
AXIS 3-F 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 4 108 54
AXIS 4-F 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 12 4 162 54
AXIS 1-G 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 0 0 0 0
AXIS 2-G 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 4 0 54 0
AXIS 3-G 1.5 0.6 0.6 25 13.5 8 0 108 0
SUM 310.5 1782 3537
197
G+0 Floor
Wi WiXi WiYi
Slab 1243 9963.6 15076.5
Beam 451.5 2750.625 4966.5
columun 409.6875 2351.25 4666.875 chang
floor finshes 185.6025 1284.51375 1848.09375
Plaster 109.65 800.76375 1204.7475
Wall 1132 6727.648725 13275.2088
Stair 56.4504 112.9008 1129.008
Sum 3655.89 23991.30203 42166.93305
Center of
mass
Determination of center of mass of frame system

Center of mass is a point on floor level which whole mass and its inertial effect can replace using
Equivalent mass.
Xm and Ym the coordinates of the point of application Fi when the seismic action is parallal to
ydirectionand x-direction respectively.
198
Summary of center of mass
ΣW ΣWiXi ΣWiYi Xm Ym
Ground 4590.543 31974.16 46690.433 6.965225243 10.17101
1st 4141.77 24808.98 46741.753 5.989946238 11.28545
2nd-6th 3655.89 23991.3 42166.933 6.562369054 11.53397
Shear wall 2313.281 4626.563 52048.828 2.000000216 22.5
foundation 310.5 1782 3537 5.739130435 11.3913
column
Total Wt. of 15011.98
structure
Base shear force

From the weight calculated above the value of 𝐹 and𝐹 Σ =26285.6133 𝑁
𝐹 =( ) =0.0704 15011.98 =1056.8 𝑁
𝐹 =0.07 𝑇1 𝐹 ≤0.25
=0.07 0.74 1056.8≤0.25×1056.8
=54.74 𝑁≤264.2 𝑁………… !
Distribution of horizontal seismic force
Where:-
Fi =concentrated lateral force acting at floor n
Ft= concentrated force at top which is addition to Fn
Ft= 0.07 T1 Fb
Wi =portion of total weight located at level n
Hi=height above the base to level i
199
N =no of store
Location Hi(m) wi(kn) WiHi(knm) Fb(kn) Ft(kn) (fb-ft) (fb-ft)wihi

Fi=(fb-
ft)wihi/wihi
GROUND 3.15 4590.543 14460.21045 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 14490576.89 39.61429035
FIRST 6.15 4141.77 25471.8855 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 25525376.46 69.78118828
FLOOR
SECOND 9.15 3655.89 33451.3935 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 33521641.43 91.64135054
FLOOR
Shear distribution over the height of the building
200
THIRD 12.15 3655.89 44419.0635 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 44512343.53 121.687695
FLOOR
FORTH 15.15 3655.89 55386.7335 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 55503045.64 151.7340394
FLOOR
FIFTH 18.15 3655.89 66354.4035 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 66493747.75 181.7803839
FLOOR
ROOF 21.15 3655.89 77322.0735 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 77484449.85 211.8267283
LEVEL
Shear 21.15 2313.281 48925.89315 1056.84 54.74 1002.1 49028637.53 134.0343243
wall
Total 365791.6566
Where:
Xi, Yi = coordinates of the shear center of the frame element
Dix, Diy = lateral stiffness of a particular element along X and Y axes,
respectively.
The rigidity, D of a column has a relation with:
- Stiffness of the column itself
- Stiffness of upper and lower beams
- Heights of upper and lower columns
- Upper and lower shear forces
- Location of storey
D = a Kc
Where:
Kc = column stiffness
a = factor depending on boundary conditions
The earthquake calculation has to be made in two orthogonal direction of the building system.
a) Column Stiffness
The column stiffness Kxc and Kyc for rectangular can be calculated as
201
Where, b = width of the column
h = depth of the column
L = height of the column
b) Beam Stiffness
Beam stiffness can be calculated as
Where, b = width of the beam

h = depth of the beam
L = length of the beam
c) Calculation of D-value
Using tabular form, calculations of k, a and D-values of the columns in each frame in the X
Direction can be calculated.
Dixc= a kixc and Diyc= a kiyc a is a coefficient which depends on the nature of connection of
The column considered on its top and bottom ends in addition to the stiffness of the beams
Connected to it. And it is calculated as
202
Based on th
The direct shear forces are
203
204
Axis B
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142

Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.087684 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

5th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 3rd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 2nd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.087684 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

1st 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
3253.485678 Ḱ 0.949031 1.898062 1.898062 0.949031

G+0
a 0.321811 0.615193 0.615193 0.321811
D 558.6995 1068.043 1068.043 558.6995
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
9557.035539 Kcx 7200 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689 0.165344

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413 0.30727
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177 2212.341
Figure 16 :D value for fram on axis B
205
Axis C
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142

Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.087684 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

5th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 3rd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.087684 2nd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.087684 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

1st 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
3253.485678 Ḱ 0.949031 1.898062 1.898062 0.949031

G+0
a 0.321811 0.615193 0.615193 0.321811
D 558.6995 1068.043 1068.043 558.6995
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
9557.035539 Kcx 7200 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689 0.165344

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413 0.30727
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177 2212.341
Figure 17:D-value for frame on axis c
206
Axis D
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142

Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.088 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

5th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 3rd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 2nd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.088 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

1st 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
3253.486 Ḱ 0.949031 1.898062 1.898062 0.949031

G+0
a 0.321811 0.615193 0.615193 0.321811
D 558.6995 1068.043 1068.043 558.6995
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
9557.036 Kcx 7200 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689 0.165344

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413 0.30727
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177 2212.341
Figure 18:D-value for frame on axis D
207
Axis E
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142

Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.849327

3068.743 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48
3068.743 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.849327

5th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.849327

3068.743 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.849327

3068.743 3rd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.849327

3068.743 2nd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1076.48 1076.48
2794.732 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.698655 0.849327

1st 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.594447 0.47356
D 731.1225 913.9213 639.9105 509.7778
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1076.48
3161.46 Ḱ 0.949031 1.898062 1.898062 1.530564

G+0
a 0.321811 0.615193 0.615193 0.433518
D 558.6995 1068.043 1068.043 466.6738
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
9557.036 Kcx 7200 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689 0.165344

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413 0.30727
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177 2212.341
Figure 19:D-value for frame on axis E
208
Axis F
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142

Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.088 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

5th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 3rd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

3290.088 2nd 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
3290.088 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 1.000595 0.500298

1st 4th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
3253.486 Ḱ 0.949031 1.898062 1.898062 0.949031

G+0
a 0.321811 0.615193 0.615193 0.321811
D 558.6995 1068.043 1068.043 558.6995
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
9557.036 Kcx 7200 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689 0.165344

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413 0.30727
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177 2212.341
Figure 20:D-value for frame on axis F
209
AXIS G
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

2376.166 6th
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
2376.166 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

5TH
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

2376.166 4TH
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

2376.166 3rd
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

2376.166 2nd
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1827.48 1827.48 1827.48
2376.166 Ḱ 0.500298 1.000595 0.500298

1st
a 0.400071 0.500099 0.400071
D 731.1225 913.9213 731.1225
kb 457.142 457.142 457.142
Kcx 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
2574.331 Ḱ 0.949031 1.000595 0.949031

1st G+0
a 0.491358 0.500099 0.491358
D 853.0521 868.2272 853.0521
kb 1190.48 1190.48 1190.48
7344.695 Kcx 7200 7200 7200
Ḱ 0.165344 0.330689 0.330689

foun
a 0.30727 0.356413 0.356413
D 2212.341 2566.177 2566.177
Figure 21:D-value for frame on axis G
210
AXIS 1
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14

Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.875518 0.938052 0.500293

3647.42 6th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.478355 0.489458 0.333377
D 680.1091 691.67 703.0002 703.0002 717.2404 152.3998
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.875518 0.938052 0.500293

4104.263 5 th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.478355 0.489458 0.333377
D 680.1091 691.67 703.0002 703.0002 717.2404 609.2426
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.875518 0.938052 0.500293

4104.263 4 th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.478355 0.392473 0.333377
D 680.1091 691.67 703.0002 703.0002 717.2404 609.2426
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.875518 0.938052 0.500293

3996.265 3 rd
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.478355 0.333377 0.333377
D 680.1091 691.67 703.0002 703.0002 609.243 609.2426
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14

Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.875518 0.938052 0.500293

3996.265 2 nd
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.478355 0.333377 0.333377
D 680.1091 691.67 703.0002 703.0002 609.2426 609.2426
kb 355.56 400 400 400 457.14
Kcy 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11
Ḱ 0.738133 1.568535 1.660805 1.660805 2.278629 1.448226

3978.487 1st
a 0.452181 0.384035 0.590254 0.590254 0.64942 0.337255
D 785.0368 666.7268 677.8506 677.8506 585.5112 585.5112
kb 925.92 1041.67 1041.67 1041.67 2057.14
Kcy 3472.22 3472.22 3472.22 3472.22 3472.22 3472.22
Ḱ 0.266665 0.566666 0.600002 0.600002 0.892458 0.592457

7723.991
a 0.338235 0.347826 0.347826 0.347826 0.421398 0.421398
D 1174.427 1207.73 1207.73 1207.73 1463.187 1463.187
Figure 22:D-value for frame on axis -1
211
212
Axis 3
Figure 24 :D- value for frames on axis -3
213
AXIS 4
kb 355.56 400 400 400

Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 306796.2 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.005215 0.437759

80412.56261 6th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.478355 0.251951 0.384681
D 680.1091 857.7876 874.1886 77297.48 703.0002
kb 355.56 400 400 400
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 306796.2 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.005215 0.437759

80241.38667 5th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.173882 0.251951 0.384681
D 680.1091 857.7876 703.0002 77297.49 703.0002
kb 355.56 400 400 400
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 306796.2 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.005215 0.437759

80241.37417 4th
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.173882 0.251951 0.384681
D 680.1091 857.7876 703.0002 77297.48 703.0002
kb 355.56 400 400 400
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 306796.2 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.656638 0.005215 0.437759

80241.37417 3rd
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.188208 0.251951 0.384681
D 680.1091 857.7876 703.0002 77297.48 703.0002
kb 355.56 400 400 400
Kcy 1827.49 1827.49 1827.49 306796.2 1827.49
Ḱ 0.389124 0.826883 0.875518 0.005215 0.437759

80241.37397 2nd
a 0.372155 0.46938 0.173882 0.251951 0.384681
D 680.1091 857.7876 703 77297.48 703.0002
kb 355.56 400 400 400
Kcy 1736.11 1736.11 1736.11 306796.2 1736.11
Ḱ 0.738133 1.56853 1.660793 0.009883 0.916111

776713.8503 1st
a 0.452181 0.579659 0.590253 2.519766 0.485616
D 785.0368 1006.351 1024.744 773054.6 843.0834
kb 925.92 1041.66 1041.66 1190.47
Kcy 7200 7200 7200 636172.5 7200
Ḱ 0.1286 0.273275 0.28935 0.003509 0.165343

169148.9398
a 0.295311 0.340159 0.344792 0.251313 0.307269
D 2126.243 2449.145 2482.504 159878.7 2212.338
214
5.6. Direct Shear Force Distribution
The direct shear force distribution is calculated as follow below
Where;
Qix and Qiy Shear force at each frame level along X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
Dix and Diy D-value of frame at each level on their respective axis
ΣDix and ΣDiy Total D-value of the story
Direct shear force calculation in X & Y direction

Direct shear forces in
theXdirection
Direct shear force calculation in X & Y direction

Level Ground 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Storey Shear 39.61429035 69.78118828 91.64135054 121.687695 151.7340394 181.7803839 211.8267283
215
Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor
Axis Dx Qx Dx Qx Dx Qx
B 3253.49 6.873943286 3290.088 12.5237685 3290.088 16.20483978
C 3253.49 6.873943286 3290.088 12.5237685 3290.088 16.20483978
D 3253.49 6.873943286 3290.088 12.5237685 3290.088 16.20483978
E 3161.46 6.679503162 2794.732 10.63818858 3068.743 15.11463785
F 3253.486 6.873934835 3290.88 12.52678326 3290.88 16.20874065
G 2574.331 5.439022494 2376.166 9.044910929 2376.166 11.70345271
SUM 18749.747 18332.042 18606.053
3rd floor 4th floor 5th floor 6th floor

Dx Qx Dx Qx Dx Qx Dx Qx
3290.088 21.517902 3290.088 26.83096 3290.088 32.14402645 3290.088 37.45709
3290.088 21.517902 3290.088 26.83096 3290.088 32.14402645 3290.088 37.45709
3290.088 21.517902 3290.088 26.83096 3290.088 32.14402645 3290.088 37.45709
3068.743 20.07025683 3068.743 25.02588 3068.743 29.98149477 3068.743 34.93711
3290.88 21.52308186 3290.88 26.83742 3290.88 32.15176425 3290.88 37.46611
2376.166 15.54065032 2376.166 19.37785 2376.166 23.21504554 2376.166 27.05224
18606.053 18606.05 18606.053 18606.05
5.7. Determination of Centre of stiffness and Design Eccentricity Center of

Stiffness
Centre of stiffness (𝑋 ,): is a point where the stiffness or strength of the floor is concentrated.
The centre of rigidity for each floor is given by the following equation.
216
Where: 𝑑 are shear distribution coefficient or D-value for X and Y
direction respectively.
Shear center (𝑋 ,) are points where the centre of stiffness of the column and
beam is located.
Stiffness ratio:
Stiffness ratio for a member is given by:
, where I = moment of inertia and L = length of a member
Table: Center of stiffness X and Y direction
Frames in X-direction
Ground 1st floor 2nd floor

Axis Y Dx (Dx)Y Dx (Dx)Y Dx (Dx)Y
B 0 3253.49 0 3290.088 0 3290.088 0
C 5 3253.49 16267.45 3290.088 16450.44 3290.088 16450.44
D 9.5 3253.49 30908.155 3290.088 31255.836 3290.088 31255.836
E 14 3161.46 44260.44 2794.732 39126.248 3068.743 42962.402
217
F 18.5 3253.486 60189.491 3290.88 60881.28 3290.88 60881.28
G 22.5 2574.331 57922.4475 2376.166 53463.735 2376.166 53463.735
SUM SUM 18749.747 209547.9835 18332.042 201177.539 18606.053 205013.693
Ys 11.17604326 Ys 10.97409328 Ys 11.01865576

= = =
3rd floor 4th floor 5th floor 6th floor

Dx (Dx)Y Dx (Dx)Y Dx (Dx)Y Dx (Dx)Y
B).3290.088 0 3290.088 0 3290.088 0 3290.088 0
C).3290.088 16450.44 3290.088 16450.44 3290.088 16450.44 3290.088 16450.44
D).3290.088 31255.84 3290.088 31255.836 3290.088 31255.84 3290.088 31255.84
E).3068.743 42962.4 3068.743 42962.402 3068.743 42962.4 3068.743 42962.4
F). 3290.88 60881.28 3290.88 60881.28 3290.88 60881.28 3290.88 60881.28
G).2376.166 53463.74 2376.166 53463.735 2376.166 53463.74 2376.166 53463.74
Sun) 205013.7 18606.05 205013.693 18606.053 205013.7 18606.05 205013.7
18606.053
11.01866 Ys 11.01865576 Ys = 11.01866 Ys = 11.01866
Ys= =
218
6th floor
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 36.42 0 0
axis 2 43.63 4 174.52
axis 3 813.351 8 6506.81
axis 4 804.125 12 9649.5
sum 1697.526 16330.8
xs 9.620369879
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 41.04 0 0
axis 2 49.11 4 196.44
axis 3 813.351 8 6506.81 fifth floor
axis 4 802.41 12 9628.92
sum 1705.911 16332.2
xs 9.573868742
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 41.04 0 0
axis 2 49.11 4 196.44
axis 3 817.17 8 6537.36 forth floor
axis 4 802.41 12 9628.92
sum 1709.73 16362.7
xs 9.570353214
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 39.96 0 0
axis 2 49.11 4 196.44
axis 3 813.35 8 6506.8 third floor
axis 4 802.41 12 9628.92
sum 1704.83 16332.2
xs 9.579934656
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 39.96 0 0
axis 2 49.11 4 196.44 second floor
axis 3 813.35 8 6506.8
axis 4 802.41 12 9628.92
sum 1704.83 16332.2 xs
xs 9.579934656
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 39.78 0 0
axis 2 59.49 4 237.96
axis 3 828.58 8 6628.64 first floor
axis 4 7767.13 12 93205.6
sum 8694.98 100072
xs 11.50918806
LOCATION Dy x Dy*x
axis1 77.23 0 0
axis 2 86.9 4 347.6
axis 3 1716.18 8 13729.4 ground floor
axis 4 1691.48 12 20297.8
sum 3571.79 34374.8
xs 9.623970054
219
5.8. Determination of Design Eccentricity
In addition to the actual eccentricity, in order to account for uncertainties in the location of
masses and in the spatial variation of the seismic motion, the calculated center of mass at each
floor i shall be considered as being displaced from its nominal location in each direction by an
accidental eccentricity:
Where: is accidental eccentricity of story mass is from its normal location, applied in the same
direction at all floors,
: Floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action.
Ea=±0.005Li
Where Ea: is accidental eccentricity of storey mass i from its normal location, applied in the
same direction at all floors,
Li: Floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action.
I.e. ea= {±0.05Lx, When the earth quake is in the y−direction
±0.05Ly, when the earth quake is in the x−direction
Actual eccentricities: =𝑋 − 𝑋
=𝑌 −𝑌
Design eccentricities: 𝑑 = +
𝑑 = +
Where: - , are accidental eccentricities in the x and y directions respectively
220
floor level ground first second third forth fifth sixth
Lx 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5
LY 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
xm 6.965222 5.9899 6.562 6.562 6.562 6.562 6.562
ym 10.171 11.285 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397
xs 9.2639 11.509 9.57998 9.57998 9.5703 9.5738 9.6203
exa,cal 2.298678 5.5191 3.01798 3.01798 3.0083 3.0118 3.0583
exa 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
eya 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125
edx 2.898678 6.6441 4.14298 4.14298 4.1333 4.1368 4.1833
Design Icities in X-
EccentricityFloorLx( direction
floor Ground 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
level
Lx 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Ly 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5
Xm 6.965225243 5.989946238 6.562369054 6.562369054 6.562369054 6.562369054 6.562369054
Ym 10.17101 11.28545 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397 11.53397
Ys 11.17604326 10.97409328 11.01865576 11.01865576 11.01865576 11.01865576 11.01865576
ey,calc 1.005033255 0.311356716 0.515314243 0.515314243 0.515314243 0.515314243 0.515314243
Eya 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125 1.125
Edy 2.130033255 1.436356716 1.640314243 1.640314243 1.640314243 1.640314243 1.640314243
221
5.9. Calculation of shear correction factor
When the shear center and mass Centre do not coincide, torsion will be developed due to the
lateral forces. This is also somehow amplified by the inherent existence of accidental
eccentricities. As a result the direct shear forces obtained above need to be corrected to take this
effect. The corrected shear force on the frame is obtained for torsion correction by a factor. The
shear correction factors are calculated using the following expression:
Where: are D-value moment of inertia, & are the design eccentricity in x & y direction
respectively.
The shear correction factors are calculated using the following expression:-
D-value moment of inertia, Jy
222
ground floor
axis xi dy xs (xs-xi) dy(xs-xi)^2
1 0 7723.291 9.62397 9.62397 715337.3799
2 4 8690.212 9.62397 5.62397 274863.0505
3 8 171618.0649 9.62397 1.62397 452604.6432
4 12 169148.989 9.62397 -2.37603 954933.757
sum(JY) 2397738.831
firstfloor
1 0 3978.48 11.509188 11.509188 526995.0642
2 4 8690.212 11.509188 7.509188 490022.8436
3 8 82858.69 11.509188 3.509188 1020355.087
4 12 776713.85 11.509188 -0.490812 187107.5853
sum(JY) 2224480.58
second floor
1 0 3996.265 9.57993 9.57993 366757.4554
2 4 4911.877 9.57993 5.57993 152934.3299
3 8 81335.178 9.57993 1.57993 203027.1474
4 12 80241.373 9.57993 -2.42007 469952.763
sum(JY) 1192671.696
third floor
1 0 3996.265 9.57993 9.57993 366757.4554
2 4 4911.877 9.57993 5.57993 152934.3299
3 8 81335.178 9.57993 1.57993 203027.1474
4 12 80241.373 9.57993 -2.42007 469952.763
sum(JY) 1192671.696
six floor
1 0 3647.42 9.6203698 9.6203698 337574.2472
2 4 4363.6409 9.6203698 5.6203698 137841.1179
3 8 81335.178 9.6203698 1.6203698 213553.5042
4 12 80412.545 9.6203698 -2.3796302 455347.2849
sum(JY) 1144316.154
D-value moment of inertia, Jx
223
shear correction factor
D-value moment of inertia, a ,Jx
no.of axis in X-direction 6
Floor level Ground 1st floor
Axis Y Dx Ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2 Dx Ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2
B 0 3253.49 11.17604326 11.17604326 406373.729 3290.088 10.97409328 10.97409328 396227.7
C 5 3253.49 11.17604326 6.176043255 124099.5293 3290.088 10.97409328 5.974093284 117422.6
D 9.5 3253.49 11.17604326 1.676043255 9139.447063 3290.088 10.97409328 1.474093284 7149.2
E 14 3161.46 11.17604326 -2.82395674 25211.79527 2794.732 10.97409328 -3.025906716 25588.88
F 18.5 3253.486 11.17604326 -7.32395674 174518.103 3290.88 10.97409328 -7.525906716 186393
G 22.5 2574.331 11.17604326 -11.3239567 330111.6034 2376.166 10.97409328 -11.52590672 315665.4
Sum(Jx) 1069454.207 1048447
2nd floor
Dx ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2
(B) 3290.088 11.01865576 11.01865576 399452.1
(C) 3290.088 11.01865576 6.018655757 119180.9
(D) 3290.088 11.01865576 1.518655757 7587.98
(E) 3068.743 11.01865576 -2.981344243 27276.26
(F) 3290.88 11.01865576 -7.481344243 184192.2
(G) 2376.166 11.01865576 -11.48134424 313229.2
SUM(Jx) 1050919
224
Floor level 3rd floor 4th floor
Axis Y Dx Ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2 Dx ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2
B 0 3290.088 11.01865576 11.0186557 399452.1329 3290.088 11.01865576 11.01865576 399452.1
6
C 5 3290.088 11.01865576 6.01865575 119180.8621 3290.088 11.01865576 6.018655757 119180.9
7
D 9.5 3290.088 11.01865576 1.51865575 7587.980318 3290.088 11.01865576 1.518655757 7587.98
7
E 14 3068.743 11.01865576 -2.98134424 27276.2567 3068.743 11.01865576 - 27276.26
2.981344243
F 18.5 3290.88 11.01865576 -7.48134424 184192.2375 3290.88 11.01865576 - 184192.2
7.481344243
G 22.5 2376.166 11.01865576 -11.4813442 313229.2095 2376.166 11.01865576 - 313229.2
11.48134424
Sum(Jx) 1050918.679 1050919
Floor level 5th floor 6th floor

Axis Y Dx Ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2 Dx ys Ys-Yi Dx(Ys-Yi)2
B 0 3290.088 11.01865576 11.01865576 399452.1329 3290.088 11.01865576 11.01865576 399452.1
C 5 3290.088 11.01865576 6.018655757 119180.8621 3290.088 11.01865576 6.018655757 119180.9
D 9.5 3290.088 11.01865576 1.518655757 7587.980318 3290.088 11.01865576 1.518655757 7587.98
E 14 3068.743 11.01865576 -2.98134424 27276.2567 3068.743 11.01865576 -2.981344243 27276.26
F 18.5 3290.88 11.01865576 -7.48134424 184192.2375 3290.88 11.01865576 -7.481344243 184192.2
G 22.5 2376.166 11.01865576 -11.4813442 313229.2095 2376.166 11.01865576 -11.48134424 313229.2
Sum(Jx) 1050918.679 1050919
225
D-value moment of inertia, Jr
sum(JY) 1144316.154
ground first second third forth fifth sixth
JY 2397738.831 2224480.58 1192671.696 1192671.696 1203522.649 120576.959 1144316.154
JX 1069454.207 1048446.752 1050918.679 1050918.679 1050918.679 1050918.679 1050918.679
JR 3467193.038 3272927.332 2243590.375 2243590.375 2254441.328 1171495.638 2195234.833
226
Calculation of shear correction factor,
Level Ground 1st
Axis Y Dx edy Jr α,xi Dx edy Jr α,xi
B 0 3253.49 2.130033255 3467193.038 1 3290.088 1.436356716 3272927.232 1
C 5 3253.49 2.130033255 3467193.038 1.009993735 3290.088 1.436356716 3272927.232 1.007219
D 9.5 3253.49 2.130033255 3467193.038 1.018988097 3290.088 1.436356716 3272927.232 1.013717
E 14 3161.46 2.130033255 3467193.038 1.027190932 2794.732 1.436356716 3272927.232 1.017171
F 18.5 3253.486 2.130033255 3467193.038 1.036976775 3290.88 1.436356716 3272927.232 1.026718
G 22.5 2574.331 2.130033255 3467193.038 1.035584041 2376.166 1.436356716 3272927.232 1.023463
227
Level 2nd 3rd
B 0 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1
C 5 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.012027102 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.012027
D 9.5 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.022851494 3290.088 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.022851
E 14 3068.743 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.031410297 3068.743 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.03141
F 18.5 3290.88 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.044510991 3290.88 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.044511
G 22.5 2376.166 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.03908794 2376.166 1.640314243 2243590.375 1.039088
Level 4th 5th
B 0 3290.088 1.640314243 2254441.328 1 3290.088 1.640314243 2253495.638 1
C 5 3290.088 1.640314243 2254441.328 1.011969214 3290.088 1.640314243 2253495.638 1.011974
D 9.5 3290.088 1.640314243 2254441.328 1.022741507 3290.088 1.640314243 2253495.638 1.022751
E 14 3068.743 1.640314243 2254441.328 1.031259115 3068.743 1.640314243 2253495.638 1.031272
F 18.5 3290.88 1.640314243 2254441.328 1.044296753 3290.88 1.640314243 2253495.638 1.044315
G 22.5 2376.166 1.640314243 2254441.328 1.038899804 2376.166 1.640314243 2253495.638 1.038916
Level 6th
Axis Y Dx edy Jr α,xi
B 0 3290.088 1.640314243 2195235.154 1
C 5 3290.088 1.640314243 2195235.154 1.012292028
D 9.5 3290.088 1.640314243 2195235.154 1.023354852
E 14 3068.743 1.640314243 2195235.154 1.032102183
228
F 18.5 3290.88 1.640314243 2195235.154 1.04549145
G 22.5 2376.166 1.640314243 2195235.154 1.039948944
Calculation of shear correction factor,
ground floor
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 7723.291 1 2.898678
2 4 8690.212 1.02906 2.898678
3 8 171618.0649 2.148 2.898678
4 12 169148.989 2.696 2.898678
first floor
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 3978.48 1 6.6441
2 4 8690.212 1.0705 6.6441
3 8 82858.69 2.3456 6.6441
4 12 776713.85 1.2847 6.6441
second floo r
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 3996.265 1 4.14298
2 4 4911.877 1.03628 4.14298
3 8 81335.178 2.201538 4.14298
4 12 80241.373 2.77777 4.14298
third floo r
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 3996.265 1 4.14298
2 4 4911.877 1.03628 4.14298
3 8 81335.178 2.201538 4.14298
4 12 80241.373 2.778 4.14298
229
4th floor
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 4104.263 1 4.1333
2 4 4911.877256 1.03602 4.1333
3 8 81717.86198 2.19857 4.1333
4 12 80241.37417 2.76537 4.1333
5th floor
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 4104.263 1 4.1368
2 4 4911.877256 1.017344 4.1368
3 8 81335.17812 3.29769 4.1368
4 12 80241.38667 4.40019 4.1368
6th floor
Axis x dy αyi edx
1 0 3647.42 1 4.1833
2 4 4363.6409 1.03326 4.1833
3 8 81335.178 2.2399 4.1833
4 12 80412.545 2.8388 4.1833
Corrected Shear Values
Corrected Shear Values in X-direction:

Floor Ground 1st floor
Axis QX αxi Qcor QX αxi Qcor
B 6.873943286 1 6.873943286 12.5237685 1 12.5237685
C 6.873943286 1.009993735 6.942639656 12.5237685 1.007219439 12.61418309
D 6.873943286 1.018988097 7.004466389 12.5237685 1.013716935 12.69555622
E 6.679503162 1.027190932 6.861125076 10.63818858 1.017170944 10.82085632
F 6.873934835 1.036976775 7.128110778 12.52678326 1.026718356 12.86147832
G 5.439022494 1.035584041 5.632564894 9.044910929 1.023463093 9.257132512
230
2nd floor 3rd floor
QX Αxi Qcor QX αxi Qcor
A).16.20483978 1 16.20484 21.5179 1 21.517902
B).16.20483978 1.012027102 16.39974 21.5179 1.012027102 21.77670001
C).16.20483978 1.022851494 16.57514 21.5179 1.022851494 22.00961822
D).15.11463785 1.031410297 15.58939 20.07026 1.031410297 20.70066955
E).16.20874065 1.044510991 16.93021 21.52308 1.044510991 22.48109556
F).11.70345271 1.03908794 12.16092 15.54065 1.03908794 16.14810233
flo 4th 5th 6th

or floor floor floor
Ax QX Αxi Qcor QX αxi Qcor QX αxi Qcor
is
B 26.8309 1 26.8309 32.1440 1 32.1440 37.4570 1 37.45
6421 6421 2645 2645 8866 709
C 26.8309 1.01196 27.1521 32.1440 1.01197 32.5289 37.4570 1.01229 37.91
6421 9214 0977 2645 4237 2664 8866 2028 751
D 26.8309 1.02274 27.4411 32.1440 1.02275 32.8753 37.4570 1.02335 38.33
6421 1507 4077 2645 105 3681 8866 4852 189
E 25.0258 1.03125 25.8081 29.9814 1.03127 30.9190 34.9371 1.03210 36.05
7579 9115 6251 9477 2233 8305 1373 2183 867
F 26.8374 1.04429 28.0262 32.1517 1.04431 33.5765 37.4661 1.04549 39.17
2305 6753 3375 6425 5342 807 0545 145 049
G 19.3778 1.03889 20.1316 23.2150 1.03891 24.1184 27.0522 1.03994 28.13
4792 9804 4241 4554 6129 8524 4314 8944 295
231
Corrected shear values in y direction
ground floor
axis diy Σdiy v Qi αyi Qcor=Qi*ayi
1 7723.991 357181.2077 39.6142 0.856651239 1 0.856651239
2 8690.212 357181.2077 39.6142 0.963812734 1.02906 0.991821132
3 171618.0649 357181.2077 39.6142 19.03379069 2.148 40.88458241
4 169148.9398 357181.2077 39.6142 18.75994533 2.696 50.57681262
first floor
1 3978.487 869500.266 69.7811 0.319290528 1 1.3345678
2 5949.239 869500.266 69.7811 0.477451771 1.0705 1.00234
3 82858.69027 869500.266 69.7811 6.649762832 2.3456 52.23356
4 776713.85 869500.266 69.7811 62.33459489 1.2847 80.08125406
second floor
1 3996.265 170484.69 91.6414 2.148130248 1 2.148130248
2 4911.877 170484.69 91.6414 2.640303272 1.03628 2.736093475
3 81335.178 170484.69 91.6414 43.720463 2.201538 96.25226067
4 80241.37 170484.69 91.6414 43.13250348 2.77777 119.8121742
232
forth floor
1 4104.263 170592.688 151.734 3.650544753 1 3.650544753
2 4911.877 170592.688 151.734 4.368878605 1.03602 4.526245612
3 81335.178 170592.688 151.734 72.34373315 2.19857 159.0527614
4 80241.37 170592.688 151.734 71.37084349 2.76537 197.3667895
fifth floor
1 4104.263 170592.688 181.7803 4.37342402 1 4.37342402
2 4911.877 170592.688 181.7803 5.234002026 1.017344 5.324780557
3 81335.178 170592.688 181.7803 86.6692074 3.29769 285.8081786
4 80241.37 170592.688 181.7803 85.50366655 4.40019 376.2323785
sixth floor
1 3647.42 170135.845 181.7803 3.897057095 1 3.897057095
2 4911.877 170135.845 181.7803 5.248056191 1.03326 5.14567805
3 81335.178 170135.845 181.7803 86.90192862 2.2399 194.6516299
4 80241.37 170135.845 181.7803 85.7332581 2.8388 243.3795731
FRAME ON DIFFERENTAXISES
233
AXIS 1
3.89 KN RL
3.89KN 6TH
4.37 KN 5TH
3.6505 KN 4TH
2.852 KN 3TH
2.148 KN 2TH
1.3345 KN 1ST
0.8567 KN GF
BASE
Figure 26:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -1
234
AXIS 2
5.1456 KN RL
5.1456 KN 6TH
5.3427 KN 5TH
4.5267 KN 4TH
3.6637 KN 3TH
2.736 KN 2TH
1.0034 KN 1ST
0.9918KN GF
BASE
Figure 27:corrected shear values on the frame on axis -2
235
AXIS 3
243.379 KN RL
243.379 KN 6TH
285.085 KN 5TH
159.052 KN 4TH
127.170 KN 3TH
96.2552 KN 2TH
52.2336 KN 1ST
40.885 KN GF
BASE
Figure 28:corrected shear values on the frame on axis 3
236
AXIS 4
243.379 KN RL
243.379 KN 6TH
376.273 KN 5TH
197.367 KN 4TH
159.081 KN 3TH
119.812 KN 2TH
80.081 KN 1ST
50.576 KN GF
BASE
Figure 29: corrected shear value on the frame on axis -4
237
FRAME ON AXIS B IN KN
37.45709KN
37.45709
32.1444
26.831
21.5179
16.20484
12.5238
6.873943
Figure 30:corrected shear values on the frame on axis -B
238
Frame axis on c
37.9175
37.9175
32.52589
27.15211
21.777
16.39974
12.61418
6.9426
Figure 31: corrected shear values on the frame on axis -c
239
frame on Axis D
38.332
38.332
32.875
27.444
22.0096
16.57514
12.6958
7.0045
Figure 32: corrected shear value on the frame on axis -D
240
Frame on Axis E
36.05867
36.05867
30.919
25.808
20.7
15.5894
10.8208
6.8611
Figure 33: Corrected shear value on the frame on axis -E
241
Frame on Axis F
39.17
39.17
33.5766
28.02623
22.481
16.93021
12.8614
7.128
Figure 34:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -F
242
Frame on Axis G
28.133
28.133
24.1185
20.1316
16.148
12.1609
9.257
5.6325
Figure 35:Corrected shear values on the frame on axis -G
243
CHAPTER –SIX
FRAME ANALYSIS AND OUT PUT
3-D View
Modeling for 3D Frame Analysis Using SAP v.14.0.00.1

Figure 36:3-D value from frame analysis
244
Step 1: Plot Grid Coordinates
- Plot grid Coordinates that represent the given structural design.
Step 2: Define Material

- We define two types of material those are C-25 Concrete and S-300 Rebar with their material
Properties.
i.e. C-25 :Material type: concrete
: Symmetry type: Isotropic
: Modulus of Elasticity: 24855.578 Mpa
: Poisson‘s ratio: 0.2
: Shear Modulus (G):10356491
: Coeff. Thermal Expansion: 9.9E-06
: Unit Weight:24 KN/m3
S300 : Material type: Rebar
: Unit Weight: 7.849 KN/m3.
: Modulus of Elasticity: 1.999E+08
: Poisson‘s ratio: 0.3
: Shear Modulus (G):76903069
: Coeff. Thermal Expansion: 1.17E-05
: Minimum Yield Stress, Fy: 260.870 Mpa
: Minimum Tensile Stress, Fu: 300.000 Mpa
: Directional Symmetry type: uniaxial
Step 3: Define Frame Section

- We define three types of Frame Section those are
-Square Column (50x50 cm),
-Circular Column (D=50 cm),
-Beam (50x40 cm),
-Grade Beam (60x50)
- These frame section has the C-25 material and S-300 rebar defined in step 1.
245
Step 4: Draw the different Structural Members
- Using the grid System Draw the structural Members with their Defined Frame Section
Properties.
- It includes assignment of Restraints (fixed Joint).
Step 5: Assignment of Loads
- First, Introduce Live Load on Definition of load Pattern then
We use Load Combination: Serviceability=D.L+L.L
Combo 1=1.3D.L+1.6L.L
Combo 2=0.75 (combo 1) + EQy
Combo 3=0.75 (combo 1) + (-EQy)
Combo 4=0.75 (combo 1) + EQx
Combo 5=0.75 (combo 1) + (-EQx)
Combo 6=D.L+L.L
Combo 7Envelope=Max. Of All combo
- Next we assigned Fi (Story shear) as a joint load on each frame Joint. Note that
We analyzed the 3 D frame separately for each earthquake coming from X and Y Direction.
- Finally we imposed the un factored distributed load transferred from slab and wall on the beam
members.
Step 6: Analysis
-After checking for errors we run the analysis.
-Finally as shown below we determined the moments for major and minor Axis and shear Force.
246
247
Figure 37:load apply on frame analysis on axis -A
248
Figure 38: load apply from frame analysis on axis -B
249
Figure 39: Axial force from frame analysis on axis -c
250
Figure 40 :Axial force from frame analysis on axis -D
251
Figure 41 :Axial force from frame analysis on axis -E
252
Figure 42: B moment 3-3 from frame analysis on axis -F
253
Figure 43:B moment 3- from frame analysis on axis -G
254
Figure 44:Load applied from frame analyses on axis -H
255
Figure 45:B moment 3-3 from frame analyses on axis -1
256
Figure 46: shear force from frame analysis on axis -4
257
Figure 47:shear force 2-2 from frame analysis on axis -B
258
Figure 48: shear force 2-2from frame on analysis on axis -c
259
Figure 49 :moment 3-3 from frame analysis on axis-c
260
Figure 50: shear force 2-2 from frame on axis -G
261
6.1. Beam Design
A beam is a structural member that supports applied loads and its own weight primarily by
internal moments and shears.
In the design of reinforced concrete members, moment is usually considered first, loading to the
dimensions of the cross-section and the arrangement. The beam is then proportioned for shear.
Because a shear failure is sudden and brittle, the design for shear must ensure that the shear
strength equals or exceeds the flexural strength at all points of the beam.
When beams are monolithically casted with continuous slabs, part of the slab on the compression
zone of the beam participates in the compression resistance of the section.
General procedure of beam design for flexure
 Compute the material strength and all design constant
 Geometry determination: including effective depth calculation for serviceability
 Loading and analysis
 Check the depth for flexure and shear or collapse limit state
 Determine the location of the neutral axis and check the behaviour of the beam(i.e.
whether it acts as rectangular or T-section for interior beams and whether it acts as
rectangular or Γ-Section for edge beams)
 Check for double reinforcement of the web
 Calculate number of bars and decide bar arrangement
 Check available effective depth with the assumed effective depth and revise if the
available effective depth is less than the assumed effective depth
 Reinforcement detailing
Beam design for shear

Shear force is present in beams where there is a change in bending moment along the span. Shear
force in beam generally developed in combination with bending moment. Beams sections are
subjected to shear force in addition to flexural action.
Shear is resisted by the combination of the action of the following:
 Shear resistance of concrete in compression zone
 Shear reinforcement (stirrup)
 Dowel action in tension bars across crack
262
 Aggregate interlocking across inclined tension zone
Resistance to a diagonal tension is obtained as the sum of the resistance of the web reinforcement
and the concrete section.
Critical section for shear is at a distance d from the face of the supports. Sections closer than d
shall be designed for the shear at d.
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in concrete, the shear resistance of a section,
𝑅𝑑 shall not be less than the design shear force developed in a member due to factored design
load.
𝑅𝑑=0.25 𝑑 𝑑
If the design shear is greater than the shear resistance of the section we should change cross-
section of beam or use high quality material to increase concrete shear resisting capacity.
EBCS provision for shear design of beam EBCS-2/1995, Section 7.2.1.2

= 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑−
=0.25 𝑑 1 2 𝑑
Where: 1=1+50 ≤2.0
2=1.6−𝑑≥1, .
For members were more than 50% of the bottom reinforcement is curtailed,
2=1
= 𝑑
= area of the tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the intersection of the steel and the line
of a possible 450 crack starting from the edge of the section.(EBCS-2)
= the area of tension reinforcement extending not less than 𝑑+ , beyond the section
considered.(Euro Code -2)
The maximum spacing based on EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.1.2(2)
The maximum spacing between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction, shall be given
below:
 If 𝑑 ≤ 2/3 𝑅𝑑
263
≤0.5𝑑
300
 If 𝑑>2/3 𝑅𝑑
≤ {0.3𝑑 200
General design procedure of shear design for beam
 Determine the shear strength of concrete in both compression and tension zon
 Determine design shear force from analysis result
 If 𝑑≤ provide minimum reinforcement
 If < 𝑑< 𝑅𝑑: compare 𝑑 with 23 𝑅𝑑,
 If 𝑑<23 𝑅𝑑 :
Calculate resistance of concrete plus minimum shear reinforcement and then design for shear
beyond minimum shear resistance capacity value = 𝑑−
= 0.5𝑑≤300
𝑑 /0.4
Spacing for extra shear reinforcement from minimum reinforcement,
2= 𝑑 𝑑/
,= 𝑑 𝑑/ 2
𝑑≥2/3 𝑅𝑑
,= 0.3𝑑≤200
𝑑 /0.4
,= 𝑑 𝑑/ ,3
Calculate + , then beyond this point design for shear
= 𝑑−
3= 𝑑 𝑑/
Note: This method of shear reinforcement determination is economical, but it is difficult for
workability. So, we preferred to provide the maximum shear reinforcement along the full length
of the span.
264
Available Data:
 Material :- C-25 class Ι work
 S-300 for flexureand S-300 for shear
 Dimension :-b=400mm*500mm for floor beam and Grade beam-500mm*500mm
Design constant
Fck=0.8*fcu
𝑑= / =300/1.15
Fcd=0.85 /
Fcd =11.33Mpa =(0.85*(25/1.25))/1.5
m= 𝑑/0.85 𝑑=28.78
C1=2.5/M=0.0869
C1=0.0869C2=0.32*m2*fcd =0.32*28.782*11.33=3003.04
Ec=0.0035
Es=0.00174
=0.8 𝐸
=0.8 0.0035 11.33/(0.0035+0.00174) 260.87=0.0174

=0.75 =0.75 0.0175 =0.019
=0.5/ =0.5/300=0.00167
Reinforcement Design
265
 If calculated calc< min, use min.
 calc> max use max
 min< calc< max, use calc
1-Single reinforcement
The moment capacity of a given singly reinforced beam is given by
M=ρbd2fyd (1-0.4ρm), ρ is taken to be 0.75 ρb. Then given sectional dimensions and material
Data, the area of steel required for the applied moment M is given by
As=ρbd
Where: - =0.5[C1±√c12-4M/bd2c2]
2-Doubly reinforced cross section
In case when the dimension of the section is limited, the concrete may be subjected to higher
Compression stress. Thus additional steel bars are placed in the compression zone of the
Section.
The design moment, M, is equivalent to M1+M2
Where:
M1=the moment resisted by concrete and partial steel As
M2= the moment resisted by steel in compression,
For Doubly reinforced Ast=As1+As2 ... ………………..Ast-steel on tension zone.
As1= max*b*d
As2=M2/fyd(d-dc‗),
As‗=M2/fs‗(d-dc‗) ...............As‗-steel on compression zone.
M2=Md-M1 if fs‗≥fyd, As‗=As2

M1=0.8bd2fcd max*m(1-0.4 max*m)
fs'=£s‗Es<fyd
£s‗=£c(x-dc‗)/x x= md
Longitudinal Reinforcement
The geometrical ratio of reinforcement r at any section of a beam where positive reinforcement is
Required by analysis shall not be less than given by
ρmin = 0.5/fyk =0.5/300=0.00167
266
Maximum reinforcement ratio for either tensile or compressive reinforcement shall be 0.04.we
Got reinforcement by chart method.
Chart method
1. Computation of Km by using Km =
2. Ks is from EBCS 2-1995 (PART 2 table NO.1a)
3. Area of reinforcement computed by As = Ks* Md/d
Sample of design of beam

Consider the beam on Axis on 5thfloor
Geometry
Cross-section
The size of each beam is given to be 400x500mm
Effective depth
Assumptions:
Concrete cover for beam = 25mm
Effective width:
-Sections)
267
268
be ≤ 300mm+ =400+ =800
400+1/2(3500)=2150
Be =800mm
Analysis
The result of bending moment diagram for beam on axis-D on 5thfloor is as shown below using
SAP2000 after 3D analysis of the building is run.
218.37
-242.63
--169.97
-174.2
1 2 3 4
76.57
86.81
64.43
Fig bending moment diagram for beam on axis D on the 5th floor
209.338
177.327
202.735
1 2 3 4
-183.873
-149.775
-209.787
Fig shear force diagram for beam on axis D on the 5th floor
269
As it can be seen from the above diagram support moment values are given at the face of the
column and the exact values of the bending moment values at the center of the support are taken
from SAP 2000.14 result by clicking on each element.
Check depth for flexure or collapse limit state
Depth requirement for ultimate flexural strength of concrete compression stress capacity
If not satisfied the strength, revise with new depth. But, in slabs most of the time serviceability
limit state governs.
From the above diagram for bending moment,
Mmax=242.63
dreg=√ =426.6mm
dreg (426.6mm)<dused=457mm…………………………ok
So, the depth provided is adequate.
Design for span moments

Design for Span 1-2
Md=64.43KNm
Check if the section acts as Γ or rectangular

Assume rectangular with width =b=be=800mm
(Assumption)
270
800mm
Depth of neutral axis:
X= md
Y=0.8X
act= √ ) =0.00015
max=0.019
act< min< max = 0.0015<0.00167< 0.019
Take =0.00167
X=0.00167*28.78*457=21.96
Y=0.8*X=0.8*21.96=17.57<hf=150. Assumption is correct.
271
Therefore, the section is rectangular
Check for doubly reinforced or singly reinforced
Md=64.43KNm
√ = =27.77
27.77
=27.77/57.83=0.48
Ks=4.71 from table S=300
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =664.04mm2
Use 20 as = =314mm^2
n= =664/314=3
There for use 3 20mm of the bottom
Check available depth after bar arrangement:

Maximum number of bars on one row, n:
According to EBCS-2, 1995:
272
273
Take 20mm
There fore
400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66
n=8
2 20
3𝜑 20
274
426.6mm
Design for Span 2-3
Md=76.57KNm

(Assumption)
1200mm
400mmm
275
400m
m
276
be ≤ 300mm+ =400+ =1200
3500
Take be =1200mm
act= √ ) =0.000119
min= 0.00167
max=0.019
act< min< max = 0.00119<0.00167< 0.019
Take =0.00167
X=0.00167*28.78*457=21.96
Y=0.8*X=0.8*21.96=17.57<hf=150. Assumption is correct.
Md=76.57KNm
√ = =30.275
30.275
277
=30.275/57.83=0.523
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =789.2mm2
Use 20 as = =314mm^2
n= =789.2/314=2.5=3

278
Take 20mm
There fore
400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66
2 20 n=8
426.6mm
m
3 20
279
Design for span moments
Design for Span 3-4
Md=86.81KNm

(Assumption)
be=800mm
bw=400mm
Depth of neutral axis:
X= md
Y=0.8X
280
act= √ ) =0.00204
max=0.019
min< act< max = 0.00167<0.00204< 0.019
Take =0.00204
X=0.00204*28.78*457=26.83
Y=0.8*X=0.8*26.83=21.464<hf=150. Assumption is
correct.
Md=86.81KNm
√ = =32.23
32.23
=32.23/57.83=0.557
=43/457=0.09409
=1
281
As= = =894.69mm2
Use 20 as = =314mm^2
n= =894.69/314=2.85=3

400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66n=8
2 20
3 20
282
Design for support moments
Check for Doubly reinforced or singly reinforced
Support 1
Md=169.97KNm
√ /0.457=45.1
45.1
=45.1/57.83=0.78
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =1751.77mm2
Use 20 as = =314.16mm^2
n= =1751.77/314=5.58 =6
There for use 20mm of the bottom

283
400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66 n=8
2 20
500mm
400mm
6 20
284
Support 2
Md=174.2KNm
√ /0.457=45.66
45.66
=45.66/57.83=0.789
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =1795.36mm2
Use 20 as = =314.16mm^2
n= =1795.36/314=5.7 =6

400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66 n=8
285
There for we can arrange the bars on one row
2 20
500mm
20 400mm
286
Support 3
Check for singly or doubly reinforced
Md=218.37KNm
√ /0.457=51.127
51.12
=51.127/57.83=0.884
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =2250.6mm2
Use 20 as = =314.16mm^2
n= =2250.6/314=7.16 =8

400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8) 400=20n+20n-20+66 n=8
287
There for we can arrange the bars on one row
2 20
d457mm
d‖43mm
400mm
8 20
Support 4
Check for singly or doubly reinforced
Md=242.63KNm
√ /0.457=53.89
53.89
=53.89/57.83=0.93
288
=43/457=0.09409
=1
As= = =2500.6mm2
Use 20 as = =314.16mm^2
n= =2500.6/314=7.96 =8

400=20n+20(n-1) +2(25+8)
400=20n+20n-20+66 n=8
20
D=457mm
500mm
d‖=43mm
400mm
20
289
Shear design
The shear force vc carried by the concrete in member significant axial force shall be taken as
Vc =0.25fctd k1k2bwd
Where k1= (1+50
K2=1.6-d 𝑑
Limiting value of ultimate shear force
Vrd =0.25fcdbwd
The maximum spacing s max between stirrups, in longitudinal direction shall be
( )
There are three cases while providing shear reinforcement
Case1.where vc 𝑑
We proved maximum spacing Smax
( )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
We proved spacing given by
Where vs= vd-vc
Case 3.where vd 𝑑 ………………………….the section must be changed
290
Sample example for shear
202.737
209.338
177.327
3 4
2
-183.873
-149.775
-209.787
1
Fig shear force diagram of beam on axis D
Vsd1=209.787kn vsd5=149.775kn
Vsd2=177.327kn vsd6=209.338kn
Vsd3=183.873knm
Vsd4=202.737knm
For span 1
d+l/2=0.457+0.5/2= 0.707
177.327KN
2.1 2
1
1.83 0.707m
m
209.787KN
N 0.707m
4m
Using triangular rule calculate where shear force is zero
291
209.787(4-x)=x*177.32
=x=2.17
=4-x=4-2.17=1.83
Concrete shear capacity (vc)
Vc=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
K1=1.6-d assume d‘=43
Fctd =1.032
D-d=500-43=457mm=0.457
K1=1.6-0.457=1.143
K2=1+50
( ) ( )
K1=1+(50*0.00167)=1.0835
Vc =0.25*1.0315*1.143*1.0835*400*457* =58.38KN
Diagonal compression of concrete (vrd)
Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
Vrd=0.25*11.33*400*457=517.78kN
Determine the critical shear at the critical section use similar triangle
From similarity of triangle
Vsdlift=141.44kn
Vsd right =108.82kn
292
Take the maximum of the two vsd=141.44kn
Vsd=vrd (if not concrete crushed diagonally)
141.44kn
(if not we have to change the section )
Compute the design shear
177.3
2
2.17
1 2
1.83
209.78
7
= =x1=0.6m to the lift
( )
Provide minimum web reinforcement from x=0 to x=0.6m both side of the beam
Because vc vsd lift or right shear reinforcement is required
Maximum spacing
Consider
( )
Smax , Asv=( )
𝑑
Asv= =100.53mm2
( )
Take min 180mm2
293
Use in the right side
Step 7: desgn shear reinforcement over the remaining length of the beam
177.32KN
2.17
2
1 1.83
0.6 0.86 1.123

209.787
0.6m
1.463 1.027
Left portion
Vavl=
Vavl = =99.91kn where vsd lift=141.44KN
At distance vsd right=108.82KN
Vavlift=99.91
vav right=83.6
vc=58.38
X‘=1.027m
294
Right portion
Vavl=
Vavl = =83.6kn At distance
X‘=0.86m
Lift portion
Therefore the design shear from x=0 to x=0.6m
S= =140mm
Use 6 S=140mm
From x=0.6m to 1.027m
Vs=vd-vc
Vs=99.1-58.38=40.72
( )
S= =56.55
S= =150mm
295
Use
From x=1.027m to 1.463
Vdlift=141.44
S= = 72.8
Use
Right portion
The design shear from x=0m to 0.6
S=
S= =105mm
Use 6 c/c 100mm
From x=0.6m to 0.86m
Vdr=83.6kn
( ( ))
S=
s=
Use 6 c/c 240mm
From x=0.86 to 1.123m
vdr right =108.82kn
s=
296
use 8 c/c
Reinforcement detail for shear
𝝋 8C/C180 𝝋6C/C150 𝝋6C/C140 𝝋6C/C240 𝝋8C/C180
0.43 0.427 0.6 0.6 0.26

6
𝝋6C/C150
1 2
𝝋6C/C240
𝝋6C/C100
𝝋6C/C120
297
6.2. COLUMN
Reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry mainly compressive loads
although they may have to resist bending forces. Member carrying mainly of axial load may be
vertical, horizontal or inclined. When a member carrying mainly axial load is vertical, it is
termed as columns while if it is inclined or horizontal, it is termed as a strut. Column carries
loads from slabs or beams to the foundation. Although they are mainly subjected to axial
compression forces, in many cases columns are subjected to bending moments about one or both
axes of the cross section due to eccentric loading or transverse load ing. In building structures, a
reinforced concrete column are subjected to axial force and bending moment which may be due
to end restraint arising from monolithic placement of floor beams and columns or due to
eccentricity from imperfect alignment. Because of the occurrence of these moments, the axial
load capacity of columns, which they are intended for, decreases substantially. Interaction
diagrams are usually used to describe the interaction between moment and axial load in a
column, and determine the failure loads.
The maximum moments could happen at the ends as in columns of sway frames or somewhere at
the span of the column in between the two ends as in slender columns of non-sway frames.
A great number of structural failures are due to column failure. The strength of a column
Columns are upright members which carry the loads from beams and slabs dawn to the
foundation and therefore they are primary compression members, although they may also have to
resist bending forces due to some eccentricity or due to the continuity of the structure.
For the purpose of design calculations, structural members may be classified as Sway or Non-
sway depending on their sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral displacements.
According to EBCS 2 1995 section 4.4.4.2
298
1. A frame may be classified as non-sway if its response to in-plane horizontal forces is
sufficiently stiff for it to be acceptably accurate to neglect any additional internal forces
or moments arising from horizontal displacements of its nodes.
2. Any other frame shall be classified as a sway frame and the effects of horizontal
displacements of it nodes shall be taken in to account in its design
3. A frame may be classified as non-way for a given load case if the critical load ratio
Nsd/Ncr for that load case satisfies the criterion:
Nsd/Ncr ≤0.1
Where Nsd is design value of the total vertical load
Ncr is its critical value for failure in a sway mode
4. Beam and column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each
column at each story level may be classified as non-sway for a given load case, when
first- order theory is used, the horizontal displacements in each story due to the design
loads (both horizontal and vertical), plus the initial sway imperfection satisfy the criterion
of the following equation.
𝑁
𝐻𝐿
Where:  is the horizontal displacement at the top of story, relative to the bottom of the story
L is the story height
H is the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
DESING PROCEDURE
1. To design a column in a particular frame first the frame is classified weather it is sway or
non-sway.
2. To determine the nature of the frame we substitute the beams and columns by one
substitute frame.
3. The value of the axial force on each substitute frame column is obtained by adding the
axial load each column for the story including self-weight.
4. The value of the stiffness coefficients of the substitute frame is given by
299
For beam = 2*Kbi
For column =Kci
Where: Kbi = stiffness coefficient of beam
Kci = stiffness coefficient of column
5. The effective length of the substitute frame is computed for each story assuming as sway
frame as shown below.
The effective length buckling Le of a column in a given plane is obtained from the following
approximate equation provided that certain restriction is compiled with.
a. Non-sway mode
Le/L = (αm + 0.4) / (αm + 0.8) ≥ 0.7
b. Sway mode
Le/L = √ ≥ 1.15
Where αm of a stiffness coefficient which will be discussed using the following theoretical
model
300
Where Kc1 and Kc2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L)
Kc is the stiffness coefficient of the column being designed
α = 1.0 if opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained
α = 0.5 if opposite ends are free to rotate
α = 0 for cantilever beam
The above approximate equation for effective length calculation is applicable for values of α1
and α2 not exceeding 10.
If a base shear is designed to resist the column moment may be taken as 1.0
6. The dimension of the substitute column is computed to find the moment of inertia of the
section (Ic)
7. The amount of reinforcement required by the substitute column is computed and the
moment of inertia of the reinforcement with respect to the centroid of the concrete section
is determined.
The first order moment, Mdl, at critical section of the substitute may be determined using:
Mdl = 𝐻𝐿
Where: H = the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
L = the story shear
8. The buckling load of a story may be assumed to be equal to that of the substitute Beam-
column frame and may be determined as:
Ncr =
Where: EIe is the effective stiffness of the substitute column designed

Le is the effective length
301
For more accurate determination, the effective stiffness of a column may be taken as:
EIe = 0.2EcIc + EsIs
Where: Ec = 1100fcd
Es is the modulus of elasticity of steel
Ic, Is are the moment of inertia of the concrete and reinforcement sections, respectively
of the substitute column, with respect to the centroid of the concrete section.
According to EBCS 2, 1995 section 4.4.12 a substitute frame may be assumed to be equal to that
of the substitute beam and column frame. The equivalent column dimensions of the substitute
column may be taken as shown below in the figure. Circular columns may be replaced by square
columns of the same cross sectional area.
Slenderness
302
 = Le/i
Where Le = effective buckling length
i = radius of gyration of the gross concrete section in the plane of buckling.
i = I/A
LIMITS OF SLENDERNESS
According to EBCS 2 1995 section 4.4.6
1. the slenderness ratio of concrete column shall not exceed 140

2. the second order effects in compressive members need not be taken in t account in the
following cases:
a. for sway frames, the greater of
 ≤ 25
≤ Where d= Nsd / fcdAc

√
b. for non-sway frames
 ≤ 50-25
Where: M1 and M2 are the first order (calculated) moments at the ends, M2 being always
positive and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 being positive if member is bent in single
curvature and negative if bent is double curvature
- For this particular design we select 2 types of columns for design 1 from edge and one
from middle, designated as C19 and C10 in the architectural drawing.
The folowing dimensions are safe in the analyisi using SAP 200014
Floor column Dimension (mm)

Footing 600*600
Ground-sixth 500*500
Circular 500*500
All Columns are the same in dimension (500mmx5mm) but different in reinforcement.
303
Almost all compression members in RC structure subjected to moment due to
 The load may not be centered on the columns
 Unbalanced moments from beams
The bending moments can be converted in to un-equivalent axial load applied at eccentricity.
Therefore columns should be designed for the design moment obtained from the total
eccentricity.
Sway ness
According to EBCS 2, 1995 article 4.4.4.2
• A frame may be classified as non-sway if its response to in plane horizontal forces
Is sufficiently stiff for it to be acceptable accurate to neglect any additional
Internal forces or moments arising from horizontal displacements of its nodes
Shall be taken into account in to its design.
• A frame is classified as non-sway frame for a given load case if the critical load
Ratio N𝛅/CL for that load case satisfies the criterion.
Where, N=axial load

u =story deflection
L=story height
C=story shear
-Slenderness
According to EBCS 2 for column with constant section isolated or belonging to a frame the
slenderness is defined by
λ = Le/i (EBCS 2, 1995 Section 4.4.5)
Where: Le = the effective buckling length

i = the minimum radius of gyration of the gross concrete section
304
Limits of Slenderness ratio
(1) The slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140
(2) Second-order effects in compressive members need not be taken into account in the following
Cases:
(a) For sway frames, the greater of
λ≤ 25 or λ= where Vsd=
√
(b) For non-sway frames

λ≤ 50-25*
Where M1 and M2 are the first-order (calculated) moments at the ends, M2 being always positive
and greater in magnitude than M1 and M1 being positive if member is bent in
single curvature and negative if it bent in double curvature
Effective Buckling Length of Compression Members
The effective buckling length Le of a column in a given plane may be obtained from the
following approximate equations provided:
A. Non-sway mode: = ≥0.7
B. Sway mode: =√ ≥1.15
Or conservatively =√ ) ≥ 1.15
.α1=
.α2=
.αm=
305
Where K2 and K1 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L)
Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being designed
Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/L)
In this project column at the intersection of Axis-2 and Axis-D is selected for design.
Sample calculation
Column from sixth floor to roof- along axis 2&F
DEISGN SPECIFICATIONS
Different cross sections
 Rectangular floor column= 50*50cm
 Rectangular foundation column= 60*60cm
 Top tie beam =40*50
 Floor beam (2nd to sixth floor)=40*50cm
 First floor beam=50*50cm
 Grade beam=60*60cm
SAP results are obtained as our axis
315 44.441KN
KN. KN
830.521 84.72KN
KN 156.081KN
1350.429
197.301KN
1872.989KN
231.674KN
2403.584KN
255.476KN
2944.732
267.609KN
3206.329KN
281.141KN
3251.733KN
AXIAL FORCE OF AXIS Fand 2 SHEAR2-2 (V2)
306
108.68KN
KN
237.368KN
407.581KN
508.565KN
582.890KN
638.487KN
641.423KN
674. 023 KN
SHEAR3-3(V3-3)
STEP 1 determination of sway ness of the frame
1 Sixth floor column,
Check Sway ness of the frame.

a/ in x-x direction
≤0.1, =0.0966≤0.1…………………. (non- sway frame)
b/ in y-y direction
≤0.1 , =0.0063 ≤ 0.1…………………. (non-sway frame)
Where, N =pd =axial load

Cy=v-22 ,cx=v-33 =story shear.
U1 and U2 =deflection
L =column height.
307
kb1 Kco kb2
kc1
kb3 kb4
kc2
kb5 kb6
kc3
STEP 2 determination of Moment of inertia and stiffness of the column
Moment of inertia of beams and columns in X-X direction
Ic1 =bh3/12 =* ⁄ +=0.00521m4
Ic2 =bh3/12 =* ⁄ +=0.0052m4
Ib1 =Ib2 =bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄ ] =0.004167m4
Ib3 =Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄ ] =0.004167m4
Stiffness coefficient of column and beams in X-X direction.

Kco=0
3
Kc1 =Ic1/Lc= 0.0052/3= 0.00167 m
3
Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.0052/3= 0.00167 m
308
Kb1= Kb2=Ib1/Lb1 = 0.004167/4 =0.001042m3
Kb3= Kb4=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4 =0.001042 m3
Moment of inertia of beams and columns in Y-Y direction.

Kco=0
Ic1 =bh3/12 =* ⁄ +=0.0052m4
Ic2 =bh3/12 =* ⁄ +=0.0052m4
Ib1 =Ib2 =bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄ ] =0.004167m4
Ib3 =Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄ ] =0.004167m4
Stiffness coefficient of column and beams in Y-Y direction

3
Kc1 =Ic1/Lc= 0.0052/3= 0.0017367 m
3
Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.0052/3= 0.0016367 m
Kb1 =Ib1/Lb1 = 0.004167/4 =0.001042m3
Kb2=Ib2/Lb2=0.004167/4.5 =0.000926m3
Kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4 =0.001042m3
Kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.0042/6.76=0.000926 m3
309
STEP 3:-To find the effective buckling length in the X-X direction
The effective buckling length Le of the column in a given plane may be obtained as:-
α1= ,= ,
α2= = =1.67
αm = =
αm =0.523
For non- sway or braced frame: = ≥0.7
Therefore Le=3*0.76)= 2.28m

Determination of Slenderness ratio
λ = Le/i
√𝐼 ⁄
√
𝐿
λ= √ ⁄ (2.28*√12) /0.5=15.8<140 …………………………….ok
To find the effective buckling length in the Y-Y direction

α1= , α1 = , =0.84 α2= , α2 = =1.76
αm=
αm=1.30
For non-sway or braced frame: = =
Therefore Le=3(0.80) =2.53m
310
Slenderness
λ = Le/i
√𝐼 ⁄
√
𝐿
λ= √ ⁄ (2.53*√ ) /0.5=17.53<140 ………………………………..ok
Calculation of eccentricity
Total eccentricity
Specification of EBCS 2
(1) The total eccentricity to be used for the design of columns of constant cross-section at the
critical -section is given by:
etot=ee+ea+e2
Where ee is equivalent constant first-order eccentricity of the design axial load,
ea is the additional eccentricity
e2 is the second-order eccentricity
(2) For first-order eccentricity eo equal at both ends of a column
ee=eo
(3) For first-order moments varying linearly along the length, the equivalent eccentricity is the
higher of the following two values
.ee=0.6eo2+0.4eo1
.ee=0.4eo2
Where eol and e02 are the first-order eccentricities at the ends, e02 being positive and greater in
magnitude than eo1.
For isolated elements, the equivalent geometric imperfections may be introduced by increasing
the eccentricity of the longitudinal force by an additional eccentricity ea, acting in the most
unfavorable direction:
→ ea= ≥20mm
Where Le denotes the effective length of the isolated column

Eccentricity along X-X direction
311
From SAP200014 analysis P=315.318KN,MX1=M-22=-45.2695KN.m &
MX2=M-22=-49.2605KN.m,b=500m and h=500m and h‘=d‘=cover+Dia bar/2+stirrup =
25+20/2+8 =41mm
b`/b=h`/h=0.08=0.1
.ex1 =
.ex2=eo2=
ee ≥ 0.6(eo2)-0.4(eo1)= 0.6(154)-0.4(-143.567)=149.86mm……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(154)= 61.67mm
Therefore ee =149.86mm
ea= ≥20mm,ea=2280/300=7.6mm≤20mm →Take ea=20mm
Check for secondary effect of eccentricity

Since, λ=15.8<<< 50-25* =50-25*(-45.2695/49.2605) =72.96
So, secondary effect will not be considered.

Total eccentricity etotal=ee+ea
etot.=149.827mm+20mm=169.827mm
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.169*315.318=53.288KN.m
Μsd,h= =
Eccentricity along Y-Y direction

From SAP200014 analysis Pd=315.318KN,My1=M-33=--19.629KN.m &
My2=M-33=28.6185KN.m,b=500m and h=500m and h‘=d‘=41mm
b`/b=h`/h=0.08=0.1
.ey1 = =1 mm
.ey2= =1mm
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(0.091)-0.4*(-0.623)=0.0795mm………..(govering)
≥0.4(0.091) = 0.0364mm
There fore, ee =0.0795mm
312
Since, λ=15.6<<< 50-25* =50-25*(-19.629/28.6185) =32.85
So secondary effect will not be considered.

Etot=79.50mm+20mm=99.5mm
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.0995*315.318=31.374KN.m
.μsd,b= =
γ=
Using biaxial chart no.9 of EBCS 2,part 2, ώ =is obtained by interpolation.
0<γ<0.2 =0<0.113<0.2
μsd,h=0.038
μsd,b=0.022 =0.2
γ=0
0=0.2
μsd, h=0.038 =? ω =0.09
μsd,b=0.022 =0 0.2=0
γ=0.2
AS=
AS ≤ 0.08AC=0.08x500x500=20,000mm2
> 0.008AC=0.008x500x500=2000mm2
AS required =977.85 mm2<AS min=2000 mm2.
313
Use ,AS min=2000mm2
Let us use 16mm of bar.
No of bar=2000/(162x3.14/4)=6.37=10
Using 10 number of 16mm
Lateral Reinforcement Determination
Nominal shear reinforcement is to be provided for reinforcing concrete section to resist shear
force ties are used as lateral reinforcement. The diameter of ties shall not be less than 6mm or
one quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bars.
The center to center spacing of lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:

- 12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars
- Least dimension of column
- 300 mm
.Spacing(s) ≤ 12*16=190 mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 20/4=5

Ø6 c/c 190mm
Since ,the above criteria is for minimum requirement . but we use
Ø8 c/c 200mm, at middle of span or shear force become minimum and
Ø10 c/c 120mm, at one – third span length from face of column or shear force become
maximum.
Similariy the other values are calculated as follow.
Check Swayness of the frame.
≤0.1………………………..non-sway
Calculation of shear resistance
314
For members subjected to significant axial compression according to EBCS -2 /1995 section
4.5.3.2
Vc=0.25 fctd k1k2bwd +vcn
For member subjected to axial compression, shear reinforcement shall be designed to carry total
shear.
Shear force vcn have to computed as additional shear force, Vcn, carried by the concrete
( ) 𝑑
Where Nsd is the design axial force

K1=1+50 2
K2=1.6-d 1,
d in m for member more than 50% of the bottom reinforcement is curtailed
( )
K1= (1+50*0.0088) 2.0

K1=1.44 2.0 ok
k2=1.6 -0.45 ≥ 1.0
k2=1.15 1.0 …ok
Therefore vc= 0.25*k1*k2*fctd* bwd* vcn
VC= 0.25*1.031*1.44*1.15*500*450+( 0.1*500*450*315.318/500*500)
VC= 96.066
VC max =44.441kn < vc ok
The diameter of ties shall less than 6mm or one quarter of diameter of longitudinal
reinforcement.
The center to center spacing of selected reinforcements shall not be exceed
𝑑
𝑑
{
Thus provide ø8c/c 190mm
315
Lap length
Anchorage to main bars in to support reinforced anchorage length according to EBCS -2/1995
316
In our case, fbd=2fctd=2*1.032mpa=2.06mpa
Lb= ø/4*260.87/2.064
Lb= ø35
2, fifth floor column design
1) Determination of Sway or Non-sway condition of column
Beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each column
at each story level may be classified as non-sway story if:
, non-sway frame otherwise sway frame
Where:
Nsd= the design value of the total vertical or axial load in the story
= the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the
L=story height
317
H= the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N=the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
A) in x-x direction
≤0.1 , =0.01068 ≤0.1…………………. (non- sway frame)
b/ in y-y driraction
≤0.1 , =0.00771 ≤0.1…………………. (non- sway frame)
Where,N =pd =axial load

Cx=v-22 ,cy=v-33 =story shear.
L =column hiehgt.
Ic1 = Ic2=Ic3 =bh3/12 =* ⁄ +=5.21*10^-3m4
Ib1 =Ib2= Ib3=Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄ ] =0.004167m4
3
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m
3
Kc3 =Ic3/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m
Kb1=kb2=Ib2/Lb2 =0.004167/4 =0.001042m3

Kb3= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.004167/4.0 =0.0001042 m3
318
Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic3 =bh3/12 =[ ⁄ ]=0.00521 m4
Ib1 =Ib2=Ib3=Ib4= bh3/12 =* ⁄ + =0.004167m4
3
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m
3
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367m
Kb1 =kb2=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4=0.001042m3
Kb3=kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.004167/4.5=0.000926m3
To find the effective buckling length in the X-X direction
α1= ,= ,
α2= = =1.76
αm = =
αm =1.76

λ = Le/i
√𝐼 ⁄
√
𝐿
λ= √ ⁄ (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
319
α1= ,= ,
α2= = =1.76
αm = =
αm =1.76
Therefore Le=3*0.8= 2.53 m

λ = Le/i
√𝐼 ⁄
√
𝐿
λ= √ ⁄ (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
From SAP200014 analysis P=KN,MX1=M-33=-507.74KN.m &

MX2=M-33=204.568KN.m,
.ex1 =
.ex2=
ee ≥ 0.6(eo2)-0.4(eo1)= 0.6(611)-0.4(-246)=0.465m…..(governing)
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(611)= 244.44mm
320
Therefore ee =465mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25* =50-25*(-507.74/204.568) =112.05
So,secondary effect will not be considered.

etot.=465mm+20mm=485mm
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.485*830.521=402.80KN.m
μsd,,h= =

From SAP200014 analysis Pd=830.521 kn,My1=M-22=-KN.m &
My2=M-22=15.23KN.m,
.ey1 = =-14 mm
.ey2= =102mm
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(102)-0.4*(-14mm)=66.8mm ……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(102)= 40.8mm
There fore ,ee =66.8mm


Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25* =50-25*(-11.89/84.772) =53.51

etot=76mm+20mm=96mm
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.096*830.521=79.73KN.m
321
.μsd,b= =
γ= 2923
b=500m and h=500m and h‘=d‘=41mmb`/b=h`/h=0.14

N.B ,in this specific project only use b‘/b =h‘/h=0.1 to use biaxial chart number 1.
0.2<γ<0.4 =0.2<0.29<0.4
μsd,h=0.0072
μsd,b=0.0442=0
γ=0.29
0.4=0
μsd, h=0.2844 = ?ω =0
μsd,b=0.081=00.6 =0.28
γ=0.6
w=0.25
As= =0.081*11.33*500^2/260.87=2714.89mm^2≥Asmin=2000 mm2
AS required = Asmin=2714.89mm2
Using 8number of 20mm dia barAs,provided=2714.89 mm2

322
- 300 mm
.Spacing(s) ≤ 12*16=190 mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 20/4=5

Ø6 c/c 190mm
maximum.
3, fourth floor column design calculation
Determination of Sway or Non-sway condition of column
Beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each column
at each story level may be classified as non-sway story if:
, non-sway frame otherwise sway frame
Where:
Nsd= the design value of the total vertical or axial load in the story
= the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the
L=story height
H= the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N=the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
323
In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.0777*1350.042)/(407.581*3)=0.08≤0.1…………………. (non- sway

frame)
b/ in y-y direction
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,(1350.042*0.00911)/(156.089*3)=0.0027 ≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
Where,N =pd =axial load
Cx=v-22 ,cy=v-33 =story shear.
L =column height

Ic1 = Ic2=Ic3 =bh3/12 =[(0.5*0.5^3)⁄12]=5.21*10^-3m4
Ib1 =Ib2= Ib3=Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[(0.4*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12] =0.004167m4
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3

Kc3 =Ic3/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kb1=kb3=Ib2/Lb2 =0.004167/4 =0.001042m3

Kb2= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.004167/4 =0.000926 m3
Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic3 =bh3/12 =[(0.5*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12]=0.00521 m4

Ib1 =Ib2=Ib3=Ib4= bh3/12 =[(0.4*0.5^3)⁄12] =0.004167m4
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
324
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367m3
Kb1 =kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4=0.001042m3
Kb2=kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.004167/4.5=0.000926m3

α1
,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
For non- sway or braced frame:Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
α1=(〖Kc〗_1+K_c2)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) ,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b5+K_b6 ) =(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
For non- sway or braced frame:
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
325
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
From SAP200014 analysis P=1350.042KN,MX1=M-33=-752.245KN.m &

MX2=M-33=470.5172KN.m,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-752.245)/(1350.04)=-0.557m=-557mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(470.5172)/(1350.042)=0.348m=348mm
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(348)= 139.2mm
There fore ee =432mm
ea=Le/300≥20mm,ea=2153/300=7.17mm≤20mm →Take ea=20mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-507.74/204.568) =112.05
So,secondary effect will not be considered.
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.452*1350.429=610.652KN.m
μsd,,h=M_(sd,h)/(fcd*Ac*h)=(610.652x〖10〗^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.4308
From SAP200014 analysis Pd=1350.429 kn,My1=M-22=-290.157KN.m &

My2=M-22=178.110KN.m,
326
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-290.157)/(1350.429)=-0.215m=-215mm
.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(178.110/(1350.429)=0.132m=132mm
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(132)-0.4*(-215mm)=165mm ……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(132)= 52.8mm
Therefore ,ee =165mm


Since, λ=17.39<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-290.157/178.110) =90.72
etot=165mm+20mm=185mm
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.185*1350.429=249.875KN.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(249.875*10^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.17632
γ=N_sd/(fcd*Ac)=(1350.429x〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(500x500) )=0.4766
N.B , in this specific project only use b‘/b =h‘/h=0.1 to use biaxial chart number 1.
γ=0.4766,
w=0.3
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
Using 10number of φ20mm dia barAs, provided=3257.369 mm2
327
.Spacing(s)≤ 12*20=240mm Ø≥ 6
≤ 300mmØ/10= 20/10=1
Use Ø6 c/c 240mm
4, Third floor column design calculation
Spacing(s) ≤ 12*24=288mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 24/4=6
.Spacing(s)≤ 12*20=240mm Ø≥ 6
4, Third floor column design calculation

In beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each
column at each story level may be classified as non-sway for a given load case, when first-order
theory is used, the horizontal displacements in each story due to the design loads(both horizontal
and vertical), plus the initial sway imperfection satisfy the following criteria:
Where: is the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the story.
328
For buildings, a design method may be used which assumes the compress
In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.00608*1872.584)/(508.565*3)=0.067≤0.1…………………. (non- sway

frame)
b/ in y-y direction
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,(1872.584*0.002002)/(197.301*3)=0.0027 ≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
Cx=v-22, CY=v-33 =story shear.
L =column height
Ic1 = Ic2=Ic3 =bh3/12 = [ ⁄

Ib1 =Ib2= Ib3=Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3

Kc3 =Ic3/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kb1=kb3=Ib2/Lb2 =0.004167/4 =0.001042m3

Kb2= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.004167/4.5 =0.000926 m3
Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic3 =bh3/12 =[(0.5*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12]=0.00521 m4

Ib1 =Ib2=Ib3=Ib4= bh3/12 =[(0.4*0.5^3)⁄12] =0.004167m4
329
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367m3
Kb1 =kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4=0.001042m3
Kb2=kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.004167/4.5=0.000926m3
α1
,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
α1=(〖Kc〗_1+K_c2)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) ,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b5+K_b6 ) =(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
330
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
The total eccentricity to be used for the design of columns of constant cross section at the critical
section is given by:
Where: is equivalent constant first – order eccentricity of the design axial load
is the additional eccentricity allowance for imperfection
From SAP200014 analysis P=1872.981,MX1=M-33=-859.161kn.m &
MX2=M-33=666.535KNm,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-859.161)/(1872.981)=-0.459=-459mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(666.535)/(1872.981)=0.356=356mm
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(356)= 142.4mm=0.1424m

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-859.161/666.535) =82.224
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.417*1872.981=781.032KN.m
331
From SAP200014 analysis Pd=1872.98 kn,My1=M-22=-334.926.m &
My2=M-22=256.978KN.m,
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-334.926)/(1872.98)=0.179m=-179mm

.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(256.978/(1872.98)=0.137m=137mm
≥ 0.4(137)= 54.8mm
Therefore, ee =162mm

Since, λ=17.39<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-334.936/256.978) =82.58
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.182*1872.98=340.882KN.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(340.882*10^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.241
γ=N_sd/(fcd*Ac)=(1x〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(500x500) )=0.661
γ=0.4766,
w=0.2
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
AS required = 2171.57mm2
332
Use ,AS min=mm2
Using 10number of φ20mm dia barAs, provided=2000 mm2
≤ 300mmØ/10= 20/10=1
Use Ø6 c/c 240mm
Second floor column design calculation

In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.0.0045*2403.584)/(582.890*3)=0.00627≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
b/ in y-y direction
333
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,2403.584*0.0.01052)/(231.674*3)=0.0062 ≤0.1…………………. (non-
sway frame)
L =column height
Ic1 = Ic2=Ic3 =bh3/12 = [ ⁄

Ib1 =Ib2= Ib3=Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3

Kc3 =Ic3/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kb1=kb3=Ib2/Lb2 =0.004167/4 =0.001042m3

Kb2= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.004167/4.5 =0.000926 m3
Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic3 =bh3/12 =[(0.5*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12]=0.00521 m4

Ib1 =Ib2=Ib3=Ib4= bh3/12 =[(0.4*0.5^3)⁄12] =0.004167m4
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367m3
Kb1 =kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.004167/4=0.001042m3
Kb2=kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.004167/4.5=0.000926m3
334
α1
,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….
α1=(〖Kc〗_1+K_c2)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) ,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b5+K_b6 ) =(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.76)/2
αm =1.76
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
335
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
From SAP200014 analysis P=2403.584 KN MX1=M-33=-930.652.m &
MX2=M-33=818.019,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-930.652)/(2403.584)=-0.387=-387mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(818.019)/(2403.584)=0.340=340mm
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(356)= 142.4mm=0.1424m
Therefore ee =358mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-859.161/666.535) =82.224
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.378*2403.2=910.476KN.m

My2=M-22=325.1378KN.m,
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-369.891)/(2403.98)=0.152m=-159mm

.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(325.56)/(2403.98)=0135.m=135mm
336
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(135)-0.4*(-159mm)=0.147m =147mm……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(135)= 54.8mm
Therefore, ee =147mm

Since, λ=17.39<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-369.891/325.137) =78.44
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.167*2403.4=401.397KN.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(340.882*10^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.283
γ=Nsd/(fcd*Ac)=(2403.98x〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(500x500) )=0.848
Using biaxial chart no.1 of EBCS 2, part 2, ώ =is obtained by interpolation.
γ=0.848
w=0.3
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
Using 10number of φ20mm dia bar
337

- 300 mm
.Spacing(s) ≤ 12*16=190 mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 20/4=5

Ø6 c/c 190mm
maximum.
First floor column design calculation
338
In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.00213*2944.732)/(638.48*3)=0.033≤0.1…………………. (non- sway

frame)
b/ in y-y direction
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,(2944.732*0.01052)/(255.476*3)=0.040 ≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
L =column height
Ic1 = Ic2= bh3/12 = [ ⁄

Ic3= bh3/12=0.5*0.5^3/12=
Ib1 =Ib2=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄
Ib3=Ib4=bh3/12= =0.00521m4
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3

Kc3 =Ic3/Lc= 0.00521/3.15=0.00165 m3
Kb1=kb2=Ib2/Lb2 =0.004167/4 =0.001042m3

Kb3= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.00521/4 =0.00133 m3
339
Ic1 = Ic2 = Ic3 =bh3/12 =[(0.5*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12]=0.00521 m4

Ib1 =Ib2= bh3/12 =[(0.4*0.5^3)⁄12] =0.004167m4
Ib3=Ib4=bh3/12= =0.00521m4
Kc1 =Kc2 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.0017367 m3
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3.15= 0.00165m3
Kb1 Ib1/Lb1=0.004167/4=0.001042m3
Kb2=Ib2/Lb2=0.004167/4.5=0.000926m3
Kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.00521/4=0.0013m3
Kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.00521/4.5=0.001157m3
α1
,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.001042)=1.66,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.0017367+0.00165)/(0.0013+0.0013)=1.27
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.66+1.27)/2
αm =1.47
For non- sway or braced frame :Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.47+0.4)/(1.47+0.8)=0.84≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.527*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
340
α1=(〖Kc〗_1+K_c2)/(K_b1+K_b2 ) ,=(0.0017367+0.0017367)/(0.001042+0.000926)=1.76,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.0017367+0.00165)/(0.0013+0.001157)=1.38
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.76+1.38)/2
αm =1.57
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.57+0.4)/(1.57+0.8)=0.83≥0.7
Therefore Le=3*0.83= 2.43m
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.43*√12) /0.5=17.27<140 …………………………….ok
From SAP200014 analysis P=2944.732MX1=M-33=-924.0241kn.m &
MX2=M-33=991.4371KNm,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-924.024)/(2944.732)=-0.314=-314mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(991.4371)/(2944.732)=0.337=337mm
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(337)= 134.8mm=0.134m
Therefore ee =278mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-924.02/991.4371) =73.30
341
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.298*2944.732=877.529KN.m
From SAP200014 analysis Pd=2944.732kn,My1=M-22=-375.186KNm &

My2=M-22=391.241KN.m,
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-375.186/2944.732)=0.127m=-127mm

.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(391.241/(2944.732)=0.133m=133mm
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(133)-0.4*(-127mm)=0.128m ……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(133)= 53.8mm


Since, λ=18.66<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-375.186/391.241) =73.97
Etot=128mm+20mm=148mm
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.128*2944.732=376.925KN.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(376.925*10^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.3077
γ=N_sd/(fcd*Ac)=(2944.732x〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(500x500) )=1.04
342
γ=0.4766,
w=0.3
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
AS required =3257.3696mm2
Using 14number of φ20mm dia bar


- 300 mm
.Spacing(s) ≤ 12*20=240 mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 20/4=5

Ø6 c/c 240mm
maximum.
343
GROUND FLOOR COLUMN DEISGN CALCULATION
In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.00213*3206.329)/(641.423*3)=0.035≤0.1…………………. (non- sway

frame)
b/ in y-y direction
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,(3206.329*0.00533)/(267.609*3)=0.0198 ≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
L =column height
Ic1 = Ic2=bh3/12 = [ ⁄
344
Kc3=Ic3/Lc3= =0.0108m4
Ib1 =Ib2== [ ⁄
Ib3=Ib4=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄
Kc1 =Ic1/Lc= 0.00521/3=0.00174

Kc2 =Ic2/Lc= 0.00521/3.15= 0.001653 m3
Kc3=Ic3/Lc3=0.0108/2.5=000432m3
Kb1=kb2=Ib2/Lb2 =0.00521/4 =0.0013m3
Kb3= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =0.0108/4 =0.0027.m3
Ic1 = Ic2 =bh3/12 = [(0.5*〖0.5〗^3) ⁄12] =0.00521 m4
Ic3= Ic3/Lc3= =0.0108m4
Ib1 =Ib2= [ ⁄
Ib3=Ib4= bh3/12 = ⁄

Kc1 =Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3= 0.00174 m3
Kc2=Ic2/Lc=0.00521/3.15=0.00165m3
Kc3=Ic1/Lc=0.0108/2.5= 0.00432m3
Kb1 =0.00521/4=0.00130m3
kb3=Ib3/Lb3=0.0108/4=0.0027m3
Kb2=0.00521/4.5=0001157m3
kb4=Ib4/Lb4=0.0108/4.5=0.0024m3
345
α1, ,=(0.0017367+0.00165)/(0.0013+0.0013)=1.27,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.00165+0.00432)/(0.0027+0.0027)=1.17
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.27+1.18)/2
αm =1.22
For non- sway or braced frame :Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.22+0.4)/(1.22+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
Therefore Le=3.15*0.8)= 2.526m
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
α1=(〖Kc1+K_c2)/(K_b1+K_b2 ) ,=(0.0017367+0.00165)/(0.0013+0.001157)=1.38,
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.00165+0.00432)/(0.0027+0.0024)=1.17
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.38+1.17)/2
αm =1.28
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.28+0.4)/(1.28+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
Therefore Le=3.15*0.8= 2.54 m
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.54*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
346
From SAP200014 analysis P=3206.329,MX1=M-33=-647.058.m &
MX2=M-33=1373.423KN-m,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-647.058)/(3206.329)=-0.202=-202mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(1373.423.)/(3206.329)=0.428=428mm
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(428)= 171.2mm=0.1712m
There fore ee =337.6mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-647.058/1373.423) =61.77
etot.=337.6mm+20mm=357.6mm
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.3376*3206.329=1147.86.m
μsd,,h=M_(sd,h)/(fcd*Ac*h)=(1147.86〖10〗^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.810

My2=M-22 =558.969.m,
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-283.998)/(3206.329)=0.089m=-89mm

.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(256.978/(3206.329)=0.174m=174mm
≥ 0.4(174)= 17.4mm
347
Therefore ,ee =17.4mm

Since, λ=17.39<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-334.936/256.978) =82.58
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.109*3206.329=349.489KN.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(349.882*10^6)/(11.33*(500x500)*500)=0.246
γ=N_sd/(fcd*Ac)=(3206.329KNx〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(500x500) )=1.13
γ=1.13,
w=0.4
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
348
- 300 mm
.Spacing(s) ≤ 12*16=190 mm Ø ≥ 6
≤ 300mm Ø/4= 20/4=5

Ø6 c/c 190mm
maximum.
FOUNDATION COLUMN DESIGN CALCULATION
349
In x-x direction
(N*U1)/(Cx*L)≤0.1 ,(0.0044*3251.733)/(674.023*2.5)=0.09≤0.1…………………. (non- sway

frame)
b/ in y-y direction
(N*U2)/(Cy*L)≤0.1 ,(3251.733*0.00167)/(281.141*2.5)=0.0077 ≤0.1…………………. (non-

sway frame)
L =column height

Ic0= bh^3/12=1 for fixed support
Ic1 =bh3/12 = [ ⁄
IC3= =0.00521M4
Ib1 =Ib2=bh3/ 12 =[ ⁄
Ib3=Ib4=1 for fixed support
Kc1 =Ic1/Lc= 0.0108/2.5= 0.00432 m3

Kc0=Ic0/Lc= 1
Kc2=Ic1/Lc1=0.00521/3.15=0.00165m3
Kb1=kb2=Ib2/Lb2 =0.0108/4 =0.0027m3

Kb3= kb4=Ib4/Lb4 =1
350
Ic0=1 for fixed support
Ic1 =bh3/12 = [(0.5*〖0.5〗^3)⁄12]=0.00521 m4
Ib1 =Ib2= bh3/12 = [(0.6*0.6^3) ⁄12] =0.0108m4
Ib3=Ib4=1
Kc0=1
Kc1 =Ic1/Lc=0.0108/2.5= 0.00432m3

Kc2=Ic1/Lc=0.00521/3.15= 0.00165m3
Kb1 =Ib1/Lb1=0.0108/4=0.0027m3
Kb2=Ib2/Lb2=0.0108/4.5=0.0024m3
kb3=kb4=Ib4/Lb4=1

α1 ,=(0.00165+0.00432)/(0.0027+0.0027)=1.106
α2=(K_c2+K_c0)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(0.00165+1)/(1+1)=0.50
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.106+0.50)/2
αm =0.83
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (1.76+0.4)/(1.76+0.8)=0.8≥0.7
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (2.53*√12) /0.5=17.53<140 …………………………….ok
α1=(〖Kc〗_1+K_c2)/(K_b1+K_b2 ) ,=(0.00432+0.00165)/(0.0027+0.0024)=1.17,
351
α2=(K_c2+K_c3)/(K_b3+K_b4 ) =(1+0.00165)/(1+1)=0.51
αm = (a1+a2)/2= (1.17+0.51)/2
αm =0.84
Le/L=(α_m+0.4)/(α_m+0.8)≥0.7
Le/L=(am+0.4)/(am+0.8)= (0.84+0.4)/(0.84+0.8)=0.75≥0.7
Therefore Le=2.5*0.75= 1.89 m
λ = Le/i
i=√(I/A)=h⁄√12
λ =(L_e √12)⁄h= (1.89*√12) /0.6=10.91<140 …………………………….ok

From SAP200014 analysis P=3251.733,MX1=M-33=-97.438KN.m &
MX2=M-33=1587.618KNm,
.ex1 =Mx_1/P_1 =(-97.438)/(3251.733)=-0.0299=-299mm

.ex2=Mx_2/(P_2,)=(1587.618)/(3251.733)=0.488=488mm
ee ≥ 0.6(eo2)-0.4(eo1)= 0.6(488)-0.4(-299)=0.305m=305mm…..(governing)
≥ 0.4(eo2)=0.4(488)= 142.4mm=0.1424m
ea=Le/300≥20mm,ea=1899/300=6.33≤20mm →Take ea=20mm

Since, λ=17.53<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-97.438/1587.618) =88.224
352
Msd,h=pd *e tot=0.325*3251.733=1056.8kn.m
μsd,,h=M_(sd,h)/(fcd*Ac*h)=(1056.8〖10〗^6)/(11.33*(600x600)*600)=0.75
From SAP200014 analysis Pd=3251.733 kn,My1=M-22=-53.148m &

My2=M-22=649.435.m,
.ey1 =My_1/P_1 =(-53.148)/(3251.733)=0.0016=-16mm

.ey2=My_2/(P_2,)=(649.435/(3251.733) =0.488=488mm
ee ≥ 0.6eo2-0.4eo1=0.6(488)-0.4*(-16mm)=0.293 ……..(governing)
≥ 0.4(0.488)= 54.8mm

ea=Le/300≥20mm,ea=1899/300=6.33≤20mm →Take ea=20mm

Since, λ=17.39<<< 50-25*M1/M2=50-25*(-334.936/256.978) =82.58
Msd,b=etot*pd=0.313*3251.733=1017.79.m
.μsd,b=M_(sd,h)/(fc*Ac*h)=(1017.7910^6)/(11.33*(600x600)*600)=0.718
γ=N_sd/(fcd*Ac)=(3251.733x〖10〗^3)/(11.33*(600x600) )=1.148
N.B , in this specific project only use b‘/b =h‘/h=0.1 to use biaxial chart .
353
Using biaxial chart of EBCS 2,part 2, ώ =is obtained as:
γ=1.148,
w=0.6
𝑑 𝑑= =2000
mm2
AS required 6514.33mm2
Anchorage of Reinforcement (EBCS 2,1995 section 7.1.6)

●All reinforcement shall be properly anchored at each end with due consideration for the effect
of arch action and shear cracks.
●The basic anchorage length is the embedment length required to develop the full design
strength of a straight reinforcing bar. The basic anchor
 f yd
age length lb for a bar of diameter φ is given by : lb 
4 f bd
Lap Length
The length of lap, lo, shall be at least equal to

l o  a1lb , net  l o , min
where l o , min  0.3aa1lb  15
or  200mm
α1 is a function of the percentage of reinforcement lapped
354
Required anchorage length lb, net depends on the type of anchorage and on the stress in the
reinforcement and calculated as
As
lb , net  alb  lb , min
As , eff
For bar in tension
lb , min  0.3lb  10
or  300mm
For bar in compression
lb , min  0.6lb  10

or  200mm
Where As, cal = the theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design
As,eff = the area of reinforcement actually provided
a = 1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension or compression
= 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard hook
lb, min = minimum anchorage length.
The basic anchorage length is the embedment length required to develop the full design
strength of a straight reinforcing bars
Although EBCS recomanded the abovecalculation.
IN our specific project we use .
1, Development length =40ᶲ

2, For straight anchorage =100mm
3,For hook anchorage =70mm
355
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. Design of shear wall

The objective of this chapter is to analyze and design Shear wall on the building. The
chapter has the following parts:
 Detailed introduction to Shear wall design
 Loading and Analysis of shear walls
 Design procedures for Shear wall design
 Analysis and Design solution of shear wall
7.1. Introduction
Structural wall: is a wall designed to resist lateral/horizontal shear forces parallel to the plane of
the wall. Example shear wall, bearing wall, etc. The design of structural walls is affected by
factors including:
 The structural function of the wall relative to the rest of the structure
 The way the wall is supported and braced by the rest of the structure.
 The way the wall supports and braces the rest of the structure.
 The types of loads the wall resists.
 The location and amount of reinforcement
Shear wall: is part of lateral force resisting system, it is a cantilever walls extended from
foundation to the top of the building. They primarily resist lateral loads due to wind or earth-
quakes acting on the building. These walls often provide lateral bracing for the rest of the
structure. They resist gravity loads transferred to the wall by the parts of the structure tributary to
the wall, plus lateral-loads (lateral shears) and moments about the strong axis of the wall.In
addition to the lateral loads shear walls resist the gravity loads from the floors and roof adjacent
to the wall.
Generally, the method of designing walls is as follows:

 Determine design life
 Assess actions on the wall
 Determine which combinations of actions apply
356
 Assess durability requirements and determine concrete strength
 Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance period
 Determine cover for fire, durability and bond
 Analyze structure for critical combination moments and axial forces
 Check slenderness and determine design moments
 Determine area of reinforcement required

 Check spacing of bars
In buildings commonly the following three systems are used for resisting lateral loads, namely
wind or earthquake loads.
 Moment-resisting frames: where lateral loads are resisted by bending of beams and
columns
 Bearing-wall systems: used for apartment buildings or hotels. A bearing wall building has
a series of parallel transverse shear walls between rooms or apartments. The walls resist
lateral loads by flexural action and deflects as vertical cantilevers
 Shear-wall frame buildings: where the lateral load is resisted in part by the wall and in
part by the frame. It is used for buildings ranging from 8 to about 30 stories. The lateral
In our case, the shear wall provided is added solely to support the lift shaft or elevator and not
integrated with the building to resist the lateral load acting on the building as a whole.
357
358
359
DESIGN SOLUTION
The size of the wall is based on the size of the lift and the load of the lift. To determine the size
of the wall the specification given by DAN techno craft is used.
From Dan Techno craft Technical specification, standards lift shaft and car sizes for center
opening electrical traction.
From the above specification the traction with the properties listed below are selected:-
-capacity of lift = 480 kg
-number of person to accommodate =6
-shaft width= 1700mm
-shaft depth=1700mm
-car width = 1050mm
-clear opening 800x2000
-pit depth =1500mm
Overhead height =3600
Determination lateral and vertical load
360
Load determination
The loads on the shear wall supporting the lift shaft includes the lateral load due to seismic
action and vertical loads from self-weight of the elevator car, top slab and from live load.
Lateral Load determination

Unlike that of frame system where lateral loads are resisted by the bending of beams and
columns, in the case of shear walls the lateral loads are resisted by the walls themselves in their
major axes.
The lateral loads on the wall include earthquake and wind loads. But, in our case as the wall is
not exposed to external wind loads, it is mainly subjected to earthquake load. Therefore, in the
following section we will determine the total earthquake load on the wall.
Base shear determination
Using the Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA) provided on EBCS-8/1995

Fb = Sd(T1) W
Where,
𝐹 = shear
W = Total weight of the building
(T1) = ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1 which is given by
Ordinate of design spectrum, 𝑑 𝑇
𝑑𝑇= 𝛽
Where,
α= ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity, g. It is given by
= 𝐼
Where,
0 = The bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone.
0.1 for zone 4 EBCS-8 , 1995, Table 1.1
I = important factor of the structure.
361
I = 1.2 ( Building whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of consequence associated
with a collapse ) EBCS -8, 1995, Table 2.4
α = 0.1 * 1.2 = 0.12
β = is the design response factor for the site and is given by
β= 2.5
⁄
Where
S = site coefficient of soil characteristics
S =1.2 (for sub soil class B) EBCS – 8 ,1995 , Table 1.2
T1 = the fundamental period of vibration of the structure (in second) for translational motion in
the direction of motion.
For building with height up to 80m the value of T1 is
T1 =C1H3/4 ………….. Eq (2.3) EBCS -8 ,1995
Where
T1 = fundamental period of building
H = Height of building above the base in meter
C1 = the value of C1 for structure with concrete or Masonry shear wall may be
taken as
C1 = 0.075/√
Ac = ∑
Where
Ac = combined effective area of the shear wall in the first story of building in m2
362
Ai = cross – sectional area of the shear wall i in the first story of the building.
Lwi = length of the shear wall i in the first story in the direction parallel to applied forces
Lwi/H shall not exceed 0.9
In our case
H = height of the shear wall =21.15m
The following figure shows the section of the lift. The lateral load on the lift may be acting in the
X-direction or the Y-direction.
Figure…. Sectional vie of shear wall

CASE 1 ; When the lateral load is acting in the Y-direction
Lwi=2.00m
Lwi/H =2.00/21.15= 0.09<0.9 . . . ok
AA=0.20*2.00=0.4m2
AA=AC=0.20*0.65=0.13M2
363
Ac = ∑ ( )
( ) ( )
AC=0.1379m2
C1 = 0.075/√ = 0.202
T1 = 0.202 *21.153/4 =1.99 sec
β= = 1.138 <2.5….ok
⁄
CASE 2, when the lateral force acting in the x- axis

Lwi=1.88m
AB =AE=0.20*(1.88-(2*0.2) =0.296M2
Ac = ∑
Ac= 0.123M2
C1 = 0.075/√ = 0.213
T1 = 0.213 *21.153/4 = 2.10 sec
β= = 1.098 ≤ 2.5
⁄
Hence to be conservative we have to take maximum
β value = 1.138
T1=2.10sec
= is the behavioural factor to account for energy dissipation capacity.
= KD KR KW 0.7
364
Where
= basic type of behavior factor, dependent on the structural type ( EBCS -8 ,1995 Table
3.2)
= 0.3 ( for core system )
KD = factor reflecting the ductility class
KD = 2 for lower ductility class ….Eq (3.3) EBCS -8 ,1995
KR = reflecting the regularity in elevation
KR = 1 for regular structure.. . . . .Eq ( 3.4) EBCS-8,1995
Kw = factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in the structures system.
Kw = 1.5 for core system
= 0.3 * 2 *1*1.5 = 0.9 0.7
So, we take = 0.7
Therefore , Sd (T1 = αβ = 0.12 *1.138 * 0.7 = 0.0956
a) Distribution of horizontal seismic forces

W= seismic DL , obtained as the total permanent load plus 25% of the floor live load. ( by
considering the elevator car as a storage occupancies to account the 25% allowance for live load
)
Ft = for T < 0.7
{ 0.07T1 fb 0.25 fb for T > 0.7
Ft = 0.07 * 2.1 * fb
Ft =0.147 fb
365
fb = Sd (T1) W
= 0.0956 W
Which implies the shear force is 9.55% of the building .that is 9.55% of the base shear is applied
on the building as a horizontal force action.
W, seismic dead load calculation
W=Total permanent load + 25% of floor live load, for storage & ware house.EBCS-8,1995
section 1.4.3(3)
Assuming the elevator car to be there and always gives service, it can be considered as storage
occupancies to account 25% allowance for live load.
PERMANNRT LOAD CACULATION FOR SHEAR WALLS MOMENT ARM MOMENT

designation 𝜸 height t b area volume weight x y mx my
SWI 25 3.15 0.2 2 0.4 1.26 31.5 0.1 1 31.5 3.15
SW2 25 3.15 0.2 1.48 0.296 0.9324 23.31 0.94 1.9 44.289 21.9114
SW3 25 3.15 0.2 0.65 0.13 0.41 10.25 1.78 1.675 17.169 18.245 GROUND FLOOR
SW4 25 3.15 0.2 0.65 0.13 0.41 10.25 1.78 0.325 3.3313 18.245
SW5 25 3.15 0.2 1.48 0.296 0.9324 23.31 0.94 0.1 2.331 21.9114
TOTAL= 98.62 98.62 83.4628
𝜸 height t b area volume Weight x y mx my

SWI 25 3 0.2 2 0.4 1.2 30 0.1 1 30 3
SW2 25 3 0.2 1.48 0.296 0.888 22.2 0.94 1.9 42.18 20.868 1ST FLOOR TO ROOF LEVEL
SW3 25 3 0.2 0.65 0.13 0.39 9.75 1.78 1.675 16.331 17.355
SW4 25 3 0.2 0.65 0.13 0.39 9.75 1.78 0.325 3.1688 17.355
SW5 25 3 0.2 1.48 0.296 0.888 22.2 0.94 0.1 2.22 20.868
TOTAL= 93.9 93.9 79.446
W=total permanent load+25 %( of floor live load)
W=∑ + 25 % LL
= 662 + (0.25 * 1.60* 1.48 *)
366
= 664.98 KN
FB=0.095*664.98
FB=63.173 KN
Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces to each story
The base shear force is distributed over the height of the structure at each floor level according to
the following formula:
H=height above the base to I level

FT= the shear force in addition to the (Fn) at the top of the structure
Ft=0.07 T1Fb
Ft=0.07*2.10*63.173KN
Ft=9.368KN
367
level hi wi wihi fb-ft fi
ground 3.15 98.62 310.653 53.805 2.089058
first 6.15 93.9 577.485 53.805 3.883432
second 9.15 93.9 859.185 53.805 5.777788
third 12.15 93.9 1140.89 53.805 7.672145
forth 15.15 93.9 1422.59 53.805 9.566502
fifth 18.15 93.9 1704.29 53.805 11.46086
sixth 21.15 93.9 1985.99 53.805 13.35522
sum 8001.06
Determination of vertical loads
Shaft roof slab design
Depth determination
( ( )) ( )
𝑑 39.61m
𝑑
Gross Depth, D
D=100mm
Effective depth to the grater direction
d=100-(15+14/2)
d=78mm
Effective depth of the shorter direction for normal slab:
d= =100-(14+15+14/2)
368
=64mm
Load calculation
Dead load
Self-weight of the slab =
5 cm thick cement screed = 𝑑 =1.15kn/m2

2cm thick plastering =𝑑 =0.46kn/m2
From self-weight of elevator
=1.6698kn/m2
Total dead load excluding load from self- weight the elevator car
= (2.5kn/m2+1.15kn/m2+0.36kn/m2)=4.11kn/m2
Total load excluding load from self- weight electro car
Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
=1.3*4.11+1.6(5) =13.343kn/m2
20*(pd =0.2*(13.343) =2.668kn/m2
Factored dad load from elevator car
=10*1.6698 𝑑
2.1707 2.668kn/m2………………ok!!!!
Therefore, We can simply distribute the load from the elevator car on the area of the
slab.
Total dead load of slab=(2.5+1.15+0.46+1.6698)kn/m2
=5.7798Kn/m2
Live load from storage =5kn/m2
Design load and load combination
We use first combo in slab design as there are only two load cases on the slab namely live
and dead load.
Pd=1.3(DL) +1.6(LL)
Pd= 1.3(5.7798) +1.6(5) =15.51kn/m2
Analysis of slab
369
Method of analysis of the slab is as discussed in the introduction part of solid slab design
The slab is two way slab (Ly/Lx = 2/1.88 =1.06 < 2)
Mi= Mi = i*Pd*Lx2
For slab simply supported on all the four sides (PCT=9) and with span ratio of 1.06 the values of
moment coefficient will be as follows: x = y = 0.065
Mxf = i*Pd*Lx2 = 0.065*15.51*1.88^2 = 3.561kn.m
Myf= i*Pd*Lx2 = 4.033kn.m
Depth requirement for ultimate flexural strength of concrete compression stress capacity
Mmax = 4.033KNm
Kmax = 0.448 ( for 0% moment redistribution)
Fcd = 11.33
b=1
D=34.785mm≤d used=78mm…..ok!!!!
Flexural reinforcement design
In y direction
370
Kx=
Kx=0.00446≤Kx,max=0.448……….ok!!!
C1=2.5 for any cross section
C2=0.32*fcd=0.32*11.33=3.6256Mpa
m=
=28.772
According to EBCS-2/1995 minimum reinforcement in slab is
Calculation bare spacing be selecting bar dimension
𝑑
𝑑
Use 12reinforced bar
371
Spacing, S=b*as/As 1000*452.4/1700=266mm
Use 12 c/c 250 mm
In x- direction
√ ( )
Kx=0.00393≤ kx max ok!
As= 𝑑
Use reinforced bar
S=b*as/As 1000*452.4/1200=266
Use c/c 250 to those di
Load transfer to walls
Ly/lx=2/1.88=1.06
Based on coefficient method of two way slab the value of shear distribution of the …………
= =0.348
372
Vx=pd=15.59kn/m2*0.348*1.88
Vx=10.147kn
Vy=15.51kn/m2*0.348*1.88 =10.79kn
Hence, the total load of bottom of the shear wall becomes
Nsd=pd+ wall of at the bottom
Pd for each wall
Wall A=Pd =vx*L=10.147*2=20.294kn
Wall B=Pd =VY*L=10.79*1.88=20.29KN
Wall C= Pd =VX*L=10.147*0.65=6.69KN
Wall D= Pd =VX*L=10.147*0.65=6.60 KN
Wall E= Pd =VY*L=10.79 *1.88=29.29KN
designation area volume weight pd Nsd

A 0.41 8.6715 216.788 20.294 237.0815
B 0.296 6.2604 156.51 20.291 176.801
C 0.13 2.7495 68.7375 6.6 75.3375
D 0.13 2.7495 68.7375 6.6 75.3375
E 0.296 6.2604 156.51 20.29 176.8
373
13.3552
13.3552 2
2
11.4608 24.8160
66 6
9.56650
34.3826
2
42.0547
7.66721
45
47.8324
5.77778
8
3.88343 51.7159
2
53.804
2.089058
shearwall
axial force diagram shear force diagram
374
40.0656
114.513
217.6615
343.8256
487.32313
642.4709
811.96665
1
DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL SHEAR WALL
Design of Wall-A
0.20m
2.00m
H=2.00m
B=0.20m
Determination of design eccentricity in both directions:
Etot=ea+eo+e2
Ea=Le/300
Accidental (additional) eccentricity due to various imperfections:
EBCS-2/1995 Section 4.4.3
Where: Le=is the effective buckling length of the wall.
375
Assuming the top end of the shear wall to be simply supported
Le=0.7*L
Where L= the wall height
Le=O.7*21.15m=
Le=14.81m
Ea=Le/300=14.81/300=0.049m=49.35mm
Determination of the design eccentricity in H direction
 First order eccentricity

Eo= Md/Nsd=811.966kn-m/237.0815kn
Eo=3.4248m
 Second order eccentricity
E2= ( )
E2=0.4*2(14.81/10*2.00)^2=0.439=438.67mm
Total eccentricity=49.35+438.67mm+3424.8mm=3.913m
Relative eccentricity:
The relative eccentricity, for a given direction, is the ratio of the total eccentricity,
allowing for initial eccentricity and second-order effects in that direction, to the column
width in the same direction.
=3.913/2=1.956m
Determination of design eccentricity in B-direction:
376
o First order eccentricity: no moment is carried in this direction as it is carried by the
perpendicular walls, Md=0
eo=Md/Nsd=0
o Second order eccentricity:
e2=438.67mm
total eccentricity=49.35mm+438.67mm=488.02mm
o Relative eccentricity:
erel=Etot/b=0.488/0.2=2.4401m
Relative eccentricity ratio , K
K=
=1.956/2.4401m=0.801m
Equivalent eccentricity, eeq=

Eeq=etotal(1+k
Relative normal force v=
𝑁 𝑑
𝑑
= =0.053
Eeq=etotal(1+k =o.488*(1+0.801*
From EBCS – 2 table 4.1 we interpolate for α and we get the value α =0.677
Eeq=0.488(1+0.801*0.677)
=0.752mm
377
Design moment calculation:
o Design moment, Msd

Msd=eeq*Nsd
0.752*237.0815=178.4349KN-m
Design of vertical reinforcement
𝜇= 𝑑 𝑑 =178.4349kn-m /11.33(k𝑁 ) 200 2000 2 =0.0196

ω = is the reinforcement ratio from chart using V and μ values.
From uniaxial chart No.7 ω ~ 0.63
Area of reinforcement:
Amin = 0.004Ac = 0.004*200mm*2000mm = 1600mm2
Amax = 0.04Ac = 0.04*200mm*2000mm = 16000mm2
= 𝑑 / 𝑑=0.63 11.3 (𝑁 ) 200 2000 /260.87(𝑁 )=10944.76
As (10944.76mm2) < Amax (16000mm2)
10944.76/2=5472.38mm^2
Using two rows of bars (i.e. providing reinforcement on each face (internal and external face) of
the wall, the area of steel reinforcement on each side will be:
Check the diagonal compression failure of concrete Section resistance,

Vrd = 0.25fcdbwd = 0.25*11.3*200*(2000-200) = 1019.77KN
Vrd (1019.77KN) > Vd(53.8049KN) ……………………………..OK!
378
Check the section capacity, Vc
VC = 0.25*fctd*K1*K2*bw*d + Vcn
VC = 0.25*fctd*K1*K2*bw*d + Vcn
Where Vcn= 0.1 𝑑 𝑁 𝑑/Ac=0.1 200 (2000−200) *237.0815 𝑁/200 2000
=
Vcn=21.33KN
K1 = 1.6 –d = 1.6 – 0.20 = 1.40> 1
K2 = 1 + 50 = / 𝑑=10944.76/200 (2000−200) =0.0304
K2 = 1 + 50*0.0304 = 2.52
Vc = 0.25*fctd*K1*K2*bw*d + Vcn
= 0.25*1.03*1.40*2.52*200*(2000-200) + 2133N = 327.066KN
Vc (327.066KN) > Vd (53.804985)……………………………………………..OK!
Area of shear reinforcement:
According to section 6.2.1.2 of EBCS-2 the area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less
than one-half of the vertical reinforcement.
= 10944.76/4=2736.19 2
Therefore, providing two stirrups, the area of shear reinforcement will be
The diameter of horizontal bars shall not be less than one quarter of that of the vertical bars.
= 10944.76/4=2736.19 2
Assume ø 16 reinforcement with area of 201.06 mm2

= / =2000 201.06/2736.19mm2=147
Provide ø16 c/c 140mm in both sides
According section 7.2.5.3(3) of EBCS-2 the horizontal reinforcement shall enclose the
vertical reinforce. The horizontal bars shall enclose and be tied to the vertical bars so as to form
rigid mat.
379
CHAPTER –EIGHT
FOUNDATION DESIGN
Foundation design
The foundation is the part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying soil
or rock the loads supported by the foundation and it‘s self-weight. The resulting soil stresses
except at the ground surface are in addition to those presently existing in the earth mass from its
self-weight and geological history. Commonly the super-structure of any structure or building is
part of the system bringing load to the foundation, or substructure. For these reasons it is better
to describe a foundation as that part of the engineered system that interfaces the load -carrying
components to the ground.
Selection of foundation type
In selecting the type of foundation we should consider the following points
Function of the structure:
 Load it must carry
 Sub surface condition
 Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost of superstructure
Foundation Design
Foundation design is concerned primarily with ensuring that the movements of a foundation are
within the limits that can be tolerated by the proposed structure without adversely affecting its
functional requirements. Structures vary widely in their function be considered as interrelated
problems.
For the satisfactory design of foundations it is important to have an understanding of the local
geology and the type, thickness, parameters, properties and design bearing pressures of the soil
or rock layers to which the foundation transfers the loads.
Knowledge of the ground water and flooding conditions and also the chemical composition of
the subsoil water, particularly with respect to its sulphate content, is also necessary. Attention
must be drawn to new construction which may lead to additional settlement of adjacent
structures. The design of foundations should, therefore, take this possibility into account.
380
The purpose of footing is to transfer loads of super structure and other external loads acting on it
safely through columns to the ground.
The main objectives of a foundation are the following

 To distribute the weight of the structure over larger area so as to avoid over loading of
The soil beneath.
 To load the sub structure evenly so as to avoid unequal settlement.
 To provide a level surface for building operations
 To take the sub structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability and avoid
Overturning
Basically there are two types of foundations. These are

1) Shallow foundations – These are foundations that transfer the load to the ground at the base
Of the column or wall of the substructure, i,e when the foundation is placed immediately
Beneath the lowest part of the super structure.
Shallow foundations can be broadly divided in the following groups
 Spread foundations (Isolated footing)
 Combined footings
 Mat or raft foundations
The spread footing that supports a single column is known as isolated column footing.
2) Deep foundations-- These transfer the load through upper layers of incompetent soil to
Component bearing soil or rock within the earth.
 To select a foundation type and satisfactory design it, it is imperative to have geology and
The type, thickness, parameters, properties and design bearing pressure of the soil or rock
Layers to which the foundation transfers the loads.
Analysis and design of footings
The analysis and design of footings can be broadly divided in the following steps
Step-1-Determination of the area of footing
Step-2-Determination of bending moments and shears at critical sections and fixing the
Depth of footing
Step-3-Determination of the area of footing
381
Step-4-Reinforcement design for flexure
Step-5-Check for development length at critical sections
The area of footing is worked out based on the load on the bearing capacity of the soil, axial load
and bending moment etc.
 The calculations are based on the code provided by EBCS-2, 1995 and EBCS-7, 1995
Shear resistance according to EBCS-2, 1995
i) Punching shear resistance
Vrd1= 0.25fctdk1k2ud
Where k1= (1+50ρe) ≤ 2.0
K2=1.6-d ≥ 1
For members where more than 50% of the reinforcement is curtailed, k2=1
To x and y respectively.
ii) Wide beam resistance
Vrd=0.25fctdk1k2bwd
Where k1=(1+50ρ)≤ 2
K2=1.6-d≥ 1
For members where more than 50% of the bottom reinforcement is curtailed, k2=1
Design Approach
The design approach we used is limit state design method
Limit State Design Method
A list of limit states to be considered shall be a complied. The following limit state shall be
considered.
 Loss of overall stability Bearing resistance failure
 Failure by sliding
 Combined failure in ground and in structure
 Structural failure due to foundation movement
 Excessive settlement
 An acceptable vibration
 When selecting design situation for shallow foundation it is especially important to
access the level of ground water table.
 Design and construction consideration
382
Design and Construction Consideration
When choosing the depth of shallow foundation the following should be considered;
 Reaching an adequate bearing stratum
 The depth above which shrinkage and swelling of clay soils due to seasonal weather
changes, trees or shrubs, may cause appreciable movement
 The level of water table in the ground and the problems which may occur if excavation
for foundation is required below this level.
 Possible ground movement and reduction in the strength of the bearing stratum be
seepage or climatic effect or by construction procedures;
 Future excavation for service close to the foundation;
 High or low temperature transmitted from the building;
 A direct method, in which separate analyses are, carried out for each limit state using
calculation model and design values for the action and ground parameters.
 When against the limit state, the calculation shall model the failure mechanism which is
envisaged as closely as possible. When checking against the service ability limit state, a
deformation analysis shall be used.
 Presumed bearing resistance, estimated empirically used comparable and the result of
field or laboratory measurements or observations and chosen in relation to serviceability
limit state loads so as to satisfy the requirement of all relevant limit states.
In our case ultimate limit state design is chosen
Ultimate limit state deign method
Overall stability
Failure due to loss of overall stability shall be checked in particular for shallow foundations in
the following situation:
 Near or on inclined site, a natural slope or embankment
 Near an excavation or retaining wall
 Near a river, a canal, a lake, a reservoir or the shore
 Near mine workings or buried structures.
383
Bearing resistance failure
To demonstrate that a foundation will support the design load with adequate safety against
bearing resistance failure, the following inequality shall be satisfied for all ultimate limit state
load cases and load combinations;
Vd < Rd ---------------------- (!)
Where; Vd is the ultimate limit state design load normal to the foundation base
Rd is the design bearing resistance of the foundation against normal load
Analysis result
Using the result from 3D frame analysis done on SAP the design procedure is done as follows.
SAP 2014 Output for footing design (un-factored load).
Sample footing Design

Foundation depth is to be 2.5m below basement floor level.
The stress distribution (contact pressure distribution) is assumed to be linear.
Bearing Capacity
The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from the structure placed up on it without a shear
failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for the structure. The design bearing
resistance can be taken from the presumed design bearing pressure for different soils according
to EBCS-7, 1995 ART 6.10.2 Table 6.3. In case our supporting ground type assumed Medium
dens or Sand dense. The presumed design value of bearing pressure from EBCS-7, 1995 ART
6.10.2 Table 6.3 ranges in 420 Kpa.
Material data:
Concrete; C-30
Steel: S-300
Column size: 600mmx600mm
Sample
384
From SAP analysis output results the following loading data are obtained
Pd=4906 KN
Mx=532KN-m
My=-160KN-m
8.1. Design of isolated footing
Footing C-3 Design

Footing Size Proportioning
Max/Min= ( )
Where ey= =532KN-m/4906KN-m=0.10844
ex= =-160KN-m/4906KN-m=-0.03261
Since our column is square assume square foundation B=L
385
420= ( )
420= ( )
( )=420
B= by using trial and error the value of B is 3.6 m.Take 3600*3600mm
Stress Distribution
The approximate contact pressure distribution under strip and rectangular symmetrical footings
is derived from the common flexural formula, provided that the considered loading lies within
the kern of the footing.
The stress distribution is assumed to be uniform. The magnitude of the stress at edge of the
footing is determined by the following equation. In our case the footing is assumed to be square
(B=L).
Max/Min= ( )
( )
= ( )=426.39KN/m^2
( )
=378.55(1-0.18073+0.05435) =330.7KN/m^2
( )
386
( )
378.55(1+0.18073+0.05435) =467.54KN/m^2
( )
( )
=378.55(1-0.18073-0.05435) =289.56KN/m^2
We have the following stress distribution diagram at the edge of footing in four sides.
289.56KN/m 426.39KN/M^2
289.56KN/m^2
426.39KN/M^2
467.54KN/m^2
330.7KN/m^
2
330.7KN/m^2
. 467.54KN/m^
2
Fig: stress distribution
The average distribution is given by avrg
avrg=
387
= = 378.55KN/m^2
Depth Determination
The critical section used for footing depth determination is similar to flat slab section. Those
section are
Punching Shear
As per EBCS 2, 1995 the punching shear critical section for footing is at distance 1.5d from the
face of the column as shown below.
3.6m
3.6m
Fig: critical section for punching shear
Punching shear force, Pp
388
Pp = P –σavgAc
Where; P = Unfactored axial load
Ac= Critical section area
σavg=Average contact pressure
p=4906KN
σavg=378.55KN/m^2
Ac= (a + 3d)(b + 3d)
Pp =4906-378.55(0.6+3d)(0.6+3d)
=4906-378.55(0.36+1.8d+1.8d+9d2)
=4906-136.3+1362.78d+3406.95d2
=4769.7+1362.78d+3406.95d2
=-3406.95d2-1362.78d+4769.7………………………..eg-1
Punching shear resistance V is given by

Punching shear resistance, VRD= 0.25fctdK1K2Ud
Where, K1=1+50 min≤1, min=0.5/fyk=0.00167
K1=1+50*0.0017≥1
=1.085
K2=1.6-d≥1
fctd=0.21 fcd2/3 = =1.165
by substituting,
Vrd=0.25*1.165*1.085*(1.6-d)*(2.4+12d)*d*1000
389
-3792d3+5308.8d2+1212.4d……………………………….eg 2
Solving by equating Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) gives to;
Vact=Vresist
-3406.95d2-1362.78d+4769.7=-3792d3+5308.8d2+1212.4d
By using trial and error the value of d =0.7m
Therefore, minimum effective depth required for punching shear is 0.7m
Depth from Wide Beam Shear

As per EBCS 2, 1995 the wide beam shear at critical section for footing is at a distance dfrom the
face of the column as shown below.
Since it is square footing, wide beam shear is equal on both directions.
Wide beam shear = Vw(1-1) = Vw(2-2) =σavg*B * 𝑑+
𝑑
378.55*3.6** +
Vw(1-1) = Vw(2-2) =1362.78(1.5-d)……………….eg1
3.6m
390
3.6m
Critical section for wide beam shear
Shear force
carried by a concrete perimeter (wide beam shear resistance)
Vc= 0.25fctdK1K2Bd
Vc= 0.25*1.165*103*1.085*(1.6-d)*1*d
Vc=316(1.6-d)d=505.61d-316d2……………………….eg 2
Equating equations (1) & (2) and simplifying, the final equation
Vw(1-1) = Vw(2-2) =1362.78(1.5-d)=316(1.6-d)d=505.61d-316d2
dwide beam= 1.4m

Therefore, dwide beam= 1.4m for wide beam shear
Comparing these two values of d,dpunching= 0.7mmm anddwide beam= 1.4m. This
shows that wide beam shear governs.
Overall depth, D=d+cover+ /2, using cover=50mm, =20mm
=1400+50+20/2=479mm
Use, D=1460mm
New, d=D-cover- /2=1460-50-20/2=1400mm
391
Therefore, the modified critical effective depth deff = 1400mm
Determination of Design Moment

The critical section for the bending moment is at the face of the support (column). The
section in the x-direction& in the y direction as shown below
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
426.39KN/m^2 289.56KN/m^2
330.7KN/m^2
289.56KN/m^2
Fig: footing section
We have the average stress for x-x and y-y section shown above
Along x-xσavr = =357.975KN/m^2
Along y-y σavg= KN/m^2
Bending moment along each section (x-x & y-y) can be determined by the following formula
Mx−x=σavg *L* *
392
My−y=σavg*B* *
Mxx=357.975*3.6* * =1449.8KN/m^2
My−y=310.13*3.6* * =1256KN/m^2
Check Depth for Flexure
Material C-25 S-300
Fyd= =300/1.15=260.87mpa
Fcd= =13.6mpa
Design parameter
M= =23.977
( ) ( )
Ec=0.0035 Es=fyd/E=260.87/200000=0.0013
=0.02534
max=0.019 min=0.5/fyk=0.5/300=0.00167
393
𝑑 √ =317.27mm< deff=1400………ok
Therefore safe it is safe for flexure
Reinforcement design
A) along Y-direction
M y-y 1256
= (c1-√
= (0.10427-√ =0.00069
act< min< max used

=0.00167
Ast= *b*d=0.00167*3600*1400=8416.8mm2
as= =314
Number of bars 0f =As/as=8416.8mm^2/314mm^2=18.6=19
Number of bar of =19
Spacing= = =193
Ast Provided= 19*314mm^2=8595.4mm^2
Provide19 20 mm center to center 190 mm along Y- direction in 3.6m strip
Reinforcement design along X-direction
394
Mx-x=1449.8KNm
= (c1-√
= (0.10427-√ =0.00079
act< min< max used

=0.00167
Ast= *b*d=0.00167*3600*1400=8416.8mm2
as= =314
Number of bars 0f =As/as=8416.8mm^2/314mm^2=18.6=19
Number of bar of =19
Spacing= = =193
Ast Provided= 19*314mm^2=8595.4mm^2
Provide19 20 mm center to center 190 mm along x- direction in 3.6m strip
Development Length
Basic anchorage length lb
Where fyd=260.87mpa
Fbd=2*fctd=2*1.165mpa=2.33mpa
395
Lb= ( )=671.77mm
Let lb=680mm Required Anchorage length
The net anchorage length,
=1*680*8416/8595=665.8
The minimum value
lb 0.3lb=0.3*680=204mm
10 =10*20=200mm
Lb=204mm
Take lbnet=665.8
Actual provided length l=( ) -1400=800
Actual length l=800mmis greater than the required one Lb net=665.8mm hence bending of bars
is not required. Therefore Straight bar is provided.
Reinforcement deta
3.6m
3.6m
396
20c/c190mm
397
CHAPTER Nine
Conclusion and Recommendation
9.1 Conclusion
On this project we cover the design of G+6 MIXED USED building which is going to be built in
Samara University. The analysis and design was completely according to EBCS code of 1995.
On the analysis of lateral load the seismic hazard zone of samara is not listed on EBSC 8 Table
1.3. But Our Advisor said to consider neigh bor city which is Asaigta town zone 4 from EBCS 8
Table 1.3 seismic hazard zone for selected town and also on foundation design bearing capacity
of soil for samara were assumed sand dense soil with compactness or consistency behaviour
Hard to Stiff as a result we are take 420kPa from EBCS-7, 1995 ART 6.10.2 Table 6.3 the
presumed design value of bearing pressure. The analyses of frames are completely done by using
SAP2000 v14.0.0.0. And the result was taken as it is for designing purpose, as the adequacy of
each building elements was understandable by the program and can generate the output results
with acceptable sign convention. From this what we conclude is that if this program is not
available it is so difficult to complete this project within this time constraint and SAP2000
v14.0.0.0 gives results only if the loads are inserted correctly otherwise error could occur when
the selection of design forces, members.
398
9.2 Recommendation
For Samara University specially Civil Engineering Department
In this project career there is time constraint starting from late data provision for the starting to
till compiling and submission of the documents, thereby coincides with exam schedule. Thus we
recommend that the data have to be given on time at the beginning of second semester. There is
also shortage of project room in the university due to that group discussion is full of
inconveniency, so it is better if common project room is prepared by the faculties so that each
group can use that. Finally the shortage of computer has great contribution toward lag in time of
the project and the school should be worry of that. Finally, as it was recognized analysis and
design of any engineering structure is supported with computer programming, hence we
recommend that it had better if computer programming for civil engineers is given as a subject in
order to make the students familiar with different software.
During construction of the building
 All the works especially the concrete work should be done and supervised with great
care to attain class-I work Job-quality requirement.
 All the structural members should be built as per the design.
 The quality of material to be used for construction should fulfill the specification given
in the design.
399
Reference
1. Ethiopian building code

EBCS 1- 1995, Part -1 and P art-2
EBCS 2- 1995
EBCS 3- 1995
EBCS 7- 1995
EBCS 8-1995
2. Principles of Foundation Engineering, Seventh Edition, Author Braja M. Das.

3. Reinforced Concrete Design, Fourth Edition, Author W.H.Mosley and J.H.Bungey.
4. Exercise book and handouts
400
APPENDEIX
401
402
403
404

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6/1/2010

SAMARA UNIVERSITY DEP OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4 Fasil Edalamaw ………….…….…………………………………………………..359/06

ADVISOR; Mr. Govinde

Figure 1:Flat roof zoning According to EBCS-1/1995 .................................................................................. 16

1.2. DESIGN CONSTANTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

=1.03 Mpa..................... [EBCS – 2, 1995 table 2.4 & 2.5]

where: fcd= the design compressive strength of concrete

Where:- fK = characteristic load

Design Method and Reference

 To develop software by applying Ethiopian Building codes of Standard(EBCS 1995)

Structural design and analysis

Where: V ref is the reference wind velocity.

The exposure coefficient,

is the upwind slope in the wind direction

Is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction

H is the effective height of the feature

Wind pressure Coefficients

External Pressure coefficients

Internal Pressure coefficients

 Terrain factor, KT = 0.22 ,

Width of the roof, L=15.1m

F 5.75 2.3 13.225

G 11.5 2.3 26.45

Table 1:Area of each zone

Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10

hp/h=0.026 -2.208 -1.608 -1.808 -1.108 -1.2 -0.7

Table 2: external pressure coefficient

External pressure coefficients, Cpe for each zone

In our case Cpe=Cpe10 b/c All area ≥ 10m2

Zone Area(m2) Cpe

Internal wind pressure coefficients, Cpi

Cpi =0.8 for pressure

Cpi =-0.5 for suction

Net wind pressure

Cpe -1.608 -1.108 -0.7 -0.2

Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Cpe-Cpi -2.408 -1.908 -1.5 -1

Wnet -1.163 -0.922 -0.725 -0.483

Table 3 :Net Wind pressure for internal pressure

Cpe -1.608 -1.108 -0.7 0.2

Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

Cpe-Cpi -1.108 -0.608 0.2 0.7

Wnet -0.535 -0.294 0.097 0.338

Table 4: Internal negative pressure

The maximum values from the above two cases are:

S-1 S-2 S-3

S-4 S-5 S-6

S-13 S-14 S-15

S-17 S-18 S-19

Figure 2: roof plan lay out

Roof plan lay out

Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).

Where: fyk – is the characteristic strength of the reinforcing bars.

Table 5: Ba values of EBCS

S1=d≥ {0.4+ (0.6*300)/400}Le/Ba

Ba=37.5 by using Interpolations in two way slab

ρmax = 0.75ρb=0.750.025= 0.019