MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Pakistan studies
PS-1217

Lecture [1] : Indus Civilization and Arrival of Muslim in Subcontinent

Iram Abid
( Lecturer )
 Importance of History

Why learn history ?

• It is fascinating to learn about how people lived in the past

• History teaches us to learn from past

• People who do not learn from history have to repeat it

• History teaches us to understand the modern world

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 Indus valley civilization

• 2500-1500BC:The Indus valley civilization or Harappa civilization was at its peak

and was possibly the largest of all ancient civilization in terms of population

• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were two of the many urban parts of this
civilization that had trade connections with various places in
Iran,Afghanistan,Iraq and many parts of India including Bombay and New Delhi

• The Indus Valley civilization was rediscovered in 1920-21.

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 Special features of Indus civilization

• Agriculture :Wheat,cotton,corn

• Industry :a.Tools of copper,bronze and stone

• Textile(cotton and silk)

• Sophisticated poetry and other kinds of cooking and serving utensils

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 Indus civilization
• Many questions about the Indus people who created this highly complex culture remain
unanswered, but other aspects of their society can be answered through various types of
archaeological studies.
• Harappa was a city in the Indus civilization that flourished around 2600 to 1700 B.C.E. in the
western part of South Asia.
• The Indus Valley Civilization (also known as the Harappa Civilization) was a Bronze Age society
extending from modern northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
• The civilization developed in three phases: Early Harappa Phase (3300 BCE-2600 BCE), Mature
Harappa Phase (2600 BCE-1900 BCE), and Late Harappa Phase (1900 BCE-1300 BCE).
• Inhabitants of the ancient Indus River valley developed new techniques in handicraft, including
Carnelian products and seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin.
• Sir John Hubert Marshall led an excavation campaign in 1921-1922, during which he discovered
the ruins of the city of Harappa. By 1931, the Mohenjo-Daro site had been mostly excavated by
Marshall and Sir Mortimer Wheeler. By 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements of the Indus
Civilization were located.

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 End of Indus Civilization

• It remains unclear how the Indus civilization came to an end, and its decline was
probably not uniform.

• By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, the city of Mohenjo-Daro was already
dying and was dealt a final blow by invaders from the north. The civilization’s
southernmost parts, by contrast, may have continued until Iron Age civilization
developed in India about 1000 BCE.

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 Arrivals of Muslims in subcontinent

• Muslim Traders

• Muhammad Bin Qasim (712)

• The Mughals Empire (1526 -1857)

• Decline of Mughal Empire

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 Why Muslims won?

• Superior military equipment

• Leadership and skilled Army

• Jihad as a booster

• The people of the region were mentally defeated

• Majority population was not happy with Hindu Rulers

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 Decline of Mughals Empire

• Rebellion
• Local Leaders Challenged Mughal Authority
• Loyal princes Rebelled
• Independent Provinces
• Maratha Factor
• Power Factor
• Start of European Conquest

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THANKS