Assignment on

Therapeutic Fluids and Life Saving Drugs

Submitted to:
Dr.Sunil Sapkota

Submitted by:
Kapil Bhusal(11)
Kripa Giri(12)
Kushal Neupane(13)
Lasta Shrestha(14)
Madhav Rawat(15)
 Therapeutic Fluids

1) Normal saline (NS)

 Trade name: sodium chloride intravenous infusion BP 0.9% W/V
 Generic name: Sodium chloride
 Composition-9gram sodium chloride/liter i.e. 1000 ml or 0.9gm/100
ml
 Indication
1. Indicated to restore circulatory volume in dehydration, shock,
fluid loss due to haemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhoea.
2. To clean wounds
3. In case of dry eyes
 Contraindication
1. Hypertension, Preeclampsia
2. CHF, renal disease and cirrhosis
 Route of administration: IV
 Manufacturer: Axa Parenterals Limited
 Packaging: bottle of 500ml

2) Ringer’s Lactate (RL)

 Ringer's lactate solution, also known as sodium lactate solution and
Hartmann's solution, is a mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate,
potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water.
 Most physiological solution
 Isotonic solution.
 Does not contain glucose.
  The solution can be administered both by IV and subcutaneously.
 every 100 milliliters of their solution includes the following:
1. calcium chloride: 0.02 grams
2. potassium chloride: 0.03 grams
3. sodium chloride: 0.6 grams
4. sodium lactate: 0.31 grams
5. water for injections IP
 Indications
a. diarrhea, dehydration, water and electrolytes imbalance
b. It is used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in those who
have low blood volume due to trauma, surgery or a burn injury
or low blood pressure.
c. alkalinizing agent( in case of metabolic acidosis)
d. to wash the eye following a chemical burn.
e. diabetic coma, cholera
f. is used for the treatment or palliative care of chronic renal
failure in small animals.
 Contraindication
1. in metabolic acidosis
2. in seriously ill patients with poor tissue perfusion
3. on impaired hepatic function.
4. on fever
 Manufacturer-Axa parenterals Limited
 Packaging-Bottle of 500ml

3) Calcium and Magnesium Borogluconate (Generic name)

 Trade name: Thiacal
 Composition:
1. Calcium-1.86%w/v
 2. Boric acid-4.21%w/v
3. Magnesium hypophosphite-5% w/v
4. Dextrose anhydrous-20% w/v
5. Chlorocresol IP.....0.1%w/v
6. Water for injection.....q.s
 INDICATION
1. Milk fever complicated with
2. hypophosphatemia
3. hypoglycemia
4. grass tetany(hypomagnesaemia)
5. Neuromuscular disorders.
 Manufacturer: Vetoquinol
 • Packaging-Bottle of 450ml
 • Route of administration-IV

4) Dextrose injection IP (5% w/v)-trade name

 Dextrose (Generic name)
 Composition: Each 100ml contains:
1. Dextrose anhydrous IP 5.00gm
2. Water for injection IP q.s
 Route of administration: IV
 Hypertonic
 Manufacturer: Nirlife
 Packaging-Bottle of 500ml
 Indication
1. bovine ketosis
2. hypoglycemia
 3. weakness and cachexia conditions in which oral feeding is
impossible(Amount and rate of infusion depends on the
severity of the condition.)

5) Dextrose injection IP (50%w/v) (trade name)

 Dextrose(Generic name)
 Composition
1. Each 100ml contains:
2. Dextrose anhydrous IP 50gm
3. Water for injections q.s
 hypertonic
 Manufacturer-Hindustan medicines pvt ltd
 Packaging-Vial of 25ml
 Contraindication-Diabetes

6) DNS(0.9% and 5%)

 Trade name: Sodium chloride(0.9% w/v) and Glucose(5% w/v
 Dextrose-sodium chloride (generic name)
 Hypertonic
 Composition: Each 100ml contains
1. Each 100ml contains
2. Sodium chloride BP 0.9g
3. Glucose Anhydrous BP 5g
4. Water for injections BP q.s
 Route of administration: IV
 Manufacturer: Infutec Healthcare limited
 Packaging: Bottle of 500ml
 Indication: Indicated in hypoglycemia complicated with
dehydration /fluid loss due to infectious disease, trauma, surgery,
 burns, debility etc. in which oral supplementation is impossible.
Amount and rate of infusion depends on the severity of the
condition.

LIFE SAVING DRUGS

Lifesaving drugs, also known as emergency drugs, are the chemical

compounds that are administered during life threatening conditions so that
further complications/ toxication can be prevented and life of the patient
can be saved. A lifesaving drug should:
a. Have a short onset of action.
b. Be easily available.
c. Be administered in a way to facilitate rapid onset of action.

Role of Life Saving Drugs

 To normalize the vital body functions.
 To decrease the absorption and distribution of toxicant.
 To increase the threshold level of toxicity.
 To increase the excretion of toxicant from the body.
 To diverse the patient from possible risks.

Commonly available lifesaving drugs in Nepal:

1. Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injection IP
 Trade name: Curadex
 Composition:
o Dexamethasone Phosphate:4mg
o Methyl paraben IP: 0.15%w/v
o Propyl paraben IP : 0.02%w/v
o Water for injection IP q.s
 Indications: Anaphylaxis, asthma, spinal cord injury
 MOA: Suppresses acute and chronic inflammation
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, use caution in suspected
systemic sepsis
 Adverse reactions: Headache, restlessness, euphoria,
psychoses
 Dose:
a) Dog:0.5-1 mg/kg IV or IM for 3-4 days
b) Cattle:2mg/kg IV or IM for 2-4 days

2. Verapamil Hydrochloride
 Trade name: Isoptin, Calan
 Mechanism of action: Prolongs AV nodal refractory period, dilates
coronary arteries and arterioles
 Indications: high blood pressure, Paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation with rapid
ventricular response
 Adverse reactions: dizziness, headache, pulmonary edema

3. Morphine Sulfate
 Trade name: Roxanol, MS Contin
  Mechanism of action: Alleviates pain
through CNS action
 Indications: Severe CHF, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema
 Contraindications: Head injury, exacerbated COPD, depressed
respiratory drive

4. Activated Charcoal
 Trade name: EZ-Char, Actidose, Liqui-Char
 Mechanism of action: Absorbs toxic substances from the
gastrointestinal tract
 Indications: Most oral poisonings/ medication overdoses
 Contraindications: Oral administration to comatose patients
 Adverse reactions: If aspirated, can induce fatal form
of pneumonitis, Bowel obstruction
 Considerations: Mix contents well before administration, does not
absorb cyanide, lithium, iron, lead, or arsenic

5. Albuterol
 Trade name: Proventil, Ventolin
 Mechanism of action: Results in smooth-muscle relaxation in
the bronchial tree
 Indications: Treatment of bronchospasm in
patients with COPD/asthma)
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity reactions to albuterol
 Adverse reactions: Often dose-related and include headache,
fatigue, lightheadedness, irritability, restlessness
6. Aspirin
 Trade name: Ecotrin
 Mechanism of action: Prevents platelets from clumping
together and forming emboli
 Indications: New onset chest pain suggestive of acute
myocardial infarction
 Contraindications: Relatively contraindicated in patients with
active ulcer disease or asthma

7. Atropine Sulfate
 Mechanism of action: Increases heart rate in life-threatening
bradydysrhythmias
 Indications: Hemodynamically unstable bradycardia
 Contraindications: Tachycardia, hypersensitivity
 Adverse reactions: Drowsiness, confusion, headache,
tachycardia, palpitations
 Dose:
a) Cattle: 0.25mg/kg body weight
b) Pig and horse: 0.05mg/kg body weight
c) Dog: 0.2mg/kg body weight

Thank You!