Chapter Test A

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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test A
Chapter: Solutions
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
______ 1. Agitation prevents settling in a(n)

a. alloy.
b. homogeneous mixture.
c. suspension.
d. gaseous mixture.
______ 2. All of the following are heterogeneous mixtures except

a. whole wheat bread.
b. granite.
c. tap water.
d. an oil-water mixture.
______ 3. What is the concentration of a 100. mL aqueous solution that contains

1.00 g KCl (molar mass 74.55 g/mol)?
a. 1.34 M KCl
b. 0.134 M KCl
c. 0.0134 M KCl
d. 0.001 34 M KCl
______ 4. To determine the molarity of an HCl solution, you need to know the
number of
a. grams of HCl in 1 106 g of solution.
b. moles of HCl dissolved in the total moles of solution.
c. moles of HCl in 1 L of solution.
d. moles of HCl dissolved in 1 kg of solvent.
______ 5. What type of solute-solvent combination is carbon dioxide in water?

a. gas-liquid
b. liquid-gas
c. liquid-liquid
d. cannot be determined
______ 6. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 0.202 mol KCl (molar
mass 74.55 g/mol) in 7.98 L of solution?
a. 0.0132 M KCl
b. 0.0253 M KCl
c. 0.459 M KCl
d. 1.36 M KCl
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Modern Chemistry 104 Chapter Test
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Name Class Date
Chapter Test A, continued
Use this figure to answer questions 7 and 8.
CsCl
180 NaNO3
Solubility (g per 100 g of water)

160
NaCH3COO
140 RbCl
120
100 LiCl
80 NH4Cl
60 KCl
40 NaCl
20 Li2SO4
SO2
0
10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (°C)
______ 7. A solution containing 35 g of Li2SO4 dissolved in 100 g of water is

heated from 10°C to 90°C. According to information in the figure, this
temperature change would result in
a. an additional 5 g of Li2SO4 in solution.
b. an additional 30 g of Li2SO4 in solution.
c. 5 g of Li2SO4 precipitate.
d. no change in Li2SO4 concentration.
______ 8. According to saturation curves shown in the figure, which of the

following solutions is supersaturated?
a. 40 g of NaCH3COO in 100 g of water at 40°C
b. 140 g of NaCH3COO in 100 g of water at 80°C
c. 80 g of NaCH3COO in 100 g of water at 40°C
d. 80 g of NaCH3COO in 200 g of water at 40°C
______ 9. In 100 mL of cold water, 35 g of NaCl will dissolve, but 70 g will not.
This observation implies that
a. solubility depends on temperature.
b. in order to dissolve more NaCl, you must increase the pressure.
c. solubility depends on the amounts of solute and solvent present.
d. NaCl is not easily hydrated.
______10. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 125 g NaCl (molar
mass 58.44 g/mol) in 4.00 L solution?
a. 0.535 M NaCl
b. 2.14 M NaCl
c. 8.56 M NaCl
d. 31.3 M NaCl

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______11. Which of the following is soluble in water?

a. potassium nitrate
b. silver
c. benzene
d. carbon tetrachloride
______12. In a solution at equilibrium,

a. no dissolution occurs.
b. the rate of dissolution is less than the rate of crystallization.
c. the rate of dissolution is greater than the rate of crystallization.
d. the rate of dissolution and the rate of crystallization are equal.
______13. A dissolved solute that does not form ions is

a. a nonelectrolyte.
b. a weak electrolyte.
c. a strong electrolyte.
d. insoluble.
______14. How many moles of HCl (molar mass 36.46 g/mol) are present in
0.70 L of a 0.33 M HCl solution?
a. 0.23 mol
b. 0.28 mol
c. 0.38 mol
d. 0.47 mol
______15. If the temperature stays the same, the solubility of gases in liquids
a. increases with increasing pressure.
b. cannot reach equilibrium.
c. decreases with increasing pressure.
d. does not depend on pressure.
______16. A NaOH solution contains 1.90 mol of NaOH (molar mass

40.00 g/mol), and its concentration is 0.555 M. What is its volume?
a. 0.623 L
b. 0.911 L
c. 1.05 L
d. 3.42 L
______ 17. Which solution would be least likely to carry an electric current?
a. NaCl
b. HCl
c. C6H12O6
d. CsI

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______18. Which type of mixture contains the smallest particles?

a. emulsions
b. solutions
c. suspensions
d. colloids
______19. Which does not affect the rate at which a solid solute dissolves?
a. the vapor pressure of the solvent
b. the temperature of the solvent
c. the surface area of the solid
d. the speed at which the solution is stirred
______20. Which pair of compounds is immiscible?

a. water and alcohol
b. water and toluene
c. toluene and gasoline
d. benzene and gasoline
______21. Under which conditions is more CO2 dissolved in a carbonated

beverage?
a. in a glass at room temperature
b. in a bottle that has been left uncapped in the refrigerator
c. in a glass with ice cubes
d. in an unopened bottle in the refrigerator
______22. A solid is dissolved in some water at 25°C in a beaker. The outside of

the beaker feels cold to the touch. What does this tell you about this
solution?
a. The enthalpy of solution for the solid is negative.
b. The solution has not come to equilibrium.
c. The solution must be heated to continue the dissolving process.
d. The enthalpy of solution for the solid is positive.
______23. What is the molality of an aqueous NaOH solution made with 5.00 kg
of water and 3.6 mol NaOH (molar mass 40.00 g/mol)?
a. 3.6 m NaOH
b. 1.4 m NaOH
c. 0.72 m NaOH
d. 0.090 m NaOH
______24. How much methanol, CH3OH (molar mass 32.05 g/mol), is needed to
make a 0.90 m solution in 250 g of water?
a. 0.14 g CH3OH
b. 7.2 g CH3OH
c. 100 g CH3OH
d. 220 g CH3OH

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______25. What mass of NaCl (molar mass 58.44 g/mol) is needed to make a
1.50 m solution using 300. g of solvent?
a. 26.3 g NaCl
b. 11.7 g NaCl
c. 1.50 g NaCl
d. 0.0877 g NaCl

Back Print RESOURCE PAGE
TEACHER
26. According to the kinetic-molecular 15. d 16. c

theory, the particles in a liquid can 17. c 18. a
change relative positions but still are 19. a 20. d
influenced by attractive forces. Their 21. c 22. a
ability to move about explains the flu- 23. c 24. a
idity of liquids and their ability to dif- 25. c
fuse. As some particles at the surface
of a liquid gain energy, they overcome TEST B
the attractive force and vaporize. 1. c 2. b
27. In ionic crystals, monatomic or poly- 3. c 4. b
atomic positive and negative ions are 5. b 6. b
arranged in a regular pattern. In metal- 7. a
lic crystals, metal atoms are sur- 8. Avogadro’s law
rounded by a sea of valence electrons. 9. temperature
The electrons are donated by the 10. pressure
metal atoms and belong to the crystal 11. temperature
as a whole. 12. 760 mm
28. a. 10.7 kJ b. 28.9 kJ 13. V P VP
29. 9.83 kJ 14. effusion
30. 0.766 kJ 15. pressure
Equilibrium vapor pressure is the pres- 16. newton
sure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium 17. barometer
with its corresponding liquid at a given 18. partial pressure
temperature. 19. decrease
a. A liquid boils when its equilibrium 20. absolute zero
vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric 21. c
pressure. At high elevations, there is 22. d
lowered atmospheric pressure. This 23. i
means that the equilibrium vapor pres- 24. j
sure will equal the lowered atmos- 25. a
pheric pressure at a lower 26. e
temperature. 27. h
b. Increasing the temperature of a liq- 28. k
uid increases its average kinetic 29. b
energy. That in turn increases the 30. 5.7 102 mm Hg
number of molecules that have enough 31. 40. atm
energy to escape from the liquid phase 32. 150.°C
into the vapor phase. This increased 33. 459 mm Hg
evaporation rate increases the concen- 34. 236 L
tration of molecules in the vapor 35. 16 g/mol
phase, which increases the equilibrium 36. 2.05 g/L
vapor pressure. 37. 0.77 L
38. 22.3 g
39. 2.051
11 Gases, pp. 93–103
TEST A 12 Solutions, pp. 104–113

1. b 2. c
3. b 4. d TEST A
5. d 6. a 1. c 2. c
7. a 8. a 3. b 4. c
9. a 10. b 5. a 6. b
11. b 12. b 7. c 8. c
13. d 14. a 9. c 10. a

Modern Chemistry 228 Answer Key
TEACHER
11. a 12. d 28. Ethanol must be polar, since it dis-

13. a 14. a solves in water, which is a polar sub-
15. a 16. d stance. Carbon tetrachloride must be
17. c 18. b nonpolar, since it does not dissolve in
19. a 20. b water.
21. d 22. d 29. 10.0 g/100 g H2O
23. c 24. b 30. 6.07 kg H2O
25. a 31. 12.0 g
32. 0.122 g MgCl2
TEST B 33. 24.4 g I2
1. b 2. c 34. 0.0846 M
3. a 4. a 35. 1.67 L NaCl
5. b 6. d 36. 0.799 m C12H22O11
7. d 8. c
9. decreases
10. solute 13 Ions in Aqueous
11. colloid Solutions and
12. equilibrium
13. nonpolar Colligative
14. ions Properties, pp. 114–124
15. supersaturated solution
16. particle size TEST A
17. solution 1. b 2. d
18. exothermic 3. c 4. a
19. hydration 5. c 6. b
20. immiscible 7. d 8. d
21. solvated 9. a 10. d
22. hydrate 11. c 12. a
23. increase 13. c 14. b
24. alloy 15. a 16. a
25. “Like dissolves like” means that you 17. b 18. b
can make a general prediction that 19. c 20. d
polar solvents will dissolve polar 21. a 22. d
solutes, and nonpolar solvents will 23. d 24. d
dissolve nonpolar solutes. 25. d
26. Both terms are ways of expressing the
concentration of a solution. Molarity is TEST B
the number of moles of solute per liter 1. a 2. d
of solution. Molality is the number of 3. c 4. c
moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. 5. b 6. b
27. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. 7. d 8. a
Suspensions and colloids are heteroge- 9. precipitation
neous mixtures. Solutions have the 10. semi-permeable membrane
smallest particle size, followed by the 11. electrolyte
size of colloid particles and suspen- 12. spectator ion
sion particles. Solutions and colloids 13. three
do not settle out on standing, but sus- 14. osmotic pressure
pensions do. Solutions and colloids 15. H3O
cannot be separated by filtration, but 16. Ca(NO3)2
suspensions can be. Solutions do not 17. greater
scatter light. Colloids scatter light. 18. lower
Suspensions may scatter light, but 19. 2K(aq) S 2(aq)
they are not transparent. 20. Dissociation is the separation of ions
that occurs when an ionic compound
Back Print
Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test B
Chapter: Solutions
PART I In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best
completes each statement or best answers each question.
______ 1. Molecules whose water solutions can carry electric current

a. are nonpolar.
b. ionize in water.
c. do not dissolve in water.
d. decompose in water.
______ 2. Which of the following does not increase the rate at which a solid
dissolves in water?
a. raising the temperature of the water
b. stirring the solution
c. using large pieces of the solid
d. crushing the solid
______ 3. When the energy released by the formation of solvent-solute

attractions is greater than the energy absorbed by overcoming
solute-solute and solvent-solvent attractions, the dissolving process
a. has a negative enthalpy of solution.
b. has a positive enthalpy of solution.
c. is endothermic.
d. does not occur.
______ 4. Henry’s law relates

a. pressure to gas-liquid solubility.
b. temperature to gas-liquid solubility.
c. pressure to temperature.
d. pressure to liquid-solid solubility.
______ 5. Raising the temperature of a solvent causes solvent-solvent collisions

to become
a. less frequent and more energetic.
b. more frequent and more energetic.
c. less frequent and less energetic.
d. more frequent and less energetic.
______ 6. The rate at which a solid dissolves is

a. directly related to solubility.
b. inversely related to solubility.
c. related to the square of the solubility.
d. not related to solubility.

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Chapter Test B, continued
______ 7. Effervescence is the

a. dissolving of a gas in a liquid.
b. escape of a liquid from a liquid-liquid solution.
c. escape of a solid from a solid-liquid solution.
d. escape of a gas from a gas-liquid solution.
______ 8. A solution that contains a large concentration of solute but can hold
even more solute is
a. unsaturated and dilute.
b. saturated and dilute.
c. unsaturated and concentrated.
d. saturated and concentrated.
PART II Write the correct term (or terms) in the space provided.
9. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in liquids generally
10. The substance dissolved in a homogeneous mixture is the
11. A mixture that can be identified because it scatters light is
a(n) .
12. When a solute dissolves and recrystallizes at the same rate, the solution is at
13. A substance that does not dissolve in a polar solvent is probably
14. To carry an electric current, a solution must contain
15. A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution
contains under the same conditions is called a(n)
.
16. Mixtures are classified according to their .
17. A homogeneous mixture that contains particles in a dispersed phase that do
not settle out is a(n) .

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18. Dissolution processes with negative enthalpies of solution are
processes.
19. is the solution process with water as the

solvent.
20. Liquid solutes and solvents that are not soluble in each other are
21. A solute molecule that is surrounded by solvent molecules is
22. CuSO4D5H2O is a crystalline compound referred to as a(n)
23. The solubility of CuCl2(s) would with

increasing solvent temperature.
24. A(n) is a solution whose solute and

solvent are both solid metals.
PART III Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
25. Explain the meaning of the phrase “like dissolves like” in terms of polar and
nonpolar substances.
26. What do molarity and molality measure and how do the two terms differ?

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27. Compare the properties of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
28. Ethanol dissolves in water, but carbon tetrachloride does not. What can you
conclude about ethanol and carbon tetrachloride?
PART IV Write the answers to the following questions on the line to the left, and
show your work in the space provided.
29. Exactly 15.0 g of a substance can be dissolved in 150.0 g

of water. What is the solubility of the substance in grams
per 100 g of water?
30. What mass of water must be used to make a 1.35 m

solution that contains 8.20 mol NaOH?
31. The solubility of a substance is 12.0 g per 100. g of water

at 20.0°C. It is 18.0 g per 100. g of water at 60.0°C. How
many grams of the substance can crystallize from a
saturated solution that contains 200. g of water at 60.0°C
if the solution is cooled to 20.0°C?

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32. How many grams of MgCl2 (molar mass 95.20 g/mol)

will be formed from 25.6 mL of a 0.100 M HCl solution
reacting with excess magnesium metal? (The other
product is hydrogen gas.)
33. What mass of iodine, I2 (molar mass 253.80 g/mol),

must be used to prepare a 0.960 m solution if 100.0 g of
ethanol, C2H5OH, is used?
34. What is the molarity of a solution composed of 8.210 g of

potassium chromate, K2CrO4 (molar mass
194.20 g/mol), dissolved in enough water to make
0.500 L of solution?
35. What volume of 1.50 M NaCl (molar mass 58.44 g/mol)

is needed for a reaction that requires 146.3 g of NaCl?
36. What is the molal concentration of a solution made by

dissolving 34.2 g of sucrose, C12H22O11 (molar mass
342.34 g/mol), in 125 g of water.

TEACHER
26. According to the kinetic-molecular 15. d 16. c

theory, the particles in a liquid can 17. c 18. a
change relative positions but still are 19. a 20. d
influenced by attractive forces. Their 21. c 22. a
ability to move about explains the flu- 23. c 24. a
idity of liquids and their ability to dif- 25. c
fuse. As some particles at the surface
of a liquid gain energy, they overcome TEST B
the attractive force and vaporize. 1. c 2. b
27. In ionic crystals, monatomic or poly- 3. c 4. b
atomic positive and negative ions are 5. b 6. b
arranged in a regular pattern. In metal- 7. a
lic crystals, metal atoms are sur- 8. Avogadro’s law
rounded by a sea of valence electrons. 9. temperature
The electrons are donated by the 10. pressure
metal atoms and belong to the crystal 11. temperature
as a whole. 12. 760 mm
28. a. 10.7 kJ b. 28.9 kJ 13. V P VP
29. 9.83 kJ 14. effusion
30. 0.766 kJ 15. pressure
Equilibrium vapor pressure is the pres- 16. newton
sure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium 17. barometer
with its corresponding liquid at a given 18. partial pressure
temperature. 19. decrease
a. A liquid boils when its equilibrium 20. absolute zero
vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric 21. c
pressure. At high elevations, there is 22. d
lowered atmospheric pressure. This 23. i
means that the equilibrium vapor pres- 24. j
sure will equal the lowered atmos- 25. a
pheric pressure at a lower 26. e
temperature. 27. h
b. Increasing the temperature of a liq- 28. k
uid increases its average kinetic 29. b
energy. That in turn increases the 30. 5.7 102 mm Hg
number of molecules that have enough 31. 40. atm
energy to escape from the liquid phase 32. 150.°C
into the vapor phase. This increased 33. 459 mm Hg
evaporation rate increases the concen- 34. 236 L
tration of molecules in the vapor 35. 16 g/mol
phase, which increases the equilibrium 36. 2.05 g/L
vapor pressure. 37. 0.77 L
38. 22.3 g
39. 2.051
11 Gases, pp. 93–103
TEST A 12 Solutions, pp. 104–113

1. b 2. c
3. b 4. d TEST A
5. d 6. a 1. c 2. c
7. a 8. a 3. b 4. c
9. a 10. b 5. a 6. b
11. b 12. b 7. c 8. c
13. d 14. a 9. c 10. a

TEACHER
11. a 12. d 28. Ethanol must be polar, since it dis-

13. a 14. a solves in water, which is a polar sub-
15. a 16. d stance. Carbon tetrachloride must be
17. c 18. b nonpolar, since it does not dissolve in
19. a 20. b water.
21. d 22. d 29. 10.0 g/100 g H2O
23. c 24. b 30. 6.07 kg H2O
25. a 31. 12.0 g
32. 0.122 g MgCl2
TEST B 33. 24.4 g I2
1. b 2. c 34. 0.0846 M
3. a 4. a 35. 1.67 L NaCl
5. b 6. d 36. 0.799 m C12H22O11
7. d 8. c
9. decreases
10. solute 13 Ions in Aqueous
11. colloid Solutions and
12. equilibrium
13. nonpolar Colligative
14. ions Properties, pp. 114–124
15. supersaturated solution
16. particle size TEST A
17. solution 1. b 2. d
18. exothermic 3. c 4. a
19. hydration 5. c 6. b
20. immiscible 7. d 8. d
21. solvated 9. a 10. d
22. hydrate 11. c 12. a
23. increase 13. c 14. b
24. alloy 15. a 16. a
25. “Like dissolves like” means that you 17. b 18. b
can make a general prediction that 19. c 20. d
polar solvents will dissolve polar 21. a 22. d
solutes, and nonpolar solvents will 23. d 24. d
dissolve nonpolar solutes. 25. d
26. Both terms are ways of expressing the
concentration of a solution. Molarity is TEST B
the number of moles of solute per liter 1. a 2. d
of solution. Molality is the number of 3. c 4. c
moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. 5. b 6. b
27. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. 7. d 8. a
Suspensions and colloids are heteroge- 9. precipitation
neous mixtures. Solutions have the 10. semi-permeable membrane
smallest particle size, followed by the 11. electrolyte
size of colloid particles and suspen- 12. spectator ion
sion particles. Solutions and colloids 13. three
do not settle out on standing, but sus- 14. osmotic pressure
pensions do. Solutions and colloids 15. H3O
cannot be separated by filtration, but 16. Ca(NO3)2
suspensions can be. Solutions do not 17. greater
scatter light. Colloids scatter light. 18. lower
Suspensions may scatter light, but 19. 2K(aq) S 2(aq)
they are not transparent. 20. Dissociation is the separation of ions
that occurs when an ionic compound
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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test A
Chapter: Acids and Bases
______ 1. Which of the properties listed below is not characteristic of an acid?

a. a sour taste
b. a slippery feel
c. the ability to conduct an electric current
d. reactivity with metals
______ 2. Which is an example of a weak acid?

a. HCl
b. H2SO4
c. H3PO4
d. HNO3
______ 3. Acetic acid is found in

a. vinegar.
b. the stomach.
c. antacids.
d. oranges.
______ 4. A characteristic of an Arrhenius base is that it

a. is an electrolyte.
b. tastes bitter.
c. dissociates to form OH ions.
d. All of the above
______ 5. Which of the following is a Brønsted-Lowry base?

a. HCl
b. HCO3
c. H3O
d. H3PO4
______ 6. In the reaction represented by the equation

H2C2O4(aq) CH3NH2(aq) ←
→ HC2O4(aq) CH3NH 3(aq),
which of these is a conjugate acid-base pair?
a. H2C2O4(aq) and CH3NH2(aq)
b. H2C2O4(aq) and CH3NH3(aq)
c. CH3NH2(aq) and CH3NH3(aq)
d. HC2O4(aq) and CH3NH3(aq)

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______ 7. What is the correct formula for hydrosulfuric acid?

a. H2SO4
b. H2S
c. H2SO3
d. SO2
4
______ 8. What is the correct acid name for an aqueous solution of HClO4?
a. hypochlorous acid
b. chlorous acid
c. chloric acid
d. perchloric acid
______ 9. A substance that increases the concentration of OH ions in an

aqueous solution is known as a(n)
a. Arrhenius acid.
b. Arrhenius base.
c. Lewis acid.
d. Lewis base.
______10. An Arrhenius acid in an aqueous solution

a. attracts negatively charged anions.
b. attracts positively charged cations.
c. gives up one or more of its hydrogen ions to water molecules.
d. forms ionic bonds with water molecules.
______11. Which of the following is an indication of acid strength?

a. the number of hydrogen atoms in the formula of the acid
b. how strongly an aqueous solution of the acid conducts an electric
current
c. how quickly the acid dissolves in water
d. the number of total atoms in one molecule of the acid
______12. Which of the following is an organic acid?

a. CH3COOH
b. H2SO4
c. HI
d. HClO3
______13. The neutralization of any strong acid and strong base produces mostly
a. H2O molecules.
b. H3O and OH ions.
c. H3O ions.
d. OH ions.

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______14. A strong base in an aqueous solution

a. is a weak electrolyte.
b. produces many H ions.
c. will not dissolve.
d. completely dissociates into ions.
______15. In a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction, what are transferred from one

reactant to another?
a. electrons
b. water molecules
c. protons
d. OH ions
______16. How many protons per molecule can a monoprotic acid donate?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. zero
______ 17. How many stages of ionization does phosphoric acid go through?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
______18. Which substance is a Lewis acid in the reaction shown by the equation
below?
BF3(aq) F(aq) ←
→ BF 4 (aq)
a. BF3
b. F
c. BF4
d. None of the above
______19. What is the conjugate acid of water?

a. OH
b. H3O
c. H2O2
d. HOH
______20. HCl is a strong acid. When it combines with water, the conjugate of
HCl will be a
a. weak base.
b. weak acid.
c. strong base.
d. strong acid.

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______21. Which is the stronger base in the reaction represented by the following
equation?
→ H3O(aq) CH3COO(aq)
CH3COOH(aq) H2O(l) ←
a. CH3COOH
b. CH3COO
c. H3O
d. H2O
______22. Consider the reaction represented by the equation below.

HClO4(aq) H2O(l) → H3O(aq) ClO
4 (aq)
Which substances are present in the greatest concentrations?

a. HClO4 and H2O
b. HClO4 and ClO4
c. H3O and ClO
4
d. H2O and H3O
______23. Consider the two equations below.
H2SO4(aq) H2O(l) → H3O(aq) HSO

4 (aq)

NH3(g) H2O(l) ←
→ NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)
They illustrate that water is

a. an acid in both reactions.
b. a base in both reactions.
c. amphoteric.
d. a weak electrolyte.
______24. What is the correct net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction
between the substances below?
HNO3(aq) KOH(aq)
a. NO
3 (aq) K (aq) → KNO3(aq)
b. H3O (aq) OH(aq) → 2H2O(l)

c. H3O(aq) NO
3 (aq) K (aq) OH (aq) →
NO
3 (aq) K (aq) 2H2O(l)
d. HNO3(aq) KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) H2O(l)
______25. Sulfur trioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water. The product of the
reaction, which falls to the ground as a component of acid rain or
snow, is
a. H2SO4(aq).
b. H2S(aq).
c. H3O(aq).
d. SO24 (aq).
TEACHER
dissolves. The ions, already present, 17. c 18. a
separate from one another. Ionization 19. b 20. a
is the process of forming ions from the 21. d 22. c
solute molecules by the action of the 23. c 24. b
solvent. When a molecular compound 25. a
dissolves and ionizes in a polar sol-
vent, ions are formed. TEST B
21. In a strong electrolyte, all or almost all 1. d 2. d
of the dissolved compound exists as 3. c 4. c
ions in aqueous solution. In a weak 5. a 6. b
electrolyte, little of the dissolved com- 7. a 8. b
pound exists as ions in aqueous solu- 9. strong
tion. 10. binary
22. When a compound containing hydro- 11. conjugate base
gen dissolves in water to form a 12. diprotic
hydrogen ion, H, the H ion attracts 13. acids, water, salt
other molecules or ions so strongly 14. amphoteric
that it rarely exists alone. In water, the 15. carbon dioxide, barium chloride,
H ion immediately bonds to a water water
molecule, forming a hydronium ion, 16. nitrous acid
H3O. 17. hydrochloric acid
23. Dissolved salt will lower the freezing 18. carbonic acid
point of water. Therefore, adding salt 19. sulfuric acid
to icy roads will help melt the ice and 20. hydriodic acid
prevent further freezing of any water 21. hypobromous acid
on the road’s surface. It will also pre- 22. H2S
vent the refreezing of water as it 23. HNO3
melts. 24. H3PO3
24. none 25. HClO4
25. Ba2(aq) SO 42(aq) → BaSO4(s) 26. HCl and Cl
26. Cd2(aq) S2(aq) → CdS(s) NH3 and NH 4
27. none 27. acidic: HCl and NH 4
28. none basic: NH3 and Cl
29. 42 g/mol 28. H2O and OH
30. 0.77°C/m NH3 and NH 4
31. 0.261°C 29. proton donors: H2O and NH 4
32. 2.81°C/m proton acceptors: OH and NH3
33. 690 g 30. HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq)
34. 0.73°C H2O(l)
31. H3O(aq) Cl(aq) Na(aq)
OH(aq) → Na(aq) Cl(aq)
14 Acids and Bases, 2H2O(l)
pp. 125–133 32. H3O(aq) OH(aq) → 2H2O(l)
33. HIO3, HIO, HIO4
TEST A 34. HIO, HIO3, HIO4
1. b 2. c 35. A strong acid ionizes completely in an
3. a 4. d aqueous solution. A weak acid does
5. b 6. c not ionize completely in aqueous solu-
7. b 8. d tion. Its aqueous solution contains
9. b 10. c hydronium ions, anions, and dissolved
11. b 12. a acid molecules.
13. a 14. d 36. Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is produced as a
15. c 16. a gas and dissolves in atmospheric

TEACHER
water to produce a sulfuric acid solu- 23. acidic
tion that falls to the ground as rain or 24. basic
snow. SO3(g) H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) 25. basic
37. Have a sour taste; change the color of 26. A pH meter measures the pH of a solu-
acid-base indicators; some react with tion by measuring the voltage between
active metals to release hydrogen gas; the two electrodes that are placed in
react with bases to produce salts and the solution. This works because the
water; conduct electric current voltage is proportional to the hydro-
38. H3PO4(aq) H2O(l) ← → nium ion concentration.

H3O (aq) H2PO 4 (aq) 27. The pH changes slowly at first, then
H2PO4(aq) H2O(l) ← → H3O(aq) rapidly through the equivalence point,
2
HPO 4 (aq) then slowly again.
HPO 42(aq) H2O(l) ← → H3O(aq) 28. HIn H2O ← → H3O In or HIn ^
3
PO4 (aq) H In
In acidic solutions, the H3O ions in
solution drive the equation toward the
15 Acid-Base Titration nonionized form. HIn is present in
and pH, pp. 134–143 largely nonionized form in acidic solu-
tions, and In ions are present in
TEST A largely ionized form in basic solutions.
1. d 2. c HIn is a different color than the In
3. b 4. c ion.
5. c 6. c 29. acidic
7. b 8. b 30. neutral
9. d 10. b 31. basic
11. c 12. b 32. basic
13. a 14. d 33. basic
15. d 16. d 34. [H3O] 1 104 M;
17. d 18. a [OH] 1 1010 M
19. c 20. c 35. [H3O] 1.0 1010 M;
21. d 22. b [OH] 1.0 104 M
23. c 24. d 36. [H3O] 5.0 1011 M;
25. d [OH] 2.0 104 M
37. [H3O] 1 104 M;
TEST B [OH] 1 1010 M
1. d 2. b 38. [H3O] 5 103 M;
3. d 4. c [OH] 2 1012 M
5. a 6. b 39. 1 105 M
7. a 8. d 40. 4.0
9. self-ionization 41. 2.5 102 M
10. basic 42. 0.232 M
11. transition interval 43. 2.01 M
12. pH 44. 0.0175 M
13. 1014
14. 14
15. decreases 16 Reaction Energy,
16. end point pp. 144–153
17. higher
18. lower TEST A
19. primary standard 1. d 2. a
20. higher 3. c 4. a
21. acidic 5. b 6. c
22. acidic 7. a 8. a

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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test B
Chapter: Acids and Bases
______ 1. Which of the following is an oxyacid?

a. HCl
b. H2O
c. H2S
d. H2SO4
______ 2. Which acid is produced in the stomach?

a. HNO3
b. CH3COOH
c. H2SO4
d. HCl
______ 3. Which of the following is a strong base?

a. NH3 c. NaOH
b. aniline d. acetate ion
______ 4. In the reaction represented by the equation HF(aq) H2O(l) ←

→
H3O(aq) F(aq), a conjugate acid-base pair is
a. F and H2O. c. HF and F.
b. H3O and HF. d. HF and H2O.
______ 5. If H2O in the reaction represented by the equation H2O C2H3COOH ←

→
H3O C2H3COO is considered to be a weaker base, then H3O is a
a. stronger acid. c. weaker acid.
b. stronger base. d. weaker base.
______ 6. Proton-transfer reactions favor production of the

a. stronger acid and stronger base.
b. weaker acid and weaker base.
c. stronger acid and weaker base.
d. weaker acid and stronger base.
______ 7. Aqueous solutions of most bases contain

a. hydroxide ions and cations. c. hydrogen ions and anions.
b. hydroxide ions and anions. d. hydrogen ions and cations.
______ 8. Acid strength increases with

a. increasing polarity and increasing bond strength.
b. increasing polarity and decreasing bond strength.
c. decreasing polarity and increasing bond strength.
d. decreasing polarity and decreasing bond strength.

Name Class Date
9. A substance that ionizes almost completely in aqueous solutions, producing
H3O ions, is a(n) acid.
10. An acid that contains hydrogen and only one other element is called a(n)
acid.
11. The species that forms when an acid has given up a proton is called the
acid’s .
12. An acid that can donate two protons per molecule is called a(n)
acid.
13. Bases are said to be neutralized when they react with
to yield
and a(n)
14. Any species that can react as either an acid or a base is described as
15. Barium carbonate will react with hydrochloric acid to produce
, ,
and .
PART III
Write the name of each of the following acids in the space provided.
16. HNO2
17. HCl
18. H2CO3
19. H2SO4
20. HI
21. HBrO

Name Class Date
Write the formula for each of the following acids in the space provided.
22. hydrosulfuric acid
23. nitric acid
24. phosphorous acid
25. perchloric acid
Refer to the equation below to answer questions 26 and 27.

HCl(g) NH3(l) ←
→ NH 4(aq) Cl (aq)
26. List the conjugate acid-base pairs.
27. Identify each reactant and product as acidic or basic.
Refer to the equation below to answer questions 28 and 29.

H2O(l) NH3(g) ←
→ NH 4(aq) OH (aq)
28. List the conjugate acid-base pairs.
29. Identify each reactant and product as a proton donor or a proton acceptor.

Name Class Date
Refer to the following statement to answer questions 30–32:

Dilute HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) are mixed in chemically equivalent
quantities.
30. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
31. Write the overall ionic equation for the reaction.
32. Write the net ionic equation.
Use the following three acids to answer questions 33 and 34:
iodic acid hypoiodous acid periodic acid
33. Give the formulas for these three acids.
34. List the acids in order of increasing acid strength.

Name Class Date
PART IV Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
35. Explain the difference between strong acids and weak acids.
36. Explain how the production of sulfur trioxide, SO3, in industrial processes
can result in acid rain. Write an equation for the reaction.
37. List five properties of aqueous acids.
38. Write the balanced equations that describe the three-stage ionization of
phosphoric acid in a dilute aqueous solution.

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
dissolves. The ions, already present, 17. c 18. a
separate from one another. Ionization 19. b 20. a
is the process of forming ions from the 21. d 22. c
solute molecules by the action of the 23. c 24. b
solvent. When a molecular compound 25. a
dissolves and ionizes in a polar sol-
vent, ions are formed. TEST B
21. In a strong electrolyte, all or almost all 1. d 2. d
of the dissolved compound exists as 3. c 4. c
ions in aqueous solution. In a weak 5. a 6. b
electrolyte, little of the dissolved com- 7. a 8. b
pound exists as ions in aqueous solu- 9. strong
tion. 10. binary
22. When a compound containing hydro- 11. conjugate base
gen dissolves in water to form a 12. diprotic
hydrogen ion, H, the H ion attracts 13. acids, water, salt
other molecules or ions so strongly 14. amphoteric
that it rarely exists alone. In water, the 15. carbon dioxide, barium chloride,
H ion immediately bonds to a water water
molecule, forming a hydronium ion, 16. nitrous acid
H3O. 17. hydrochloric acid
23. Dissolved salt will lower the freezing 18. carbonic acid
point of water. Therefore, adding salt 19. sulfuric acid
to icy roads will help melt the ice and 20. hydriodic acid
prevent further freezing of any water 21. hypobromous acid
on the road’s surface. It will also pre- 22. H2S
vent the refreezing of water as it 23. HNO3
melts. 24. H3PO3
24. none 25. HClO4
25. Ba2(aq) SO 42(aq) → BaSO4(s) 26. HCl and Cl
26. Cd2(aq) S2(aq) → CdS(s) NH3 and NH 4
27. none 27. acidic: HCl and NH 4
28. none basic: NH3 and Cl
29. 42 g/mol 28. H2O and OH
30. 0.77°C/m NH3 and NH 4
31. 0.261°C 29. proton donors: H2O and NH 4
32. 2.81°C/m proton acceptors: OH and NH3
33. 690 g 30. HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq)
34. 0.73°C H2O(l)
31. H3O(aq) Cl(aq) Na(aq)
OH(aq) → Na(aq) Cl(aq)
14 Acids and Bases, 2H2O(l)
pp. 125–133 32. H3O(aq) OH(aq) → 2H2O(l)
33. HIO3, HIO, HIO4
TEST A 34. HIO, HIO3, HIO4
1. b 2. c 35. A strong acid ionizes completely in an
3. a 4. d aqueous solution. A weak acid does
5. b 6. c not ionize completely in aqueous solu-
7. b 8. d tion. Its aqueous solution contains
9. b 10. c hydronium ions, anions, and dissolved
11. b 12. a acid molecules.
13. a 14. d 36. Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is produced as a
15. c 16. a gas and dissolves in atmospheric

TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE

2
3
PO4 (aq) H In
3. b 4. c ion.
9. d 10. b 31. basic
11. c 12. b 32. basic
13. a 14. d 33. basic
15. d 16. d 34. [H3O] 1 104 M;
17. d 18. a [OH] 1 1010 M
19. c 20. c 35. [H3O] 1.0 1010 M;
21. d 22. b [OH] 1.0 104 M
23. c 24. d 36. [H3O] 5.0 1011 M;
25. d [OH] 2.0 104 M
37. [H3O] 1 104 M;
1. d 2. b 38. [H3O] 5 103 M;
3. d 4. c [OH] 2 1012 M
5. a 6. b 39. 1 105 M
7. a 8. d 40. 4.0
10. basic 42. 0.232 M
12. pH 44. 0.0175 M
13. 1014
14. 14
17. higher
18. lower TEST A

Name Class Date
Assessment
Section Quiz
Section: Acids and Bases
Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space
provided.
______ 1. any compound that increases the number of a. indicator

hydronium ions when dissolved in water CMPs2.1.1 b. base
______ 2. a compound that can reversibly change color c. acid
depending on conditions such as pH CMPs2.2,3.1
______ 3. any compound that increases the number of

hydroxide ions when dissolved in water CMPs2.1.1
Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.
______ 4. What substances can acids react with to produce hydrogen gas?
a. water CMPs2.2.1 c. metals
b. sugars d. poisons
______ 5. Acids conduct electric current by forming CMPs2.1.1

a. hydrochloric acid.
b. hydrogen gas.
c. hydronium ions.
d. hydroxide ions.
______ 6. Acids have a CMPs2.2.1

a. sour taste.
b. bitter taste.
c. slippery feel.
d. soapy feel.
______ 7. Bases have a CMPs2.3.1

a. sour taste.
b. sweet taste.
c. slippery feel.
d. mild taste.
______ 8. When a base is added to red litmus paper, the indicator turns CMPs2.3.1
a. blue. c. purple.
b. red. d. orange.
______ 9. If a cleaning product includes ammonia as an ingredient, the product

is made from a(n) CMPs2.3.1
a. acid. c. indicator.
b. base. d. powder.
Holt California Physical Science 54 Chemical Compounds
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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test A
Chapter: Acid-Base Titration and pH
______ 1. What are the highest concentrations of H3Oions and OH ions that
can coexist in an aqueous solution?
a. 1.0 1014 M each
b. 1.0 100 M and 1.0 1014 M, respectively
c. 1.0 1014 M and 1.0 100 M, respectively
d. 1.0 107 M each
______ 2. Which of the following is not true regarding the self-ionization of

water?
a. It involves the formation of hydronium and hydroxide ions.
b. It is in equilibrium.
c. It shows that water is a strong electrolyte.
d. It involves two water molecules forming two ions.
______ 3. A solution that has a [H3O] equal to 1 104 M

a. is neutral.
b. is acidic.
c. is basic.
d. could be neutral, basic, or acidic.
______ 4. The [OH] of an aqueous solution is 6.4 105 M. What is the

[H3O]?
a. 1.6 109 M
b. 3.6 109 M
c. 1.6 1010 M
d. 3.6 1010 M
______ 5. What is the [OH] in a 0.1 M HCl solution?

a. 1 101 M
b. 1 107 M
c. 1 1013 M
d. 1 1014 M
______ 6. What is the [H3O] in a 0.0040 M solution of NaOH?

a. 2.5 1011 M
b. 4.0 1011 M
c. 2.5 1012 M
d. 4.0 1012 M

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Name Class Date
______ 7. A solution that has a pH of 4.0

a. is neutral.
b. is acidic.
c. is basic.
d. could be neutral, basic, or acidic.
______ 8. What is the pH of a 0.0001 M HCl solution?

a. 1
b. 4
c. 7
d. 11
______ 9. What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution that has

a pH of 6.0?
a. 1 106 M
b. 1 106 M
c. 1 101 M
d. 1 108 M
______10. What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution that has a

pOH of 8.0?
a. 1 108 M
b. 1 108 M
c. 1 106 M
d. 1 106 M
______11. How many moles of NaOH must be dissolved in 1.00 L of water to

make NaOH(aq) with a pH of 12.2?
a. 6.31 1013 mol
b. 1.22 104 mol
c. 1.58 102 mol
d. 6.31 101 mol
______12. How would you classify nitric acid (HNO3) in the reaction represented
by the equation below?
HNO3(l) H2O(l) 3 H3O(aq) NO3(aq)
a. weak acid
b. strong acid
c. weak base
d. strong base
______13. A strip of pH paper

a. gives a quick approximation of pH.
b. is a precise measure of pH.
c. shows very little color change over a wide pH range.
d. must be calibrated with a pH meter before it is used.

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Name Class Date
______14. A pH meter measures the pH of a solution by measuring the

a. amount of charge on the hydronium ion.
b. color of the solution.
c. concentration of the solution.
d. voltage difference between two electrodes in the meter’s probe.
______15. When you conduct an acid-base titration,

a. the pH of the solution must go up.
b. the pH of the solution must go down.
c. the pH of the solution must be 7.0 at the end point.
d. the equivalence point must be reached.
______16. At the end point of a titration using an acid-base indicator,

a. the color of the acid-base indicator should stay the same.
b. the pH of the solution should change abruptly.
c. the color of the acid-base indicator should change.
d. Both (b) and (c)
______ 17. A standard solution

a. contains a precisely measured amount of solute.
b. must be compared with a solution of primary standard before use.
c. is the known solution used in a titration.
d. All of the above
Use the figure below to answer questions 18–20.

pH vs. mL NH3(aq) added during a titration
14
12
10
8
pH
6
Equivalence
4 point
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
mL NH3(aq) added
______18. The figure above shows an example of the titration of

a. a strong acid with a weak base.
b. a strong acid with a strong base.
c. a weak acid with a weak base.
d. a weak acid with a strong base.

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Name Class Date
______19. In the figure on the previous page, the pH at the equivalence point
a. is equal to 7.0.
b. is greater than 7.0.
c. is less than 7.0.
d. cannot be determined from the data given.
______20. In the figure on the previous page, the volume of titration standard
necessary to reach the equivalence point is
a. 0 mL.
b. 40 mL.
c. 50 mL.
d. 90 mL.
______21. Indicator pH range

methyl orange 3.1 – 4.4
methyl red 4.4 – 6.2
bromthymol blue 6.2 – 7.6
phenolphthalein 8.0 – 10.0
According to the table above, which pH indicator would be the best

choice when titrating acetic acid, CH3COOH, with sodium hydroxide,
NaOH?
a. methyl orange
b. methyl red
c. bromthymol blue
d. phenolphthalein
______22. In the titration of a solution of Sr(OH)2 with HCl, the mole ratio of
hydroxide ions to hydronium ions
a. is 1:1.
b. is 2:1.
c. is 1:2.
d. cannot be determined from the data given.

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Name Class Date
______23. What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 50.0 mL is neutralized in a

titration by 40. mL of 0.4000 M NaOH?
a. 0.20 M
b. 0.28 M
c. 0.32 M
d. 0.50 M
______24. If 72.1 mL of 0.543 M H2SO4 completely titrates 39.0 mL of KOH

solution, what is the molarity of the KOH solution?
a. 0.317 M
b. 0.502 M
c. 1.00 M
d. 2.01 M
______25. What is the molarity of a Ba(OH)2 solution if 93.9 mL is completely

titrated by 15.3 mL of 0.247 M H2SO4?
a. 0.0101 M
b. 0.0805 M
c. .0201 M
d. .0402 M

TEACHER

2
3
PO4 (aq) H In
3. b 4. c ion.
9. d 10. b 31. basic
11. c 12. b 32. basic
13. a 14. d 33. basic
15. d 16. d 34. [H3O] 1 104 M;
17. d 18. a [OH] 1 1010 M
19. c 20. c 35. [H3O] 1.0 1010 M;
21. d 22. b [OH] 1.0 104 M
23. c 24. d 36. [H3O] 5.0 1011 M;
25. d [OH] 2.0 104 M
37. [H3O] 1 104 M;
1. d 2. b 38. [H3O] 5 103 M;
3. d 4. c [OH] 2 1012 M
5. a 6. b 39. 1 105 M
7. a 8. d 40. 4.0
10. basic 42. 0.232 M
12. pH 44. 0.0175 M
13. 1014
14. 14
17. higher
18. lower TEST A

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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test B
Chapter: Acid-Base Titration and pH
______ 1. The pH scale generally ranges from

a. 0 to 1.
b. 1 to 1.
c. 0 to 7.
d. 0 to 14.
______ 2. During the titration of HCl with NaOH, a very rapid change in pH
occurs
a. when the first addition of known solution is made.
b. when roughly equivalent amounts of H3O ions and OH ions
become present.
c. at several points.
d. at no point.
______ 3. A water solution is neutral if

a. it contains no H3O ions.
b. it contains no ionized water molecules.
c. it contains no H3O ions or OH ions.
d. the concentrations of H3O ions and OH ions are equal.
______ 4. The antilog of a number N is

a. the inverse of N.
b. the square root of N.
c. 10 raised to the power of N.
d. N raised to the 10th power.
______ 5. Universal indicators

a. are mixtures of several indicator solutions.
b. are pure substances.
c. have very brief color-change intervals.
d. work well only for acidic solutions.
______ 6. A useful pH range for an indicator in neutralizations involving strong

acids and weak bases is
a. 1.2 to 3.0.
b. 3.1 to 4.6.
c. 6.0 to 7.6.
d. 9.5 to 11.0.

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Name Class Date
______ 7. An acid-base titration determines the solution volumes that are

a. chemically equivalent.
b. of equal molarity.
c. of equal mass.
d. of equal molality.
______ 8. In acidic solutions, an indicator that is a weak acid, HIn, is primarily in

the form
a. In.
b. In.
c. InOH.
d. HIn.
PART II
Write the correct term (or terms) in the space provided.
9. Pure water partially breaks down into ions in a process called
10. If [H3O] in a solution is less than [OH], the solution is
11. The pH range over which an indicator changes color is called the indicator’s
12. The negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration is
called .
13. The product of [H3O] and [OH] in a water solution equals
14. The sum of the pH and the pOH of a neutral solution at 25°C is
15. As the concentration of hydronium ions increases, a solution becomes more
acidic and the pH .
16. In a titration, an indicator changes color at the
of the titration.
17. When a weak acid is titrated with a strong base, the pH of the solution at the
equivalence point is than 7.

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Name Class Date
18. When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH of the solution at the
equivalence point is than 7.
19. A is a highly purified solid used to check
the concentration of a standard solution.
20. A 1 M solution of NaOH will have a pH that is
than the pH of a 1 M solution of NH3.
In the space provided, identify each of the following values as true of acidic or
basic solutions at 25°C.
21. pH 4.0
22. [H3O] 1 102
23. [OH] 1 108
24. pH 9.0
25. [OH] 1 104
PART III Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
26. How does a pH meter measure the pH of a solution?
27. What can be observed about the rate of change in the pH of a solution during
a titration?

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Name Class Date
28. Write the general equilibrium expression for the dissociation of an acid-base
indicator that is a weak acid, HIn, and explain how this equilibrium
determines the color of the indicator at a given pH.
PART IV
In the space provided, identify each of the following substances as acidic, basic, or
neutral.
29. grapefruit
30. pure water
31. seawater
32. eggs
33. blood
Calculate the [H3O] and [OH] for each of the following. Write your answers in
the spaces provided.
34. 1 104 M HCl
35. 1 104 M NaOH
36. 1 104 M Ca(OH)2
37. 1 104 M HNO3
38. 5 103 M HClO4

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Name Class Date
PART V Write the answers to the following problems on the line to the left, and
_______________________ 39. What is the hydronium ion concentration of an

aqueous solution that has a pH of 5.0?
_______________________ 40. What is the pH of a 104 M HCl solution?
_______________________ 41. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of a

solution with a pH of 12.40?
_______________________ 42. What is the molarity of a solution of H2SO4 if

49.0 mL of it are neutralized by 68.4 mL of 0.333 M
NaOH solution?
_______________________ 43. If 72.1 mL of 0.543 M H2SO4 are needed to

neutralize 39.0 mL of KOH solution, what is
the molarity of the KOH solution?
_______________________ 44. What is the molarity of an NaOH solution if

130.0 mL of the solution are neutralized by
61.3 mL of 0.0124 M H3PO4?

TEACHER

2
3
PO4 (aq) H In
3. b 4. c ion.
9. d 10. b 31. basic
11. c 12. b 32. basic
13. a 14. d 33. basic
15. d 16. d 34. [H3O] 1 104 M;
17. d 18. a [OH] 1 1010 M
19. c 20. c 35. [H3O] 1.0 1010 M;
21. d 22. b [OH] 1.0 104 M
23. c 24. d 36. [H3O] 5.0 1011 M;
25. d [OH] 2.0 104 M
37. [H3O] 1 104 M;
1. d 2. b 38. [H3O] 5 103 M;
3. d 4. c [OH] 2 1012 M
5. a 6. b 39. 1 105 M
7. a 8. d 40. 4.0
10. basic 42. 0.232 M
12. pH 44. 0.0175 M
13. 1014
14. 14
17. higher
18. lower TEST A

Back Lesson Print
Name Class Date
Assessment
Acid-Base Titration and pH

Section Quiz: Determining pH and Titrations
______ 1. An acid-base indicator

a. is either a weak acid or a weak base.
b. has a different color at a different pH.
c. can be used to find the equivalence point.
d. All of the above
______ 2. A pH meter measures the

a. color change in solution.
b. voltage difference between two electrodes in solution.
c. concentration of acid-base indicator in solution.
d. All of the above
______ 3. When performing the calculation for a titration experiment, you need
to have the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction in order
to determine
a. the volume of acid added to reach the equivalent point.
b. the volume of base added to reach the equivalent point.
c. the chemically equivalent amount of acid and base.
d. Both (a) and (b)
______ 4. A titration always involves the

a. controlled addition of a standard solution.
b. addition of a strong acid.
c. addition of a strong base.
d. addition of metal ions.
______ 5. For any acid titrated with a base, the equivalence point occurs
when the
a. pH of the mixture of acid and base is 7.0.
b. mass of the acid and mass of the base are equal.
c. acid and base are present in chemically equivalent amounts.
d. volume of the acid and the volume of the base are equal.

Modern Chemistry 98 Quiz
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Name Class Date
Section Quiz, continued
______ 6. What is monitored in an acid-base titration?

a. temperature
b. pH
c. pressure
d. density
______ 7. During an acid-base titration, a rapid change in pH

a. occurs when the first addition of the standard solution is made.
b. occurs when the amounts of H3O ions and OH ions are nearly
equal.
c. occurs at several points during the titration.
d. should not occur.
______ 8. An indicator, congo red, has a transition range of pH 3.0–5.0. It would

be a good indicator for titrating a
a. strong acid and a strong base.
b. strong acid and a weak base.
c. weak acid and a strong base.
d. weak acid and a weak base.
______ 9. Using an indicator to determine pH is preferred over using a pH meter

when
a. a strong acid is reacted with a strong base.
b. high precision is required.
c. a quick and approximate answer is satisfactory.
d. a weak acid is reacted with a weak base.
______10. The neutralization of any strong acid and strong base produces mostly
a. H2O molecules.
b. H3O ions and OH ions.
c. H3O ions.
d. OH ions.

Modern Chemistry 99 Quiz
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TEACHER RESOURCE
12 Solutions Section: Acid-Base Theories

Section: Types of Mixtures 1. c 2. b
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b
3. c 4. b 5. b 6. a
5. d 6. c 7. d 8. c
7. a 8. a 9. b 10. d
9. b 10. c Section: Acid-Base Reactions
Section: The Solution Process 1. c 2. c
1. d 2. a 3. c 4. d
3. d 4. c 5. b 6. c
5. a 6. c 7. d 8. c
7. a 8. d 9. a 10. a
9. d 10. d
15 Acid-Base Titration
Section: Concentration of Solutions
and pH
1. c 2. a Section: Aqueous Solutions and the
3. a 4. d Concept of pH
5. c 6. d
7. a 8. d 1. d 2. d
9. b 10. c 3. d 4. b
5. c 6. b
7. a 8. b
13 Ions in Aqueous 9. d 10. d
Solutions and
Section: Determining pH and Titrations
Colligative Properties
Section: Compunds in Aqueous Soutions 1. d 2. b
3. c 4. a
1. d 2. a
5. c 6. b
3. a 4. c
7. b 8. b
5. a 6. d
9. c 10. a
7. c 8. a
9. b 10. b
16 Reaction Energy
Section: Colligative Properties of Section: Thermochemistry
Solutions
1. d 2. a
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. a
3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c
5. c 6. a 7. c 8. b
7. c 8. b 9. c 10. b
9. c 10. b
Section: Driving Forces of Reactions
14 Acids and Bases 1. b 2. a
Section: Properties of Acids and Bases 3. d 4. a
5. b 6. a
1. d 2. c
7. a 8. b
3. b 4. a
9. c 10. d
5. a 6. a
7. a 8. c
9. d 10. b

Name Date Class
CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
Reaction Kinetics
SECTION 1
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Refer to the energy diagram below to answer the following questions.
Energy
B
A
Course of reaction
d a. Which letter represents the energy of the activated complex?
(a) A (c) C
(b) B (d) D
c b. Which letter represents the energy of the reactants?
(a) A (c) C
(b) B (d) D
d c. Which of the following represents the quantity of activation energy for the forward
reaction?
(a) the amount of energy at C minus the amount of energy at B
(b) the amount of energy at D minus the amount of energy at A
(c) the amount of energy at D minus the amount of energy at B
(d) the amount of energy at D minus the amount of energy at C
c d. Which of the following represents the quantity of activation energy for the reverse
reaction?
(b) the amount of energy at D minus the amount of energy at A
(d) the amount of energy at D minus the amount of energy at C
b e. Which of the following represents the energy change for the forward reaction?
(b) the amount of energy at B minus the amount of energy at C
(d) the amount of energy at B minus the amount of energy at A
MODERN CHEMISTRY REACTION KINETICS 137
Name Date Class
SECTION 1 continued
2. For the reaction described by the equation A B → X, the activation energy for the forward
direction equals 85 kJ/mol and the activation energy for the reverse direction equals 80 kJ/mol.
the product a. Which has the greater energy content, the reactants
or the product?
5 kJ/mol b. What is the enthalpy of reaction in the forward
direction?
True c. The enthalpy of reaction in the reverse direction is
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the enthalpy
of reaction in the forward direction. True or False?
3. Below is an incomplete energy diagram.
Activated
Complex
Energy (kJ/mol)
Ea
Eá
50
60
Reactants
∆E 10
Products
Forward Reverse
a. Use the following data to complete the diagram: Ea 50 kJ/mol; Eforward 10 kJ/mol.
Label the reactants, products, E, Ea, Ea, and the activated complex.
60 kJ/mol b. What is the value of Ea?
4. It is proposed that ozone undergoes the following two-step mechanism in our upper atmosphere.
O3(g) → O2(g) O(g)
O3(g) O(g) → 2O2(g)
a. Identify any intermediates formed in the above equations.
Monatomic O is the intermediate formed.
b. Write the net equation.
2O3(g) → 3O2(g)
exothermic c. If E is negative for the reaction in part b, what type of reaction is

represented?
138 REACTION KINETICS MODERN CHEMISTRY

Name Date Class
CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
Reaction Kinetics
SECTION 2
1. Below is an energy diagram for a particular process. One curve represents the energy profile for the
uncatalyzed reaction, and the other curve represents the energy profile for the catalyzed reaction.
2
Energy (kJ/mol)
Course of reaction
a a. Which curve has the greater activation energy?

(a) curve 1
(b) curve 2
(c) Both are equal.
c b. Which curve has the greater energy change, E?
(a) curve 1
(b) curve 2
(c) Both are equal.
b c. Which curve represents the catalyzed process?
(a) curve 1
(b) curve 2
d. Explain your answer to part c.
The catalyst forms an alternative activated complex that requires a lower activation
energy, as represented by the lower curve.

Name Date Class
SECTION 2 continued
2. Is it correct to say that a catalyst affects the speed of a reaction but does not take part in the
reaction? Explain your answer.
It is not correct. The catalyst does take part in the reaction. However, if it is used up
in one step of the mechanism, it is regenerated in a later step. There is no net
change in mass for the catalyst.
3. The reaction described by the equation X Y → Z is shown to have the following rate law:
R k[X]3[Y]
a. What is the effect on the rate if the concentration of Y is reduced by one-third and [X] remains
constant?
The rate is reduced by one-third as well.
b. What is the effect on the rate if the concentration of X is doubled and [Y] remains constant?
The rate increases by a factor of eight.
c. What is the effect on the rate if a catalyst is added to the system?

The rate will increase if the catalyst added is specific for this reaction.
4. Explain the following statements, using collision theory:

a. Gaseous reactants react faster under high pressure than under low pressure.
At high pressure, gas molecules are more closely packed and collide more frequently.
Thus, more-effective collisions occur per unit of time.
b. Ionic compounds react faster when in solution than as solids.

Ions in solution have more freedom of motion than do ions in a solid; therefore, they
can collide with one another more frequently.
c. A class of heterogeneous catalysts called surface catalysts work best as a fine powder.
The fine powder has more surface area on which reactant particles can be absorbed
and, in effect, increases the concentration of the reactants. An increase in concentra-
tion increases the number of effective collisions between reactant particles.

Name Date Class
CHAPTER 17 REVIEW
Reaction Kinetics
MIXED REVIEW
1. The reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) O2(g).
List three ways to speed up the rate of decomposition. For each one, briefly explain why it is
effective, based on collision theory.
increase the concentration of hydrogen peroxide—allows more collisions per unit of
time to occur
increase the temperature of the solution—allows more energetic collisions per unit of
time to occur
stir the solution—exposes more reactant surface area, which allows more collisions
per unit of time to occur

add a catalyst—lowers the activation energy so that more-effective collisions can occur
2. An ingredient in smog is the gas NO. One reaction that controls the concentration of NO is
H2(g) 2NO(g) → H2O(g) N2O(g).
At high temperatures, doubling the concentration of H2 doubles the rate of reaction, while doubling
the concentration of NO increases the rate fourfold.
Write a rate law for this reaction consistent with these data.
R k[H2][NO]2
3. Use the following chemical equation to answer the question below:

Mg(s) 2H3O(aq) Cl(aq) → Mg2(aq) 2Cl(aq) H2(g) H2O(l)
If 0.048 g of magnesium completely reacts in 20 s, what is the average reaction rate in
moles/second over that time interval?
Average rate 9.9 105 mol/s

Name Date Class
MIXED REVIEW continued
PROBLEMS Write the answer on the line to the left. Show all your work in the space
provided.
4. Answer the following questions using the energy diagram below.
60
40
Energy (kJ/mol)
20
20
40
Course of reaction
endothermic a. Is the forward reaction represented by the curve exothermic or

endothermic?
40 kJ/mol b. Estimate the magnitude and sign of Eforward.
20 kJ/mol c. Estimate Ea.
A catalyst is added to the reaction, which lowers Ea by about 15 kJ/mol.
speed up d. Does the forward reaction rate speed up or slow down?
speed up e. Does the reverse reaction rate speed up or slow down?
No f. Does Eforward change from its value in part b?
5. a. Determine the overall balanced equation for a reaction having the following proposed
mechanism:
Step 1: 2NO H2 → N2 H2O2 Slow
Step 2: H2 H2O2 → 2H2O Fast
2NO 2H2 → N2 2H2O
b. Which is the rate-determining step?
Step 1
c. What is the intermediate in the above reaction?

H2O2

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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test A
Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
______ 1. A 15.0 mL volume of 0.0100 M Pb(NO3)2 is added to 15.0 mL of

0.0100 M NaI. A precipitate is formed, and equilibrium is established. The
Ksp equilibrium expression for the dissolution of PbI2 is
a. [Pb2][I]2.
b. [Pb][I2].
c. [Pb2][2I]2.
d. 2[Pb2][I].
______ 2. What is the ion product for the PbI2 reaction in question 1?
a. 1.00 108
b. 1.25 107
c. 1.00 106
d. 2.5 105
______ 3. What is the equilibrium expression for the following equation?

Fe(OH)3(aq) ^ Fe3(aq) 3OH(aq)
[Fe3][OH]
a.
[Fe(OH)3]
[Fe3][OH]3
b.
[Fe(OH)3]
[Fe(OH)3]
c.
[Fe3][OH]3
[Fe(OH)3]
d.
[Fe3][OH]
______ 4. In a bottle of unopened cola, the CO2 gas dissolved in the liquid is in
equilibrium with the CO2 gas above the liquid. The dissolved gas reacts
with water molecules in the cola to form carbonic acid, which also
dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. Which chemical equation(s)
best describe this equilibrium system?
a. CO2(g) ^ CO2(l)
b. CO2(g) ^ CO2(aq) and CO2(l) H2O(l) ^ H2CO3(aq)
c. CO2(g) ^ CO2(aq)
d. CO2(g) ^ CO2(aq) and CO2(aq) H2O(l) ^ H2CO3(aq)

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______ 5. The Haber process, N2(g) 3H2(g) ^ 2NH3(g) 92 kJ, is operated at

temperatures of about 500°C because
a. a higher temperature would favor the products.
b. K is a maximum at 500°C.
c. the forward reaction rate is too slow at lower temperatures.
d. K is equal to 1 at 500°C.
______ 6. Which of the following would not affect the aqueous equilibrium
reaction represented by the equation below?
HNO2(aq) ^ H(aq) NO 2 (aq)
a. the addition of NaNO3(s)

b. an increase in H concentration
c. the addition of NaNO2(s)
d. a decrease in NO2 concentration
______ 7. Consider the equilibrium system represented by the equation below.

H2O(l) 2CrO2
4 (aq) ^ Cr2O7 (aq) 2OH (aq)
2
yellow orange
If the hydroxide ions were removed, how would the color change?
a. to darker yellow
b. to lighter orange
c. to darker orange
d. not at all
______ 8. The Fe ion present in acid mine drainage is colorless and surrounded
by water molecules. If phenanthroline (Phe) is added, the solution
turns orange as a colored complex is formed according to the equation
Fe3 H2O Phe ^ Fe3 Phe H2O. The color is commonly used
as an indicator of the Fe ion concentration. What would an increase
in color from light to dark orange indicate in this system?
a. an applied stress that shifted the equilibrium to favor the reverse
reaction
b. an applied stress that shifted the equilibrium to favor the forward
reaction
c. an increase in the rate of the reverse reaction
d. addition of water to the system
______ 9. The solubility product constant expression includes

a. a concentration of zero for undissolved salt.
b. the concentrations of dissolved and undissolved salt.
c. an exponent corresponding to the charge on each ion.
d. the concentrations of dissociated ions.

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Name Class Date
______10. In a reaction that goes nearly to completion,

a. the re-formation of reactants is much slower than the formation of
the products.
b. the rate of the reverse reaction is faster than the rate of the forward
reaction.
c. the re-formation of reactants is much faster than the rate of
formation of the products.
d. the forward reaction rate increases.
______11. Which of the following Keq expressions is correct for the formation of
ammonia, NH3, from its elements, as represented by the equation
3H2 N2 ^ 2NH3 92 kJ?
[NH3]2
a. 3
[H2] [N2]
[H2]3[N2]
b.
[NH3]2
[NH3]
c.
[H2][N2]
[H2][N2]
d.
[NH3]
______12. When you calculate the Ksp of calcium fluoride, CaF2, if the
concentration of the F ion is 4.2 104 M, then the concentration
of the Ca2 ion is
a. 2.1 104 M.
b. 8.4 104 M.
c. 4.2 104 M.
d. 3.7 1011 M.
______13. Which of the following salts is least soluble?

a. Ag2CO3 Ksp 8.4 1012
b. Ag2CrO4 Ksp 1.1 1012
c. AgI Ksp 1.5 1016
d. AgBr Ksp 5.4 1013
______14. Consider the reaction represented by the equation 2NO(g) O2(g) ^

2NO2(g). If the volume of the reaction chamber is decreased, then the
a. forward reaction will be favored.
b. reverse reaction will be favored.
c. initial pressure of NO2 will decrease.
d. initial pressure of O2 will remain constant.

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Name Class Date
______15. Consider the reaction represented by the equation Ag2SO4(aq) ^

2Ag(aq) SO24 (aq). You can shift the equilibrium to favor the
reverse reaction by adding
a. CaCl2.
b. AgNO3.
c. Na2SO4.
d. Both (b) and (c)
______16. A chemical reaction that is at equilibrium always has

a. a high Keq value.
b. a forward reaction rate that equals the reverse reaction rate.
c. equal concentrations of reactants and products.
d. Both (a) and (b)
______ 17. Which of these is true about the chemical equation below?
reactants e products
a. The concentration of the products is greater than the concentration
of the reactants.
b. Keq of the forward reaction has a low value.
c. The reaction favors the products.
d. Keq is equal to 1.
______18. In which of the following reactions, described by the equations below,

will an increase in pressure have no effect on the equilibrium of the
system?
a. 2NO2(g) ^ N2O4(g)
b. 2NOCl(g) ^ 2NO(g) Cl2(g)
c. H2O(g) CO(g) ^ H2(g) CO2(g)
d. N2(g) 3H2(g) ^ 2NH3(g)
______19. The common-ion effect promotes

a. dissolution.
b. precipitation.
c. boiling.
d. ionization.
______20. What is the acid ionization expression for the equation

HA(aq) H2O(l) ^ H3O(aq) A(aq)?
[A][H3O]
a.
[HA][H2O]
[A]
b.
[HA][H2O]
[A][H3O]
c.
[HA]
d. [A ][H3O][HA][H2O]


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Name Class Date
______21. The reaction represented by the equation BH(aq) H2O(l) ^

H3O(aq) B(aq) is an example of a(n)
a. cation hydrolysis reaction.
b. anion hydrolysis reaction.
c. conjugated reaction.
d. pH reaction.
______22. What is the value of Kw?

a. 1 1014
b. 1 1014
c. 1 107
d. 14 1014
______23. An example of a good buffer solution is one that contains

a. HCl and NaCl.
b. HNO2 and NaCl.
c. HNO2 and NaNO2.
d. CH3COOH and NaCl.
______24. When H3O ions are added to an aqueous solution of acetic acid,
a. the reaction forms more CH3COO.
b. the reaction forms more water.
c. the reaction forms more CH3COOH.
d. nothing happens.
______25. Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction

represented by the equation below?
H2PO
4 H2O ^ H3PO4 OH

a. H2PO
4 and H2O
b. H2PO
4 and OH

c. H2PO4 and H3PO4

TEACHER
1 mol Mg
24. Homogeneous reactions involve reac- 33. 0.060 g Mg 2.469
tants and products that exist in a sin- 24.3 g Mg
gle phase. Heterogeneous reactions 103 mol Mg
involve reactants in two different ∆(mol Mg)
Average rate
phases. ∆t
25. The energy of the activated complex is
2.469 103 mol Mg
greater than the energy of the reac-
25 s
tants and greater than the energy of
the products. 9.9 105 mol/s
26. nature of reactants, surface area, tem- 34. two
perature, concentration, presence of
catalysts
27. In order for a reaction to occur, the 18 Chemical
molecules or atoms must collide with Equilibrium,
sufficient energy to overcome the acti- pp. 164–173
vation energy barrier. The collision
also must occur in the correct orienta- TEST A
tion, in most cases at a particular end 1. a 2. c
of a molecule or atom. 3. b 4. d
28. The rate law is determined from the 5. c 6. a
slowest step, called the rate-determin- 7. c 8. b
ing step because it has the slowest 9. d 10. a
rate. 11. a 12. a
29. 13. c 14. d
Activated complex
15. d 16. b
17. b 18. c
Ea 19. b 20. c
Energy
21. a 22. a
Reactants Product 23. c 24. c
25. c
Course of reaction
TEST B
30. 1. a 2. b
Without
catalyst
3. d 4. b
5. b 6. c
7. a
Energy
With
8. basic
catalyst
9. 2H2O(l) ←→ H3O(aq) OH(aq)
10. dissolved ions
Course of reaction 11. dynamic
12. K [Ag][Cl]
The activation energy is lower with a
13. common-ion effect
catalyst than without the catalyst, but
14. remains nearly constant
the net energy change is the same for
15. equal to
both reactions.
16. denominator
31. R k[A]n[B]m. R is the reaction rate,
[NH4][OH]
k is the specific rate constant, [A] and 17. K
[B] are the molar concentrations of [NH3]
18. exothermic
the reactants, and n and m are the
19. gas phase or gas state
respective powers to which the con-
20. anion hydrolysis
centrations are raised.
21. buffered
32. R k[A]2
[H3O][A]
22. Ka
[HA]

TEACHER
23. changes in concentration, changes in 17. d 18. b

pressure, changes in temperature 19. d 20. d
24. If a product is precipitated as a solid; 21. d 22. c
if a gaseous product forms and 23. a
escapes; if a soluble product is only 24. 4
slightly ionized 25. water and oxygen
25. none 26. disproportionation
26. reverse reaction is favored 27. reduced
27. forward reaction is favored 28. 1
28. neutral 29. reduction
29. acidic 30. reduction
30. basic 31. oxidation
31. neutral 32. 2 for Ca; 4 for C; 2 for O
32. acidic 33. 2 for Fe; 5 for N; 2 for O
33. effective buffer 34. redox
34. ineffective buffer 35. nonredox
35. ineffective buffer 36. redox
36. effective buffer 37. Zn(s) 3 Zn2 2e
37. 0.20 38. Cl2(g) 2e 3 2Cl(g)
38. 3.5 39. Zn(s) Cl2(g) 3 ZnCl2(s)
39. 1.79 103 mol/L 40. K2Cr2O7 14HCl 3
40. 1.2 108 2KCl 2CrCl3 7H2O 3Cl2
41. 5.3 1017 mol/L
42. 6.0 1011; no
20 Electrochemistry,
pp. 183–192
19 Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions, pp. 174–182 TEST A
1. b 2. d
TEST A 3. d 4. c
1. d 2. b 5. c 6. d
3. d 4. a 7. a 8. c
5. b 6. c 9. d 10. a
7. a 8. d 11. b 12. b
9. c 10. d 13. b 14. a
11. d 12. c 15. c 16. a
13. d 14. b 17. d 18. d
15. c 16. a 19. d 20. b
17. c 18. b 21. a 22. a
19. a 20. d 23. b 24. a
21. d 22. c 25. c
23. c 24. b
25. b TEST B
1. d 2. b
TEST B 3. a 4. b
1. b 2. a 5. b 6. c
3. b 4. c 7. a 8. d
5. d 6. d 9. b 10. b
7. b 8. b 11. cathode
9. b 10. d 12. electrochemistry
11. b 12. d 13. electric energy
13. b 14. b 14. anode
15. b 16. b 15. voltaic cell

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Name Class Date
Assessment
Chapter Test B
Chapter: Chemical Equilibrium
______ 1. What is the effect on concentration if more CO(g) is added to the

following equilibrium system?
2CO(g) O2(g) ^ 2CO2(g)
a. [CO2] increases and [O2] decreases.
b. Both [CO2] and [O2] increase.
c. Both [CO2] and [O2] decrease.
d. Both [CO2] and [O2] remain the same.
______ 2. Consider the following equation for the ionization of acetic acid:
CH3COOH(aq) H2O(l) ^ H3O(aq) CH3COO(aq)
What is the equation for the acid ionization constant, Ka, for this
system?
a. [H3O][CH3COO]
[H3O][CH3COO]
b.
[CH3COOH]
[H3O][CH3COO]
c.
[CH3COOH][H2O]
[CH3COOH]
d.
[H3O][CH3COO]
______ 3. Adding the salt of a weak base to a solution of the weak base
a. lowers the concentration of the nonionized base and of OH.
b. lowers the concentration of the nonionized base and raises the
concentration of OH.
c. raises the concentration of the nonionized base and of OH.
d. raises the concentration of the nonionized base and lowers the
concentration of OH.
______ 4. A very high value for K indicates that

a. reactants are favored.
b. products are favored.
c. equilibrium is reached slowly.
d. equilibrium has been reached.

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Name Class Date
______ 5. How do Ka values for weak and strong acids compare?

a. Ka(weak) Ka(strong).
b. Ka(weak) Ka(strong).
c. Ka(weak) Ka(strong).
d. Ka is not defined for weak acids.
______ 6. A reversible reaction is one in which

a. only the forward reaction takes place.
b. only the reverse reaction takes place.
c. the products can react to reform the reactants.
______ 7. If the ion product for two ions whose solutions have just been mixed
is greater than the value of Ksp,
a. precipitation occurs.
b. decomposition occurs.
c. the solution is unsaturated.
d. equilibrium cannot be achieved.
8. Salts of a weak acid and a strong base produce solutions that are
9. The equation for the self-ionization of water is
10. Hydrolysis is a reaction between water and .
11. Equilibrium is a state.
12. The equilibrium expression for the reaction AgCl(s) ^ Ag(aq) Cl(aq) is
13. The is the phenomenon in which the

addition of a charged particle common to two solutes decreases the solute
concentration.
14. When small amounts of acids or bases are added to a solution of a weak acid
and its salt, pH .

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Name Class Date
15. At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is
the rate of the reverse reaction.
16. In a chemical equilibrium expression, the

shows concentration of reactants.
17. The equilibrium constant equation for the reaction NH3(g) H2O(l) ^
NH
4 (aq) OH (aq) is Kb .
18. If the temperature of an equilibrium system is decreased, the
reaction will be favored.
19. A change in pressure affects only equilibrium systems containing reactants in
the .
20. If anions react with water, the process is called
and the result is a more basic solution.
21. A solution that can resist changes in pH is called a(n)
solution.
22. The equilibrium expression for the ionization of the weak acid HA is
Ka .
PART III
Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
23. Name three ways that chemical equilibrium can be disturbed.
24. Describe three situations in which ionic reactions go to completion.

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Name Class Date
In the space provided, predict the effect that decreasing pressure would have on
each of the following reaction systems at equilibrium.
25. H2(g) Cl2(g) ^ 2HCl(g)
26. 3O2(g) ^ 2O3(g)
27. CaCO3(s) ^ CaO(s) CO2(g)
In the space provided, identify the following salt solutions as acidic, basic, or
neutral.
28. 0.5 M NaCl
29. 0.1 M NH4NO3
30. 0.25 M Ca(CH3COO)2
31. 0.50 M NH4CH3COO
32. 0.10 M NH4Cl
In the space provided, state whether each system would produce an effective
buffer solution.
33. H3PO4 and Na3PO4
34. HCl and NaCl
35. KOH and KCH3COO
36. NH3 and NH4Cl
PART IV Write the answers to the following problems on the line to the left, and
________________________ 37. At equilibrium a 1.0 L vessel contains 20.0 mol of

H2, 18.0 mol of CO2, 12.0 mol of H2O, and 5.9 mol
of CO at 427°C. Calculate K at this temperature
for the reaction described by the equation
CO2(g) H2(g) ^ CO(g) H2O(g).

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Name Class Date
________________________ 38. Use the reaction E F ^ 2G and the equilibrium

concentrations 0.60 mol/L for E, 0.80 mol/L for F,
and 1.30 mol/L for G to calculate the equilibrium
constant. E, F, and G are all gases.
________________________ 39. What is the concentration of H3O ions in a

solution of an acid HY that ionizes to produce
H3O and Y ions? Ka is 4.32 105, and the
final concentration of HY is 7.40 102 mol/L.
________________________ 40. Calculate the solubility product constant of barium

carbonate, BaCO3. The solubility of this compound
is 0.0022 g/100. mL of water. The atomic masses
are C, 12.01; O, 16.00; Ba, 137.33.
________________________ 41. What is the solubility in mol/L of copper(I) sulfide,

Cu2S? Its Ksp value is 6.1 1049.
________________________ 42. Calculate the ion product for 100 mL of

2.8 104 M Pb(NO3)2 mixed with 200 mL of
1.2 153 M NaCl. Ksp for PbCl2 is 1.9 104.
Does precipitation occur?

TEACHER
1 mol Mg
24. Homogeneous reactions involve reac- 33. 0.060 g Mg 2.469
tants and products that exist in a sin- 24.3 g Mg
gle phase. Heterogeneous reactions 103 mol Mg
involve reactants in two different ∆(mol Mg)
Average rate
phases. ∆t
25. The energy of the activated complex is
2.469 103 mol Mg
greater than the energy of the reac-
25 s
tants and greater than the energy of
the products. 9.9 105 mol/s
26. nature of reactants, surface area, tem- 34. two
perature, concentration, presence of
catalysts
27. In order for a reaction to occur, the 18 Chemical
molecules or atoms must collide with Equilibrium,
sufficient energy to overcome the acti- pp. 164–173
vation energy barrier. The collision
also must occur in the correct orienta- TEST A
tion, in most cases at a particular end 1. a 2. c
of a molecule or atom. 3. b 4. d
28. The rate law is determined from the 5. c 6. a
slowest step, called the rate-determin- 7. c 8. b
ing step because it has the slowest 9. d 10. a
rate. 11. a 12. a
29. 13. c 14. d
Activated complex
15. d 16. b
17. b 18. c
Ea 19. b 20. c
Energy
21. a 22. a
Reactants Product 23. c 24. c
25. c
Course of reaction
TEST B
30. 1. a 2. b
Without
catalyst
3. d 4. b
5. b 6. c
7. a
Energy
With
8. basic
catalyst
9. 2H2O(l) ←→ H3O(aq) OH(aq)
10. dissolved ions
Course of reaction 11. dynamic
12. K [Ag][Cl]
The activation energy is lower with a
13. common-ion effect
catalyst than without the catalyst, but
14. remains nearly constant
the net energy change is the same for
15. equal to
both reactions.
16. denominator
31. R k[A]n[B]m. R is the reaction rate,
[NH4][OH]
k is the specific rate constant, [A] and 17. K
[B] are the molar concentrations of [NH3]
18. exothermic
the reactants, and n and m are the
19. gas phase or gas state
respective powers to which the con-
20. anion hydrolysis
centrations are raised.
21. buffered
32. R k[A]2
[H3O][A]
22. Ka
[HA]

TEACHER
23. changes in concentration, changes in 17. d 18. b

pressure, changes in temperature 19. d 20. d
24. If a product is precipitated as a solid; 21. d 22. c
if a gaseous product forms and 23. a
escapes; if a soluble product is only 24. 4
slightly ionized 25. water and oxygen
25. none 26. disproportionation
26. reverse reaction is favored 27. reduced
27. forward reaction is favored 28. 1
28. neutral 29. reduction
29. acidic 30. reduction
30. basic 31. oxidation
31. neutral 32. 2 for Ca; 4 for C; 2 for O
32. acidic 33. 2 for Fe; 5 for N; 2 for O
33. effective buffer 34. redox
34. ineffective buffer 35. nonredox
35. ineffective buffer 36. redox
36. effective buffer 37. Zn(s) 3 Zn2 2e
37. 0.20 38. Cl2(g) 2e 3 2Cl(g)
38. 3.5 39. Zn(s) Cl2(g) 3 ZnCl2(s)
39. 1.79 103 mol/L 40. K2Cr2O7 14HCl 3
40. 1.2 108 2KCl 2CrCl3 7H2O 3Cl2
41. 5.3 1017 mol/L
42. 6.0 1011; no
20 Electrochemistry,
pp. 183–192
19 Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions, pp. 174–182 TEST A
1. b 2. d
TEST A 3. d 4. c
1. d 2. b 5. c 6. d
3. d 4. a 7. a 8. c
5. b 6. c 9. d 10. a
7. a 8. d 11. b 12. b
9. c 10. d 13. b 14. a
11. d 12. c 15. c 16. a
13. d 14. b 17. d 18. d
15. c 16. a 19. d 20. b
17. c 18. b 21. a 22. a
19. a 20. d 23. b 24. a
21. d 22. c 25. c
23. c 24. b
25. b TEST B
1. d 2. b
TEST B 3. a 4. b
1. b 2. a 5. b 6. c
3. b 4. c 7. a 8. d
5. d 6. d 9. b 10. b
7. b 8. b 11. cathode
9. b 10. d 12. electrochemistry
11. b 12. d 13. electric energy
13. b 14. b 14. anode
15. b 16. b 15. voltaic cell


Chapter Test A

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Chapter Test A

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Name Class Date

______ 1. Agitation prevents settling in a(n)

______ 2. All of the following are heterogeneous mixtures except

______ 3. What is the concentration of a 100. mL aqueous solution that contains

______ 5. What type of solute-solvent combination is carbon dioxide in water?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test A, continued

Use this figure to answer questions 7 and 8.

Solubility (g per 100 g of water)

______ 7. A solution containing 35 g of Li2SO4 dissolved in 100 g of water is

______ 8. According to saturation curves shown in the figure, which of the

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test A, continued

______11. Which of the following is soluble in water?

______12. In a solution at equilibrium,

______13. A dissolved solute that does not form ions is

______16. A NaOH solution contains 1.90 mol of NaOH (molar mass

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test A, continued

______18. Which type of mixture contains the smallest particles?

______20. Which pair of compounds is immiscible?

______21. Under which conditions is more CO2 dissolved in a carbonated

______22. A solid is dissolved in some water at 25°C in a beaker. The outside of

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test A, continued

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

26. According to the kinetic-molecular 15. d 16. c

TEST A 12 Solutions, pp. 104–113

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

11. a 12. d 28. Ethanol must be polar, since it dis-

______ 1. Molecules whose water solutions can carry electric current

______ 3. When the energy released by the formation of solvent-solute

______ 4. Henry’s law relates

______ 5. Raising the temperature of a solvent causes solvent-solvent collisions

______ 6. The rate at which a solid dissolves is

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test B, continued

______ 7. Effervescence is the

9. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases in liquids generally

10. The substance dissolved in a homogeneous mixture is the

11. A mixture that can be identified because it scatters light is

13. A substance that does not dissolve in a polar solvent is probably

14. To carry an electric current, a solution must contain

16. Mixtures are classified according to their .

17. A homogeneous mixture that contains particles in a dispersed phase that do

not settle out is a(n) .

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test B, continued

18. Dissolution processes with negative enthalpies of solution are

19. is the solution process with water as the

21. A solute molecule that is surrounded by solvent molecules is

22. CuSO4D5H2O is a crystalline compound referred to as a(n)

23. The solubility of CuCl2(s) would with

24. A(n) is a solution whose solute and

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test B, continued

27. Compare the properties of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.

29. Exactly 15.0 g of a substance can be dissolved in 150.0 g

30. What mass of water must be used to make a 1.35 m

31. The solubility of a substance is 12.0 g per 100. g of water

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Test B, continued