Lecture 6 - 2003

Torsion Properties for Line Segments and Computational Scheme

for Piecewise Straight Section Calculations
this consists of four parts (and how we will treat each)

A - derivation of geometric algorithms for section properties (cover quickly for sense of approach)

B - derivation of first moment approach (for info - not covered)

C - computational routine resulting from A (demo a few examples - routine available in lab)

D - computational routine resulting from B (routine available in lab)

sourced from section 6.1 to 6.3 of Kollbrunner, Curt Friedrich, Torsion in structures; an engineering

approach TA417.7.T6.K811 1966, and geometry.

starting point: a line defined by two points, x1,y1 and x0,y0 this assumes X.cg and Ycg known

y − y0 y1 − y
0
= line passing through two points
x − x0 x1 − x0

y=
y − y0
1
⋅x + y 0 − x0
y1 − ( y0)or ... x=
x1 − x
0
⋅y + x0 − y 0⋅
x1 − x0
x1 − x0 x1 − ( x0) y − y0
1
y1 − y0

consider calculation of increment of moment of inertia (relative to centroid)

b b x 1
⌠ 2 dx ∆x ⌠ 2 t ⌠ 2
 y ⋅t ds ds = ∆s = length =  y ⋅t ds = ⋅ y dx
⌡
0 cos( α ) cos( α ) ⌡
0 cos( α ) ⌡
x
0

x1
⌠ 2


 y1 − y0  y 1 − y0  simplify 1
 dx factor → ⋅ 

y + y 1⋅y 0 + y 1  ⋅ ( x1 − x0)

2 2
  ⋅x + y 0 − x0⋅ 
x1 − x0 x1 − x0 3  0 
   
⌡x
0

x
b
⌠ 2 t ⌠ 1
2 t  x1 − x0  2 2 

+ y 0⋅y 1 + y  
( )
 y ⋅t ds =
⌡
0
( )
⋅ y dx =
cos α ⌡x ( )
cos α 
⋅
3
⋅ y
 1 0  
( ) ( )
0

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅  y 2 + y ⋅y + y 2
Ix =
3  ( 1) 0 1 ( 0) 

similarly (by the symmetry of the expression for the line above):

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅ x
( ) ( ) 
2 2
Iy = + x0⋅x1 + x
3 1 0

cross moment of inertia b x y

⌠ t ⌠ 1 t ⌠ 1
Ixy =  x⋅ y⋅t ds = ⋅ x⋅ y dx = ⋅ x⋅ y dy
⌡
0 cos( α ) ⌡x sin( α ) ⌡y
0 0

1 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 x x
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 y − y  y 1 − y 0 
  1 0  ⋅x dx
 x⋅ y dx =  x −x ⋅x + y 0 − x ⋅
0x −
⌡x x0 
0   1 0  1 
⌡x
0
x1
⌠  y 1 − y0  y1 − y 0 

⋅x + y 0 − x0⋅   ⋅x dx simplify→ 1
⋅ x − x ⋅ 2⋅ x ⋅y + y ⋅x + x ⋅y + 2⋅
y ⋅x
  x1 − x0 
x1 − x0  factor 6 1
( 0) ( 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0)

 
⌡x
0

x
t ⌠ 1 t  x1 − x0  t⋅ s1 − s0 ( )
Ixy = ⋅  x⋅ y dx = ⋅ 
cos( α ) ⌡x
(
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅y 1 + x0⋅y 0 + x0⋅y 1 + x1⋅y 0 =
6  cos( α )    )
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅y 1 + x0⋅y 0 ... ( )
6  + x ⋅y + x ⋅y 
0 0 1 1 0  
Iyx = Ixy
we could calculate Iyx using the same relationship but we know it is = Ixy

to evaluate the warping relationships: start with line passing through two points and obtain normal
form of line

y−y
0
=
y −y
1 0
or ... y=
y −y
1 (
0
⋅x + y − x0
y −y
1 )
0
x− x
0
x −x
1 0 1 0
x −x 0
( 1 0)
x −x

multiply by (x1 - x0) y ⋅ ( x − x ) = ( y − y ) ⋅x + y ⋅ ( x − x ) − x0( y − y )

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

rearrange => ( 1 0 ) (1
− y − y ⋅x + x − x ⋅y + x ⋅ y − y
0 ) 0 ( 1 0) − y0⋅ (x1 − x0) = 0
A=− y − y ( 1 0 ) B=x −x
1 0
C=x ⋅ y −y
0 ( 1 ) − y0⋅ (x1 − x0)
0

general form: A⋅ x + B⋅ y + C = 0

(y1 − y0) + (x1 − x0)

2 2
to reduce to normal form x*cos(β)+y*sin(β)=p divide by where sign is

opposite of C. C ≠ 0 and β is angle between the x axis and the NORMAL to line.

(y1 − y0) + (x1 − x0)

2 2
denom = denom = −denom⋅sign( C)
for the geometry shown: x0 > x1, y1 > y0
x1,y1
β
(
− x1 − x0 ) y1 − y0
sin( β ) = cos( β ) =
denom denom

x0,y0 A⋅ x + B⋅ y + C = 0 becomes −A⋅ x − B⋅ y = C

y1 − y0 (x1 − x0) C
⋅x + ⋅y =
β denom denom denom C
ρc =
x⋅cos( β ) + y⋅sin( β ) = ρ c denom

2 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 we could also have determined this direct from the geometry
x, y is a point on a line a distance hc from the centroid:

hc
y*sinβ x,y x⋅cos( β ) + y⋅sin( β ) = hc
x*cosβ
β β

⌠
dωc = dΩc = ρ c⋅ds definition of ωc =  hc ds

⌡

for a straight line segment ρ c = constant ∆ωc = ρ c⋅L and is linear along line

ρ c = p from normal form of line

ρ c is positive if centroid is to the left when viewing the element from i to j (0 to 1) along
the tangent line
alternative form of line (cos(α), sin(α) and p defined in terms of x1,y1
x0,y0 above in this form p is the distance from origin to line and β is
angle NORMAL to line makes with x axis
x⋅cos( β ) + y⋅sin( β ) = ρ c = hc
the increase in ωc due to this line segment is then

s s s y x
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
∆ωc = ρ c⋅L =  hc ds =  x⋅cos( β ) ds +  y⋅sin( β ) ds =  x dy −  y dx
⌡s ⌡s ⌡s ⌡y ⌡x
0 0 0 0 0

ds*sin(β) =-dx
= -dx*cos(α)

y hD
ds*cos(β) =dy
ds β =ds*sin(α)
xD,yD
β
β a
hC
tangent

Parallel to
tangent α
b

C
β
x

3 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
"it can be shown"

s
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
y
⌠ 1
x
 x1 + x0 
⋅ (y − y ) −
(y1 + y0) ⋅ x − x

⌡s
hc ds = 
⌡y
x dy −  y dx =
⌡x

 2  1 0 2 ( 1 0)
0 0 0

x +x y +y
( ) (1 )
1 0 1 0
∆ωc = ⋅ y −y − ⋅ x −x
2 1 0 2 0
xm = mid-point
∆ωc = xm⋅ ( ∆y ) − ym⋅∆x ∆x = x1 - x0
∆y = y1 - y0

b b
⌠ ⌠
Ixωc =  ωc⋅y ds Iyωc =  ωc⋅x ds
⌡ ⌡
0 0

⌠ ⌠
ωc is linear with s for a line hc is constant => ωc =  hc ds = hc⋅ 1 ds = hc⋅s
 ⌡
⌡

initial value is ω0 and end value ω1

being linear with s also implies linear with x and y i.e.
with x

x − x0 ( )  ωc1 − ωc0  (x − x0)

ωc( s) = ωc0 + ωc1 − ωc0 (
x1 − x0
= )  x + ωc0 − ωc0
 x1 − x0  x1 − x0

which is exactly like

y=
y −y
1 0
⋅x + y − x0
y −y
1 0 ( )
with y substituted for ω x −x
1 0
0 x −x (1 0)

⌠
b
(
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
so ...... just as Ixy =  x⋅ y dA
⌡
Ixy =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅y 1 + x0⋅y 0 + x0⋅y 1 + x1⋅y 0

0
b
⌠
b ⌠
  ωc1 − ωc0  (
x − x0  )
Iyωc =  ωc⋅x ds =   ⋅x + ωc0 − ωc0⋅  ⋅x ds
⌡
0 
⌡  x1 − x0
 x1 − x0

0
(
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
Iyωc =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅ωc1 + x0⋅ωc0 + x0⋅ωc1 + x1⋅ωc0


and ..... (
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
Ixωc =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ y 1⋅ωc1 + y 0⋅ωc0 + y 0⋅ωc1 + y 1⋅ωc0


4 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 now we can locate the shear center: (assume for the time being that these values are the results for a more
complete section - we'll tie this together later)

from previous lecture

y D :=
(Iyωc⋅Iz − Iyz⋅Izωc) zD :=
(−Izωc⋅Iy + Iyz⋅Iyωc)
 I ⋅I − I 2  I ⋅II − I 2
 y z yz   y z yz 
the coordinate system is changed from y,z to x,y changing y to x (first) and then z to y

xD :=
(Ixωc⋅Iy − Ixy⋅Iyωc) y D :=
(−Iyωc⋅Ix + Ixy⋅Ixωc)
 I ⋅I − I 2  I ⋅II − I 2
 x y xy   x y xy 
now we can calculate ωD by first calculating Ω (this is warping referenced to shear center with an arbitrary
coordinate system.

β is the same as our angle α hD⋅ ds = hC⋅ ds − xD⋅ sin( α ) ⋅ ds + y D⋅ cos( α ) ⋅ ds

s s
⌠ ⌠
dΩD = dωD = hD⋅ds Ω D( s) =  hD ds =  hC − xD⋅sin( α ) + y D⋅cos( α ) ds
=> ⌡ ⌡
0 0

s s s y x
⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠
Ω D( s) =  hC ds −  xD⋅sin( α ) ds −  y D⋅cos( α ) ds = ωc( s) − xD⋅  1 dy + y D⋅  1 dx
⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡y ⌡x where α constant
0 0 0 0 0

as ... ds⋅cos( α ) = dx ds⋅sin( α ) = dy

( ) (
∆Ω D( s) = ∆ωc − xD⋅ y 1 − y 0 + y D⋅ x1 − x0 )
if we set Ω D0 = 0 at the start of a line segment, then Ω D1 = Ω D0 + ∆Ω D

we find the centroid as we would X and Y (it's linear therefore cg of each segment is (Ω1+Ω0)/2). Then the
normalized ΩD i.e.ωD is. ΩD-ΩDo and the moments are calculated as above

calculate "centroid" of warping wrt shear center:

a
i
∑ ∆QΩD
∆QΩD = ⋅  Ω D + Ω D  Ω Dcg = ωD = Ω D − Ω Dcg
i 2  i i+ 1 A j j

5 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 (
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
Iω =
3 (
⋅ ωD1 )2 + ωD0⋅ωD1 + (ωD0)2
these should be thought of in terms of
contributions from the segment as
(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) we'll see in the overall scheme
IyωD =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅ωD1 + x0⋅ωD0 + x0⋅ωD1 + x1⋅ωD0

the total should = 0

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) why?
IxωD =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ y 1⋅ωD1 + y 0⋅ωD0 + y 0⋅ωD1 + y 1⋅ωD0


b b b b b b

⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠ ⌠
 σ⋅x dA = −E⋅ φ''⋅ ω⋅x dA =  ω⋅x dA = 0  σ⋅y dA = −E⋅ φ''⋅ ω⋅y dA =  ω⋅y dA = 0 as bending

⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡ moments = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

first moment approach

assume Xcg and Ycg known
s
⌠ 1
Qx =  y dA
⌡s
0
s1 b x
⌠ dx ∆x ⌠ t ⌠ 1
 y ⋅ t ds ds = ∆s = length =  y ⋅ t ds = ⋅  y dx

⌡s cos( α ) cos( α ) ⌡
0 cos( α
) ⌡x
0 0

x
⌠ 1 y − y  y1 − y 0  simplify

1 0 1

  x − x ⋅x + y 0 − x0⋅  x − x0
 dx factor → ⋅ ( x1 − x0) ⋅ ( y1 + y 0) =>

2
  1 0  1 
⌡x
0

s
⌠ 1 t   y1 + y 0  y +y  y1 + y0 
 y ⋅ t ds = ⋅  x1 − x0 ⋅  (  = t⋅ s1 − s0 ⋅ 1 0 = ai⋅ 
) ( )
⌡s cos( α )   2  2  2 
0

this should have been obvious as cg is mid point and moment of area is ycg * area
y +y x +x
i+ 1 i i+ 1 i
ym = xm =
i 2 i 2

now for the moments of inertia:

we saw that:
now this presents a small problem:
b y Q is linear only where x or y is constant otherwise it's parabolic
⌠ 2 ⌠ 1
Ix =  y ⋅t ds = − Qx⋅t dy this can be handled easily if we calculate the values at the midpoints and use
⌡  Simpson's rule for integration: it is exact for a parabolic variation (linear is a
0 ⌡y
0 subset order = 1) we will get 2*n_elements + 1 values
this time we'll keep a running total

6 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
increase is calculated using the approach above over each half (hence 1/2 of area and 1/2 of endpoints) of the
segment:
a a a a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i
∆Qx := ⋅ y + ym ∆Qx := ⋅ ym + y ∆Qy := ⋅ x + xm ∆Qy := ⋅ xm + x
2⋅ i 4 i i 2⋅ i+1 4 i i+ 1 2⋅ i 4 i i 2⋅ i+1 4 i i+ 1

k := 1 .. 2⋅n_elements
n_elements

Qx := 0 Qx = Qx + ∆Qx Qy := 0 Qy = Qy + ∆Qy
0 k k− 1 k− 1 0 k k− 1 k− 1

integration is over entire element using midpoint and endpoint values => n_element values

y y
⌠ 1 2 ⌠ 1

∆Ix =  y ⋅t dy = − Qx⋅t dy = −t
y1 − y0
⋅  Qx + 4⋅ Qx
( + Qx
) Simpson's rule

 
⌡y ⌡y
6  2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1) 
0 0
similarly for Iyy
since this result will be useful later on we'll put it aside:

Qx_bar = Qx + 4⋅ Qx + Qx Qy_bar = Qy + 4⋅ Qy + Qy
i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1) i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1)

n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
Ixx =
6
⋅
∑ Q_barx ⋅∆y i
i
Iyy =
6
⋅
∑ Q_bary ⋅∆xi
i
i= 0 i= 0
the cross moments of inertia are:

b b
⌠ ⌠
Iyz = − Qy dz = − Qz dy
⌡ ⌡
0 0

n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
Ixy =
6
⋅
∑ Q_barx ⋅∆xi
i
Iyx =
6
⋅
∑ Q_bary ⋅∆y i
i
i= 0 i= 0

derived above:
and in lecture 6 ⌠
b
⌠
b
x +x y +y Iyω = − Qy dω = − Qω dx
( ) (1 )
1 0 1 0
∆ωc = ⋅ y −y − ⋅ x −x ⌡ ⌡
1 0 0 0 0
2 2
b b
⌠ ⌠
Ixω = − Qx dω = − Qω dy
∆ωc = xm⋅ ( ∆y ) − ym⋅∆x ⌡
0
⌡
0

7 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
∆ωc = xm ⋅∆y i − ym ⋅∆xi
i i i
Ixωc =
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆ωc
i i
Iyωc =
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆ωc
i i
i= 0 i= 0

as above:

(Ixωc⋅Iy − Ixy⋅Iyωc) (−Iyωc⋅Ix + Ixy⋅Ixωc)

xD := y D :=
 I ⋅I − I 2  I ⋅II − I 2
 x y xy   x y xy 

now we can calculate the warping parameters: as above: calculate ΩD and centroid

(
∆Ω D( s) = ∆ωc − xD⋅ y 1 − y 0 + y D⋅ x1 − x0 ) ( )
if we set Ω D0 = 0 at the start of a line segment, then Ω D1 = Ω D0 + ∆Ω D

we find the centroid as we would X and Y (it's linear therefore cg of each segment is (Ω1+Ω0)/2). Then the
normalized ΩD i.e.ωD is. ΩD-ΩDo and the moments are calculated as above

calculate "centroid" of warping wrt shear center:

a
i
∑ ∆QΩD
∆QΩD = ⋅  Ω D + Ω D  Ω Dcg = ωD = Ω D − Ω Dcg
i 2  i i+ 1 A j j

instead of direct integration based on the linear relationship as above we calculate the value at the mid-points and
the Q ωD + ω D
i i+ 1
ωmD =
i 2

now for the moments of inertia:

we saw that above (this was copied an x and y changed to ω:

b ω
⌠ 2 ⌠ 1
Iω =  ω ⋅t ds = − Qω⋅t dω
⌡ 
0 ⌡ω
0
increase is calculated using the approach above over each half (hence 1/2 of area and 1/2 of endpoints) of the
segment:
a a
i
(
∆Qω := ⋅ ωi + ωmi ∆Qω
2⋅ i 4 2⋅ i+1
i
)
:= ⋅ ωmi + ωi+1
4
( )

8 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 k := 1 .. 2⋅n_elements
n_elements
Qω := 0 Qω = Qω + ∆Qω
0 k k− 1 k− 1

integration is over entire element using midpoint and endpoint values => n_element values

( )
ω ω
⌠ 1 2 ⌠ 1
ω 1 − ω0
∆Iω =  ω ⋅t dω = − Qω⋅t dω = −t ⋅  Qω + 4⋅ Qω + Qω  Simpson's rule

⌡ω  6  2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1) 

0 ⌡ω 0

since this result will be useful later on we'll put it aside:

Qω_bar = Qω + 4⋅ Qω + Qω
i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1)

n_elements−1
−1
Iωω =
6
⋅
∑ Qω_bar ⋅∆ωi
i
i= 0

the cross moments are:

n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
Ixω =
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆ωi
i
Iyω =
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆ωi
i
i= 0 i= 0

9 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 Computational Scheme for Cross-Sectional Quantities

X, Y, 0 ... n_elements as get extra when start with 0

A 0 .... nelements -1

X := input Y := input n_elements := input a := input or ... t := input

n_elements := 3

i := 0 .. n_elements − 1 a := 0 a := 0 t := 0
n_elements n_elements n_elements

t := 0
j := 0 .. n_elements n_elements

 0   
20
 0.5 
5 20
X :=   Y :=   t :=  0.5
 5 0  elements
0 0  0.5  20
   

Y
10

0
0 2 4 6
X
we will use these later

∆Xi := X −X ∆xi := ∆Xi ∆Yi := Y −Y ∆y i := ∆Yi

i+ 1 i i+ 1 i

calculate area if necessary


a := if a = 0, t ⋅
i  i i (∆Xi)2 + (∆Yi)2 , ai A :=
∑a A = 15

calculate centroid in X and Y coordinate system and coordinates in centroidal system:

a
i
∆QY := ⋅ X + X ( )
∑ ∆QY
i 2 i i+ 1 Xcg :=
A Xcg = 4.167 x := X − Xcg
j j

a
i
∆QX := ⋅ Y + Y ( )
∑ ∆QX
i 2 i i+ 1 Ycg :=
A Ycg = 10 y := Y − Ycg
j j

10 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
calculate moments of inertia

these are contributions from segment i = 0, t*(s1 - s0) = area of segment ai

( ) ⋅ y (
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅ x
t⋅ s1 − s0
( ) ( ) 
2 2
2 + x0⋅x1 + x
( ) ( )
2 Iy =
Ix = + y 0⋅y 1 + y 3 1 0
3 1 0

a
∑ 3 ⋅ (xi+1) ( i) 
a i 2 2
Iy := + x ⋅x + x Iy = 31.25
⋅ y
2
3  ( i+ 1) i i+ 1 ( i) 
i
∑
2
Ix := + y ⋅y + y Ix = 833.333 i i+ 1
i
i

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅ 2⋅ x ⋅y + x ⋅y + x ⋅y + x ⋅y
Ixy =  ( 1 1 0 0) 0 1 1 0
6

a
∑ 6 ⋅2(xi+1⋅yi+1 + xi⋅yi) + xi⋅yi+1 + xi+1⋅yi
i
Ixy :=
Ixy = 0
i
Iyx := Ixy
x +x y +y
calculate ∆ωc this is a running total:
( ) (1 )
1 0 1 0
∆ωc = ⋅ y −y − ⋅ x −x
2 1 0 2 0

x +x y +y
i+ 1 i+ 1
first calculate each increment ∆ωci :=
2
i
⋅∆y i −
2
i
( )
⋅ ∆xi

x +x y +y
i+ 1 i+ 1
ωc0 := 0 ωci+ 1 := ωci +
2
i
⋅∆y i −
2
i
( )
⋅ ∆xi ωci+ 1 := ωci + ∆ωci

calculate warping moments wrt centroid:

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅ 2⋅ x ⋅ωc
Iyωc =
6
 (1 )
1 + x0⋅ωc0 + x0⋅ωc1 + x1⋅ωc0 contribution from each segment

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 ) ⋅ 2⋅ y ⋅ω
Ixωc =
6
 ( )
1 c1 + y 0⋅ωc0 + y 0⋅ωc1 + y 1⋅ωc0

a
∑ 6 ⋅2(xi+1⋅ωci+1 + xi⋅ωci) + xi⋅ωci+1 + xi+1⋅ωci
i
Iyωc := − 13
Iyωc = 3.411 × 10
i

a
∑ 6 ⋅2(yi+1⋅ωci+1 + yi⋅ωci) + yi⋅ωci+1 + yi+1⋅ωci
i
Ixωc := 3
Ixωc = 1.944 × 10
i

11 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
from torsion properties:

(Ixωc⋅Iy − Ixy⋅Iyωc) (−Iyωc⋅Ix + Ixy⋅Ixωc)

xD := y D :=
 I ⋅I − I 2  I ⋅I − I 2
 x y xy   x y xy 
− 14
xD = 2.333 y D = −1.091 × 10

now we can calculate warping Ω relative to an arbitrary origin Ω0 = 0

(
∆Ω D( s) = ∆ωc − xD⋅ y 1 − y 0 + y D⋅ x1 − x0) ( )
if we set Ω D0 = 0 at the start of a line segment, then Ω D1 = Ω D0 + ∆Ω D

∆Ω D := ∆ωci − xD⋅∆y i + y D⋅∆xi

i

Ω D := 0 ΩD := Ω D + ∆Ω D
0 i+ 1 i i

calculate "centroid" of warping wrt shear center:

a
i
∑ ∆QΩD
∆QΩD := ⋅  Ω D + Ω D  Ω Dcg := Ω Dcg = −35 ωD := Ω D − Ω Dcg
i 2  i i+ 1 A j j

now we can calculate the normalized warping functions (relative to the shear center)

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
Iω =
3 (
⋅ ωD1 )2 + ωD0⋅ωD1 + (ωD0)2

(
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
IyωD =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ x1⋅ωD1 + x0⋅ωD0 + x0⋅ωD1 + x1⋅ωD0


(
t⋅ s1 − s0 )
IxωD =
6  ( )
⋅ 2⋅ y 1⋅ωD1 + y 0⋅ωD0 + y 0⋅ωD1 + y 1⋅ωD0


12 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 a
i  2 2
Iω :=
∑ 3 ⋅  ωDi+1 + ωD ⋅ωD
i i+ 1
+  ωD 
 i

  Iω = 2.292 × 10
3
i

a
i
IyωD :=
∑ 6 ⋅2 xi+1⋅ωDi+1 + xi⋅ωDi + xi⋅ωDi+1 + xi+1⋅ωDi − 13
i IyωD = −3.553 × 10

a
i − 13
IxωD :=
∑ 6 ⋅2 yi+1⋅ωDi+1 + yi⋅ωDi + yi⋅ωDi+1 + yi+1⋅ωDi IxωD = 9.379 × 10
i

Output:
elements, centroid, shear center
20
Xcg = 4.167 Ycg = 10
− 14
xD = 2.333 y D = −1.091 × 10 Y 15

Ω Dcg = −35 Y cg
10
Ix = 833.333 Iyx = 0 yD +Y cg

Iy = 31.25 Ixy = 0 5

3 − 13
Ixωc = 1.944 × 10 Iyωc = 3.411 × 10 0
0 2 4 6 8
X , Xcg , xD+Xcg
3
Iω = 2.292 × 10
− 13
IxωD = 9.379 × 10

Note: the coordinate system in this plot is X, Y

− 13
IyωD = −3.553 × 10 therefore xD and yD needs to have Xcg and Ycg
added back in

13 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 Ixx := Ix
first moment approach to hold values from above
repeat centroid calculations:
Iyy := Iy
we will use these later ∆Xi := X −X ∆xi := ∆Xi ∆Yi := Y −Y ∆y i := ∆Yi
i+ 1 i i+ 1 i

calculate area if necessary


a := if a = 0, t ⋅
i  i i (∆Xi)2 + (∆Yi)2 , ai A :=
∑a A = 15

calculate centroid in X and Y coordinate system and coordinates in centroidal system:

a
i
∆QX := ⋅ X + X ( )
∑ ∆QX
i 2 i i+ 1 Xcg :=
A Xcg = 4.167 x := X − Xcg
j j

a
i
∆QY := ⋅ Y + Y ( )
∑ ∆QY
i 2 i i+ 1 Ycg :=
A Ycg = 10 y := Y − Ycg
j j
first moment approach get midpoints and values for Q at end and midpoints:

y +y x +x
i+ 1 i i+ 1 i
ym := xm :=
i 2 i 2

a a a a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i
∆Qx := ⋅ y + ym ∆Qx := ⋅ ym + y ∆Qy := ⋅ x + xm ∆Qy := ⋅ xm + x
2⋅ i 4 i i 2⋅ i+1 4 i i+ 1 2⋅ i 4 i i 2⋅ i+1 4 i i+ 1

k := 1 .. 2⋅n_elements we have a total of 2*n_elements + 1, k = 1...2*n_elements and 0

Qx := 0 Qx :=  Qx + ∆Qx  Qy := 0 Qy :=  Qy + ∆Qy 
0 k  k−1 k− 1 0 k  k−1 k− 1

k1 := 0 .. 2⋅n_elements + 1

5
60

40 Qy
k1 0
Qx
k1
20
5
0 2 4 6
0 k1
0 2 4 6
k1

14 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
integrate using Simpson's rule with midpoint values

Qx_bar := Qx + 4⋅ Qx + Qx Qy_bar := Qy + 4⋅ Qy + Qy
i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1) i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1)

n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
Ix :=
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆y i
i
Iy :=
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆xi
i
i= 0 i= 0

Ix = 833.333 Ixx = 833.333 Iy = 31.25 Iyy = 31.25

cross moments of inertia

n_elements−1
−1 n_elements−1
Ixy :=
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆xi
i Iyx :=
−1
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆y i
i
i= 0
i= 0

Ixy = 0 − 14
Iyx = −5.329 × 10

warping moments relative to the centroid:

n_elements−1 n_elements−1
−1 −1
∆ωc := xm ⋅∆y i − ym ⋅∆xi
i i i
Ixωc :=
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆ωc
i i
Iyωc :=
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆ωc
i i
i= 0 i= 0

3 − 13
Ixωc = 1.944 × 10 Iyωc = −3.032 × 10

as above calculate shear center

xD :=
(Ixωc⋅Iy − Ixy⋅Iyωc) xD = 2.333 y D :=
(−Iyωc⋅Ix + Ixy⋅Ixωc) y D = 9.701 × 10
− 15
 I ⋅I − I 2  I ⋅I − I 2
 x y xy   x y xy 
now as above we can calculate the warping parmeters

now we can calculate warping Ω relative to an arbitrary origin Ω0 = 0

( )
∆Ω D( s) = ∆ωc − xD⋅ y 1 − y 0 + y D⋅ x1 − x0 ( )
if we set Ω D0 = 0 at the start of a line segment, then Ω D1 = Ω D0 + ∆Ω D

∆Ω D := ∆ωc − xD⋅∆y i + y D⋅∆xi

i i Ω D := 0 ΩD := Ω D + ∆Ω D
0 i+ 1 i i

15 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 calculate "centroid" of warping wrt shear center:

a
i
∑ ∆QΩD
∆QΩD := ⋅  Ω D + Ω D  Ω Dcg := Ω Dcg = −35 ω j := Ω D − Ω Dcg
i 2  i i+ 1 A j

ωi + ωi+1
ωmi :=
2
a a
i
∆Qω := ⋅ ωi + ωmi
2⋅ i 4
( ) ∆Qω
2⋅ i+1
i
(
:= ⋅ ωmi + ωi+1
4
)

k := 1 .. 2⋅n_elements Qω := 0
0
Qω := Qω + ∆Qω
k k− 1 k− 1 Qω_bar := Qω + 4⋅ Qω + Qω
i 2⋅ i 2⋅ i+1 2⋅( i+1)
∆ωi := ωi+ 1 − ωi

n_elements−1 40
−1
Iωω :=
6
⋅
∑ Qω_bar ⋅∆ωi
i Iωω = 2.292 × 10
3
i= 0 20
Qω
the cross moments are: k1
0
n_elements−1
−1 − 14
Ixω :=
6
⋅
∑ Qx_bar ⋅∆ωi
i
Ixω = 7.579 × 10 20
0 2 4 6
i= 0
k1

n_elements−1
−1 − 13
Iyω :=
6
⋅
∑ Qy_bar ⋅∆ωi
i
Iyω = 1.137 × 10
i= 0

16 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd
 Output:
elements, centroid, shear center
20
Xcg = 4.167 Ycg = 10
− 15
xD = 2.333 y D = 9.701 × 10 Y 15

Ω Dcg = −35 Y cg
10
− 14
Ix = 833.333 Iyx = −5.329 × 10 yD + Y cg

Iy = 31.25 Ixy = 0 5

3 − 13
Ixωc = 1.944 × 10 Iyωc = −3.032 × 10 0
0 2 4 6 8
X , Xcg , xD+Xcg
3
Iω = 2.292 × 10
− 14
Ixω = 7.579 × 10

Note: the coordinate system in this plot is X, Y

− 13
Iyω = 1.137 × 10 therefore xD and yD needs to have Xcg and Ycg
added back in
if the example is as in the starting point:  0  20 
   0.5 
5 20
the results can be compared with Shames: example 11.20 X :=   Y :=   t :=  0.5
 5 0 
0 0  0.5 
   
2
t1⋅b
e= for channel shape where e = distance from web as shown
h
2⋅ b⋅t + t2⋅
1 3

tflange := t
0 tweb := t
1 b := 5
h := 20
t1 := tflange t2 := tweb

2
t1⋅b
e :=
h e = 1.5 from web as defined
2⋅ b⋅t + t2⋅
1 3
compares to distance from cg (
erel_cg := e + 5 − Xcg )
Xcg = 4.167

xD = 2.333 erel_cg = 2.333

17 notes_15_torsion_prop_calc.mcd