4/22/2020

Motion - “A body is said to be motion when it

change its position from its surrounding is know
as motion”.

Ex. - Person while walking and running.

 When body move the motion is exhibited in
by- Dr. Harish Tiwari different forms.
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education  Types of motion
National Sports University, Imphal, Manipur
1) Linear motion
2) Angular Motion
3) Combination of these known as General Motion

Characteristics of Linear Motion

 Linear motion (Translation) occurs when all the parts
of a body move the same distance, in the same
direction, in the same time. The term linear refers If all the parts of the body move through
straight line.  The same distance
 The same direction
Motion of a body one point to another point.
 The same time


Straight line is depend as a shortest distance between

two point. Curvilinear - It is possible for a body move along a
 Linear or Non-linear - by selecting two point of the curved path and still satisfy the conditions of
body. If they satisfy the characteristics of Linear Linear motion.
Motion if not non linear.
Example- Long jump; path of the athlete body’s
 Linear Motion It can take place by two phases
 1) Going Straight 2) In curve path
flight in the air from take off to landing.
 i) Rectilinear - 100 mt, covering shortest distance  Kabbadi chain movement.

 ii) Curvilinear

 Angular Motion - (also known as rotation Rotatry

motion or circular motion)  Internal axis: In this axis of rotation internal
 Occurs when a body moves on a circular path about a of the body.
central line. So that all the parts of the body move
through the same angle, in the same direction, in the  Bowling in cricket- shoulder is the axis of
same time. rotation.
 Central line - which lies at right angles to the plane of  Curve kick in kabbadi.
motion - known as axis of rotation it may be physical
or imaginary which may be inside or outside of the
body - movement around this axis is known as
angular motion.
Characteristics of angular motion
 Same angle
 Same direction
 Same time

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 General Motion - The term general motion

 External axis ; axis of rotation will be external implies because a specific name could not be
to the body. assigned to this category of motion for lack of
specific characteristics identification because -
 Gymnastic: Rotation on horizontal bar it happened to be either combination of linear as
well as angular motion or a combination of
 Horizontal bar is axis of rotation. several linear or angular motion.
Example - Human locomotion is based on
combination of angular and Linear Motion.
 Such as - Running
Cycling
Polo carrying
 Thomas flair – a complex general motion.

 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an

object in motion will stay in motion at constant
velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

 2nd Law – “when a body is acted upon by a force, its

resulting acceleration is directly proportional to
the force and inversely proportional to the mass.
And, the change in the acceleration of a body
occurs in the same direction as the force that
I. Law of Inertia caused it.
II. F=ma
III. Action-Reaction  3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.

The law of Inertia “Every body at rest, or moving

with constant velocity in a straight line, will
An object at rest will stay at continue in that state unless compelled to
rest, and an object in change by an external force exerted upon it”.

motion will stay in motion Inertia - “Inertia is the tendency of an object to

at constant velocity, unless stay at rest or in motion. An object or a body at
rest tends to resist being set into motion and if
acted upon by an it is set in motion, it will continue in motion
until another force stops it.”.
unbalanced force.

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Don’t let this be you.

you. Wear seat belts
belts..
Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist
changes in their motion
motion.. When the car going 80
km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body
keeps moving at 80 m/hour
m/hour..

1. A sprinter in the starting blocks must apply

considerable muscular force to overcome resting
 Unless acted inertia.
2. If you slide a hockey puck on ice, eventually it will
upon by an stop, because of friction on the ice. It will also stop if
unbalanced it hits something, like a player’s stick or a goalpost.
3. If you kicked a ball in space, it would keep going
force, this forever, because there is no gravity, friction or air
resistance going against it. It will only stop going in
golf ball one direction if it hits something like a meteorite or
would sit on reaches the gravity field of another planet.
4. If you are driving in your car at a very high speed
the top and hit something, like a element wall or a tree, the
car will come to an instant stop, but you will keep
forever. moving forward. This is why cars have airbags, to
protect you from smashing into the windscreen.

A ball rolling on ground - should continue

(Law of acceleration or Momentum)
but stop itself after covering some distance. It
is due to - friction force and air resistance
force applied on the object in opposite
direction of its motion or by any gravitational
pull exert on it.
“when a body is acted upon by a
force, its resulting acceleration is
directly proportional to the force
and inversely proportional to the
mass. And, the change in the
acceleration of a body occurs in
the same direction as the force
that caused it.

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(Law of acceleration or Momentum)

1.
 “ The acceleration of a body is proportional
to the force causing it and take place in the
direction in which the force act”.
1.
 “Rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional to the force applied and take
place is same direction in which force
applied”.
If you use the same force to push a truck
and push a car, the car will have more
acceleration than the truck, because the car
has less mass.
It is easier to push an empty shopping cart
than a full one, because the full shopping
cart has more mass than the empty one. This
means that more force is required to push
the full shopping cart.

Concept of Momentum-The quality of motion

possessed by the object or it is product of mass
and velocity of the body.
 When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is
in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N). P = MV
M (mass) = kg.
V (Velocity) = M/SC
Unit of measurement for P = kg m/sec.
 One newton is equal to the force required to
accelerate one kilogram of mass at one Example problem:  What is the momentum of an
object with mass of 2.00kg and a velocity of
meter/second/second. 40.0m/s? 
p = (2.00kg)(40.0m/s)
= 80.0 kg•m/s

F=mxa
How much force is needed to accelerate a


 Acceleration ‘a’ can be expressed as the change in
velocity per unit of time. 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per second/per
a = v2-v1 second2
t Formula is -
 F = m x a
v2 = Final Velocity
v1 = Initial Velocity  Fill in given numbers and units
t= time  F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/ second2
Substituting this for ‘a’ in the foregoing equation we  Solve for the unknown
get
F = m(v2-v1)
t
 2800 kg-meters/ second2 or 2800 N
= mv2-mv1
t
Ft = mv2-mv1

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Second law is fully expressed by the equation.

 F = m x a. = a = F
M
a = acceleration of the body
 We know that objects
F = Applied Force with different masses
M= Mass of the Object
accelerate to the
Example - If a baseball is thrown at 150 m/s2 and its mass is 0.50 ground at the same
kg what force is necessary to change its direction?
rate.
a = 150 m/s2

 m = 0.50 kg
 However, because of
 F=? the 2nd Law we know
F = ma
that they don’t hit the
ground with the same
F = (0.50 kg)(150 m/s2 )

 F = 75 kg m/s2
force.
F = ma F = ma
= 75 N
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/s

“For every action force, there is an equal and

opposite reaction force”.  The baseball forces
the bat to the left
Example - Human Locomotion (an action); the bat
It is the reaction force of the ground which forces the ball to
makes the body move forward. So concepts the right (the
of reaction force is based on the action force reaction).
of the body. He applied action force to
ground & ground gives equal & opposite
reaction force which make the body move
forward.

Flying gracefully
through the air, birds
depend on Newton’s
third law of motion.
motion. As
the birds push down on
the air with their wings,
the air pushes their
wings up and gives them
lift..
lift

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The reaction of a rocket is

 Consider the an application of the third
motion of a car on law of motion.
motion. Various
the way to school. fuels are burned in the
A car is equipped engine, producing hot
with wheels which gases..
gases
spin backwards. As The hot gases push against
the wheels spin the inside tube of the
backwards, they rocket and escape out the
grip the road and bottom of the tube.
tube. As the
push the road gases move downward,
backwards. the rocket moves in the
opposite direction
direction..

1. When you jump off a small rowing boat into

water, you will push yourself forward
towards the water.
2. The same force you used to push forward
will make the boat move backwards.
3. When air rushes out of a balloon, the
opposite reaction is that the balloon flies up.
4. When you dive off of a diving board, you
push down on the springboard. The board
springs back and forces you into the air.
5. A sprinters applies significant force on the
starting blocks which resist with an equal
force.