A A A A A: The Matrix

THE MATRIX
LEC : 17
DEF :
The Matrix is a rectangular figure contain computation element ( numbers , variables ,
functions , ……..) , always is surround by two bracket and the general form to the
matrix of order m×n is :
 a11 a1n 
A  
 
a amn 
 m1
the general element to the matrix A denoted by aij , that is lies in i-row & j-column .
EXAM :
1
 1 2 3 4 1 2 1   1
A   1 0 2 5  B   4 2 4  C  
    0
 5 2 0 9   2 3 0   
5
D   1 3 4 6
The Matrix A of order 3×4 , and B of order 3×3 , and C of order 4×1 and D
of order 1×4 .
The Matrix "C" is called the column vector and the general form is :
 a11 
a 
A   21 
 
 
am 1  m 1
The Matrix "D" is called the row vector and the general form is :
A  a11 a12 a1n 1n
Note : in any matrix if m=n , then the matrix is called square matrix .
MATRIX TYPES :
1) Square Matrix
its matrix of order n×n ( the no. of rows equal the no. of columns )
 4 2 1
 2 3
A  0 3 1  B  
  0 9 
 2 3 0 
2) Diagonal Matrix
is square matrix that is all element out the main diagonal is equal to zero :
aij  0 , i  j
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MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE \ MOSUL UNIVERSITY \ MATHEMATICS SCIENCE
THE MATRIX
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4 0 0
 2 0
A  0 0 0 B  
  0 1
 0 0 1 
3) Identity ( Unit ) Matrix " In "
its diagonal matrix that is all element in the main diagonal equal to one and is
denoted by In :
aij  1 i  j ; aij  0 i  j
1 0 0 
1 0 
I2    I 3  0 1 0 
0 1   
0 0 1 
4) Zero Matrix " O "

its matrix that is all element equal to zero and is denoted by On×m :
aij  0 i , j
0 0 0 0 
O 34  0 0 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 

" A 5) Transpore of Matrix "

the n×m matrix is obtained from a m × n matrix A by interchanging A
rows and columns , is called the transpore of A .
3 4 1 
 3 1 2 
A    A    1 0 , B   3   B   1 3 2
4 0 1    
 2 1   2 
1 2 3  1 1 2
C  1 0 1  C    2 0 1
   
 2 1 4   3 1 4 
6) Symmetric Matrix :
is square matrix that is all element out the main diagonal are symmetric about the
main diagonal .
A  A or aij  a ji
4 2 7 
A  2 5 8
 
7 8 6 
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THE MATRIX
LEC : 17
7) Upper Traingular Matrix
its square matrix that is all elements under the main diagonal is zero :
aij  0 ; i  j
1 2 4 
A  0 3 1
 
0 0 5 
8) Lower Traingular Matrix

its square matrix that is all elements above the main diagonal is zero :
aij  0 ; i  j
1 0 0 
A  6 3 0 
 
0 7 5 
The path of the matrix

the path of the matrix is equal to the sum of elements of main diagonal aii , and is
denoted by Tr(A)
n
Tr (A )   aii  a11  a22   ann
i 1
1 4 3 
A  2 7 4  Tr (A )  1  7  3  11
 
0 0 3 
Matrix al gebra :
1) Matrix Addition – Subtraction

if A is a matrix of order m×n , B is matrix with same order, then the (sum, subtract )
of A&B is denoted by C of order m×n :
C  A  B  C ij   aij  bij 
m×n m×n
1 4 2  1 2 4 
A  0 3 1 , B  3 3 2 
   
5 2 3  1 2 0 
2 6 2  0 2 6 
A  B  3 0 3 , A  B   3 6 1
   
 6 0 3   4 4 3 
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THE MATRIX
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2) Multiplication Matrix by constant
if A is a matrix of order m×n , k is constant then :
k A   kaij 
m n
1 3 4   4 12 16 
A  0 1 2  , k  4 ; kA   0 4 8 
   
3 1 0  12 4 0 
3) Multiplication of Matrics
if A is a matrix of order m×n and B is a matrix of order n × p , then the multiplication
of the matrix A&B is denoted by C of order m × p .
n
C  A  B  c ij   aik m n  b kj    aik b kj
mp np
k 1
Note :
1- in matrix multiplication the no. of columns A must be equal the no. of rows B .
2 – AB ≠ BA
EXAM :
4 2
5 2 4 
A   , B  5 1 
6 3 1   
 3 2 
5  4  2  5  4  3 5  2  2  1  4  2   42 20 
C  A B      42 17 
 6  4  3  5  1  3 6  2  3  1  1  2   
 32 14 18 
B  A   31 13 21
 
 27 12 14 
EXAM :
1
A   2 5 1 B   1
 
 3 
 2 5 1
B  A   2 5 1  A  B   6 
 
 6 15 3
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THE MATRIX
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EXAM :
1 0 2   3 1 6 
A   3 1 1 B  7 0 0 
   
 4 1 0  1 2 4 
 5 3 14 
A  B  15 5 14 
 
19 4 24 
EXAM :
1
 2 5 1
A   B   1
3 1 0   
 3 
 6 
A B   
2
B  A  not available
PROPERTIES OF MATRICS :
1 (A  B )  C  A  (B  C )
2 A B B A
3 k (A  B )  kB  kA
4 (A  B ) C  A  (B C )
5 A  (B  C )  AB  AC
6 (A  B )  A   B 
7 (kA )  kA 
8 (A  B )  B   A 
EXAM :
Show that A(B+C)=AB+AC such that :
1 4  2 3 7  2 1 4 
A   B  4 4 3 C  
 2 1    3 2 1
 0 2 11
B C   
7 6 4 
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THE MATRIX
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 28 26 27 
A (B  C )  
 7 2 18 
18 19 19  10 7 8 
AB    AC   
 0 2 11  7 4 7 
 28 26 27 
AB  AC  
 7 2 18 
 A (B  C )  AB  AC
EXAM :
Show that (AB )  B  A 
 1 2 3
1 3 2 
A   B   1 3 4 
 2 1 1   
 1 2 3 
0 4 
0 11 15
AB     (AB )  11 5
4 5 7   
15 7 
1 1 1  1 2  0 4 
B    2 3 2  , A    3 1  B  A   11 5
     

 3 4 3   2 1  15 7 
 (AB )  B  A 
Note :
if A&B are square matrix and satisfies the relation AB=BA , then we said that A&B
are commutative matrix .
EXAM :
Show that AB=BA ?
Show that A&B are comm.
are A&B comm.?
2 0 1 0 
A   B  0 1
0 5  
2 0  2 0 
AB    , BA   0 5
 0 5  
 AB  BA ( comm . )
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THE MATRIX
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9) Nilpotent matrix
then is called nilpotent matrix . A  O , 1  p  N if the matrix satisfies
p
EXAM :
 1 3 4 
A   1 3 4 
 
 1 3 4 
 1 3 4   1 3 4  0 0 0 
A 2  A  A   1 3 4    1 3 4   0 0 0   O 33
     
 1 3 4   1 3 4  0 0 0 
10) Orthogonal matrix

 
its square matrix A such that A  A  A  A  I
EXAM :
cos  sin  
A  
 sin  cos 
 cos sin  
A   
  sin  cos 
  sin 2   cos 2  cos sin   cos sin   1 0 
A A      I2
cos sin   cos sin  cos 2   sin 2    0 1 
 A is Orthogonal matrix
1 Show that AB  BA
 1 6  7 2
A   B  
 6 1   2 7 
2 Show that A is nilpotent

6 9
A  
 4 6 
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THE MATRIX
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3 Show that A is Orthogonal

 
1 0 0 
 
A  0
1 3
 2 2 
 
0  3 1 
 2 2 
4 Show that A  (B  C )  AB  AC
1 4 2  3 1 1  1 0 0 
A   0 1 3  , B  2 4 0  , C  0 1 2 
     
 2 1 6   0 1 2  1 3 4 
5 Show that (AB )  B  A 

4 1
1 4 3
A  0 2 B  
  0 2 1 
 3 5 
6 Find A  B & B  A
1 4 1 
 1 3 4
1) A    B  0 1 2 
 1 2 6   
5 1 2 
1 
2) A   3 
MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE
B  1 2 4 M.SC / MATHEMATICS
  E-MAIL : msmt_80@yahoo.com
6  2013 -2014
2 1  3 1
3) A   B 
0 1 
 4 1
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THE DETERMINANTS LEC : 18
DEF :
For all square matrix , there exist infinite no. is called the determinants of the matrix .
1) the det. of 2nd order :
a a 
A   11 12   A  a11a22  a21a12
a21 a22 
EXAM :
1 5 
A    A  7  15  8
3 7 
2) the det. of 3rd order :
 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12
A  a21 a22 a23  a21 a22
 
a31 a32 a33  a31 a32
A  (a11a22a33  a12a23a31  a13a21a32 )  (a31a22a13  a32a23a11  a33a21a12 )
EXAM :
 1 2 3
A   2 5 1
 

 1 4 6 
 1 2 3 1 2
A   2 5 1 2 5
 

 1 4 6  1 4
 (1 5  6  2  1  1  3  2  4)  (1 5  3  4  1 1  6  2  2)
 (30  2  24)  (15  4  24)  4  5  1
A  1
Determinants properties :
1) if elements of row or column equal to zero then det(A)=0
1 2 3
A  0 0 0  A 0
 
 4 1 3 
1 2 0
B 3 2 0  B 0
 

 1 4 0 
49
2) if multiply the elements of any row or column by constant k then det(A)= k.|A|
5 2 7 
A  9 15 21 
 
7 1 49 
5 2 7 5 2 1
A  3 3 5 7  3(7) 3 5 1  ?
7 1 49 7 1 7
3) if we instead two rows or two columns then the sign of det A is change and the value
number stay constant .
1 2 3
A  4 5 6  9
0 2 1
4 5 6
B  1 2 3  9
0 2 1
4) if two rows or two columns are equal or proportion , then the value of det. = 0 .
1 2 3
A  4 5 6  A 0
1 2 3
4 8 2
B  1 2 3  B 0
3 6 12
5) for any upper or lower triangular matrix the value of det. is equal to multiplying the
elements of main diagonal .
1 0 0
A  3 4 0    A  1 4  2  8
 
 4 1 2 
1 3 4
B  0 2 0   B  2
 
0 0 1 
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The Cofactor :
Let aij the element lies in the i-row and j-column , then we define the cofactor Aij as :
A ij  (1)i  j m ij
such that mij is a matrix that result from removing the i-row and j-column from the
matrix A .
a11 a12 a13
A  a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
a22 a23
A11  (1)11  (a22a33  a32a23 )
a32 a33
a11 a12
A 23  (1) 2  3  (a11a32  a31a12 )
a31 a32
NOTE :
the value of any det. equal the sum of a multiplying the element of any row or column
by its cofactor .
EXAM :
2 1 3
A 5 1 2
1 2 1
By using 1st row :
1 2
A11    (1  4)  3
2 1
5 2
A12    (5  2)  3
1 1
5 1
A13    (10  1)  9
1 2
A  a11A11  a12 A12  a13A13  2(3)  (1)(3)  (3)(9)  30
EXAM :
4 3 1
A 2 0 7
4 1 3
49
By using the 2nd column :
2 7
A12    (6  28)  22
4 3
4 1
A 22    12  4  16
4 3
4 1
A32    (28  2)  30
2 7
A  a12 A12  a22 A 22  a32 A32  3(22)  0(16)  1(30)  36
NOTE :
Such that the chossing of rows and the columns is random then we can choose the row
or column that contain the maximum no. of zeros .
EXAM :
2 1 3
A  4 5 2
1 0 0
rd
By using 3 row
1 3
A 31    2  15  17
5 2
A  a31A 31  a32 A 32  a32 A 32  (1)(17)  0  0  17
EXAM : Find
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 4 5 6 , B 1 2 3
0 2 1 0 2 1
By using 1st column :
5 6
A11    (5  12)  7
2 1
2 3
A 21    (2  6)  4
2 1
A  a11A11  a21A 21  a31A31  1(7)  4(4)  0  9
B 9 (from A )
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The Inverse Matrix By Using Cofactor
DEF :
if A is square matrix , B is matrix with same order and satisfied the relation :
A.B=B.A=I such that I is the identity matrix , then we said the matrix B is the inverse
1
of the matrix A and denoted by . A
DEF :
if A is square matrix and |A| ≠ 0 then we define :
adj (A )
A 1 
A
such that :

 A11 A12 A13 
adj (A )   A 21 A 22 A 23 
 
 A31 A32 A33 
EXAM :
Find inverse matrix of
2 3
A  
1 2
A 1 0
A11   2  2 , A12   1  1 , A 21   3  3 , A 22   2  2

 2 1  2 3
adj (A )      1 2 
 3 2   
 2 3
1 adj (A )  1 2   2 3
A    
A 1  1 2 
to check the solution :
 2 3  2 3 1 0
A .A 1     1 2   0 1   I
 1 2    
49
EXAM : Find inverse matrix of
1 1 2 
A  3 0 1 
 
1 0 2 
A 50
0 1 3 1 3 0
A11   0 A12    5 A13   0
0 2 1 2 1 0
1 2 1 2 1 1
A 21   2 A 22   0 A 23    1
0 2 1 2 1 0
1 2 1 2 1 1
A31    1 A32   5 A33   3
0 1 3 1 3 0

 0 5 0   0 2 1
adj (A )   2 0 1   5 0 5
   

 1 5 3   0 1 3 
 0 2 1
 5 0 5 
  0 2 1

adj (A )  0 1 3 
   1
5 5

A 1    0 1
A 5
 0 1
5
3 
5 
44
1 Find Inv . matrix to :

1 2 3   3 4 4  1 0 2  1 0 2  1 4 2 
A  6 5 4 ,  2 0 1  , 3 1 4  ,  3 1 5  , 7 3 1 
         
7 8 9   1 2 1  5 2 3 7 1 2  1 4 2 
2 Find det( A ) if :
1 3 4  1 1 1  1 2 4  1 2 1
A  2 1 0 ,  2 2 2  , 3 5 0  , 0 0 0 
       
 0 1 3   3 1 0  0 1 0  1 4 3 
3
1 2 3
if A   4 5 6
 
1 0 1 
By u sin g the result of det(A ) , Find the value of det(B )
with out use the def .(det) if :
3 6 9 1 0 1   3 6 36 
B   4 5 6  ,  4 5 6  ,  4 5 24 
      MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE
1 0 1  1 2 3 1 0 4  M.SC / MATHEMATICS
E-MAIL : msmt_80@yahoo.com
2013 -2014
011
‫‪GRAMMER'S METHOD‬‬ ‫‪LEC : 20‬‬
‫‪GRAMMER'S METHOD TO SOLVING LINEAR EQUATION SYSTEM‬‬
‫اٌّعادالث اٌخطٍت ‪:‬‬
‫ً٘ اٌّعادٌت اٌتً تى‪ ْٛ‬حذ‪ٚ‬د٘ا ( اٌحا‪ٌٚ‬ت ٌٍّجاًٍ٘ ) حذ‪ٚ‬داً ِٓ اٌذسجت اال‪ٌٚ‬ى بإٌسبت اٌى تٍه اٌّجاًٍ٘‬
‫حً اٌّعادٌت اٌخطٍت ٌعًٕ اٌجاد لٍُ اٌّجاًٍ٘ اٌتً تحمك اٌّعادٌت ‪ ٚ‬تمسُ اٌى‬
‫اٌّعادٌت راث اٌّج‪ٛٙ‬ي اٌ‪ٛ‬احذ ‪ ٚ‬صٍغت‪ٙ‬ا ‪ax=b , a≠0 :‬‬
‫اٌّعادٌت راث اٌّج‪ٚ ٌٍٓٛٙ‬صٍغت‪ٙ‬ا ‪ax+by=c , a.b≠0‬‬
‫اٌّعادٌت راث اٌخالث ِجاًٍ٘ ‪ ٚ‬صٍغت‪ٙ‬ا ‪ax+by+cz=d‬‬
‫‪٘ٚ‬ىزا ‪.....‬‬
‫‪ٕ٘ٚ‬ان طشق وخٍشة ٌحً ٘زٖ اٌصٍغ ‪٘ ِٓٚ‬زٖ اٌطشق " طشٌمت وشاِش " ٌحً ٔظاَ اٌّعادالث اٌخطٍت ‪.‬‬
‫تستخذَ طشٌمت وشاِ ش ٌحً اٌّعادالث اٌخطٍت ‪ٚ‬اٌتً ٌى‪ٔ ْٛ‬ظاِ‪ٙ‬ا ِشبعاً ( اي اْ عذد اٌّعادالث = عذد اٌّجاًٍ٘ )‬
‫ٌشتشط فً ٘زٖ اٌطشٌمت اٌجاد ِحذد إٌظاَ بعذ تح‪ ٌٍٗٛ‬اٌى ِصف‪ٛ‬فت ِشبعت اي اْ ‪AX=B :‬‬
‫حٍج اْ ‪ِ ً٘ A‬صف‪ٛ‬فت اٌّعاِالث ‪ ٛ٘ X ٚ‬عّ‪ٛ‬د اٌّتغٍشاث ‪ ٛ٘ B ٚ‬عّ‪ٛ‬د إٌتائج ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٌٚ‬جب اْ ٌى‪|A|≠0 ْٛ‬‬
‫‪Ex : Transform the system to AX=B‬‬
‫‪3x-4y+9z=4‬‬
‫‪4x+y-2z=3‬‬
‫‪3x-5z=6‬‬
‫‪Sol:‬‬
‫‪ 3 4 9   x   4‬‬
‫‪ 4 1 2   y    3 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬
‫‪ 3 0 5   z   6 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬
‫ٍِخص اٌطشٌمت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬تح‪ ًٌٛ‬إٌظاَ اٌى صٍغت ‪AX=B‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬اٌجاد ِحذد ‪ٌٚ A‬جب اْ ٌى‪ ْٛ‬غٍش ِسا‪ٚ‬ي ٌٍصفش ‪ٚ ,‬ارا واْ اٌّحذد = صفش فٍٍس ٌٍّعادٌت حً ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬الٌجاد لٍّت اٌّتغٍش اال‪ٚ‬ي ‪ٌ x‬جب اْ ٔ‪ٛ‬جذ ‪ٚ Dx‬اٌزي ٌّىٓ اٌجادٖ بأبذاي اٌعّ‪ٛ‬د اال‪ٚ‬ي ِٓ ‪ A‬بعّ‪ٛ‬د إٌتائج‬
‫( اٌّتجٗ ‪ ِٓٚ ) B‬حُ تطبٍك اٌماعذة اٌتاٌٍت ‪:‬‬
‫‪Dx‬‬
‫‪x ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬الٌجاد لٍّت اٌّتغٍش اٌخأً ‪ٌ y‬جب اْ ٔ‪ٛ‬جذ ‪ٚ Dy‬اٌزي ٌّىٓ اٌجادٖ بإبذاي اٌعّ‪ٛ‬د اٌخأً ِٓ ‪ A‬بعّ‪ٛ‬د إٌتائج‬
‫‪Dy‬‬
‫‪y ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬الٌجاد لٍّت اٌّتغٍش اٌخاٌج ‪ٌ z‬جب اْ ٔ‪ٛ‬جذ ‪ٚ Dz‬اٌزي ٌّىٓ اٌجادٖ بإبذاي اٌعّ‪ٛ‬د اٌخاٌج ِٓ ‪ A‬بعّ‪ٛ‬د إٌتائج‬
‫‪Dz‬‬
‫‪z ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫‪MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE \ MOSUL UNIVERSITY \ MATHEMATICS SCIENCE‬‬
GRAMMER'S METHOD LEC : 20
Exam : Solve the system :
x  2 y  5
3x  4 y  9
Sol :
AX=B
1 2   x    5 
 3 4   y    9 
    
A  4  6  2  0
finding x
5 2
Dx   2
9 4
Dx 2
x   1
A 2
Finding y
1 5
Dy  6
3 9
Dy 6
y    3
A 2
 x  1 , y  3

x  y z 3
x  2 y  3z  3
6x  3 y  2 z  0
Sol :
AX=B
1 1 1  x   3 
1 2 3   y    3
    
6 3 2   z   0 
1 1 1
A  1 2 3  1(5)  1(16)  1(9)  30  0
6 3 2
111
3 1 1
Dx  3 2 3  3(5)  3(5)  30
0 3 2
1 3 1
Dy  1 3 3  6(12)  2(6)  60
6 0 2
1 1 3
Dz  1 2 3  6(3)  3(6)  0
6 3 0
30 60 0
x  1 , y  2 , z  0
30 30 30
x 1 , y  2 , z  0

3x 1  2x 2  4x 3  19
x 1  5x 2  x 3  12
x 1  2x 2  x 3  0
Sol :
AX=B
3 2 4   x 1   19 
1 5 1  x    12 
  2  
1 2 1   x 3   0 
3 2 4
A 1 5 1  3(7)  2(2)  4(3)  13  0
1 2 1
19 2 4
Dx 1  12 5 1  19(7)  12(10)  13
0 2 1
3 19 4
Dx 2  1 12 1  1(29)  1(55)  26
1 0 1
111
3 2 19
Dx 3  1 5 12  1(71)  2(55)  39
1 2 0
13 26 39
x1  1 , x 2   2 , x 3  3
13 13 13
x 1  1 , x 2  2 , x 3  3
Solve the system :

x  2y  z  5
4x  2 y  z  4
7 x  3 y  2z  0
M.SC / MATHEMATICS
2013 -2014
111
THE VECTORS AND APPLICATIONS LEC : 26
DEF: a two dimensional vector is an order pair of real no. (x,y) , such that the no. x, y
is called the components of the vector .
ex: (1,3) , (-1,2) , (4,0)
note : the vector in 3 -space contain three components (x,y,z) .
ex: (-1,0,3) , (0,-1,2) , (0,4,0)
The zero vector :
the vector (0,0,0) , all components are equal to zero and is denoted by O .
The negative vector :
the negative of a vector a=(a1,a2,a3) is –a=( -a1,-a2,-a3).
ex:
the negative vector of u=(3,-2,1) is -u=(-3,2,-1) .
Equal two Vectors :
a vector u=(u1,u2,u3) and v=(v1,v2,v3) is said to be equal iff u1= v1 , u2 = v2 , u3 = v3 .
ex:
(a,b,c)=(1,-4,2) »»» a=1 , b=-4 , c=2 .
(a,-6,c)=(11,b,3) »»» a=11 , b=-6 , c=3 .
The Distance in 2&3 -space :

The distance between two points in 3-space P1(x1,y1,z1) , P2(x2,y2,z2) is given as :
d ( p1 , p 2 )  (x 2  x 1 )2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2  (z 2  z 1 ) 2
and in 2 – space :
d ( p1 , p 2 )  (x 2  x 1 )2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2
EXAM :
Find the distance d between points p1(2,3,-1) , p2(4,-1,3) .
d  (4  2) 2  (1  3) 2  (3  1) 2  36  6
THEOREM :
if v=(v1,v2) , w=(w1,w2) are vectors in 2-space and k is any scalar then :
v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 )  in 3  space  v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 ,v 3  w 3 )
v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 )  in 3  space  v  w  (v 1  w 1 ,v 2  w 2 ,v 3  w 3 )
kv  (kv 1 , kv 2 )  in 3  space  kv  (kv 1 , kv 2 , kv 3 )
ex: if v = (-2,0,1) , w = (3,5,-4) then find
v + w = (-2,0,1) + (3,5,-4) = (-5,-5,5).
v - w = (-2,0,1) - (3,5,-4) = (1,5,-3).
3v = 3(-2,0,1)=(-6,0,3).
w-2v = (3,5,-4)- (-4,0,2) = (7,5,-6).
THEOREM : for any vectors u,v,w and scalars k,L then :
1 u v  v  u 4 u  (u )  O
2 (u  v )  w  u  (v  w ) 5 k (u  v )  ku  kv
3 u O  O u  u 6 (k  L )u  ku  Lu
757
EXAM :
Let u = (1,3) , v = (2,1) , w = (4,-1) , Find the vector x that satisfies 2u-v+x=7x+w.
Let x  (x 1 , x 2 )
2u  v  w  6x
2(1,3)  (2,1)  (4, 1)  6(x 1 , x 2 )  (2,6)  (2,1)  (4, 1)  (6x 1 ,6x 2 )
(4,6)  (6x 1 ,6x 2 )
2
6x 1  4  x 1  & 6x 2  6  x 2  1
3
2
x  ( ,1)
3
EXAM :
Find u&v if u+v=2i-3j , 3u+2v=-i+2j .
u v  2i  3 j (1)
3u  2v  i  2 j (2)
v  7i  11 j  v  (7, 11)
 u  (5,8)
The Norm of the vector :

the norm of any vector v = (v1,v2) in 2-space is given by :
v  v 12  v 22
and the norm of v = (v1,v2,v3) in 3- space :
v  v 12  v 22  v 32
EXAM :
Find the norm of v = (-2 , 3) , w = (2,3,6)
v  (2)2  (3)2  13
w  (2)2  (3)2  (6)2  49  7
NOTE :
The norm of kv  k . v , k is scalar
in above exam :
3 v  3 v  3 13
 2 w  2 w  2(7)  14
 w  1 w  7
758
EXAM :
if u  (1,5,4) , v  (3, 2,0) , Find u v , 2 u  3v
u  v  (4,3,4)
u  v  16  9  16  41
2u  3v  (2,10,8)  (9, 6,0)  (7,16,8)
2u  3v  49  256  64  369
THE UNIT VECTOR :

for any nonzero vector v , we can define the unit vector u in the same direction as :-
v
u
v
Note : for any unit vector , u  1
EXAM :
Find the unit vector that has the same direction as v  2i  2 j  k
v  4  4 1  3
so the unit vector is :
v 2i  2 j  k 2 2 1
u   i j k
v 3 3 3 3
4 4 1 9
u     1
9 9 9 9
THE DOT PRODUCT :

if u = (u1,u2) , v = (v1,v2) , are two vectors in 2-space then the dot product of u and v is
written as u.v and is define as :
u v  u1v 1  u 2v 2  in 3  space  u v  u 1v 1  u 2v 2  u 3v 3
THEOREM :
for any vectors u,v,w in 2 or 3-space and scalars k , then :
1 u v v u
2 u (v  w )  u v  u w
3 k (u v )  (ku ) v  u (kv )
4 v v  v
2
5 v O O v O
759
EXAM :
(3,5).(-1,2)=3(-1)+5(2)=7
(2,3).(-3,2)=2(-3)+3(2)=0
(i+3j).(-i-4j)=1(-1)+3(-4)=-13
(1,-3,4).(1,5,2)=1(1)-3(5)+4(2)=-6
(3i+4j-k).(-2i-2j+3k)=3(-2)+4(-2)-1(3)=-17
THEOREM :
if u,v are nonzero vectors in 2or 3-space , and is the angle between u,v then : 
u v
cos 
u v
EXAM :
Find the angle between the vector
u = i-2j+2k and :
a) v = -3i+6j+2k
b) w = 2i+7j+6k
c) z = -3i+6j-6k
Sol :
u v 11 11
a cos   
u v 3(7) 21
  cos 1 ( 2111)    121.6
u w 0
b cos   0
u w u w

 , the vectors are perpendicular (orthogonal ).
2
u z 27
c cos    1
u z 3(9)
   , the vectors are parrallel
EXAM :
Show that if v = ai+bj is a vector in 2-space , then the vectors :
v1 = -bi+aj , v2 = bi-aj are orthogonal to v .
Sol :
v v 1  ab  ab  0  v 1  v
v v 2  ab  ab  0  v 2  v
761
THE CROSS PRODUCT :
if u = (u1,u2,u3) , v = (v1,v2,v3) , are two vectors in 3-space then the cross product u×v
is a vector define as :
i j k
u 2 u3 u u u u
u v  u 1 u 2 u 3  i 1 3 j 1 2k
v2 v3 v1 v 3 v1 v 2
v1 v 2 v 3
EXAM :
Let u = (1,2,-2) , v = (3,0,1)
Find u×v , v×u
i j k
2 2 1 2 1 2
u v  1 2 2  i j k
0 1 3 1 3 0
3 0 1
 2i  7 j  6k
v  u  (u v )  2i  7 j  6k
THEOREM :
for any vectors u,v,w and scalars k , then :
1 u u O
2 u  v  (v  u )
3 u  (v  w )  (u  v )  (u  w )
4 (u  v ) w  (u  w )  (v  w )
5 k (u  v )  (ku ) v  u  (kv )
6 u O  O u  O
THEOREM :
is the angle between u,v then  if u,v are nonzero vectors in 3-space, and
u v
sin  
u v
Note :
if u v  0  u &v are parrallel vectors
767
GRADIENT , DIVERGENT , CURL AND LAPLACIAN

DEF:
Consider the vector operator  (Del ) , defined by :
  
i j k
x y z
Then if  (x , y , z ) , A (x , y , z ) having continous 2nd derivative in a reigon such that 
is a function and A is vector function , then we can defined :
1) Gradient 
the gradient of function  (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
grad     ( i j k )
x y z
  
  i j k
x y z
2) Divergent
the divergent of a vector A (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
div A    A  ( i j k )  (A1i  A 2 j  A 3k )
x y z
A1 A 2 A 3
divA   
x y z
3) Curl
the Curl of a vector A (x , y , z ) is defined by :
  
curl A    A  ( i j k )  (A1i  A 2 j  A 3k )
x y z
i j k
  
curl A 
x y z
A1 A2 A3
4) Laplacian operator
 (x , y , z ) is defined by :
the laplacian operator of function
     
 2    ( )  ( i  j k )( i  j k)
x y z x y z
 2  2  2
 2 2 2
2
x y z
761
Formulas involving del
if u&v are fun. , A&B are vectors then :
1) (u  v )  u  v
2) div (A  B )  div (A )  div (B )
3) curl (A  B )  curl ( A )  curl ( B )
4)   (uA )  (u )  A  u (  A )
5)   (uA )  (u )  A  u (  A )
6)   (A  B )  B  (  A )  A (  B )
7)   u  O
8)   (  A )  O
9)   (  A )  (  A )   2 A
10) (uv )  u v  v u
11) (u n )  nu n 1u
u 1
12) ( )  2 (v u  u v )
v v
13)  2 (uv )  v  2u  2u v  u  2v
The proof is H W
.
Examples:
Find Gradient to :
1) (x , y , z )  Ln (xy )  z 2
  
  i j k
x y z
y x 1 1
  i j  2zk  i  j  2zk
xy xy x y
2) (x , y , z )  Sin (xyz )
  
  i j k
x y z
  yzCos (xyz )i  xzCos (xyz ) j  xyCos (xyz )k
3) (x , y , z )  x 2e yz
  
  i j k
x y z
  2xe yz i  x 2 ze yz j  x 2 ye yz k
761
Examples:
Find divergent to :
1)A (x , y , z )  3x 2 yi  4x 2 y 2 z 2 j  7zk
A1 A 2 A 3
divA   
x y z
divA  6xy  8x 2 yz 2  7
2)A (x , y , z )  Cosx i  sin y j  Cosh (x  z )k
divA  Sinx  Cosy  Sinh (x  z )
3)A (x , y , z )  e xyz i  Ln (x  yz ) j  Logz k
x
z 1
divA  yze xyz  
x  yz zLnx
Examples:
Find Curl to :
1)A (x , y , z )  x 2i  y 2 j  z 2 k
i j k
  
curlA    A 
x y z
x2 y2 z2
     
curlA  i y z  j x z  k x y
y2 z2 x2 z2 x2 y2
curlA  i (0)  j (0)  k (0)  O
2)A (x , y , z )  3xy 2 z 3i  Ln (xy ) j  e yz k
i j k
  
curlA    A 
x y z
3xy 2 z 3 Ln (xy ) e yz
     
curlA  i y z  j x z  k x y
Ln (xy ) e yz 3xy 2 z 3 e yz 3xy 2 z 3 Ln (xy )
1
curlA  (ze yz )i  (9xy 2 z 2 ) j  (  6xyz 3 )k
x
761
Examples:
Find Laplacian operator to :
1) (x , y , z )  x 3  3 y 2 zx  4z 2
 2  2  2
   2  2  2  xx   yy  zz
2
x y z
x  3x 2  3 y 2 z  xx  6x
 y  6xyz   yy  6xz
z  3 y 2 x  8z  zz  8
 2  6x  6xz  8
2) (x , y , z )  Ln (x  y  2z )
1
x   (x  y  2z ) 1  xx  (x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
1
y   (x  y  2z ) 1   yy  (x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
2
z   2(x  y  2z ) 1  zz  4(x  y  2z ) 2
x  y  2z
 2  (x  y  2z ) 2  (x  y  2z ) 2  4(x  y  2z ) 2
 6(x  y  2z ) 2
765
1 Let u  (1,1) , v  (0,1) , w  (3, 4)

Find the vector x that satisfies
u  2x  x  w  3v
2 Let u  (1, 2) , v  (4, 2) , w  (6,0) Find :

1) u (7v  w )
2) (u w )w
3) ( u v ) w
4) u (v w )
3 if u  2v  3i  k and 3u  v  i  j  k , Find u ,v
4 Show that
u v  u v  4u v
2 2
5 Show that
u v  u v 2 u 2 v
2 2 2 2
6 W hat can you say about the angle between u &v if :

u v  u v
7 Show that if u &v are vectors in 3  space then :
u v  u  (u v ) 2
2 2 2
v
1
8 Show that  (x , y , z ) 
x2  y2 z2
satisfy laplace eq .  2  0 MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE
M.SC / MATHEMATICS
9 Pr ove the formulas 1  13 E-MAIL : msmt_80@yahoo.com
2013 -2014
766
THE POLAR COORDINATES LEC : 15
There is relation between Cartesian coordinates (x,y) and the polar coordinates (r , )
and there are from the following bases :
x  r cos
y  r sin 
r
r  x2y2 y
y 
tan  
x x
EXAM :
1) Find the rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates of the point P whose polar coordinates
2
are (6, )
3
2 
x  r cos  6cos  6cos(  )
3 3
 1
 6cos  6( )  3
3 2
2 
y  r sin   6sin  6sin(  )
3 3
 3
 6sin  6( )3 3
3 2
the cartesian coor . is (3,3 3)
2)Find the polar coordinates of the point P whose rectangular coordinates (2,2 3)
r  x 2  y 2  (2)2  (2 3)2  4  12  4
y 2 3 
tan    tan     3   
x 2 3
   ‫ اذن الزاوية هي‬, ‫بما ان النقطة تقع في الربع الثاني‬
 2
    
3 3
2
 (r , )  (4, )
3
3)Find the polar coordinates of the point P whose rectangular coordinates (6,-6) and
check the result .
r  x 2  y 2  36  36  72  6 2
y 6 
tan    tan    1   
x 6 4
37
MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE \ MOSUL UNIVERSITY \ MATHEMATICS SCIENCES
 7
   2  
4 4
7
 (r , )  (6 2, )
4
CHECK :
7 
x  r cos  6 2 cos  6 2 cos(2  )
4 4
 1
 6 2 cos  6 2( )  6
4 2
7 
y  r sin   6 2 sin  6 2 sin(2  )
4 4
 1
 6 2 sin  6 2  6
4 2
the cartesian coor . is (6, 6)
GRAPHS OF POLAR FUNCTIONS

1 r k , k is cons .
represent circle with center (0,0) and radius k .
Proof: )0,k(
r  x y2 2
)-k,0( )0,0( )k,0(

 x2y2 k
x2y2 k2 )0,-k(
EXAM :Sketch r = 4 .


6
2  k , k is cons .
represent straight line . 
   
EXAM :Sketch  ,   4
6 4
k
3 r , k is cons .
sin   cos
represent straight line.
Proof:
r sin   r cos  k
y  x  k  y  x  k
37
5
EXAM :Sketch r
sin   cos  (0,5)
r sin   r cos  5 (-5,0)
y x 5 y  x 5
4  a r  2a sin  , a is cons .
represent circle with center (0,a) and radius is "a"
proof :
r 2  2ar sin 
x 2  y 2  2ay  x 2  y 2  2ay  0
x 2  y 2  2ay  a 2  a 2  x 2  ( y  a ) 2  a 2 (0,a)
By comparing with circle equation
(x  h )2  ( y  k )2  r 2
then the graph is circle with center (0, a ) and radius r
EXAM :Sketch r  10sin 
4  b r  2a sin  , a is cons .

represent circle with center (0,-a) and radius is "a"
proof :
r 2  2ar sin 
x 2  y 2  2ay  x 2  y 2  2ay  0
x 2  y 2  2ay  a 2  a 2  x 2  ( y  a )2  a 2 (0,-a)
then the graph is circle with center (0, a ) and radius r
EXAM :Sketch r  14sin 
4  c r  2a cos , a is cons .
represent circle with center (a,0) and radius is "a"
proof :
r 2  2ar cos
x 2  y 2  2ax  x 2  2ax  y 2  0
(a,0)
x  2ax  y  a  a  (x  a )  y  a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
then the graph is circle with center (a,0) and radius r

EXAM :Sketch r  10cos
37
4  d r  2a cos , a is cons .

represent circle with center (-a,0) and radius is "a"
proof :
r 2  2ar cos
x 2  y 2  2ax  x 2  2ax  y 2  0
(-a,0)
x  2ax  y  a  a  (x  a )  y  a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
then the graph is circle with center (a ,0) and radius r
EXAM :Sketch r  8cos
5  a r  a (1  cos ) , a is cons .
represent Cardioid
a
2a
5  b r  a(1  cos ) , a is cons .

represent Cardioid
a
2a
a
5  c r  a (1  sin  ) , a is cons .
represent Cardioid
a a
2a
37
5  d r  a(1  sin  ) , a is cons .

represent Cardioid
2a
a a
6  a r 2  a 2 cos 2 , a is cons .
represent two leaf rose
6  b r 2  a 2 sin 2 , a is cons .
represent two leaf rose
7  a r  a cos 2 , a is cons .
represent four leaf rose
33
7  b r  a sin 2 , a is cons .
represent four leaf rose
THE SYMMETRIC ‫التناظر‬
1) symmetric with x-axis ( polar ) .

a function f is symmetric with x-axis iff the polar equation doesn't change if we are put
(r ,  ) instead of (r , ) :-
f is symm . about x  axis  f (r ,  )  f (r , )
2) symmetric with y-axis (    ).
2
a function f is symmetric with y-axis iff the polar equation doesn't change if we are put
(r ,  ) instead of (r , ) or put (r ,   ) instead of (r , ) : -
f is symm . about y  axis  f (r ,  )  f (r , ) or
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
3) symmetric with origin ( pole ) .
a function f is symmetric with origin iff the polar equation doesn't change if we are put
(r , ) instead of (r , ) or put (r ,    ) instead of (r , ) : -
f is symm . about origin  f (r , )  f (r , ) or
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
4) symmetric with line y=x (    ) .
4
a function f is symmetric with line y=x iff the polar equation doesn't change if we are

put ( r ,   ) instead of (r , ) :-
2

f is symm . about Line y  x  f (r ,   )  f (r , )
2
EXAM :
Test the symmetry of the following :
1 r 5
* symm . of x  axis
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
37
r  5  f ( r , )
 f (r ,  )  f (r , )  symm . with x  axis
* symm . of y  axis
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
 r  5  r  5  f ( r ,  )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
r  5  f (r , )  symm .with y  axis
* symm . of origin
?
f (  r , )  f ( r ,  )
r  5  r  5  f (r , )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
r  5  f (r , )  symm . with origin
* symm . of line y  x
 ?
f (r ,   )  f ( r , )
2
r  5  f (r , )  symm .with line y  x
2  4
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
  4  f (r , )
 f (r ,  )  f (r , )  not symm .with x  axis
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
  4    4  f (r , )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
    4      4  f (r , )  not symm .with y  axis
37
* symm . of origin
?
f (  r , )  f ( r , )
  4  f (r , )  symm .with origin
 ?
f (r ,   )  f ( r , )
2
 
  4     4  f (r , )  not symm . with line y  x
2 2
3 r  2a sin 
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
r  2a sin( )  r  2a sin   f (r , )
 not symm .with x  axis
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
r  2a sin( )  r  2a sin   r  2a sin   f (r , )
 f is symm . about y  axis
* symm . of origin
?
f (  r , )  f ( r ,  )
r  2a sin   r  2a sin   f (r , )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
r  2a sin(   )  2a ( sin  )  2a sin   f (r , )
 not symm .with origin
 ?
f (r ,   )  f ( r , )
2

r  2a sin(   )  2a cos   f (r , )
2
 not symm .with line y  x
78
4 r  a (1  cos )
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
r  a (1  cos( ))  r  a (1  cos )  f (r , )
 symm .with x  axis
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
r  a (1  cos( ))  r  a (1  cos )  f (r , )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
r  a (1  cos(   ))  r  a (1  cos )  f (r , )
 not symm .with y  axis
* symm . of origin
?
f (  r , )  f ( r ,  )
r  a (1  cos )  r  a (1  cos )  f (r , )
?
f ( r ,    )  f ( r , )
r  a (1  cos(   ))  a (1  cos )  f (r , )
 not symm .with origin
 ?
f (r ,   )  f ( r , )
2

r  a (1  cos(   ))  r  a (1  sin  )  f (r , )
2
5 r 2  a 2 cos 2
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
r 2  a 2 cos 2( )  r 2  a 2 cos 2  f (r , )
 symm .with x  axis
78
?
f (r ,  )  f (r , )
(r )2  a 2 cos 2( )  r 2  a 2 cos 2  f (r , )
 symm .with y  axis
* symm . of origin
?
f (  r , )  f ( r , )
(r ) 2  a 2 cos 2  r 2  a 2 cos 2  f (r , )
 symm .with origin
 ?
f (r ,   )  f ( r , )
2

r 2  a 2 cos 2(   )  r 2  a 2 cos(  2 )  a 2 cos 2  f ( r , )
2
1) Sketch the graph and test the symmetry of the following :

r  10 r  14sin  r 2  9sin 2
  12 r  8cos r  4cos 2
10
r r  4(1  sin  ) r  4sin 2
sin   cos
2) Find the Cartesian coordinates of the following :
  3
(5,  ), (10, ) , (3, ) , ( 2, ) , (4,  )
2 4 2 MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE
7 5   2 M.SC / MATHEMATICS
(10, ) , (12, ) , (1, ) , (1, ) , (3, ) E-MAIL : msmt_80@yahoo.com
6 3 6 3 3 2013 -2014
3) Find the polar coordinates of the following :
(5, 5 3) , (2,2) , (2, 2) , ( 3, 1)
78
THE DEFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LEC : 19
Def : the deferential equation is a relation between functions ( variables ) and
dy
derivatives such as  x 2 5
dx
Def : the degree of deferential equation that is largest power to highest
derivative in the D.E.
Def : the rank of deferential equation that is rank highest derivative in the D.E.
EXAM :
d 2y
 x 2
 3x  8 , rank 2 , deg 1
dx 2
2 dy 4 d 3y 2 d 2y
x ( )  ( 3 )  2 2  0 , rank 3,deg 2
dx dx dx
Def : Solution of deferential equation is a relation between the variables of
D.E such that this solution satisfies : not contain derivative , defined in an
unknown interval , and satisfy the D.E.
Exam :
Is y  x 2  3x solution to xy '  x 2  y ?
y '  2x  3
L .H .S  xy '  2x 2  3x  x 2  x 2  3x  x 2  y  R .H .S
ORIDINARY D. E. WITH 1ST ORDER AND DEGREE (O.D.E):

1 – Separation of variables .
2 – Homogeneous D.E.
3 – D.E. of linear cofactors .
4 – Exact D.E.
5 – Integration cofactor .
1 – Separation of variables .
A(x)dx = B(y)dy ٍ‫جكىن انمعادنة انحفاضهُة قابهة نهفصم ارا امكه كحابة انذانة بانشكم االج‬
Exam : Solve the D.E xdy  ydx  0

Sol:
xdy  ydx  0  xy
dy dx
y

x
0 
Ln y  Ln x  c
101
Exam : Solve the D.E x 2 (1  y 2 )dx  y (1  x 2 )dy  0

Sol:
x2 y
dx  dy  0
(1  x 2 ) (1  y 2 )
1 y
(1  )dx  dy  0
1 x 2 (1  y 2 )
1
x  tan 1 x  Ln 1  y 2  c
2
dy 4y
Exam : Solve the D.E 
dx x ( y  3)
Sol:
x ( y  3)dy  4 ydx
( y  3) 4
dy  dx
y x
3 4
(1  )dy  dx
y x
y  3Ln y  4Ln x  c
2 – Homogeneous D.E.
Def: we said that the function f(x,y) is homo. From degree n if satisfies :
f (tx ,ty )  t n f (x , y )
Ex:
f (x , y )  4x 2  9xy  8 y 2
f (tx ,ty )  4(tx ) 2  9txty  8(ty ) 2
 4t 2 x 2  9t 2 xy  8t 2 y 2
 t 2 (4x 2  9xy  8 y 2 )  t 2f (x , y )
 Homo . 2
Def: we said that the D.E. (M dx + N dy =0) is homo. If M&N are homo. Functions
with same degree
102
Exam : Solve the D.E (2x  y )dy  (2 y  x )dx
Sol:
(2x  y ) dy  (2 y  x ) dx
N M
M (tx ,ty )  2ty  tx  t (2 y  x ) 

  hom o .
N (tx ,ty )  2tx  ty  t (2x  y ) 
Let y  vx  dy  vdx  xdv
(2x  vx )(vdx  xdv )  (2vx  x )dx
2xvdx  2x 2dv  v 2 xdx  vx 2dv  2vxdx  xdx
x 2 (2  v )dv  x (v 2  1)dx  0
(2  v ) 1
dv  dx  0
(v  1)
2
x
12 32 1
  dx  0
v 1 v 1 x
1 2 Ln v  1  3 2 Ln v  1  Ln x  c
y y
1 2 Ln  1  3 2 Ln  1  Ln x  c
x x
Exam : Solve the D.E (3x  2 y )dx  (2x  4 y )dy
Sol:
M (tx ,ty )  3tx  2ty  t (3x  2 y )  tM 
  hom o .
N (tx ,ty )  2tx  4ty  t (2x  4 y )  tN 
let y  vx  dy  vdx  xdv
(3x  2vx )dx  (2x  4vx )(vdx  xdv )
x (3  4v  4v 2 )dx  2x 2 (1  2v )dv  0
dx 2(1  2v )
 dv  0
x (3  4v  4v 2 )
1 y y
Ln x  Ln 3  4  4( ) 2  c
2 x x
103
3 – D.E. of linear cofactors .
: ‫انمعادنة انحفاضهُة رات انمعامالت انخطُة جكىن بانصُغة انحانُة‬
(ax  by  c )dx  ( x   y   )dy  0

Where a, b ,c , α , β and γ are constants
a 
m1  , m2  , m is slope
b 
CASE 1 :
m1  m 2 (m1m 2  1) ‫ارا كان انمسحقُمان محقاطعان‬
‫( نهمسحقُمُه ( انمعادنحُه ) ومه ثم وفشض‬h,k) ‫طشَقة انحم وىجذ وقاط انحقاطع‬
x  x 1  h  dx  dx 1 , y  y 1  k  dy  dy 1
. ‫عىذئز سحححىل انمعادنة انً محجاوسة‬
CASE 2 :
‫ اٌ ال جىجذ وقطة جقاطع‬m1=m2 ‫ارا كان انمسحقُمان محىاصَان‬
z=ax+by ‫طشَقة انحم وفشض ان‬
Exam : Solve the D.E. (2x  3 y  4)dx  (3x  2 y  1)dy  0
Sol :
2 2 3
m1   , m2  , m 1.m 2  1 , Intersecting
3 3 2
2x  3 y  4  0
3x  2 y  1  0

11 10
(h , k )  ( , )
13 13
11 10
x  x1   dx  dx 1 , y  y 1   dy  dy 1
13 13
 11 10   11 10 
2( x
 1 13 )  3( y 1  )  4  dx 1   3( x 1  )  2( y 1  )  1 dy 1  0
13   13 13 
(2x 1  3 y 1 )dx 1  (3x 1  2 y 1 )dy 1  0
Let y 1  vx 1  dy 1  vdx 1  x 1dv
(2x 1  3vx 1 )dx 1  (3x 1  2vx 1 )(vdx 1  x 1dv )  0
(2x 1  2v 2 x 1 )dx 1  (3x 12  2vx 12 )dv  0
2x 1 (1  v 2 )dx 1  x 12 (3  2v )dv  0
dx 1 (3  2v )
2  dv  0
x 1 (1  v 2 )
104
dx 1 3 2v
2  dv  dv  0
x 1 (1  v 2 ) (1  v 2 )
2Ln x 1  3tan 1v  Ln 1  v 2  c
y1 y
2Ln x 1  3tan 1 ( )  Ln 1  ( 1 ) 2  c
x1 x1
10 10
y  y 
11
2Ln x   3tan 1 ( 13 )  Ln 1  ( 13 ) 2  c
13 11 11
x  x 
13 13
Exam : Solve the D.E. (2x  3 y  1)dx  (12x  18 y  6)dy  0

Sol :
2 2 12 2
m1   , m2   , m 1  m 2 , parallel
3 3 18 3
1 1
let z  2x  3 y  y  (z  2x )  dy  (dz  2dx )
3 3
(2x  3 y  1)dx  6(2x  3 y  1)dy  0
(z  1)dx  6(z  1)dy  0
 1 
(z  1)dx  6(z  1)  (dz  2dx )   0
3 
(z  1)dx  2(z  1)(dz  2dx )  0
(z  1)dx  2(z  1)dz  4(z  1)dx  0
5(z  1)dx  2(z  1)dz  0  5dx  2dz  0
5x  2 z  c
5x  2(2x  3 y )  c
x  6y  c
4-EXACT D.E. ‫انمعادالت انحفاضهُة انحامة‬

: ‫ جامة ارا حققث‬Mdx + Ndy =0 ‫جكىن انمعادنة‬
M N

y x
‫و أن‬
105
f (x , y )   M (x , y )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )   N (x , y )dy  G (x )
f f
M , N
x y
Exam : Solve the D.E. (2x  3x 2 y )dx  (x 3  3 y 2 )dy  0

Sol :
M 
 3x 2 
y  M N
  exact
N y x
 3x 2 
x 
f (x , y )   M (x , y )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )   (2x  3x 2 y )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )  x 2  x 3 y   ( y )
f
 x 3   ( y )
y
x 3  3y 2  x 3   ( y )   ( y )  3 y 2
 ( y )    ( y )dy   3 y 2dy y 3  c
f (x , y )  x 2  x 3 y  y 3  c
: ‫انحم بطشَقة اخشي‬
f (x , y )   N (x , y )dy  G (x )
f (x , y )   (x 3  3 y 2 )dy  G (x )
f (x , y )  x 3 y  y 3  G (x )
f
 3x 2 y  G (x )
x
2x  3x 2 y  3x 2 y  G (x )  G (x )  2x
G (x )  G (x )dx   2xdx x 2  c
f (x , y )  x 3 y  y 3  x 2  c
106
Exam : Solve the D.E. (cos y  yCosx )dx  (sin x  xSiny )dy  0
Sol :
M 
 Siny  cos x 
y  M N
  exact
N y  x
 cos x  Siny 
x 
f (x , y )   M (x , y )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )   (cos y  yCosx )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )  x cos y  ySinx   ( y )
f
 xSiny  Sinx   ( y )
y
Sinx  xSiny  xSiny  Sinx   ( y )   ( y )  0
 ( y )    ( y )dy c
f (x , y )  x cos y  ySinx  c
5 – Integration cofactor . ‫عامم انحكامم‬

‫ارا كاوث انمعادنة انحفاضهُة غُش جامة اٌ ان‬
M N

y x
: ‫ وانزٌ َىحج مه‬u ‫فسىف وحىنها انً معادنة جامة ورنك بضشب طشفٍ انمعادنة بمقذس َسمً عامم انحكامم‬
M N

y x
 u  e 
h ( x )dx
h (x ) 
N
or
M N

y x
 u  e 
g ( y )dy
g (y )  
M
107
Exam : Solve the D.E. (2 y  4x 2 )dx  xdy  0

Sol :
M 
 2
y  M N
   not exact
N  y x
1 
x 
2 1 1
1
 x dx
h (x )    u  e  e Lnx  x
x x
(2xy  4x )dx  x 2dy  0
3
M N
 2x 
y x
f (x , y )   M (x , y )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )   (2xy  4x 3 )dx   ( y )
f (x , y )  x 2 y  x 4   ( y )
f
 x 2   ( y )
y
x 2  x 2   ( y )   ( y )  0   ( y )  c
f (x , y )  x 2 y  x 4  c
Exam : Solve the D.E.

(2x 3 y 2  4x 2 y  2xy 2  xy 4  2 y )dx  2( y 3  x 2 y  x )dy  0
Sol :
M 
 4x 3 y  4x 2  4xy  4xy 3  2 
y  M N
   not exact
N  y  x
 4xy  2
x 
M N

4x 3 y  4x 2  4xy 3 4x (x y  x  y )
2 3
y x
h (x )     2x
N 2( y 3  x 2 y  x ) 2 (y  x y  x )
3 2
u e
2 xdx 2
ex
108
2 2 2 2 2
(2x 3e x y 2  4x 2e x y  2xe x y 2  xe x y 4  2 ye x )dx
2 2 2
 2( y 3e x  x 2e x y  xe x )dy  0  exact
f (x , y )   N (x , y )dy  G (x )
f (x , y )   2 y 3e x  2x 2e x y  2xe x )dy  G (x )
2 2 2
1 4 x2 2 2
f (x , y )  y e  x 2e x y 2  2xe x y  G (x )
2
f
 xy 4e x  x 2e x (0)  y 2  2x 3e x  2xe x 
2 2 2 2
x  
 y  4x 2e x  2e x   G (x )
2 2
 
2 2 2 2 2
2x 3e x y 2  4x 2e x y  2xe x y 2  xe x y 4  2 ye x 
2 2 2 2 2
xe x y 4  2x 3e x y 2  2xe x y 2  4x 2e x y  2 ye x  G (x )
G (x )  0  G (x )  c
1 4 x2 2 2
f (x , y )  y e  x 2e x y 2  2xe x y  c
2
**************************************************************************
SOLVE
1 ydx  (x 2  4x )dy  0
2 Sin 2 xCosy dx  SinySecx dy  0
dy
3 x (1  y ) y (1  x )  0
dx
dx x2
4 
dy y 2  6 y  9
5 (x 2  1)( y 2  1)dx  2xydy  0
6 (4x  xy 2 )dx  ( y  x 2 y )dy  0
7 x ( y 2  1)dy  ( y 3  4 y )dx  0
109
SOLVE
1 xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx
2 xy 2dy  (x 3  y 3 )dx  0
3 x (x 2  3 y 2 )dy  y ( y 2  3x 2 )dx
dy y
4 
dx x  xy
SOLVE
1 (2x  3 y  4)dx  (3x  2 y  1)dy  0
2 (4x  2 y  3)dx  (6x  3 y  2)dy  0
3 (2x  3 y  1)dx  4(x  1)dy
4 (2 y  x  4)dx  (2x  y  2)dy
SOLVE
2 2
1 2x ( ye x  1)dx  e x dy  0
2 (x 2  y 2  x )dx  (xy )dy  0
3 (2xy 4e y  2xy 3  y )dx  (x 2 y 4e y  x 2 y 2  3x )dy
4 yLnydx  (x  Lny )dy  0
5 ye xy dx  xe xy dy  0
SOLVE
1 xdy  ydx  x 2 y 3dx
2 xdy  3 ydx  x 4 y 1dx
3 (2xy 2  2 y )dx  (3x 2 y  4x )dy

M.SC / MATHEMATICS
2013 -2014
110

A A A A A: The Matrix

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A A A A A: The Matrix

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THE MATRIX

4) Zero Matrix " O "

8) Lower Traingular Matrix

The path of the matrix

1) Matrix Addition – Subtraction

10) Orthogonal matrix

2 Show that A is nilpotent

3 Show that A is Orthogonal

5 Show that (AB )  B  A 

to check the solution :

1 Find Inv . matrix to :

Exam : Solve the system :

Exam : Solve the system :

Solve the system :

The Distance in 2&3 -space :

The Norm of the vector :

THE UNIT VECTOR :

THE DOT PRODUCT :

GRADIENT , DIVERGENT , CURL AND LAPLACIAN

1 Let u  (1,1) , v  (0,1) , w  (3, 4)

2 Let u  (1, 2) , v  (4, 2) , w  (6,0) Find :

6 W hat can you say about the angle between u &v if :

GRAPHS OF POLAR FUNCTIONS

)-k,0( )0,0( )k,0(

4  b r  2a sin  , a is cons .

then the graph is circle with center (a,0) and radius r

4  d r  2a cos , a is cons .

5  b r  a(1  cos ) , a is cons .

5  d r  a(1  sin  ) , a is cons .

THE SYMMETRIC ‫التناظر‬

1) symmetric with x-axis ( polar ) .

1) Sketch the graph and test the symmetry of the following :

ORIDINARY D. E. WITH 1ST ORDER AND DEGREE (O.D.E):

Exam : Solve the D.E xdy  ydx  0

Exam : Solve the D.E x 2 (1  y 2 )dx  y (1  x 2 )dy  0

M (tx ,ty )  2ty  tx  t (2 y  x ) 

(ax  by  c )dx  ( x   y   )dy  0

Exam : Solve the D.E. (2x  3 y  1)dx  (12x  18 y  6)dy  0

4-EXACT D.E. ‫انمعادالت انحفاضهُة انحامة‬

Exam : Solve the D.E. (2x  3x 2 y )dx  (x 3  3 y 2 )dy  0

5 – Integration cofactor . ‫عامم انحكامم‬

Exam : Solve the D.E. (2 y  4x 2 )dx  xdy  0

Exam : Solve the D.E.

MOHAMED SABAH AL TAEE

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