Table of Content:

Chapter 1: Definition
Chapter 2: Early Communism
Chapter 3: Formation of RSFSR
Chapter 4: Civil War and Soviet Union
Chapter 5: Cold War
Chapter 6: Dissolution of Soviet Union
Chapter 7: Communism and other ideologies
Chapter 8: Hierarchy of Communism
 Chapter 1: Definition
There are various ideologies which are mentioned in the book and
many people don’t know what these ideologies mean and they do often
try to understand the definition, but are incapable to understand the
higher language. Ideologies have a vast expanse and they either co-
operate with other ideologies or they are just opposite ideologies.
Ideology means a system of idea in simple words a thought which is
political in nature. There are many of such thoughts like Nationalism,
Socialism, Anarchism and Communism [The topic of the book]. These
are the set of ideals or ideas or thoughts which one believes in. Many
ideologies are just theoretical and aren’t practically possible in the
world. So these are all ideologies in the book, the reason why they are
here is so that one can understand what they mean and likewise it
won’t be hard to understand. There are also various forms of
government mentioned in the book.

Ideologies
Communism – Communism is itself divided in many ideologies which if
one follows then he follows Communism. Communism means following
Marxism, Socialism, Atheism, Maoism/ Anarchism.

Marxism – Marxism means that everyone should have same economic

property. Likewise now one/two person(s) own a factory/building
(means of making), but Marxism means that the ownership should be
with the workers and abolishing private property.
Socialism – Socialism is more likely Marxism, it means that the workers
should have means of making, but also wealth earned by trading,
exchanging, moving should be also with the workers.

Atheism – Atheism means not believing in god.

Maoism – Maoism means that abolishing the current democratic

government and making a People’s Republic via a ‘People’s Revolution’.

Nationalism – Nationalism means having aim of gaining and

maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland. Nationalism
holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside
interference and having a pride that our nation is supreme.

Anarchism – Anarchism means that abolishing the current government

and a rule of people without force or compulsion. This also leads to rule
of gangs and statelessness.

Leninism – Leninism means that the communist party should lead the
working class in form of a dictatorship.

Globalism – Globalism means a belief that people, goods and

information ought to be able to cross national borders unfettered.

Capitalism – Capitalism means an economic system in which the means

of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and
the operations are funded by profits.

Trotskyism – Trotskyism means following orthodox Marxism

De Leonism – De Leonism is also much like following orthodox

Marxism, but also means that workers should have their unions.
Council Communism – Council Communism is again a rubbish ideology
of communism in simple words it means that there should be a local
government of a worker’s council/union.

Religious Communism – Mostly communists are expected to be atheist,

but religious communism is teaching by any religion that there
shouldn’t be a private property ownership.

Marxism-Leninism – Marxism-Leninism is a communist ideology which

advocates the removal of any capitalist element in to society.

Marxism-Leninism-Maoism – Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is another

communist ideology which says that the current government should be
abolished via a Maoist people’s revolution and that Capitalism’s traces
should be completely removed and one party dictatorship should be
there.

Form of Governments
Dictatorship – Dictatorship is a form of government where only one
person controls the country.

Aristocracy – Aristocracy means keeping power in a ruling class whose

power is hereditary, dynastical power.

One Party Rule/Dictatorship – One Party Rule is often understood as

there will be only one party which shall rule the country and that party
shall have only one figurehead and after his/her death next figurehead
will be chosen by the preceding leader before his/her death.
 Chapter 2: Early Communism
The unofficial idea of communism goes back in 5th Century AD. The
5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia (Iran) has been described as
"communistic" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble
classes and the clergy, for criticizing the institution of private
property and for striving to create an egalitarian society. At one time or
another, various small communist communities existed, generally
under the inspiration of Scripture. In the medieval Christian Church,
some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and
their other property. In 1516 Thomas More in his book Utopia,
mentioned a lot about a society based on common ownership of
property, whose rulers administered it through the application of
reason. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in
England, where a Puritan religious group known as
the Diggers advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. In his
1895 Cromwell and Communism, Eduard Bernstein argued that several
groups during the English Civil War (especially the Diggers) espoused
clear communistic, agrarian ideals and that Oliver Cromwell's attitude
towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile.
Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of
Enlightenment of the 18th century through such thinkers as Jean-
Jacques Rousseau in France. Following the upheaval of the French
Revolution, communism later emerged as a political doctrine.

The Idea of communism and a common ownership of property had

increased among the people. In early 19th century many communities of
common ownership were found. Also a thought had developed that if
you follow a religion then you can’t do the betterment of the entire
working class. The fever of this welfare for working class even spread in
USA Robert Owen founded New Harmony in Indiana and followers of
Charles Fourier founded the Brook Farm. The major personalities in the
spread of communism were that time Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
Karl Schapper, these three were members of League of the Just
founded by Theodore Schuster and led by Wilhelm Weitling this league
was a orthodox communist league. After the dissolution of this league
in June 1847, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Karl Schapper formed the
Communist league which was too having same beliefs. The league had
the support of Communist Correspondence Committee of Brussels.
That time this league proved to be the first ever Marxist Party. That
time Socialism was used as a synonym for communism, but later it soon
changed. February 1948 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the
Communist Manifesto. It was just a method to provoke communism,
against capitalism and it was presenting the class struggle of working
class. This manifesto also helped in the German 1848 uprising which led
to cologne trial of 11 communist leaders which led to the dissolution of
league and 6 year prison sentence of 7 communists.

Chapter 3: Formation of RSFSR

Later communism had decreased followers until the rise of Vladimir
Lenin. Lenin was an ideological communist. In the Russian 1905
Revolution Lenin took a bigger role by asking people to overthrow the
government by an armed revolution. Lenin also urged Bolsheviks to
take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In
doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass
terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik
accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he
insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many
Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the Third RSDLP
Congress, held in London in April 1905.Lenin presented many of his
ideas in the pamphlet Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the
Democratic Revolution, published in August 1905. Here, he predicted
that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be stated by a transition
to constitutional monarchy and thus betray the revolution; instead he
argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the
peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the
"provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat
and the peasantry". The government accepted many reforms from
Lenin’s October Manifesto. When the First World War broke out Lenin
was in Galicia in Eastern Europe and due to his Russian citizenship,
Lenin was arrested and briefly imprisoned until his anti-Tsarist
credentials were explained. Following these events Lenin with his wife
were exiled from Russia. They both went to Bern, Switzerland. In
February 1916 they relocated to the capital of Switzerland, Zurich.
Lenin attended Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 and
the Kienthal Conference in April 1916. Lenin urged all socialists to make
it a continent wide civil war instead of an Imperialist war. He also
wanted the working class to be on top and dissolution of aristocracy.

In February 1917 happened the February revolution in Russia as

industrial workers went on strike over food shortages and deteriorating
factory conditions. The unrest spread to other parts of Russia, and
fearing that he would be violently overthrown, Tsar Nicholas II
abdicated. The revolution resulted to dissolution of monarchy,
formation of Russian Republic, establishment of a duel power between
the new Provincial government and Petrograd Soviet (a representative
body of the city's workers and soldiers). The revolution happened in the
then capital of Russian Empire known as Petrograd (present-day Saint
Petersburg). After the February Revolution Lenin was eager to return
back to Russia, but due to world war all ways were blocked.

Wilhelm II the then German leader in WW1 decided to break Russia.

Many Germans soldiers were dying in the German-Russian conflict and
hence Wilhelm II decided to send Lenin to Russia who could weaken
the government and that would weaken the army making Russia
vulnerable to be conquered by Germany. Lenin travelled by train from
Zürich to Sassnitz, proceeding by ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from
there to the Haparanda–Tornio border crossing and then
to Helsinki before taking the final train to Petrograd. After reaching
Russia Lenin condemned the Provincial Government and again asked
the working class to start a revolution in the entire continent.

The Provincial government supported Russia’s participation in war and

the people didn’t wanted war and this led to the April Crisis where
Lenin again took a leading role with his Bolshevik party. The crisis led to
the resignation of Milyukov and the War Minister, Alexandr Guchkov.
The cabinet was subsequently reorganized to include Soviets. Victor
Chernov, a leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) was now
Minister of Agriculture, and Irakli Tsereteli, a Menshevik, was in charge
of Posts and Telegraphs. The far-left leaning Bolsheviks refused to
participate in what they viewed as the "bourgeois" coalition
government. This left Lenin and the Bolsheviks as the only group that
held fast to their anti-war policy, due to the collaboration and
compromise needed for the other left-leaning political groups to work
with the coalition government. The April crisis helped Bolsheviks a lot
as they gained popularity. From 16th July to 20th July happened a violent
Demonstration also known as July Days. Soldiers, Sailors and Industrial
workers led the revolution. The Provincial government didn’t allow any
break in the government and the provincial government blamed the
Bolshevik Party. This led also to a crackdown on the Bolshevik Party and
many socialists were arrested and Lenin fled to Finland. In September
1917 happened the Kornilov affair it was a attempted military coup
d'état by the military’s commander.

Finally in October 1917 happened the October Revolution which led to

the Bolshevik victory and the Duel powered government was abolished,
Evacuation of the Russian Republic’s leaders and also led to the Russian
civil war and the formation of temporary Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic also known as RSFSR.

Chapter 5: Civil War and Soviet Union

In the Civil war of Russia there was a Red Army which fought for
Bolsheviks led by Lenin and they were against the White Army which
wasn’t firm on ideology as there were capitalist, socialists, monarchists,
democratic and anti-democratic people. There were also anarchists,
Socialist Revolutionaries and Green armies (Armies of peasants) who
fought against Red Army as well as White Army. Thirteen foreign
nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the
former Allied military forces from the World War with the goal of re-
establishing the Eastern Front. Three foreign nations of the Central
Powers had also intervened, rivaling the Allied intervention with the
main goal of maintaining the territory they had received in the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk (A peace treaty between the new soviet government and
the central powers signed in ww1 which made soviets withdraw from
the war.)

The Red Army eventually defeated the White Armed Forces of South
Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Alexander Kolchak to the
east in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded
by Pyotr Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920.
Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more
years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in
the Far East continued well into 1923. The war ended in 1923. In 1922
after less resistance was against the communists via the delegation of
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic a treaty was signed called as
‘Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’. This
led to the formation of Soviet Union. The White army had the Support
of Great Britain, France, the U.S.A, and Japan. After this civil war’s end
Finland got Independence with Poland getting independence after the
Polish-Soviet war in 1921 and Moldavian Democratic Republic got
Independence in 1918 after Independence it merged into Romania.
Baltic States had also got Independence Baltic States included Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania. After the official end of war Soviet Union was
formed.

Chapter 6: Cold War

Lenin wanted a testament to be read out at the 12th Party Congress of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to be held in April
1923. However, after Lenin's third stroke in March 1923 that left him
paralyzed and unable to speak, the testament was kept secret by his
wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, in the hope of Lenin's eventual recovery.
The testament had Lenin’s opinion that after him Joseph Stalin, Grigory
Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev none of these three should be the next
leader of USSR. There were many people who could give competition to
Joseph Stalin, but soon all started to disappear or were arrested. Stalin
was an emerging leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin had big plans for the
Soviet Union. Firstly he decided to remove Lenin’s New Economic Policy
which gave ‘a free market and capitalism under state control’. Stalin
was a typical socialist and Marxist. Stalin introduced a 5 year Plan under
which he wanted to remove all traces of Capitalism and have a
Socialist/Marxist economy. Under this 5 year plan massive
Industrialization took place and what followed was a massive
collectivization. Collectivization was a plan under which private
property owned by peasants who were wealthy was confiscated or
eliminated and that property was nationalized and either a Industry
was set there or it was used for farming in which many farmers were
forcefully asked to cultivate. Due to this plan the economy rose high
like anything, but private land was confiscated.

Following the events throughout the World Communist parties were

established. Allies had asked Stalin to conduct elections in the countries
which he gained via ww2, but instead Stalin set up puppet governments
in the Europe’s eastern bloc where it was his territory. Also that time
Germany was divided and West Germany ruled by UK, USA while East
Germany ruled by USSR. Soviets set up puppet governments in Albania,
Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Romania and Czechoslovakia. Winston
Churchill also proclaimed that an Iron Curtain had descended the
continent. The first cold war conflict started with Iran crisis of 1945-46,
was one of the first crises of the Cold War, sparked by the refusal
of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory,
despite repeated assurances. The end of World War II should have
resulted in the end of the Allied joint occupation of Iran. Instead, Pro-
Soviet Iranians proclaimed the separatist Azerbaijan People's
Government and the Kurdish separatist Republic of Mahabad.
The United States pressure on the Soviet Union to withdraw is the
earliest evidence of success with the new strategy of Truman Doctrine
and containment.

In August–September 1941, Pahlavi Iran had been jointly invaded and

occupied by the Allied powers of the SovietRed Army in the north and
by the British in the centre and south. Iran was used by the Americans
and the British as a transportation route to provide vital supplies to the
Soviet Union's war efforts.

In the aftermath of the occupation of Iran, those Allied forces agreed to

withdraw from Iran within six months after the cessation of hostilities.
However, when this deadline came in early 1946, the Soviets,
under Joseph Stalin, remained in Iran. Soon, the alliance of the Kurdish
and People's Azerbaijani forces, supported in arms and training by the
Soviet Union, engaged in fighting with Iranian forces, resulting in a total
of 2,000 casualties. Negotiation by Iranian premier Ahmad Qavam and
diplomatic pressure on the Soviets by the UN eventually led to Soviet
withdrawal and dissolution of the separatist Azeri and Kurdish states.

From 1946 to 1949 happened the Greek civil war between the
Communist Party of Greece and the Greek government, the civil war
ended with the intervention of USA and UK who removed the
communist for the time begin. In 1946 also happened the Turkish strait
Crisis. Turkey had remained officially neutral throughout most of
the Second World War. When the war ended, Turkey was pressured by
the Soviet government to allow Soviet shipping to flow freely through
the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean. The Turkish government refused the Soviet Union's
request, in the summer and autumn of 1946; the Soviet Union
increased its naval presence in the Black Sea, having Soviet vessels
perform manoeuvres near Turkish shores. A substantial number of
ground troops were dispatched to the Balkans. Buckling under the
mounting pressure from the Soviets, in a matter of days Turkey
appealed to the United States for aid. After consulting his
administration, President Truman sent a naval task force to Turkey. On
October 9, 1946, the respective governments of the United States
and United Kingdom reaffirmed their support for Turkey. On October
26, the Soviet Union withdrew its specific request for a new summit on
the control of the Turkish Straits (but not its opinions) and sometime
shortly thereafter pulled out most of the intimidatory military forces
from the region. Turkey abandoned its policy of neutrality and
accepted USD $100 million in economic and defense aid from the US in
1947 under the Truman Doctrine's plan of ceasing the spread of Soviet
influence into Turkey and Greece. In 1949 NATO was established and
the two aforementioned nations joined NATO in 1952.

The 1947 Truman Doctrine was more likely the declaration of Cold war
according to historian. The condition in Europe due WW2 was worst.
Everyone was suffering due to lack of food and employment. Seeing
this condition United States gave aid of 12 billion dollars under the
Marshall Plan in 1948 for the Europe’s economic recovery. Due to his
the West Europe was having economic development and prosperity
while the Eastern Europe was in the condition of disaster. So to combat
this Stalin created Comecon plan. Comecon meant Council of Mutual
Economic Assistance which was led by Soviet Union and had members
of the Eastern Bloc and other Socialist nations. Stalin also set
Cominform (Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers'
Parties) was a super-national alliance of communist parties in Europe
which were to co-ordinate their activity which the Soviet Union. Berlin
was that time divided between Allies, as West Berlin was under USA
and UK, France’s control while the East Berlin was under USSR’s
control.

About 100 miles territory from Berlin to West direction was under
USSR. People were allowed to freely travel to West Berlin and also to
East Berlin. As Stalin had access to more 100 miles from Berlin to West,
so Stalin started the Berlin Blockade in which NATO wasn’t allowed to
send supplies to Berlin via Road, Railways, Canal. Soviets were ready to
remove blockade if the Western Allies would remove their newly
introduced currency for western Germany known as ‘Deutsche Mark’.
So in reply the Western Allies made the Berlin Airlift in which 277,804
planes give about 2.3 million ton of supplies.

In 1949 the Soviets also made their own Nuclear Weapons and the
world knew if a war broke in these 2 superpowers then other countries
will suffer more. Stalin increased tensions when in a speech he said
“War between Soviet Union and the West is inevitable”. From 1st
August 1927 China was witnessing Communist led revolutions under
People’s Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong. On 21st September 1949
Mao Zedong declared that China was now a People’ Republic. The Right
Wingers in China fled to Taiwan and on 1st May 1950 the war official
ended. On 14th February 1950 China signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of
Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. This was more than a shock
for USA. After the Second World War in Northern part of Korea the
Soviets set up a Communist rule under the leadership of Kim Il-sung,
while USA set up an anti-Communist in the Southern Part of Korea
under the leadership of Rhee Syng-Man. Both wanted to Unify Korea,
but Rhee Syng-Man wanted his own leadership and Kim Il-sung wanted
his own leadership. After the Stalin’s permission Kim Il-sung launched a
attack on South Korea on 25th June 1950. The Kim Il-sung moved south
and with help of Soviet aid within 3 days Seoul was captured and by
seeing these movements the United Nations Security Council decided
to help South Korea. The UN forces of 16 Nations moved into the
Northern territory Korea and still they kept on pushing up Kim Il-sung.
China now feared that they may lose Manchuria. UN had sent General
Douglas MacArther for the mission and MacArther had assured that
China won’t get involved, but that didn’t happen. China sent Forces
Pushing the UN forces down and finally UN forces retreated. On 27th
July 1953 a armistice was signed and Demilitarized Zone was created to
separate both sides. While on other hand in 1952 Eisenhower won the
Presidential elections. In 1953 Stalin died due to cerebral hemorrhage
and the man who succeeded him was Nikita Khrushchev. From 1956
Khrushchev started the campaign of de-Stalinization in which
Khrushchev started to release most of prisoners and many buildings
having Stalin’s name were renamed including Stalingrad which was
renamed as Volgograd and the highest point in USSR which was Stalin
Peak was renamed as Communism Peak. Stalin’s statues were taken
down and also the foreign policy under Stalin was changed. Stalin had
given no-mention of neutral nations (Nations which weren’t
Communist nor allied with Allies). Khrushchev wanted to show a new
Soviet Union which was more in traditional socialist ideals.

Khrushchev brutally suppressed uprising in Eastern Germany in 1953,

revolution in Hungary in 1956, Poland revolution in 1956. Soviets had
set spies in the territories of western allies, while spies sent in USSR
were brutally killed or tortured. So Western Allies started sending out
planes to take photos as a method of spying. In 1960 one of such planes
was shot down and Khrushchev when he got to knew about this spy
technology. Following this in 1959 USA had an American National
Exhibition in Moscow, the capital of USSR. Both Countries started to
complete in the third world and that ‘third world’ was a race to see that
the neutral countries in WW1 and WW2 support whom. USSR under
Khrushchev entered the space race by launching the first inter-
continental ballistic missile in August 1957 and first in October 1957
USSR launched earth’s First artificial Space satellite ‘Sputnik 1’. In 1952
USA made world’s first Hydrogen which is a second generation nuclear
weapon. On 5th May 1955 West Germany Joined NATO. Khrushchev
made the Warsaw Pact due to which soviets gained military control
over the eastern bloc, but Yugoslavia and Albania hadn’t joined
Comecon nor got Cominform and they also didn’t signed Warsaw pact.
In the 1960 Presidential elections USA elected John F. Kennedy to be
tough against communism. Now the Soviets were advancing, but had all
money was going to the military and not to the people. In Berlin still
East Berliners were allowed to go to West Berlin and vice-versa. People
decided to stay in West Berlin due to the Prosperity. Due to this
migration there were less people to work in factories and now
Khrushchev was furious. First he tried to convince the Western Allies to
leave West Germany, but when Western Allies declined Khrushchev
decided to build a wall to prevent people from migrating. On 13th
August 1961 Berliners witnessed guards and barred wires and soon a
wall was constructed. Many families were parted due to it and 100s
died trying to climb the wall. Soviets were allowing diplomats, but soon
diplomats were also denied to come in East Berlin. In October 1961 US
sent army on check post near the wall as a show of strength and USSR
also did the same for 16 hours they stayed like that and slowly they
went back by inch following one another.
From 26th July 1953 a communist revolution was happening in Cuba, on
1st January 1959 the communist won the then dictatorship of Fulgencio
Batista came to an end. Now Fidel Castro led the country as a Leninist
leader. USA was surprised as well as not satisfied to see its ally turn to a
communist enemy. From 17th April to 20th April the CIA and USA’s
forces made a counter-revolution to set up a democratic and Anti-
Communist government, but that revolution also known as ‘Bay of Pigs
invasion’ failed severely and it was a embarrassing defeat for Unites
States, so USA tried to show that they had no involvement in this. The
Kennedy administration continued seeking ways to oust Castro
following the Bay of Pigs Invasion, experimenting with various ways of
covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government. Significant
hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project,
devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961. Khrushchev learned
of the project in February 1962, and preparations to install Soviet
nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response.
On 14th October 1962 USA found that Soviets had send ballistic missiles
in Cuba. Alarmed, Kennedy considered various reactions. He ultimately
responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Turkey and a naval
blockade in 1962 in Cuba, and he presented an ultimatum to the
Soviets. Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation, and the Soviet
Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to
invade Cuba again and remove missiles from Turkey. Castro [The Cuban
leader] later admitted that "I would have agreed to the use of nuclear
weapons. ... We took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war
anyway, and that we were going to disappear."
The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world
closer to nuclear war than ever before. The aftermath of the crisis led
to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and
improving relations, although the Cold War's first arms control
agreement, the Antarctic Treaty, had come into force in 1961.
In 1963 USSR and USA signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban treaty.
In 1964, Khrushchev's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him, but
allowed him a peaceful retirement. Accused of rudeness and
incompetence, he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and
bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. Khrushchev had become
an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of
the Berlin Wall, a public humiliation for Marxism–Leninism. Now the
Soviet Union was going to be led by Leonid Brezhnev. Following the
events USA got to knew that USSR didn’t had much nuclear weapons
than USA had expected. Both sides had Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM),
multiple independently targetable re-enter vehicles (MIRV). So doctrine
of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction) could come true. Mutual(ly)
assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of
military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of
nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause
the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.
The world was already feeling effects of nuclear weapons, In 1966
happened the Palomares incident, occurred on 17 January 1966, when
a B-52G bomber of the United States Air Force's Strategic Air
Command collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refueling at
31,000 feet (9,450 m) over theMediterranean Sea, off the coast of
Spain. The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited,
killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of
the seven crew members aboard.[1]
Of the four Mk28-type hydrogen bombs the B-52G carried,[2] three
were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares in the
municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería, Spain. The non-nuclear
explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the
ground, resulting in the contamination of a 0.77-square-mile (2 km2)
area by plutonium. The fourth, which fell into theMediterranean Sea,
was recovered intact after a 2 1⁄2-month-long search.
After John F. Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963, vice president
Lyndon B. Johnson took over. While in Asia Vietnam had kicked the
French in 1954 and the country was divided in 4 parts, one was
Cambodia, other was Laos and the rest Vietnam had in north a
communist Rule while in south a anti-communist rule. Ho Chi Minh led
the northern communist regime and Ngo Dinh Diem led the Anti-
Communist regime. It was a scenario much like Korea as here also both
wanted to unite Vietnam, but who was the ruler in charge remained
the question. Both were dictators. Ho Chi Minh established a
reunification army known as ‘Vietcong’. The Vietcong used guerrilla
warfare in the southern Vietnam. The Soviets gave their support for
northern Vietnam and USA gave support for southern Vietnam. Lyndon
B. Johnson knew that if Vietnam would become communist then it
would spread like cancer cell. Johnson knew that the cancer of
communism would then spread to Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar,
Bangladesh and Bhutan and could also affect India. Johnson had 2
choices either to send army in southern Vietnam to prevent the spread
of communism or to leave South Vietnam. So in 1965 US troops arrived
in Southern Vietnam. USA saw this war like a war they have fought
never before. It was hard to find a Vietcong solider as they used to get
mixed in civilian population and they used the surroundings as to their
advantage, but due to this the civilians suffered a lot. Under Operation
Rolling Thunder USA bombed northern Vietnam. Northern Vietnam
used the Ho chi Minh trail through Laos and Cambodia and attacked.
The USSR discouraged further escalation of the war, however, providing
just enough military assistance to tie up American forces. From this
point, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), also known as the North
Vietnamese Army (NVA) engaged in more conventional warfare with US
and South Vietnamese forces. The Tet Offensive of 1968 proved to be
the turning point of the war. Despite years of American tutelage and
aid the South Vietnamese forces were unable to withstand the
communist offensive and the task fell to US forces instead. Tet showed
that the end of US involvement was not in sight, increasing domestic
skepticism of the war and giving rise to what was referred to as
the Vietnam Syndrome, a public aversion to American overseas military
involvements. Nonetheless operations continued to cross international
boundaries: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were used by North
Vietnam as supply routes, and were heavily bombed by U.S. forces.
The Cold war later came to the 6 day war in 1967. The 6 day war was a
Middle East conflict between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and
Iraq. USSR gave aid and support to Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and
Iraq against Israel, however Israel won the war. In 1973 Yom Kippur
war, USA supported and aided Israel while USSR supported and aided
Syria as well as Egypt, this time Israel again won. In 1975 happened
Angolan civil war, Angola was a communist country having a communist
regime. The Civil war lasted till 2002 that means even after the
dissolution of USSR. USSR supported the communist government, while
USA supported the rebels. In the conflict Cuba have army to the
government while South Africa gave army to help rebels. The rebels
won in 2002.
In 1968, a period of political liberalization took place
in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring. An "Action Program" of
reforms included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of
speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis
on consumer goods, the possibility of a multiparty government,
limitations on the power of the secret police, and potential withdrawal
from the Warsaw Pact. In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August
1968, the Soviet Army, together with most of their Warsaw Pact
allies, invaded Czechoslovakia. The invasion was followed by a wave of
emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially
fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. The invasion
sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania, China, and from
Western European communist parties.
Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration the US took a more
hardline stance on Latin America which is also called as "Mann
Doctrine". In 1964, the Brazilian military overthrew the government of
president João Goulartwith US backing. In late April 1965, the US sent
some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one-year
occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack, citing the
threat of the emergence of a Cuban-style revolution in Latin America.
Héctor García-Godoyacted as provisional president, until conservative
former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election
against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch. Activists for
Bosch's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the
Dominican police and armed forces. In Indonesia the anti-
communist General Suharto came to power and with the aid of USA he
made mass killings of all communist party’s leaders and supporters.
In East Africa, a territorial dispute between Somalia and Ethiopia over
the Ogaden region resulted in the Ogaden War. Around June 1977,
Somali troops occupied the Ogaden and began advancing inland
towards Ethiopian positions in the Ahmar Mountains. Both countries
were client states of the Soviet Union; Somalia was led by self-
proclaimed Marxist military leader Siad Barre, and Ethiopia was
controlled by the Derg, a cabal of military generals loyal to the pro-
Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam, who had declared the Provisional
Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia in 1975. The Soviets initially
attempted to exert a moderating influence on both states, but in
November 1977 Barre broke off relations with Moscow and expelled his
Soviet military advisers. He then turned to the China and Safari Club—a
group of pro-American intelligence agencies including those of Iran,
Egypt, Saudi Arabia—for support and weapons. While declining to take
a direct part in hostilities, the Soviet Union did provide the impetus for
a successful Ethiopian counteroffensive to expel Somalia from the
Ogaden. The counteroffensive was planned at the command level by
Soviet advisers attached to the Ethiopian general staff, and bolstered
by the delivery of millions of dollars' of sophisticated Soviet arms.
About 11,000 Cuban troops spearheaded the primary effort, after
receiving a hasty training on some of the newly delivered Soviet
weapons systems by East German instructors.
In Chile, the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won
the presidential election of 1970, becoming the first democratically
elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas. The
CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his
support domestically, which contributed to a period of unrest
culminating in General Augusto Pinochet's coup d'état on 11
September 1973. Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator,
Allende's reforms of the economy were rolled back, and leftist
opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under
the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA). The Socialist states—with
the exception of China and Romania—broke off relations with Chile.
The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants
in Operation Condor, an international campaign of political
assassination and state terrorism organized by right-wing military
dictatorships in the Southern Coneof South America that was covertly
supported by the US government. During the Vietnam War, North
Vietnam used border areas of Cambodia as military bases, which
Cambodian head of state Norodom Sihanouk tolerated in an attempt to
preserve Cambodia's neutrality. Following Sihanouk's March 1970
deposition by pro-American general Lon Nol, who ordered the North
Vietnamese to leave Cambodia, North Vietnam attempted to overrun
all of Cambodia following negotiations with Nuon Chea, the second-in-
command of the Cambodian communists (dubbed the Khmer Rouge)
fighting to overthrow the Cambodian government. Sihanouk fled to
China with the establishment of the GRUNK in Beijing. American and
South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing
campaign and a brief ground incursion, which contributed to the
violence of the civil war that soon enveloped all of Cambodia. US carpet
bombing lasted until 1973, and while it prevented the Khmer Rouge
from seizing the capital, it also accelerated the collapse of rural society,
increased social polarization, and killed tens of thousands of civilians.
After coming to power Khmer Rouge, killed 1.5 to 2 million people
Cambodians in the killing fields, roughly a quarter of the Cambodian
population. In 1968 Richard Nixon was elected as the new President of
USA. In 1973 he called all troops back from Vietnam removing US
involvement in war and 3 years later that is in 1976 Vietnam was
officially declared as communist state. Following these events Nixon
travelled to Moscow, becoming the first US president to do so and later
followed was Leonid Brezhnev’s visit to USA. In 1972 both signed the
‘Strategic Arms Limitation Talk 1972’ (SALT1). Nixon even went to
China and USA’s relations were improving with China. On 9th August
1974 Nixon resigned from the office due to his involvement in
Watergate scandal which he kept secret for 2 years. Gerald ford the
vice-president was made the President and he pardoned Nixon. In 1976
elections for stability US elected Jimmy carter as the president. Jimmy
carter signed SALT 2 [Strategic Arms Limitation Talk 1979].
In 1980-81 happened protests in Poland, Poland was a satellite state of
USSR and instead of any military intervention the soviets asked the
local leader in Poland to declare martial law and suppress the protest.
Then in 1977-82 happened the Euro Missile crisis. The Euromissiles
Crisis is widely considered to have begun in late 1977, with the decision
of the USSR to begin deployment of SS-20 missiles in European Russia.
From a Soviet perspective, this was merely routine maintenance;
existing SS-4 and SS-5 systems were ageing and increasingly obsolete,
and the replacement SS-20 systems would enable the realisation of
their long held desire for European escalation dominance. The
projected result of this dominance would be an American withdrawal
from European affairs, deeming intervention on the continent too great
a risk to take in the face of the new missiles. The practical effect of the
deployment, however, was exactly the opposite. Rather than ensuring
European peace by rendering NATO threats obsolete, and war
therefore impossible, the direct consequence of the deployments was
the creation of a new nuclear crisis in Europe. This was down to two
main factors.
Firstly, European leaders were alarmed at the imbalance created in the
regional security dynamic, and feared the implications of Soviet
escalation dominance along the Iron Curtain. This fear was highest in
the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), who had experienced Soviet
expansionism during the Berlin Blockade of 1948-1949, and feared new
attempts to forcibly resolve the ‘German question’ or the status of
Berlin. Predictably, therefore, the eminent Western European NATO
powers of France and the United Kingdom (UK), were galvanised by the
FRG into reaction, with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt’s 1977 speech to
the International Institute for Strategic Studies prompting the
quadripartite Guadeloupe Conference of 1979. The second
consequence of the deployments came as a direct result of this
European unrest, in that the US were compelled into intervening on
behalf of their NATO allies in order to steady the security imbalance
that had been created. These concerns were put to US President Jimmy
Carter by the West German, British, and French leadership at the
Guadeloupe Conference, with their emphasis upon theatre nuclear
force (TNF) modernization in response to the SS-20s coalescing into the
NATO ‘dual-track’ decision of December 12th, 1979. Named for the
parallel ‘tracks’ of renewed negotiation coupled with counter-
deployments, it was this decision that would ultimately escalate the
situation in Europe into a crisis. The 1977 SS-20 deployment, therefore,
was an ill-considered decision that catalyzed the breakdown of the
European strategic balance. Dispelling any ‘peace-loving’ notions of the
USSR by foregoing potential use of the SS-20 as a negotiation tool, and
definitively ending détente in the process, the deployment set the
scene for the decade of crisis to follow. While it is true that the Soviet
deployments frayed the strategic balance of Europe, it was NATOs
response to these that ultimately escalated the situation into a crisis.
This response – the so-called ‘dual-track’ decision, involving NATO
deployment of US intermediate range missiles concurrently with
renewed negotiations – was fundamentally flawed, and lay the
groundwork for the 1983 ‘war scare’ to follow.
Firstly, the counter-deployment ‘track’ of the decision only served to
provoke conflict between East and West, escalating tensions towards
an arms race. While some would contend that the US, at their Allies’
behest, had little choice but to parry the Soviet missiles with TNFs of
their own, this was not necessarily the case. The FRG was at the
forefront of NATO, yet domestic pressure against deployment meant
that Chancellor Schmidt saw it as a last resort, favouring negotiation.
President Carter, however, firmly believed that counter-deployment
was the only viable solution, and this steadfast belief committed NATO
to the unwise course of deployment. Soviet leadership saw the
proposed missiles – the Pershing II (PII), and the ‘Gryphon’ Ground
Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) – as a serious threat, and were
particularly concerned by the new systems’ capacity to hit European
Russian targets in five to six minutes. The impunity with which America
could act, free from Soviet detection and retaliation, seemed to many
in Soviet high command as further incentive for the US to use their TNF
systems.
The second ‘track’ of the NATO decision involved a new round of arms
control negotiations with the USSR, using the new American systems as
leverage in an effort to reduce intermediate range systems in Europe.
While this was a noble idea, it was flawed in practice, and provided a
poor check on the arms race that had been created by the deployment
‘track.’ European pressure on the US to maintain a credible deterrent
ran directly against the stated aim of disarmament, and although this
‘track’ was initially proposed in the hope that SALT III negotiations
could take place, it became increasing apparent after 1979 that no
resolution would be found. Not only was NATO insistent on their
deterrent capability, but the USSR categorically opposed a “zero
option” – US agreement not to deploy PIIs and GLCMs if the USSR
removed its European SS-20 presence – since it was perceived that
NATO were giving up nothing, yet the USSR was losing out.[14] The
Soviets also felt that SS-20 deployments were merely routine, and
would not back down from what were simply scheduled upgrades of
existing systems. As a result of this inability to find a compromise, any
hope of resurrecting detente was lost. With the deployment impasse
that had developed between the USSR and NATO, the only practical
outcome of the decision was the ‘track’ of counter-deployment, and
this took the strategic environment to crisis point, and a vastly higher
possibility of nuclear war than if NATO had done nothing at all. The
Crisis officially ended in 1982.
From 1979-89 happened the Soviet-Afghan conflict, where the Soviets
supported a communist, but facially democratic government. USA, UK
and Pakistan supported Mujahidin, an Islamic insurgent group.
This Soviet invasion of Afghan led to Boycott of Olympics. 1980
Olympics happened in Moscow and USA and its allies boycotted that
Olympics and the soviets and allies boycotted 1984 Olympics. In 1980’s
Presidential elections Jimmy carter lost and Ronald Reagan won the
elections. Ronald Reagan in a speech said that “USSR was a evil
empire”. Ronald Reagan started the Space Defensive Initiative in 1983.
In 1982 Leonid Brezhnev died and then came Yuri Andropov who also
died in 2 years the rose Konstantin Chernenko who died in a year and
then came Mikhail Gorbachev.
Mikhail Gorbachev was different than Previous Communist Leaders. He
was having different ideas than Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev.
He was the reformer who changed the Balance of the scenario.

Chapter 6: Dissolution of Soviet Union

The cold war was coming to its end and so was USSR. Mikhail
Gorbachev felt that the people wanted to express themselves and due
to oppressive method they couldn’t explain themselves. Mikhail
Gorbachev wanted the people to be happy and unlike the previous
leaders he brought the change. Mikhail Gorbachev started the
campaign of ‘Glasnost and Perestroika’ (Openness and re-structuring).
He allowed freedom of expression and Freedom of speech due to which
people were allowed to criticize the government and could openly
express themselves. In 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan
signed ‘Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1987’.
Yugoslavia and Albania were dependent and aligned with Soviet Union
till 1950 and 1960 respectively. Later these 2 nations had gained
independence pushing the Iron Curtain back. Now the rest Eastern Bloc
wanted Independence and so it started from Hungary. After the 1956
revolution in Hungary was suppressed still Hungary had developed to
some extend as it became a Socialist country from a People’s Republic.
Miklós Németh was the then Prime Minister of Hungary. In 1989 Miklós
Németh met Mikhail Gorbachev. Miklós Németh had many planed
economic policies which he wanted to be implemented in Hungary.
Mikhail Gorbachev wasn’t satisfied with the Policies, but Mikhail
Gorbachev wasn’t going to stop the implementation of the policies.
Mikhail Gorbachev wanted the Eastern Bloc to now decide its own
future in its own methods. Elections happened in Hungary in October
1989 and József Antall was elected as the new Prime Minister. Hungary
became a multi-party democracy. On 4th June 1989 Poland followed the
suit and had its free elections. Now the Iron Curtain was going to Break.
That time East Germany had its leader as Erich Honecker. Hungary was
now opening its border to the west and East Berliners wanted to meet
their family, but the Berlin wall was in the way. So Berliners and East
Germans started to travel to Hungary and from there to West Germany.
Erich Honecker tried to prevent them from tarvelling so he blocked the
way. Soon many refuges went and made camps in Prague. From there
they were allowed to travel to West Germany via a train.
Soon people in East Germany wanted their Independence and re-
unification of Germany. On 4th November 1989 East Germans started
Protests and demonstrations. The pressure grew on the government
and finally on 9th November 1989 the government declared that the
travel ban between East Germany and West Germany was lifted. This
order was going to come to force next day and guards still had the right
to shoot anyone who wanted to pass. That night many people came
and wanted to cross the border, the guards were overwhelmed and
they allowed all to cross the border. The whole night people celebrated
and were allowed to unify after decades of separation. The Iron Curtain
had mostly fallen with reunification of Germany in 1990. The
reunification led to a election in Bulgaria, Velvet Revolution in
Czechoslovakia and Romanian revolution leading to Independence of all
countries and the fall of Iron Curtain.
Mikhail Gorbachev had given everyone freedom of speech and
expression. After Independence of Eastern Bloc now Russians wanted
an end to the one party system. This led to elections in USSR in which
Boris Yeltsin won. Now the question was who leads what, Boris Yeltsin
was the President of Russia and Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of
USSR. So question remained of positions. Soon few communists
kidnapped Mikhail Gorbachev. During Gorbachev’s kidnap Boris Yeltsin
with other 14 Republic of USSR decided to dissolve USSR forming the
Russian Federation. All parliaments ratified to dissolve USSR and
formally end the cold war. After Mikhail Gorbachev’s release it was a
surprise for him.

Chapter 7: Communism and other ideologies

Communism is associated with many ideologies. Mostly anarchism,
Marxism, Socialism, Atheism and so on, many times we find communist
people claiming that they are nationalist. Nationalism and Globalism
are 2 factors in one’s life. Each communist is a globalist, as each
communist thinks that communism should spread throughout the
world. So a communist is never a nationalist. According to Political
compass there are 2 types of communist, first are authoritarian
communist which indeed are communist, but they feel that civil rights
should be lowered. Second are Liberal Communists they think that civil
rights should raise. Now we must understand the political compass and
political scale.
There is an economic scale and a social scale. Economic scale
determines which wing is suitable and social scale determines which
social wing is suitable for you. If one is a Marxist/socialist then he/she
lies in left wing. If one is a capitalist and against Marxist or Socialist
economy he/she lies in right wing, if one feels that civil rights should be
less then he/she lies in the Authoritarian wing and if he/she thinks that
we should be liberal then he/she lies accordingly. The political scale is
also divided again as centre, centre-right, centre- left, far right, far-left.
Marxism, Socialism and Communism, anti-capitalism are aligned as left
wing ideologies. While Nationalism, anti-communism, capitalism, anti-
socialism are aligned as right wing ideologies.
 Left wing also has one more thing which is called as green politics.
Green Politics has 4 pillars: Non-violence, Social Justice, Ecological
Wisdom and grassroots democracy. First let’s begin with Ecological
Wisdom. Ecological Wisdom means an ecological harmony or
equilibrium. Green Politics is often considered on Liberal left. Now
comes Social Justice. Social Justice means equal opportunities in all
fields and equal economic opportunities. Grassroots democracy is a
tendency towards designing political processes that shifts as much
decision-making authority as practical to the organization's lowest
geographic or social level of organization. And at end non-violence
which means a personal practice of being harmless to one's self and
others under every condition. It comes from the belief that hurting
people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an
outcome and it also refers to a general philosophy of abstention from
violence. This may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles,
or the reasons for it may be purely strategic or pragmatic.

Chapter 8: Hierarchy of Communism

Council
Trotskyist De Leonist
Communism

Marxist-
Atheist Marxist
Lennist-Maoist
Maoist leninist
Marxist-
Socialist
Leninist
anarcho-
communist

Religious Council
Trotskyist De Leonist
Communist Communist
Marxist
Marxist-
Atheist
Leninist-Maoist
Maoist Leninist
Socialist Marxist-leninist
anarcho-
communist

Now let me explain my theory. According to my study the above are all
communist ideologies which exist today, that is in 2020. Now I have
given only possible 2 hierarchies as a person cannot start from any
other ideology to enter communism. It’s bound to happen that the
virus of communism feeds on Atheism and Marxism. And to become a
pure communist one is bound to start from the above 2 ideologies.
Communism mostly doesn’t accept religion yet there is religious
communism. Each Atheist is vulnerable to communism. Atheist are
often having no religious aspects to determine one’s ability and so if
they think about the working class’s economy more than needed then
they will soon become a Marxist. Each Marxist opposes a capitalist
economy as they feel one’s family in the business can dominate that
business, but it isn’t practical. Let’s take as example Mr. A, he has a
company which has owned many companies in a capitalist economy
and when Mr. A dies then it isn’t compulsory that his son will be even
better in the business or same like his father. If Mr. A’s son isn’t that
great in business then he will soon lose all companies or sell them and
create competition or he may even have no interest in business
dissolving all companies and re-creating competition.
Marxist think that Mr. A’s son will be even better than him and will
finish competition, selling his company’s item at whatever price he
wants. Marxist think that all banks, industries should be nationalized so
that the government will have 0% profit and all workers will get equal
money, but one’s hard work won’t be praised as if one has done hard
work then he either needs promotion or something like pay increase, as
the one who is lazy in the matter will get the same amount as the one
who does hard work which is absolute injustice.
Now it’s bound to happen that a Marxist who isn’t Atheist will either
become atheist or be a religious communist [one who preaches via
religious principles that private property shouldn’t exist]. A religious
communist is more like a stupid person who uses religion to preach and
spread communism. An Atheist Marxist is bound to either become an
orthodox Marxist which is a Trotskyist (rare) or a Socialist (often). A
Trotskyist is bound to become a De Leonist and proceed to council
communist. Council Communists are rarely found. A Socialist is bound
to progress as a Maoist or Anarcho-Communist. Anarcho-Communists
are more likely an Anarchist who is communist as there are Direct
Democracies these Anarcho-Communist countries are often called as
stateless. Now a Maoist who thinks to overthrow a government via
people’s revolution will soon turn to Leninism and will soon have greed
to become dictator of the country via the communist party. A Leninist
will in near future become a Marxist-Leninist who wants to remove all
traces of capitalism from country or will become a Marxist-Leninist-
Maoist who will have the greed to become dictator via communist
party and will dream to remove Capitalist traces from the economy and
get in government via a people’s revolution.
Most Communist countries call themselves as ‘People’s Republic’, but it
is questionable as they proclaim that they are for working class then
why is each Communist country having a one Party system led by
communist party only?
Maoism also known as naxalism is a threat to each and every country. If
one wants to save his country and its democracy then it is advisable to
start an anti-communist campaign. Never become Atheist or Marxist so
that you will never become a part of the communist web. If you are an
Atheist never have sympathy on working class and if you aren’t Atheist,
then never become one and also prevent yourself from becoming a
religious fundamentalist as Religious fundamentalism may lead you to
Religious Communism.