Entrepreneurship

opportunities in Agriculture

Dr. J. Diraviam
Senior Scientist and Head, ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Pulutheri Village, R.T. Malai(PO),Kulithalai(TK), Karur(DT) - 621 313.
Mobile: 9488967675 Email: skvkk@gmail.com; j_diraviam@rediffmail.com;
Website: www.skvkk.org FB: Icar KVK Karur
 Current Status of Agriculture
• The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the
workforce in the country.
• However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at
current prices in 2015-16).
• Over the past few decades, the manufacturing
and services sectors have increasingly
contributed to the growth of the economy, while
the agriculture sector’s contribution has
decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the
1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices).
Current Status of Agriculture (contd.)
• India’s production of food grains has been increasing
every year, and India is among the top producers of
several crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, sugarcane
and cotton.
• It is the highest producer of milk and second highest
producer of fruits and vegetables.
• In 2013, India contributed 25% to the world’s pulses
production, the highest for any one country, 22% to the
rice production and 13% to the wheat production.
• It also accounted for about 25% of the total quantity of
cotton produced, besides being the second highest
exporter of cotton for the past several years.
Current Status of Agriculture (contd.)
• However, the agricultural yield (quantity of a
crop produced per unit of land) is found to be
lower in the case of most crops, as compared to
other top producing countries such as China,
Brazil and the United States.
• Although India ranks third in the production of
rice, its yield is lower than Brazil, China and the
United States. The same trend is observed for
pulses, where it is the second highest producer.
Current Status of Agriculture (contd.)
• Agricultural growth has been fairly volatile
over the past decade, ranging from 5.8%
in 2005-06 to 0.4% in 2009-10 and -0.2%
in 2014-15.
• Such a variance in agricultural growth has
an impact on farm incomes as well as
farmers’ ability to take credit for investing
in their land holdings.
 Key issues affecting agricultural productivity
• Decreasing sizes of agricultural land holdings
• Continued dependence on the monsoon,
• Inadequate access to irrigation,
• Imbalanced use of soil nutrients resulting in loss of
fertility of soil,
• Uneven access to modern technology in different
parts of the country,
• Lack of access to formal agricultural credit,
• Limited procurement of food grains by government
agencies, and failure to provide remunerative
prices to farmers.
 What is Entrepreneurship

The capacity and willingness to

develop, organize and manage a
business venture along with any of
its risks in order to make a profit.
The most obvious example
of entrepreneurship is the starting
of new businesses.
 Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
• Successful entrepreneurs are perceived as
engineers of changes, energetic, focused,
able and willing to take control of their lives,
to survive in uncertainty and act based on
limited information;
• They must be persistent and capable to
rebound after failure. The “I can do it”
attitude is important. Those who survive
through severe selection steps of the
business startup process can make it as
entrepreneurs.
 Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
• It is also believed that
“Entrepreneurs are born, not made.”
Genetic factors can be assumed to
play an important role.
• At the same time developmental and
environmental factors are important
as well.
 Essential Entrepreneurial skills

Resiliency

Leadership Skills Learning

Skills

Core Values Team work

10
Measures to Promote
Entrepreneurship
Collaboration links between
of Young academia and
entrepreneurs industry

Quality
Education

Instill or Investment
by
impress an idea
Government
on someone
Application of Biotechnology in
Food, Pharmaceuticals and
Agriculture Industries.
GM- Planting materials. & Hybrids r-DNA Products, Vaccines & Diagnostics
Micro-propagation Monoclonal Antibodies
Bio-fertilizers & Bio-pesticides Stem Cells
Animal Improvement Tissue Specific delivery methods

Agriculture Health Care

BIOTECH APPLICATIONS

Environment Industry

Soil & Water remediation
Bio-safety & GMOs
Enzymes
Fermentation based Products & Food
Biotech Instruments & Equipment
Bio-energy & Bio-fuel
Bioinformatics, Bio-mining
Biotechnology applications in Agriculture

• Many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit

the broad definition of "'utilizing a biotechnological
system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation
of plants may be viewed as the earliest
biotechnological enterprise.
• Applications of biotechnology to plants or animals
to improve their food processing properties or to
produce proteins from genetically modified (GM)
microorganisms to improve plant or animal
production
Biotechnology applications in Agriculture
• Gene technology can be used in agriculture and
food production to…..
• increase crop or animal resistance to pests while
reducing the use of chemicals;
• increase crop or animal tolerance to chemicals
that are used to kill harmful pests;
• create disease resistance in crops and animals;
• improve the food yield per plant or animal;
• make plants and animals more suited to
environmental conditions e.g. drier regions or
salty water;
• improve the nutritional quality of the food
produced by the plant or animal.
 BIOFUELS
• The agricultural industry plays a big role in the
biofuels industry, as long as the feedstock's for
fermentation and cleansing of bio-oil, bio-
diesel and bio-ethanol.
• Genetic engineering and enzyme optimization
technique are being used to develop improved
quality feedstocks for more efficient change
and higher BTU outputs of the resulting fuel
products.
 Biofertilizers
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains
living microorganisms, when applied to seed,
plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the
rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and
promotes growth by increasing the supply or
availability of primary nutrients to the host
plant.

Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the

natural processes of nitrogen fixation,
solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant
growth through the synthesis of growth-
promoting substances.
 What is Bio fertilizer?
Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers that are microbial
inoculants of bacteria, algae and fungi (separately or
in combination).
which may help biological nitrogen fixation for the
benefit of plants.
They help build up the soil micro-flora and there by
the soil health.
Biofertilizer also include organic fertilizers(manure,
etc.)
Use of bio-fertilizer is recommended for improving the
soil fertility in organic farming
TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS

Bacterial

Fungal

Algal

Aquatic fern

Earthworms

VAM fungi
Bacteria:
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers.
Rhizobium, Azospirillum spp
Free living nitrogen fixers.
Azotobacter, Klebsiella etc.,
Algal biofertilizers:
BGA in association with Azolla
Anabena, Nostoc, Ocillatoria
Phosphate solubilising bacteria:
Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium
Fungal biofertilizer
VAM
Earthworms
 Bacterial biofertilizers
The live cells of bacteria used as a biofertilizers
These microbes contains unique gene called as Nif-Gene
which make them capable of fixing nitrogen.
The nitrogen fixing bacteria work under two conditions,
Symbiotically
Free living bacteria (non-symbiotic).
The symbiotic bacteria make an association with crop plants
through forming nodules in their roots.
The free living bacteria do not form any association but live
freely and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
 Symbiotic nitrogen fixers.

Most important symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria is

Rhizobium and Azospirillum.
Rhizobium:
 Rhizobium lives in the root hairs of the legumes by
forming nodules
 Plant root supply essential minerals and newly synthesized
substance to the bacteria
 The name Rhizobium was established by
Frank in 1889.
 This genus has seven distinct species based
on "Cross Inoculation Group Concept".
 More than twenty cross-inoculations groups have been
established.
 A new classification has been established for Rhizobium.
 That is 'slow growing rhizobia' known as Bradyrhizobium
and the other group is 'fast growing rhizobia' called
Rhizobium.
 Rhizobium can fix 50-300 kg/ha

Rhizobium
 Azospirillum:
It mainly present in cereal plants.
inhabits both root cells as well as
surrounding of roots
forming symbiotic relation and increasing
nitrogen fixing potential of the cereal plant.
Azospirillum is recognized as a dominant soil microbe
nitrogen in the range of 20- 40 kg/ha in the rhizosphere in
non-leguminous plants such as cereals, millets, Oilseeds,
cotton etc.
Considerable quantity of nitrogen fertilizer up to 25-30 %
can be saved by the use of Azospirillum inoculant.
These species have been commercially exploited for the use
as nitrogen supplying Bio-Fertilizers.
 Free living bacteria
Large number of free living or non -symbiotic bacteria
(does not form nodules but makes association by living in
the rhizosphere) present in soil.
Commonly used free living bacteria are
Azotobacter
Klebsiella
it will not associated with plant.
Azotobacter is a biofertilizer which provides the required
amount of nitrogen to the plant from the soil.
 Azotobactor
Azotobactor is a heterotrophic free living nitrogen fixing
bacteria present in alkaline and neutral soils.
Azotobactor is the most commonly occurring species in
arable soils of India.
Apart from its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soils, it
can also synthesize growth promoting substances such as
auxins and gibberellins and also to some extent the
vitamins.
Many strains of Azotobactor also exhibit fungicidal
properties against certain species of fungus.
Response of Azotobactor has been seen in rice, maize,
cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, vegetable and some
plantation crops.
It improves seed germination and plant growth.
Azotobacter is heaviest breathing organism and requires a
large amount of organic carbon for its growth.
 Mass production
 isolated bacterial cultures were subculture in to nutrient
broth
 The cultures were grown under shaking condition at 30±2°C
 The culture incubated until it reaches maximum cell
population of 10¹º to 10¹¹
 Under optimum condition this population level could be
attained within 4-5 days for Rhizobium 5-7 days for
Azospirillum and 6-7 days for Azotobacter.
 The culture obtained in the flask is called Starter culture
 For large scale production , inoculum from starter culture is
transferred in to large flasks / fermentor and grown until
required level of cell count is reached
 prepare appropriate media for specific to bacterial
inoculant in required quantity

Inoculated with specific bacterial strain for aseptic condition

Incubated at 30±2ºC for 5-7 days in rotary shaker

Observe growth of the culture and estimate the population

( starter culture)
The above the media is prepared in large quantities in fermentor
 Sterilized and cooled well

Media in a fermentor is inoculated with the log phase of culture

grown in large flask (usually 1-2 % of inoculum is sufficient)

cells are grown in fermentor by providing aeration & continuous

stirring

Broth is checked for the population of inoculated organisms

Cells are harvested with the population load of 109 cells/ml

 Carrier material
the use of ideal carrier material is necessary for the
production of god quality of biofertilizer
Peat soil, lignite, vermiculture, charcoal, press mud,
farmyard manure and soil mixture are used as a carrier
materials
Neutralized peat soil/lignite are found to be better carrier
materials
Ideal carrier material should be
 Cheaper in cost
 Locally available
 High organic matter content
 No toxic chemical
 Water holding capacity of more than 50%
 Easy to process
 Preparation of inoculants packet
 Neutralized and sterilized carrier material is spread in a
clean, dry, sterile metallic or plastic
 Bacterial culture drawn from the fermentor is added to the
sterilized carrier and mixed well by manual or mechanical
mixer
 Inoculants are packed in a polythene bags sealed with
electric sealer
 Specification of the polythene bags
 Polythene bags should be of low density grade
 Thickness of bag should be around 50-75 micron
 Packet should be marked with the
 Name of the manufacture
 Name of the product
 Strain number
 The crops to which recommended
 Method of inoculation
 Date of manufacture
 Batch number
 Date of expiry
 Price
 Full address
 storage instruction
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
(VAM)
The term mycorrhiza was taken from
Greek language meaning
'fungus root'. term was
coined by Frank in 1885
The mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between fungal
mycelia and plant roots.
VAM is an endotrophic (live inside) mycorrhiza formed
by aseptated phycomycetous fungi.
VAM help in nutrient transfer mainly of phosphorus, zinc
and sulfur.
Mycorrhizae is the symbiotic association between plant
roots and soil fungus of the 7 types of mycorrhizae,
VAM plays a great role in inducing plant growth.
VAM are symbiotic entophytic soil fungi, which colonize
the roots of approximately 80% plants.
The VAM hyphae also help is retaining moisture around
the root zone of plants
It increases the resistance to root borne or soil borne
pathogens and Nematodes.
 They also mobilize different nutrients like Cu(copper),
K(potassium), Al(aluminum), Mn(manganese), Fe
(iron)and Mg (magnesium) from the soil to the plant roots.
They posses vesicles (sac like structure) for storage of
nutrients and arbuscular for funneling them into root
system.
External hyphae vesicles
Morphology
Arbuscles
 External hyphae
 Arbuscles
 Vesicles
 Mechanism of Action

The VAM forms an association with plant roots.

It penetrates in the root cortex and spreads around the
roots of the plant.
As the name indicates, they posses sac like structure called
vesicules which stores phosphorus as phospholipids.
The other structure called arbuscule helps bringing the
distant nutrients to the vesicules and root.
Mass production
VAM spores isolated

Spores mixed with sterilized soil

Soil filled in pots

Host plant transplanted in pots

Kept 3-4 months in green house

 Soil in the pot along with roots of host
plant is macerated

Dried till it attains 5% moisture

Dried soil inoculants used for field application

 Uses of VAM

Enhances the feeding areas of the plant root is as the

hyphae spreads around the roots.
Mobilizes the nutrients from distantance to root.
Stores the nutrients (sp. phosphorus).
Removes the toxic chemicals (example : phenolics) which
otherwise hinder nutrient availability.
Provide protection against other fungi and nematodes
It increase growth rate in plants (citrus, maize, wheat, etc.)
It reduces sensitivity of crop towards high level of salts
and heavy metals
 Algae as a biofertilizer
Another group of free living nitrogen fixers are cyanobacteria.
Commonly called as Blue green algae.
More than 100 species of BGA can fix nitrogen.
Nitrogen fixation takes place in specialized cells called
‘Heterocyst’
BGA very common in rice field.
Unlike Azotobacter BGA are not inhibited by the presence of
chemical fertilizers.
No chemical fertilizers added, inoculation of the algae can
result in 10-14% increase in crop yields.
They are easy to produce
Usually they are mass produced in cement tanks filled with
fresh water.
Not require any processing
Quite and cheap
Cost of 10kg may be Rs.30-40 only
Beneficial in certain crops like vegetables, cotton,
sugarcane.
Eg. of some algal biofertilizers are
 Anabena
 Nostoc
 Oscillatoria
 Azolla as a bio fertilizer
Azolla is a tiny fresh water fern common in ponds, ditches and
rice fields.
It has been used as a biofertilizer for a rice in all major rice
growing countries including India, Thailand, Korea, Philippines,
Brazil and West Africa.
The nitrogen fixing work is
accomplished by the symbiotic
relationship between the fern and BGA,
Anabena azollae.
In addition to nitrogen the decomposed
Azolla also provides K, P, Zn and Fe to the
crop
Azolla biomass gets doubled within 5-7 days by vegetative
methods.
fix 40-80 kg nitrogen / ha / year.
good manure for flooded rice.
Increase of crop yield up to 15-20% has been observed
while fertilizing the rice with Azolla
Hybrids are growing faster
Tolerant to heat and cold
Fix 4-5% more nitrogen
 Plant Protection
• Crops affected by pests and diseases –
leading to economic loss
• Several plant protection methods available
• Chemical Pesticides used in large scale
• Among chemical pesticides belonging to
different categories are available
 DISADVANTAGES OF
PESTICIDES

• Reduction of beneficial species.

• Drift of sprays and vapor.
• Residues in food.
• Ground water contamination.
• Resistance.
• Poisoning hazards.
• Other possible health effects.
47
 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDE RESIDUES.
• To Human,
– short-term impacts.
– endocrine disruption.
– Acute dangers.
– Chronic health effects.
– can cause many types of cancers.

48
 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDE RESIDUES.
• To the Environment,
– Accumulate in water systems.
– Pollute the air.
– Harming beneficial insect species, soil
microorganisms, and worms.
– Weakening plant root systems and immune
systems.

49
Microbial
insecticides
 types

• Bacterial
• actinomycetes
• Viral
• Fungal
• Protozoan
• nematodes
Bacterial products
 various strains of B. thuringiensis
Strain/subsp. Protein size Target Insects Cry # shape
berliner 130-140 kDa Lepidoptera Cry1 bipyramidal

kurstaki KTP, HD1 130-140 kDa Lepidoptera Cry1 bipyramidal

entomocidus 6.01 130-140 kDa Lepidoptera Cry1 bipyramidal

aizawai 7.29 130-140 kDa Lepidoptera Cry1 Bipyramidal

aizawai IC 1 135 kDa Lepidoptera, Cry2 Cuboidal

Diptera
kurstaki HD-1 71 kDa Lepidoptera, Cry2 cuboidal
Diptera
tenebrionis (sd) 66-73 kDa Coleoptera Cry3 flat/irregular

morrisoni PG14 125-145 kDa Diptera Cry4 bipyramidal

israelensis 68 kDa Diptera Cry4 bipyramidal

 Commercial Bt products
organism Product name
1.Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel®, Javelin®, Thuricide®,
var. kurstaki Worm Attack®, halt
Caterpillar Killer®,
Bactospeine®, and SOK-Bt®
2. B.thuringiensis var. Certan®
aizawai
3. B. thuringiensis var. Vectobac®, Teknar®,
israelensis (Bti) Bactimos®, Skeetal®, and
Mosquito Attack®.
4. Bacillus popillae and Doom®, Japidemic®, Grub
Bacillus lentimorbus. Attack®,

5. Bacillus thurigiensis M-One®,

var. san diego,
 GLOBAL SHARE OF BT

• USA
• INDIA
• CHINA
• ARGENTINA
• BRAZIL
• S. AFRICA
• CANADA
• PHILIPHINES
• AUSTRALIA
• URUGUAY

Plant Biotechnology Journal ª 2011 Society for Experimental Biology, Association

of Applied Biologists and Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Plant Biotechnology Journal,
9, 283–300
ACTINOMYCETES

 Large group of gram positive bacteria that

grow as hyphae like fungi

 Mortality is due to secretion of bioactive

materials which stimulate GABA system or
disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine recepters
 1. AVERMECTIN

• From Streptomyces
avermectin
• Major homologues- A1a,
A2a, B1a, B2a
• Minor homologues- A1b,
A2b, B1b, B2b
• B1b and B2b are effective-
abamectin
• GABA agonist
• Vermac –A, albentin,
verbend
 2. milbemectin

• S. hygroscopicum var aureolacromosus

• Have 2 group- A3, A4
• GABA abonists
• milbeknock
 3. spinosad
• S. spinosa
• 2 metabolites- spinosin A(C4H65O10),
spinosin D (C4H67O10)
• Against caterpilllars and thrips
• Acts as Ach agonist
• Success 2.5 EC , tracer 45EC
Viral pesticides
 General Overview
• Insect-specific viruses can be highly
effective natural controls of several
caterpillar pests.
• Stomach poison
• No threat to humans or wildlife is posed
by insect viruses.
 Baculoviruses
• Rod shaped DNA viruses
• Include NPV and GV
• Pathogenic for lepidoptera(83%),
hymenoptera(10%) and diptera(4%)
• Infection is by ingestion of food
 Mode of action
• The polyhedrin protein dissolves in the alkaline
environment of the new host's gut and the
occluded virus is released.
• This virus infects the gut epithelial cells and
virus replication takes place.
• Nonoccluded virus is then produced and
budded from the infected gut cells
 Granulosis Virus
• Develop either in the nucleus/cytoplasm/ tracheal matrix /
epithelial cells of host
• virions are occluded singly in small inclusion bodies called
capsules
• rod shaped virion, ds DNA
• oval occlusion bodies about 200x400nm
• they enter through ingestion
• fat body is the major organ invaded
• diseased larvae – less active, flaccid, fragile, wilted prone to
rupture in later stages, death in 6-20 days
• The recommended dosage is 200 ml of
NPV/acre or 500 ml/ha containing 100 and
250 larval equivalent (LE) of NPV respectively
as active infective material (one LE = 6 x
10^9 pobs).
• Field efficacy 70-80%
 Fungal insecticides
>750 fungi on insect are reported
• Beauveria
• Metarrhizium
• Paecilomyces lilacinus
• Verticilium lecanii
• Hirsutella thompsoni
 Mode of action

• Formation of an infection structure

• Penetration of the cuticle
• Production of toxins
 beauvericin, beauverolides by B.
bassiana
 dextruxines by M. anisopliae
 b. bassiana
• Infect lepidoptera, coleopteran, hemipteran, and few
diptera and hymenoptera
• Boverin, boverol, boverosil, mycotrop, mycojaal,
metaguard etc
• H. armigera, S. litura, H. consaguinea, coffee berry
borer, rice hispa
M. anisopliae
• Biogreen, metaguino, biopath, bioplast
• Rhinocerous beetle , white grub
 v. lecani

• Pathogen of homoptera
• Mycolol, vertilec

H. Thompsoni
• Citrus red mite, coconut eriophid mite
 Entomopathogenic Fungi
1. Metarhizium anisopliae
2. Beauveria bassiana

Green muscardine diseased grub White muscardine diseased grub

• Pre-sowing soil application of Beauveria
bassiana and Metarhizium anisopilae @ 10 g/m2
(containing 1012 spores /ha) against white grub
and cut worm larvae, mole crickets, field crickets
and Verticillium lacanii @ 48 X 106/ml is effective
against epilachna beetles
(Dutta & Bhattacharyya,2013)
 Entomopathogenic
nematode
• The entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae
S. Scapteriscae, S. Riobravis, S. Carpocapsae and
Heterorhabditis heliothidis are the Species most
commonly used in insecticidal Preparations.
• effective against over 400 pest species, Including
numerous beetles, fly larvae, and Caterpillars.
 Post Harvest Scenario

• Post harvest losses are 3-18%

amounting to Rs. 45000 crores
• Low level of processing of fruits and
vegetables at only 3.5% .
• Food processing is employment
intensive, creates 1.8 jobs directly
and 6.4 indirectly for every Rs. 10
lakh investment
 Post Harvest Handling Operations
Post harvest management is pre-requisite to
Value addition.
•Pre-harvest maturity indication
•Curing after harvest,
•Sorting
•Pre-cooling before storage,
•Washing & removal of surface moisture,
•Modified Atmos Packaging
•Dehydration & Packaging
•Crushing and packing
•Value addition like ketchup, pickles
 Mobile Cool Chamber
• The insulated box was designed
such that it could hold 8 plastic
crates of size 540x360x295 mm in
two layer of four each
• Capacity of storage was 100 kg of
fruits with 80% filling of each plastic
crates
• Costs around Rs. 18,000-20,000/-

Low cost unit saves the fruits from exposure to

sunlight and preserves the quality.
 Refrigerated transport
• Further a refrigeration unit is
mounted on top for cooling the
solution of ethylene glycol and
salt stored in the jacket of
insulated box.
• This solution is cooled to
subzero temperature by
running the refrigeration unit
by plugging to power source
for 8-10 hours before use.
• The refrigerated transport
vehicle can lower the product
temperature up to 5 °C.
• The wattage of compressor is
0.65 kW.
 CIPHET Tomato Grader
• The tomatoes roll down the pipes
due to gravity and fall immediately
wherever they find the space of their
diameter.
• Grades 3: 25-40 mm, 40-55 mm, 55-
70 mm and > 70 mm
• The collector is inclined at 10° so
that the tomatoes slide directly in
crates.
• The important feature of grader is its
ability to adjust the gap between the
pipes and inclination of grading table
and hopper.
• It can also be used for other round
fruits and vegetables.
Capacity: of 325 kg/hr
Overall grading efficiency: 66%.
Cost: Rs.25000.00
• Washing efficiency : 86%
(Radish)
• Cleaning efficiency : 85%
(Radish)
• bruise index: negligible

2010
Prototype multiplication of basket centrifuge

• Accumulation of surface water on the fresh

and minimally processed vegetables is a
matter of concern as it helps in growth of
pathogens and microorganisms.
• A Basket centrifuge consisting of a
detachable perforated cylinder, rotating at
500 RPM was fabricated to remove
surface water from the minimally
processed vegetables.
• It can process 10 kg vegetables per batch
of 10 sec and cost is US$ 500
 Small Composite Unit for
Tomato Puree and Fruit Pulp
The machine has components like a cooker,
grinder, mixture, processor and juicer. The
machine is capable of processing around
200 kg of herbal products and fruits in an
hour.
Mr. Dharamvir Singh from Haryana has
developed this machine to extract juice;
residue is used for making candy, sweets
and other items.

He has employed 35 women for his business and also sells units of
the machine. He even trains buyers on how to use it. He earns about
Rs. 24 lakh per year from processed products and the machine is sold
for 1.50 lakh.
 Dehumidifier Dryer

•Micro-processor based temperature controller

to regulates the drying temperature.
•For blanched Amla drying, the dryer reduced
vitamin-C loss up to 87% as compared to the
open sun drying.
•The products such as sliced fruits and
vegetables is dried in 20-25 h and medicinal
herbs and leaf crops are 12-20 h.
•The cost of the prototype is Rs. 1,50,000 and
capacity is 30 kg/batch.
 Drying
time : 23 h
from 86 to 8% in
moisture content
(wb)

• Power requirement
• Electricity 21
kWh
• LPG 26 kg

Capacity: 400 kg
of fresh
2005 cardamom
2009
 Solar Tunnel Dryer

• It consists of a tunnel type semi-cylindrica drying chamber

• Trolleys and trays are provided to hold one tonne and two tonnes of raw material.
• The reduction in drying time compared to (60 %) compared to open sun drying as
a result of higher inside temperature of about 22 - 25°C.
Shrink Packaging of Fruits and Vegetables

Commodity Storage life

Ambient Cold store
Shrink wrapped Unwrapped Shrink wrapped Unwrapped
Kinnow 27 13 70 41
Tomato 19 10 39 23
Capsicum 25 4 46 21
Modified Atmosphere Packaging Technology
for High Value Vegetables

Extended Shelf Life

9 days for Okra, 13 days
for betel leaf and 7-8
days for broccoli
Evaporatively Cooled Room for Storage of
Fruits and Vegetables
•An evaporatively cooled (EC) room (3x3x3m. size) was developed
for on-farm storage of fruits and vegetables.
•The summer temperature inside the EC room was 5-8C lower than
that inside the ordinary room and winter temperature was 5-8 C
higher than that inside the ordinary room.

Compared on the basis of 10%

physiological loss in weight (PLW) the
shelf life inside the room was 34 days
for early kinnow, 23 days for late
kinnow, 11 days for cauliflower and 4
days for spinach as compared to 21,
11, 5 and 2 days respectively in an
ordinary room at the same time.

The cost of the chamber is Rs. 75000 and capacity is 2 tonnes.

 CIPHET Evaporative Cooled Storage Structure
• Storage of fruits and vegetables
• Evaporatively Cooled Structure (ECS)
maintains a moderate low temperature
and sufficiently high relative humidity for
short term storage of fresh fruits and
vegetables.
• Advantages
 Low level consumption of
electricity
 Less initial investment
 Negligible maintenance cost
• Features
– Special design of roof, orientation
– Uses wetted pad as cooling medium
– 20oC below the outside temperature
– An ECS of about 5 -7 tonne storage
capacity may cost about Rs. 1.5 –
1.8 lakh.
 Ventilated Rail Transport
• Ventilated rail cars have been
developed by NHB where the
slotted holes were provided on
front bottom, front and rear ends
to accommodate vertical forced
air and natural convection due to
holes at the bottom.
• At least 15% of total floor area
was perforated and labyrinths
provided for the protection from
rain where ever essential.
• The design provides 5% area at
the bottom and 10% area on the
top at both from and rear ends.
• The rail trasnports the material as
fresh over very long distances
 Refrigerated Cold Storage

Cold storage rooms are made of PolyUrethane Foam (PUF)

The facilities in a cold chain are composed of pre coolers, packing houses and
cold storage rooms and trucks for transport.

• Pre coolers-to remove field heat rapidly right after harvest to acquire desired
conditions.
• Packing houses-prepare the vegetables by trimming and cleaning, sorting
defective products.
• Cold storages-to maintain vegetables at high quality as produced.
• Refrigerated trucks/container vans collect to transport them.
Evaporative Cooled Room
Surinder Singh
Vill Jalalabad, Moga Punjab
Profession: Vegetable Farmer

Cold Room used for on-farm short term

storage of fruits and vegetables

Cost of structure: Rs 75,000

 Ready to Constitute Mustard Saag

•The green leaves are washed, drained and cut. The

cut leaves are taken in the known proportion.
•The mixture of cut leaves and spices is cooked and
then mashed to get smooth curry. The curry is then
processed through various steps involving crushing,
cooking, pulping, addition of edible flour, cold
extrusion, drying, size reduction and packaging to
attain mustard saag powder.
•The dried powder on mixing with lukewarm / hot
water yield the inherent taste and odor of staple
ingredients.
 Green chili processing into powder and
puree
•Chilies powder has higher nutrition and
controlled pungency. The green chilies
have more Vitamin C & A and antioxidant
properties.
•About 130 g of green Chilies powder and
300 ml puree could be prepared from one Chili Puree
kilogram of fresh green Chilies.
•The cost of the plant for the processing
200kg of green chilies per day is
estimated at 713000/-.
•The break even point comes be 49.15%
and pay back period 1.91 years
•1kg of green chilies costing Rs. 15/-, the
value added product of Rs. 70/- could be
marketed. Green Chili Powder
Minimal Processing of Vegetables
 Garlic Processing Machines
Garlic Bulb Breaker Garlic Peeler Garlic Flaking Machine

Capacity-800 kg/h Capacity-400 kg/h Capacity-40-50 kg/h

Cost-US$300 Cost-US$300 Cost-US$1400
 Applications to the animal
health
• 1. Biotechnology-derived
veterinary vaccines
• 2. Veterinary diagnostic systems
• 3. Biotechnology-derived
therapeutics
• 4. Prebiotics
• 5. Enzymes
• Other techniques
 Genetically Improved Farmed
Tilapia (GIFT):
• Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT)
is the product of the world’s first selective
breeding programme for tropical fish.
• Super Tilapia, otherwise known as GIFT was
developed by the scientists at World Fish
Center (formerly known as ICLARM) through
selective breeding of several strains of Nile
Tilapia.
• The GIFT strain of Nile tilapia grows quickly
and survives well, dramatically increasing
aquaculture yields.
 Development of GIFT
• The project began by comparing the performance
of existing Asian niloticus farmed strains and
imported wild strains (Ghana, Egypt, Kenya, and
Senegal).
• Tilapia strains from different sources are combined
in 8 X 8 diallel model and produce 64 cross.
• All 64 possible pure- and crossbreeds among and
within the four African and four Asian strains were
measured in different test environments.

• Best combinations among them are then used to

establish the base population.
 Selective breeding:
• A synthetic base population was built from
the 25 best-performing groups of the 64
tested.
• Selected males and females were selectively
bred in the ratio 1:2 to produce first
generation of GIFT.
• Representative samples of their progeny
were tagged, distributed to test environments.
• Breeders were selected for the next
generation using standard quantitative
genetics methods.
 Wild Farmed
strains strains
Egypt, Founder population
Israel,
Ghana, Singapore,
Kenya, Taiwan,
Senegal Thailand

G9 Combined in 8 X 8 Diallel model = 64

cross

Base
G Selective populatio
1 breeding n
 CONDITIONING HAPA FOR
SELECTED BREEDERS A female with eggs in her
BEFORE MATING mouth

Transfer eggs to
Transfer eggs from female’s incubators
mouth to bucket
Communal rearing in cages
Introduction of GIFT in India
v
 Social entrepreneurship
• Social entrepreneurship is the use of the techniques by start up
companies and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement
solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues.[1] This concept
may be applied to a variety of organizations with different sizes,
aims, and beliefs.[2]For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure
performance using business metrics like profit, revenues and
increases in stock prices, but social entrepreneurs are either non-
profits or blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to
society" and therefore must use different metrics. Social
entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural,
and environmental goals often associated with the voluntary
sector[3] in areas such as poverty alleviation, health
care and community development
 Some initiatives taken for Promotion
of Village based Biocontrol units
• Government initiatives:
Ministry of Science and Technology -
Department of Biotechnology,
Ministry of Agriculture – NIPHM
• State Agricultural Universities
• ICAR NBAIR and ICAR Krishi Vigyan
Kendras.
 Non – Government initiatives
• Biovillage promoted by M.S.Swaminathan
Research Foundation.
• Sugar Industry particularly the promotion
of Trichogramma egg parasitoids. The
concept of Agri Service Provider
developed by Sugar Factories have
proved to be a successful business model
for production of bioagents at village level.
 M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
• Imparted training to women SHG at Kannivadi,
Dindigul District on mass production of
Trichogramma
• After one year of initiation, the concept had spread
into other places and the pioneer group members
started training six groups
• Each group ran Trichogramma production as a
micro enterprise through which they reached the
farmers in and around their area and created
awareness about parasitoids and their pest control
pot
Logical Framework for Production of
Biocontrol Agents
Training on Bioagents Production at TNAU
Village level production of Biocontrol Agents by SHG
members at Kannivadi
 ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra for Tribals

• ICAR KVK Wayanad, trained tribal group

of 13 girls for generating self employment
to the tribal youth of Nellarchal tribal
colony, Kerala.
• Group was given training for six months’ in
the production of biocontrol agents such
as Trichoderma and Pseudomonas and
were registered as a self help group
(SHG) called 'Sabari'.
Mass Production of bioagents by Tribals in Kerala
 National Institute of Plant Health Management

• To popularize simple and low cost mass rearing

techniques of biocontrol agents
• Special capacity building programme “On-farm
production of Biocontrol agents to promote
AESA based PHM in conjunction with
Ecological Engineering for pest management”
to Master Trainers.
• The trained officers to disseminate the
techniques among farmers for production of
Biocontrol agents.
NIPHM initiative – On farm production Biocontrol agents
 National Institute of Plant Health Management
• Trichogramma, Goniozus spp., Bracon spp.,
Reduviid bugs, Spiders and Coccinellids,
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)
• Microbial biopesticides such as Trichoderma
spp., Pseudomonas, Verticilium, Metarrhizium,
Beauveria, Nomuraea, etc.
• To popularize on-farm production techniques of
biological control agents among farmers,
NIPHM is also associating with State
Governments by building capacity of the
extension Officers and providing technical
guidance to implement at village level.
Farm based Low cost mass production
technique for Trichoderma - NIPHM
 Concept of Farmers Producer
Organizations (FPOs)
• Farmers Producer organizations are
groups of rural producers coming together
based on the principle of membership, to
pursue specific common interests of their
members and developing technical and
economic activities that benefit their
members and maintaining relations with
partners operating in their economic and
institutional environment
(Anonymous.2004).
 Farmer Producer Organizations : Features
• Common interest
• Dynamic and flexible, norms and operating
procedures
• Both long and short term objectives and plan of
action
• Enrolment through membership fee
• Democracy through regular elections
• Clear and transparent transactions
• Capacity of the organization should be strong to
ensure its long term stability and sustainability
• Linkages and network with other Farmer Producer
Organizations
• Committed leadership
 Government Initiatives
• MANAGE, Hyderabad
• Department of Biotechnology
• Department of Science and Technology
 BIRAC Regional Entrepreneurship Centre
(BREC)
• The Biotechnology Industrial Research
Assistance Council (BIRAC) in partnership with
C-CAMP has set up the BIRAC Regional
Entrepreneurship Centre (BREC) in C-CAMP,
• To encourage the spirit of bio-
entrepreneurship, facilitating the creation of life
science start-ups and mentoring start-ups to
increase their chances of success.
• BREC was officially launched on 23rd February
2017 in New Delhi in the presence of Prof. G.
Padmanaban, Honorary Professor and Former
Director IISc and Prof. K. VijayRaghavan
 Direct & Indirect Financial
Support
• Nationalized banks
• State finance corporation
• State industrial development
corporation
• District industries centers
• Differential rate schemes
• Mudra and Stand up India
• Small Industries Development Bank of
India (SIDBI)
• State Small Industrial Development
Corporations (SSIDCs)
132
 OTHER SUPPORT AGENCIES

• National Bank for Agriculture Rural Development

(NABARD)
• ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendras
• RSETI under Ministry of Rural Development
• Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
• Department of Women and Child Development
(WCD), Ministry of HRD, GOI
• Self Help Groups (SHG)
International Agencies:

• United Nations Development Fund for

Women (UNIFEM)
• Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• International Labour Organization (ILO)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
• Center for International Private Enterprises
(CIPE), USA
• Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Sweden
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
 Top Women Entrepreneurs
Source -
http://sneakpeaks.blogspot.com/2008/03/its-their-
business-top-women.html

Entrepreneur Dr. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairman & Managing

Director of Bioon Ltd., who became India's richest woman in 2004 (an
estimated Rs.2,100 crore )~US$480 million), was educated at the
Bishop Cotton Girls School and Mount Carmel College in Bangalore.
She founded Biocon India with a capital of Rs.10,000 in her garage in
1978 - the initial operation was to extract an enzyme from papaya. Her
application for loans were turned down by banks then - on three
counts - biotechnology was then a new word, the company lacked
assets, and (most importantly) women entrepreneurs were still a rarity.
Today, her company is the biggest biopharmaceutical firm in the
country.
135
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