Construction

and Building

Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579

MATERIALS
www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Thermal conductivity of cement composites containing rubber

waste particles: Experimental study and modelling
A. Benazzouk *, O. Douzane, K. Mezreb, B. Laidoudi, M. Quéneudec
Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, IUT Département Génie Civil, Avenue des Facultés,
80025 Amiens, France

Received 7 April 2006; accepted 19 November 2006

Available online 16 January 2007

Abstract

In this paper an investigation of the thermal conductivity of a lightweight construction material containing rubber waste particles, is
presented. Measurements were carried out in a dry state using a transient plane source (TPS) technique. To determine the effect of the
rubber particles ratio on the thermal conductivity of a cement composite, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% rubber particle ratios by volume
as replacement to cement, were used. The experimental investigation revealed that the addition of rubber particles reduces the material
unit weight, furthermore, thermal conductivity of the composite has been improved. The thermal insulating effect of rubber particles is
most attractive and indicates a high and promising potential for development. Based on the self consistent method and assuming that the
tri-phase composite consists of air, rubber particles and cement paste, thermal conductivity of the composite has been predicted as a
function of the dry unit weight and formulations, using auto-coherent homogenisation model. The model requires the knowledge of rub-
ber particles conductivity, which was experimentally measured using Horai and Simmons technique. A modelling application reveals
good correspondence with the experimental results.
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Rubber wastes; Cement composite; Rubber particles; Thermal conductivity; Modelling; Self consistent technique

1. Introduction The amount of used tires produced in France is roughly

The reduction of energy consumption in construction,
production of thermal insulation materials and the solution
of environment problem by recycling of industrial, agricul-
ture waste, and domestic waste are becoming greater prob-
lem. They are many lightweight composites that contain
recycled fillers, including waste glass [1], fly ash [2], kraft
pulps from sisal and banana waste [3], steel slag [4], light-
weight crushed bricks, lightweight expanded clay aggre-
gates [5], foam polystyrene and its waste [6]. Therefore,
the development of composite construction materials with
low thermal conductivity using these wastes will be an
interesting alternative that would solve simultaneously
energy and environment concerns.
*
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +33 3 22 53 40 16.
E-mail address: amar.benazzouk@u-picardie.fr (A. Benazzouk).
30,000,000 per year [7]. Landfill disposal which is the most
prevailing method, will be drastically reduced in the near
future, due to the recent introduction of European Union
directives that include significant restrictions on this prac-
tice in favour of alternatives oriented toward materials
and energy recovery. Furthermore, the disposal of used
tires in landfills, stockpiles, or illegal dumping grounds,
increases the risk of accidental fires with uncontrolled emis-
sions of potentially harmful compounds. Innovative solu-
tion has to be developed to meet the challenge of tire
disposal problem.
Highway construction provides a significant market
potential for waste tires recycling. Extensive studies have
been conducted on waste tire modified Portland cement
concrete [8–10]. The literature about the use of tire rubber
particles in cement-based materials focuses on the use of
tire rubber as an aggregate in concrete and evaluates only
the mechanical properties. Results have indicated that

0950-0618/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.011
574 A. Benazzouk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579
Nomenclature
E potential (V)
R resistance (X)
T temperature (C)
t time (s)
Greek symbols
a temperature coefficient of the TPS sensor
rubberized concrete mixtures posses lower density,
increased toughness and ductility, higher impact resistance,
lower compressive and splitting tensile strengths, and more
efficient sound insulation. However, some authors sug-
gested that the loss in strength might be minimized by prior
surface treatment of the tire rubber particles [11]. Previous
study focused on the use of two types of rubber aggregates,
as addition to cement paste, in order to develop a highly
deformable material [12]. The types of the rubber aggre-
gates were: compact rubber aggregates (CRA) and
expanded rubber aggregates (ERA). Results have revealed
the influence of rubber aggregate type on the material
mechanical properties. A study of this composite has also
demonstrated the importance of rubber particle type with
respect to the hydraulic transport properties of the com-
posite when coming into contact with water [13]. A recent
study investigated the effect of powdered tire rubber as
addition to cement paste on both the physico-mechanical
and water absorption properties of the cement composite
[14]. Results have indicated that, although the strength
was reduced, the composite satisfies the basic requirement
of construction materials, and could be used for load-bear-
ing wall. In addition, the incorporation of rubber particles
in cementitious matrix tends to restrict water absorption of
the composite; sorptivity values decreases with increasing
rubber particles ratio. Although several work has been
done on the mechanical properties of composite containing
rubber aggregates, no work has been previously reported
on the thermal conductivity.
In this work, the idea is to use rubber waste particles, as
a raw material, to develop a lightweight construction mate-
rials with lower thermal conductivity so as to reduce heat
transfer into building in order to decrease the energy con-
sumption. An experimental test program was conducted
mainly to investigate the effect of rubber particles addition
on the thermal conductivity of composite, in dry state,
using transient plane source (TPS) technique. The compos-
ite material was manufactured by reinforcing varying vol-
ume fraction of rubber particles in cementitious matrix.
Assuming that the composite consists of three phases
(air, rubber particles, cement paste), thermal conductivity
has been predicted using auto-coherent homogenisation
model [15]. This model requires the knowledge of rubber
particles conductivity, which was experimentally measured
c constant depending on the TPS resistance
k thermal conductivity (W/mK)
q dry unit weight (kg/m3)
h volume fraction of rubber particles (%)
d volume fraction of cement (%)
e volume fraction of liquid (%)
using TPS methos, according to the Horai and Simmons
technique [16].
2. Materials and experimental testing
2.1. Materials
Rubber particles used in this study has been obtained
from mechanical shredding of rubber automotive industry
waste. This waste comprises rubber particles of less than
1 mm in size and contains approximately 20% synthetic
fibers by volume as well. The absolute density of this rub-
ber waste particles is 430 kg/m3.
The cement used was CPJ CEM II 32.5 in accordance
with Standard NF P 15-301 [17]. Both the rubber particles
and cement were initially dry-mixed in a laboratory mixer.
The volume ratio of rubber ranged from 0% to 50% by vol-
ume as replacement to cement in mixtures. Total mixing
water had been adjusted so as to achieve constant work-
ability for all composites (i.e. a slump on the order of
90–100 mm).
For each mixture, two cubic samples of 100 · 100 ·
100 mm were prepared and moist-cured for 28 days at
20 ± 2 C and 98% relative humidity both before and after
demolding. For thermal conductivity measurement in dry
state, all the specimens were dried in a drying oven at
50 ± 2 C and weighed at 24-h intervals until the loss in
weight did not exceed 1% in a 24-h. Then the surfaces of
all the samples were polished to achieve smooth surfaces
in order to maintain the proper contact between the TPS
sensor and the specimen. It should be noted that the size
of the sample must satisfy the condition of an infinite med-
ium, that is the ‘‘probing depth’’, which indicates how far
the heating pulse has propagated into the sample during
the transient time, is less than the distance from the heater
to the nearest boundary of the sample [18].
The physico-mechanical properties of this composite for
various rubber particle volume ratios are listed in Table 1
[14].
2.2. Test procedure
Thermal conductivity measurement of the samples, at
dry state, have been made at room temperature and normal
 A. Benazzouk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579 575

Table 1
Properties of cement composite containing different rubber volume ratios
Volume ratio of rubber Air-content Dry unit weight Elasticity dynamic modulus Compressive strength Flexural strength
particles (%) (%) (kg/m3) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa)
0 2.0 1910 25.0 82.0 3.4
10 5.0 1740 20.0 49.5 3.8
20 8.7 1620 14.0 40.0 4.2
30 11.8 1473 13.0 23.3 4.0
40 14.0 1300 11.5 16.0 3.8
50 17.0 1150 9.5 10.5 3.2

pressure using transient plane source (TPS) method, which
is the subject of considerable research [19,20]. The experi-
mental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The technique is based
on three-dimensional heat flow inside the sample, which
can be regarded as an infinite medium by limiting the total
time of transient recording. A disk-shaped TPS-element
was placed between two cubic samples. In order to ensure
a good thermal contact between the TPS sensor and the
sample material, a chucking device was used. For measure-
ment, the sample pieces containing TPS sensor were then
introduced into the drying oven in order to control the
experimental temperature. In addition, a thermocouple
was kept just above the sample pieces to monitor the tem-
perature of the sample. After achieving the isothermal con-
ditions in the sample, a constant current pulse is passed
thought the heating element. The temperature of the ele-
ment is recorded simultaneously by recording its voltage
increase. The duration of the experiment is about 360 s.
The thermal conductivity was measured from four faces
of each composite and calculated as their average value.
In the TPS technique, the source of heat is a hot disc
made out of a bifilar spiral, which also serves as a sensor
of the temperature increase in the samples. In comparison
with stationary or steady state methods, the advantage of
transient methods is that some of them give a full set of
thermophysical parameters within a single rapidly mea-
surement, namely thermal conductivity, specific heat or
thermal diffusivity. It can measure solids and liquids with
thermal conductivities ranging from 0.02 to 200 W/mK.
Assuming that the conducting pattern is in y–z plane of
a coordinate system placed inside an infinite solid, the time-
dependent resistance of TPS-element during the transient
recording can be written as
RðtÞ ¼ R0 ð1 þ aDT ðsÞÞ ð1Þ
where R(t) is the resistance of the TPS sensor at time t,R0 is
the resistance of the TPS sensor at time zero, a is the tem-
perature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), DT(s) is the mean
value of temperature rise in the TPS-element.
Recording the change in potential difference DE(t)
across the TPS sensor, the thermal conductivity has been
calculated with a developed Matlab program using the fol-
lowing relation:
k ¼ cDðsi Þ=DEðtÞ ð2Þ
where c is the constant depending of the different resis-
tances in the Wheatstone bridge, D(si) is the theoretical
expression of time-dependent increase.
The thermal conductivity of rubber particles was mea-
sured according to the Horai and Simmons technique
[16]. This technique has already been used to estimate the
thermal conductivity of solid mix phases within several
types of composites [21]. In this method, the solid particles
are mixed with a liquid, and then the thermal conductivity

Chucking device

TPS sensor

Sample

Sample
Computer

Climatic chamber

Power supply Resistances Power data acquisition

Fig. 1. Experimental TPS set-up.

576
of this saturated mixture is measured using TPS technique.
The thermal conductivity of the solid particles is thus eval-
uated using the arithmetic mean:
kU þ kL
km ¼ ð3Þ
2
In accordance with Hashin and Strickman bounds [16], kU
and kL can be written for two phases as follows:
e 1e
kU ¼ kP þ 1
and
kl kP
þ 1e
3kP
where kP, km and kl are respectively the thermal conductiv-
ity of solid particles, to be determined, saturated mixture
and liquid. e is the volume fraction of liquid.
For the experimental determination, a plastic cell with a
volume of approximately 450 cm3 was used. The rubber
particles was mixed with glycerol and the TPS sensor was
positioned between two layers of saturated mixes. In this
manner, the thermal contact between the mixture and
TPS-element is good. However, great care had to be taken
to ensure that the TPS sensor remained horizontal. In
order to minimize measurement errors, two glycerol-based
rubber particle mixes containing various glycerol volume
contents were prepared.
For calculations, experimental thermal conductivity of
pure glycerol liquid was determined. The thermal conduc-
tivity of rubber particles has been evaluated by substituting
the conductivities of the mixture and glycerol in expression
(3). For each material, the thermal conductivity was mea-
sured three times and the mean values are reported.
3. Experimental results and analysis
The experimental thermal conductivity values of the
composite measured in dry state are listed in Table 1.
The variation with respect to rubber particle volume con-
tent, is displayed in Fig. 2. It has been observed that the
addition of rubber particles into the cement matrix
reduces the thermal conductivity of the composite. Values
decrease from 1.16, for the cement paste, to 0.47 W/mK
for a specimen containing 50% rubber particles. This cor-
1.6
Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0 0
0 10
Volume ratio of rubber particles (%)
Fig. 2. Variation of thermal conductivity of the cement composite with
volume ratio of rubber particles.
A. Benazzouk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579
responds to a decrease of about 60%. The reduction of
thermal conductivity of composite is due to the insulating
effect of rubber particle, which has a lower thermal con-
ductivity compared to that of cement matrix. It is evident
from these results that the aggregates with less thermal
conductivity produced the less conductive composite. Ear-
lier investigations reveal that the type of aggregate would
greatly influence the thermal conductivity of materials
[21]. The corresponding relationship between thermal con-
kL ¼ kl þ ð4Þ ductivity and dry unit weight of the composite is shown in
1
þ 3ke l
kP kl
Fig. 3. The thermal conductivity k (W/mK) decreases with
decreasing unit weight q (kg/m3). The derived correlation
is of the type: k = 0.1236 exp(0.0011q) (which yields a cor-
relation coefficient of R2 = 0.98). The variation obtained is
similar to that reported in previous work conducted on
lightweight concretes [22,23]. The decrease in thermal con-
ductivity is also related to air content in the matrix that
results in less unit weight. The more the air voids ratio,
the lighter the specimen and the lower its thermal conduc-
tivity. Table 1, which provides a list of air content values,
measured using the pressure method (ASTM C457), indi-
cates that the increasing of rubber volume ratio results in
higher air contents, thereby decreasing the unit weight of
the composite. Similar observations were also made by
several authors [9,10]. This may due to the non-polar nat-
ure of rubber particles and their tendency to entrap air in
their rough surfaces. Also when rubber is added to a mix-
ture, it may attract air as it has the tendency to repel
water, and then air may adhere to the rubber particles.
The increases in air content with increasing rubber parti-
cles reduce the thermal bridges in the matrix and contrib-
ute to improving composite insulation. Fig. 4 shows an
optical microscopy image of the matrix containing 50%
rubber particles. In terms of bonding, we can observe a
good cohesion between rubber particles and cement
matrix, included a spherical cavity of air voids.
The thermal conductivity of materials depends upon
many factors, including their structure, material mixture
proportioning, type of aggregate inclusions, density, poros-
ity, etc. The thermal insulating performance of the compos-
ite containing rubber particles is also related to the porosity
1.6
Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
0.0011
λ = 0.1236e
1.2 R2 = 0.98
0.8
0.4
20 30 40 50 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
3
Dry unit weight (kg/m )
Fig. 3. Relationship between thermal conductivity and dry unit wight of
cement composite.
 A. Benazzouk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579 577

λ eq , Req

λ 2 , R2

λ 1 , R1

λ 3 , R3

Fig. 4. Optical microscopy photo of the cement matrix containing rubber Fig. 5. Principal of self consistent scheme of a tri-composite cell.
particles (magnification: 50·).

ductivity) and qeq (unit weight) by assuming an internal

which plays an important part in heat transfer. The thermal
sphere of air (k1, q1), surrounded by a spherical cell of rub-
conductivity of the composite containing 50% rubber par-
ber particles (k2, q2), and moreover surrounded by a shell of
ticles is lower than that of expanded shale-based load-bear-
cement matrix (k3, q3) (see Fig. 5). Equivalent thermal con-
ing insulated concrete with a thermal conductivity of
ductivity of the composite is given as
0.70 W/mK and a unit weight ranging between 1100 and
1300 kg/m3 [23]. The thermal insulating effect of rubber keq h
¼1þ   ð5Þ
particles is most attractive and indicates a high and prom- k3
1þd3
k1
1
k2
ising potential for development. 13 þ h   
k1 k1 2k2
k3
1d3 k2
1 k3
þ1

4. Modelling by auto-coherent homogenisation

It is based on the self consistent method that leads to the
characterisation of heterogeneous material from the char-
acteristics and the concentration of each constituents.
Developed for the mechanical characterisation (elasticity
and viscoplasticity) of heterogeneous materials, il has been
used for the characterisation of thermal conductivity of cel-
lular concrete (in the case of bi-composite) [24] and then
extended to tri-composite mediums (hemp concretes) [15].
This method is based on the following energy condition:
the energy in the heterogeneous medium is the same to that
in the equivalent homogeneous medium submitted to the
same boundary conditions. The homogeneous material is
assimilated to an assembly of spherical composite inclu-
sions of variable sizes. The heterogeneous material could
be constituted of either two or three components.
The tri-composite model is applied to the equivalent
homogeneous material with properties of keq (thermal con-
h and d are the volume fractions of rubber particles and ce-
ment, respectively.
This approach requires knowledge of volume fractions
and thermal conductivities of rubber particles and cement
paste matrix. The volumic fractions are directly calculated
from the mass of each component (of known unit weight).
The thermal conductivity of rubber particles has been
experimentally measured according to the method previ-
ously described. The corresponding results of different mix-
tures and glycerol are shown in Table 2. It should be noted
that the average value obtained for glycerol is in agreement
with the earlier findings [25,26]. The average thermal con-
ductivity value of rubber particles, as calculated from
expression (3), is equal to 0.19 W/mK, within ±5%. Ther-
mal conductivity of rubber particles is over six times lower
than that of the cement paste matrix (1.16 W/mK).
The calculated values of thermal conductivity of com-
posite, as obtained using auto-coherent model, are plotted

Table 2
Experimental results of thermal conductivity of different mixtures and glycerol
Materials Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
Measured-value Theoretical-value
Glycerol 0.27 0.28a–0.29b
Rubber particles–glycerol mixture (40%) 0.231 –
Rubber particles–glycerol mixture (60%) 0.252 –
a,b
Thermal conductivity of the glycerol at 20 C [25] and 25 C [26], respectively.
1, 2
Measured thermal conductivity of mixture at 40% and 60% volume ratio of glycerol, respectively.
578 A. Benazzouk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 573–579
1.4
Calculated values (W/mK)
1.2
1 contents is in progress.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Experimental values (W/mK)
Fig. 6. Comparison of the measured and calculated values of thermal
conductivity of cement composite containing different rubber volume
ratios.
against their corresponding experimentally obtained values
in Fig. 6. It can be observed that the model overpredicts
thermal conductivity of composite by about 3–14%,
depending on the rubber particles ratio. The model calcula-
tion considered the shape of the aggregates to be spherical,
which however is not the case for our composites. More-
over, the rubber inclusions are not composed solely of par-
ticles; they also contain a proportion of rubber fibers
resulting from shredding, as well as textile fibers with a ran-
dom orientation in the matrix. These fibers, of various
chemical compositions, may exhibit a different thermal
conductivity from that of the rubber particles. Neverthe-
less, the model for tri-composite approach is sufficiently
accurate for predicting the influence of rubber particles
on the thermal conductivity of cement composite.
5. Conclusion
The work presented herein has focused on the effect of
including rubber particles on the thermal insulating perfor-
mance of cementitious composite. Results indicate a clear
reduction in thermal conductivity of the composite with
the addition of rubber particles. The properties of the com-
posite, with 50% rubber particles, are as follows: thermal
conductivity of 0.47 W/mK, compressive strength of
10.50 MPa, flexural strength of 3.25 MPa and dry unit
weight of 1150 kg/m3. Thus, the potential for development,
therefore, seems to be very promising. The material inclu-
sion could provide multiple applications in particular to
prevent heat transfer and to save energy for use in structure
with low load-bearing capacities.
Assuming that the material consists of a tri-composite
mediums, the thermal conductivity was estimated using
the auto-coherent model. Based on thermal conductivity
measurement of rubber particles, the results obtained cor-
respond to the values derived through experiment. The
model overpredicts thermal conductivity of composite by
about 3–14%, depending on the rubber particles ratio.
However, from fundamental principal of heat transfer in
porous media such as cementitious materials, porous media
approach can furnish additional information regarding the
nature of the pores and its distribution. The study of the
thermal properties of this composite at different moisture
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