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Unit-1: Mr. Anurag Pandey Assistant Professor PSIT College of Engineering
Unit-1: Mr. Anurag Pandey Assistant Professor PSIT College of Engineering
Accuracy
•Besides the efficiency, the computer is also very accurate.
•The level of accuracy depends upon the instructions.
•Faulty instructions for data processing may lead to faulty results.
Diligence
•Being a machine, it does not suffer from the human traits of
tiredness and lack of concentration.
•If four million calculations have to be performed, then the computer
will perform the last four millionth calculation with the same
accuracy and speed as the first calculation.
Reliability
•Reliability is the measurement of the performance of a computer,
which is measured against some predetermined standard of
operations without any failure.
•Computer have built in diagnostic capabilities, which helps in the
continuous monitoring of the system.
Storage Capability
•Computer can store large amount of data and can recall the required
information almost instantaneously.
•The main memory of computer is small and holds certain amount of
data.
•The data are stored in secondary storage devices.
•Storage capacity of a computer is virtually unlimited. No. of auxiliary
storage devices can be added.
Versatility
•Computer can perform multiple task simultaneously
with equal ease.
•A computer can perform activities ranging from
simple calculation to performing complex CAD
modeling and simulation to navigating missiles and
satelites
No IQ
No feelings
Limitations of Computer
Lack of Intelligence
•Unable to think like human, cant tell fragrance of flower
Need of special language •Understand binary code like 0,1 and its combination,
which not commonly used by human and it uses special
software interpreter, compiler to convert natural
language to computer language
Computer can only perform what it
is performed to do.
•Classification/Types of Computers
•Micro Compute
○ Desktop
○ Laptop
○ Hand-held
•Mini Computer
•Mainframe Computer
•Super Computer
Micro Computer
► A small, low cost digital computer.
► Usually consist of a microprocessor, a storage unit, and input channel and an output
channel.
► Microcomputers are designed for individual users only.
► The micro-computers are widely used & the fastest growing computers.
► These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of computers.
► The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment,
education and work purposes.
► Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, HP, Acer,
Sony & Toshiba.
► Microcomputers include desktop, laptop and hand held models such as PDA’s (Personal
Digital Assistant), Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators.
•Desktop
•Desktop computer is known as personal computer
•Consist of a system unit, a display monitor, a keyboard, an internal hard disk
storage and other peripheral devises.
•Not very Expensive
•Laptop
•A portable computer also known as notebook computer.
•It consist all the basis features of a normal desktop computer.
•Light weight, can be used anywhere at anytime.
•Uses a rechargeable battery for power supply
•More expensive than desktop computer
•Hand-held computer
•It can be stored in pocket
•Generally uses a pen or stylus instead of keyboard for input.
•Easily fitted on the top of the palm, also known as palmtop computer.
•No disk drive, uses small card to store programs and data, has limited storage
Minicomputer
A small digital computer, also known as mid-range computer.
It is able to process and store less data than a mainframe but more than a
microcomputer.
It does processing less rapidly than mainframe but more rapidly than a
microcomputer.
It is designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a
small to medium sized business environment.
It is capable of sharing from four to about 200 simultaneous users.
Minicomputers are usually multiuser systems so these are used in interactive
applications in industries, research organisatons, colleges and universities.
Mainframe Computer
► Mainframe computer is an ultra high performance computer made for high volume,
processor intensive computing.
► It is able to process and store more data than a minicomputer and far more than
microcomputer.
► Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers,
► Many large firms & government organizations uses Mainframes to run their business
operations.
► The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms
because of its size.
► Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity,
Mainframes can also process & store large amount of data.
► Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to
store data about their customers, students & insurance policy holders.
Supercomputer
► The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the
Supercomputers.
► It is especially designed to maximize the number of floating point operations per
second (FLOPS).
► Any computer below one gigaflop per second is not considered as supercomputer.
► These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations.
► These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses
supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space
exploration purpose.
► The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size.
► It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can
span an entire building.
► In 2003, India developed the PARAM Padma Supercomputer. It performs one trillion
processes per second.
Generation of Computer
► The generation of computer refers to the phases of improvement made to
different computing devices.
► The word generation is described as a stage of technological development or
innovation.
► A major technological development that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful,
and more efficient and reliable devices, characterizes each generation of
computer.
► According to type of “processor” installed in a machine, there are five
generation of computers.
First Generation (1940 to 1956): Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Transistors
Third Generation (1964 to early 1970s): Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generations (Early 1970s to Till date): Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (Present to Beyond): Artificial Intelligence
First Generation (1940 to 1956): Vacuum Tubes
► The fifth generation of computers is based on the Ultra Large Scale integrated
(ULSI) technology that allows almost ten million electronic component to be
fabricated on one small chip.
► The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial
intelligence)
► Development of Parallel Processor.
► The invention of optical Disk technology.
► Development of centralized computers.
► They are the fastest and powerful computer to date.
► They are versatile for communication and resources sharing.
► They are able to execute a large number of applications at the same time and
that too at a very high speed.
► Example: Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook including Apple's Siri on the
iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10 computers.
Components of Computer System
► To perform properly, the computer needs both hardware and software.
► Hardware consist of the mechanical and electronic devices, which can be
seen and touch.
► Software consist of programs, the operating system and the data that resides
in the memory and storage devices.
► The computer does has mainly the following four components:
•CPU: This unit perform processing of instructions and data inside the computer.
Mouse:
► It is a small hand-held pointing device with a rubber ball embedded at its lower side
and buttons on the top.
► It can be classified as a mechanical mouse and optical mouse based on technology it
uses.
► A mechanical mouse uses a rubber ball at the bottom surface, which rotates as the
mouse is moved along a flat surface to move the cursor.
► An optical mouse uses a light beam instead of a rotating ball to detect movement
across a specially patterned mouse pad.
► Trackball:
It resembles a ball nestled in a square cradle and serves as an alternative
to a mouse.
It has a ball which can be rotated by fingers in any direction, the cursor
moves accordingly.
► Joystick:
A joystick moves in all directions and control the movement of the cursor.
It used for the computer games.
It offers three types of control: digital, glide and direct.
Digital control allows movement in a limited no. of directions; up, down,
left, right.
Glide and direct control allows movement in all directions (360º).
Direct control joystick have the added ability to respond to the distance
and speed with which the user moves the stick.
► Light pen:
A light pen is a hand-held electro-optical pointing device which when
touched to or aimed closely at a connected computer monitor, will allow
the computer to determine where on that screen the pen is aimed.
It facilitates drawing images, and select object on the screen by directly
pointing to the objects.
► Touch Screen:
A touch screen is a special kind of input device that allows the direct
selection of a menu items or the desired icon with the touch of finger or
other object touched to the screen.
► Touchpad:
It is a device that works by sensing the movement of fingers across a small
sensitive surface and translating them into the pointer movement on the
screen.
It is generally used in laptops.
Scanner
► There are a number of situations when some information (picture or text) is
available on paper and is needed on the computer for further manipulation.
► A scanner is an input device that converts a document into an electronic
format that can be stored on the disk.
► The electronic image can be edited, manipulated, combined, and printed by
using the image editing software.
► Scanner are also called optical scanner as they use a light beam to scan the
input data.
► The most common type of scanner are hand-held scanner and flatbed
scanner.
► Handheld scanner: Consist of LEDs, which are placed over the document to
be scanned.
► Flatbed Scanner: It looks similar to a photocopier machine. It consist of a box
containing a glass plate on its top, which is used for placing document to be
scanned. Larger in size, and more expensive than hand-held scanned.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR)
Impact Non-impact
Printer Printer
► Dot matrix printer uses the oldest printing technology and it prints one
character at a time.
► It prints character and images as pattern of dots.
► The speed of dot matrix printers are measured in character per seconds (cps).
► The speed can vary from about 200 to 500 cps.
► Dot matrix printer are inexpensive and have low operating costs.
► These printers are able to use different types font, different line densities
and different types of paper.
► The limitation of dot matrix printer is that it prints only in black and white.
► It is used where carbon copy is needed and quality is not too important.
Daisy Wheel Printer
► The daisy wheel printer named so because the print head of this printer
resembles a daisy flower, with printing arms that appears like the petal of the
flower.
► These printers are referred to as letter quality printer as the print quality is
as good as that of a high quality typewriter.
► These printers are slow and have speeds up to 90cps (character per seconds).
► They can not prints graphics and can not change fonts unless the print wheel
is physically replaced.
► More expensive than dot matrix printer.
Drum Printer:
► The dot matrix and daisy wheel printers are character or serial printers, that
is, they print one character at a time.
► A drum printer is a line printer, it can print a line in single correction.
► It allows a continuous high speed printing (300 lines to 2000 lines per minute
with 96 – 160 character on a 15 inch line).
► Very expensive and a single mistimed strike of the hammer may lead to wavy
and slightly blurred printing.
Ink-jet Printer:
► The most common printer found in homes today.
► It places extremely small droplets of ink onto paper to create an image.
► It does not touch the paper. It uses a series of nozzles to spray drops of ink directly
onto paper.
► It was manufactured to print in black and white, but now has expanded and now it
uses a combination of colors called CMYK.
► It allows for printing images with nearly the same quality as a photo development
lab using certain type of coated paper.
► It is costlier than dot matrix printer and quality is much better.
► It prints with a resolution of 600 dpi or more.
► It allows printer to print many special character, different size of prints and enable
it to print graphics such as charts and graph.
Laser printer:
► It provides the highest quality text and images for personal computers today.
► It is a very fast printer, able to print 4-32 (text only) pages per minutes for
micro computer and up to 200 pages per minutes for mainframe compute
► It is also known as page printer because they process and store the entire
page before they actually print it.
► It provides resolution from 300 to 2400 dpi.
► They can print different font type style and font size.
► More expensive.
Plotter:
► Plotter is pen-based output device, that is attached to a computer for making
vector graphics (Image created by a series of many straight line).
► It is used to draw high resolution chart graphs blue-print, maps, circuit,
diagrams and other line based diagrams.
► It is similar to a printer but it drwas lines using a pen.
► Multicolor plotter uses different color pens to draw different colors.
► Color plots can be made by using four pens (cyan, magenta, yellow and black)
and need no human intervention to change them.
► The lines draw by these devices are continuous and very accurate.
► The plotter is considered a very slow output device, because it requires
excesses mechanical movement to plot.
► The plotter are relatively expensive as compared to printer but can produce
more print out than standard printers.
► There are two different types of plotters:
► Drum Plotter: where the paper moves.
► Flatbed plotter: where the paper is stationary (fixed).
Monitor:
► The monitor is the most frequently used output device for producing soft copy
output.
► A computer monitor is TV like display attached to the computer on which the
output can be displayed and viewed.
► The monitor are available in various size like: 14, 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches. Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
► The screen clarity is depends on three basic qualities:
1. Resolution:
It refers to the no. of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions. The
more dots or pixel, sharper the image.
2. Dot Pitch:
It is the measurement of the diagonal distance two like-color pixel on a
display screen. The smaller the dot pitch, sharper the image.
3. Refresh Rate:
It is no. of times per seconds the pixel are recharged. It is measured in Hertz
(Hz) and varies from 60-75 Hz. Higher the refresh rate, the more solid the
image.
Liquid Crystal Display Monitor