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A Project Report On Designing of A Biogas Plant
A Project Report On Designing of A Biogas Plant
Made By Submitted To
Mohammad Jafar Jilani Dr. A.K. Rai
ID – 16BTMECH024
Introduction
Biomass is defined as matter originating from living plants, including tree
stems, branches, leaves as well as residues from agricultural harvesting and
processing of seeds or fruits and is a renewable source of energy.
Wood wastes of all types make excellent biomass fuels and can be used in a
wide variety of biomass technologies. Combustion of woody fuels to generate
steam or electricity is a proven technology and is the most common biomass-to-
energy process. Different types of woody fuels can typically be mixed together
as a common fuel, although differing moisture content and chemical makeup
can affect the overall conversion rate or efficiency of a biomass project
Animal Wastes -
Animal wastes include manures, renderings, and other wastes from livestock
finishing operations. Although animal wastes contain energy, the primary
motivation for biomass processing of animal wastes is mitigation of a disposal
issue rather than generation of energy. This is especially true for animal
manures. Animal manures are typically disposed of through land application to
farmlands. Biomass technologies present attractive options for mitigating many
of the environmental challenges of manure wastes. The most common biomass
technologies for animal manures are combustion, anaerobic digestion, and
composting.
Uses: Acts as a good source of nutrients and is used as fertilizers, used for
cooking directly by burning or by converting it into biogas which is then burned
to cook food.
Crop Residues -
This includes plants and crops residues produced in the field. For example:
husk, bagasse, cereal straw, nut shells etc.
Uses: Livestock feeding as manure together with animal dung acts as a nutrient
for the soil
Energy Content of Biomass
Energy Content of a Biomass is measured in Calorific Value, which is a
measure of the amount of heat available in the fuel. The presence of carbon in
the biomass is the main source of heat energy in the biomass moisture and ash
content do not contribute to any energy High moisture and ash content means
lower ash content,
Typical woody biomass has low ash content (about 1%) which the crop residues
have as contents in the range of 5 to 20%.
Conversion of Biomass
1. Thermal conversion:
2. Chemical conversion:
A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms,
such as to produce a fuel that is more practical to store, transport and use, or to
exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in
large part on similar coal-based processes, such as the Fischer-Tropsch
synthesis. Biomass can be converted into multiple commodity chemicals.
3. Biochemical conversion:
As biomass is a natural material, many highly efficient biochemical processes
have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is
composed, and many of these bio chemical conversion processes can be
harnessed. In most cases, microorganisms are used to perform the conversion
process: anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and composting.
Glycoside hydrolases are the enzymes involved in the degradation of the major
fraction of biomass, such as polysaccharides present in starch and
lignocellulose. Thermostable variants are gaining increasing roles as catalysts in
bio refining applications, since recalcitrant biomass often needs thermal
treatment for more efficient degradation.
4. Electrochemical conversion:
- There is also some percentage of H2, N2, O2, ammonia and moisture, etc.
About 350-450 liters of biogas required per day per person for cooking.
Average production of dung per animal per day –
1000 litres of gas is required to 1m³ of gas.
Average gas production from dung is about 40 litres per kg of fresh dung.
Retention period of dung slung in digester is 50 days.
• Cow 10 kg/day
• Bullock 14 kg/day
• Buffalo 15 kg/day
Step – 1
Find out amount of gas required per day –
So, for 10 person – 400*10 = 4000 litres = 2.4 m³ gas per day
Step 2 –
Step – 3
= 200/1080= 0.19 m³
As a thumb rule digester volume should be about 2.75 times the volume of gas
required per day.