Wireless IIoT:

Making factories smart and flexible

Joerg Koepp
Market Segment Manager Wireless
The smart industry of things landscape

Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 describes the organization of production processes based Smart City
on technology and devices autonomously communicating with each
other along the value chain … (Source European Parliament)

Smart
Factory IIoT Internet of Things
The IoT is a giant network of connected things
and people – all of which collect and share data
about the way they are used and about the
environment around them (Source IBM 2016)

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Industry 4.0 drives deep integration of information and
automation enabled by ubiquitous connectivity

Automate

Analyze & Learn

Visualize data

Collect data

Connect everything

Rohde & Schwarz Making factories smart and flexible

 Wireless IIoT

Wireless communication
on the factory floor

New applications ask

for new technologies

Reliability and latency in

wireless communication

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Factory connections going wireless

 Factories need to become more Number of connected devices in smart factories

flexible and efficient
 More and more things need 4 Bn
to be connected
 Flexibility requirements (cable 3 Bn
Wireless
replacement) drive move to wireless
technologies were applicable 2 Bn
 New factory applications ask for
ubiquitous wireless connectivity 1 Bn Fixed line
 But, need to meet operational
requirements regarding performance, 0 Bn
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
reliability and security - 24/7/365
Source: ABI Research

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A journey of more than 40 years of industrial communication

 40%

 50%

Traditional Fieldbuses Industrial Ethernet Wireless Networking

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PROFINET®
Distribution of refresh times

► Widely used industrial Class C:

Ethernet communication Isochronous RT
for TCP/IP communication 0.25-1 ms
► Three Classes
Class B:
A. Process automation Real-Time
B. Factory automation (RT) 10 ms
Class A:
C. Motion control (IRT) 100 ms
Large jitter

Making factories smart and flexible Source: Profibus International (profibus.org)

Wireless IO-Link®
1
76 data channels (channel hopping w/ black listing) 80

► Wireless extension of the

IO-Link (sensor/actor
IMS band @ 2.4 GHz : 80 x 1 MHz
connection) as defined 2.401 GHz 2.480 GHz
Channels 1 and 80 used as configuration channels
in IEC 61131 based on
802.15.1 PHY 1664 µs
416 bit 8x 96 bit
► 1 MHz channels applying Master (track 0)
GFSK modulation Device 0
(± 250 kHz) 3
2 4 Device 7
► 5 ms latency (3 slots) 1 Master (track 1)
5 6
0
► 10 m range (several tracks) Device Device 8
7 Device 7

Master Masters serve up to 5 tracks

Cell w/ simultaneously (5 Rx/Tx) with
10m range up to 8 devices each
Making factories smart and flexible
WirelessHART
11 15 channels (channel hopping, blacklisting) 25

► Real-Time Mesh Network

for Industrial Automation
► Wireless version (2007) of 2.405 GHz 2.475 GHz
the HART protocol IMS band @ 2.4 GHz
standardized in IEC 62591
6 0 – 127 octets
► 2 MHz channels using device Header Packet data
O-QPSK modulation as
specified in 802.15.4 source offset Data packet
(DSSS) router
► Fixed 10 ms timing and Gateway destination offset ACK

simultaneous use of all 10 ms slot

available channels

AB BC CD

i i+1 i+2
Making factories smart and flexible
superframe
ISA100.11a
11 16 channels (adaptive channel hopping, blacklisting) 26

► Wireless Systems for

Automation standardized
by International Society of 2.405 GHz 2.48 GHz
Automation (ISA) IMS band @ 2.4 GHz
► Periodic monitoring and
6 0 – 127 octets
process control with IP routing device Header Packet data
communication stack
(UDP/6LoWPAN)
BR source offset Data packet
► 2 MHz channels using
O-QPSK modulation as destination offset ACK
specified in 802.15.4 10 ms slot
(DSSS) BR

AB BC CD

i i+1 i+2
Making factories smart and flexible
superframe
Industrial Wi-Fi
802.11e: MAC extensions originally standardized in 2005
► Using standard Wi-Fi with for real-time QoS for audio and video services
additions for real-time QoS
of 802.11e and proprietary Point Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF)
Coordination
extensions Function (PCF) EDCA designed to HCCA supporting
► Wi-Fi mesh (802.11s) Enabling time- allow traffic parameterized QoS
bounded services prioritization. support.

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

Other features include the Direct Link Setup (DLS) between

stations. An Higher Layer Synchronization Support (HL-SYNC)
with an accuracy of ±100ns.

Making factories smart and flexible

 Wireless IIoT

Wireless communication
on the factory floor

New applications ask

for new technologies

Reliability and latency in

wireless communication

Rohde & Schwarz Making factories smart and flexible

Emerge of wireless applications on the factory floor
Speed Time Range Battery
Environmental
sensors kbps sec. km years

Tool
tracking bps min km years

Wearables
Handhelds Mbps 0.1 s 0.1 km days

AR/VR Gbps 10 ms meters days

Robots Mbps ms 0.1 km na

Vehicles Mbps ms 0.1 km hours

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Bluetooth® LE evolution to meet growing IoT demands
Range Power ctrl
Speed Mesh
Broadcast Direction LE audio
4x range to Dynamic
100% data rate cover smart Meshed optimization of
improvement home or office Extended Angle of Arrival TX power Isochronous
advertising networking and Angle of
for low latency physical
capabilities Departure channels

Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth 5.1 Bluetooth 5.2

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Wi-Fi for the industrial Internet of Things
High Speed High Data Rate High Throughput Very High Throughput High Efficiency
Wi-Fi7
CSMA/OFDM | 5 GHz | 20 MHz 2.4/5 GHz | 40 MHz | SU-MIMO 2.4/5 GHz OFDMA | 1024-QAM | MU-MIMO

802.11 a 802.11 g 802.11 n 802.11 ac 802.11 ax 802.11 be

2.4 GHz | 20 MHz | 64-QAM Wi-Fi5 5 GHz | 160 MHz | 256-QAM | DL-MU-MIMO Wi-Fi6/6E
802.11 b 802.11 af
CSMA/DSSS | 2.4 GHz | 22 MHz 802.11 ah
CSMA/SC | 60 GHz | 2.16 GHz OFDM | 60 GHz | 8 GHz

802.11 e QoS 802.11 ad 802.11 ay

802.11 s Mesh
Very High Throughput Enhanced Throughput
802.11 ba Wake-up radio
802.11 p 802.11 bd
802.11 az Positioning
Rohde & Schwarz Making factories
Making smart
factories andand
smart flexible
flexible
Wi-Fi 6: IEEE 802.11ax PHY in a nutshell
High Efficiency Wireless (HEW) PHY 802.11ac: 20/40/80/160 MHz channels  SC: 312.5 kHz  Symbol time: 3.2 µs
► Supported bands:
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz (new)
► Channel bandwidth: 20 MHz channel: 52 data carrier & 4 pilots
20, 40, 80, 80+80, 160 MHz
► Transmission schemes: 802.11ax: 20/40/80/160 MHz channels  SC: 78.125 kHz  Symbol time: 12.8 µs
OFDM, OFDMA
► Subcarrier spacing:
RU1:242
78.125 kHz
► Symbol time: 20 MHz channel: 234 data carrier & 8 pilots
3.2 µs, 6.4 µs,12.8 µs
► Guard interval duration: RU1:106 RU2:106
0.8 µs, 1.6 µs, 3.2 µs
► Spatial streams (SS) per user: RU1:52 RU2:52 RU3:52 RU4:52
SU-MIMO: ≤ 8, MU-MIMO: ≤ 4
► Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, RU1:26 RU2:26 RU3:26 RU4:26 RU5:26 RU6:26 RU7:26 RU8:26 RU9:26
64QAM, 256QAM, 1024QAM

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Introduction of OFDMA for more efficient wireless LAN
802.11n & 802.11ac 802.11ax
OFDM allocates resources in time OFDMA allocates resources in time &
domain only (time slots) frequency domain (resource units)

                 
User    
                #1
     
Frequency

Frequency
    User
User      User            U.
  #1
  #2 #3
 #4
 #3
 #2  
User
  
U.
     #4
User
            
#2
  
#4
   #2
  
             User
 #3     

Time Time
OFDMA does NOT increase the maximum PHY rate, but can largely improve the efficiency.
► Requires resource management, power management and synchronization!
OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing  OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

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 Making a lot more spectrum available for Wi-Fi6E and Wi-Fi 7
5.925 GHz

6.425 GHz

6.525 GHz

6.875 GHz

7.125 GHz
UNII-5 UNII-6 UNII-7 UNII-8

20 MHz

40 MHz

80 MHz

160 MHz
Automatic frequency control (AFC) Automatic frequency control (AFC)

FCC ( 1200 MHz)

CEPT ( 500 MHz)

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How to achieve Extreme High Throughput with Wi-Fi7
bandwidth modulation & coding spatial streams incl. GI
Data rate = # data subcarrier x databits per symbol x # SS / symbol-time
• 320 MHz bandwidth (ax: 160 MHz):
802.11be will add support for: 320 MHz, 160+160 MHz,
240/160+80 MHz transmission by reuse
of 802.11ax tone plans
• 16 spatial streams (ax: 8 streams): 4096QAM
up to 16 spatial streams with some MIMO protocol 12 bits/symbol
enhancements
• Higher order modulation 4096QAM (ax: 1024QAM):
Requires “quite clean air” to use

1992 subcarrier x 10 bits/symbol x 16 streams / 13.6 µs < 23 Gbps

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Efficiency, throughput & low latency
Multi access point coordination Efficient spectrum utilization
• Coordinated OFDMA • Multiband aggregation
• Coordinated null steering • Simultaneous RX/TX on different bands/channels
• Distributed MIMO • Simultaneous RX/TX on the same channel
• Data and control plane separation

5 GHz 6 GHz
RU5
RU1 RU2

Coordinated OFDMA Full duplex over all bands

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 5G
eMBB
► Design from the
beginning to support
diverse applications in
different markets

mMTC URLLC

Making factories smart and flexible

21
5G adds much more flexibility to address different use uses
Fixed numerology based on Flexible numerology e.g. 15 kHz, 30 kHz or 60 kHz
15 kHz subcarrier spacing in FR1. Dynamic assignment of different BWPs

Additional uses cases besides mobile

broadband especially in the IoT
space: URLLC & mMTC

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For example NB-IoT and LTE-M will coexist in 5G NR

NB-IoT 5G NR for mMTC

• 180 kHz BW SC:15 kHz • 5G numerology allows

SC: 30 kHz
• Half-duplex only easy integration

SC: 60 kHz
SC:15 kHz
• Nomadic mobility NB-IoT • In-band LTE-M and
• Deep coverage NB-IoT support in the
LTE-M 15 kHz SC regions
(Rel.16)
LTE-M (eMTC) • Non-standalone (NSA)
SC:15 kHz • In-band LTE deployment with LTE
• 1.4/5 MHz BW EPC and standalone
narrowband (SA) with 5G core
• up to 1 Mbps
• VoLTE support supported

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The 5G toolbox for ultra-reliable low latency communication:
Choose the right tool(s) for your application
 Flexible timing
Short symbol time, mini slots and
flexible TDD UL/DL symbol assignment
 Flexible scheduling
Flexible & fast HARQ, semi-persistant
scheduling and pre-emption
 End-to-end optimization
Local processing, virtualization and
traffic prioritization (QoS)
 Reliable transmission
Robust coding, repetition, diversity, Security
redundant communication ways

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 Wireless IIoT

Wireless communication
on the factory floor

New applications ask

for new technologies

Reliability and latency in

wireless communication

Rohde & Schwarz Making factories smart and flexible

What makes wireless networking in a factory so difficult?
Industry-grade Interference
housing

Multi-path
environment

Harsh radio
environment

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Harsh radio environment on the factory floor

Arc welding Harmonics

Spot welding

Sw. mode power supply Fundamental frequency

Contactors relays

High HP motors

Induction heating

1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz

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Several wireless technologies operating @ 2.4 GHz

1 6 11 14

LTE Band 40 TDD 802.11b LTE Band 7 FDD UL

1 6 11

802.11g/n/ax LTE Band 41 TDD

Bluetooth LE / IO-LINK

802.15.4 – 2.4 GHz wHART, ISA100, …

2400 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480 2490 2500 MHz

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Very special multi-path environment

Power delay profile @ 28 GHz – indoor industrial

-100 dB
Temporal clusters of strong
-110 dB
reflections from factory
equipment
Power [dB]

-120 dB

-130 dB
Dense multipath components
between clusters (no gaps)
-140 dB
Measurement campaign at 28 GHz in our factory in
-150 dB Memmingen performed together with NTT DOCOMO
0 200 400 Delay [ns] 800 1000
and Fraunhofer HHI
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Reliability vs latency (definitions based on ITU Y.1540)
IP packet transfer delay (IPTD) is defined for all successful and errored packet outcomes. IPTD
is the time, (t2 – t1) between the occurrence of two corresponding IP packet reference events,
ingress event IPRE1 at time t1 and egress event IPRE2 at time t2, …

Mean IP packet transfer delay is the arithmetic average of IPTD for a population of interest.

Median IP packet transfer delay is the 50th percentile of the frequency distribution of IPTD ..

IP packet error ratio (IPER) is the ratio of total errored IP packet outcomes to the total of
successful IP packet transfer outcomes plus errored IP packet outcomes in a population of interest.

IP packet loss ratio (IPLR) is the ratio of total lost IP packet outcomes to total transmitted IP
packets in a population of interest.

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Packet error rate and one-way transmission time
Distribution of one way packet latency CDR of one way packet latency
100% Mean: 4.35 ms
PER: 0.0001%
80%

60% Median: 4.19 ms

40%

20%

0%
0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms 0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms

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Packet error rate and one-way transmission time
Distribution of one way packet latency CDR of one way packet latency
100%
PER: 2.83%
80%

60% deadline

40%

20%

0%
0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms 0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms

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Packet error rate and one-way transmission time
Distribution of one way packet latency CDR of one way packet latency
100%
Mean: 4.32 ms PER: 0.11%
80%

60% Median: 4.18 ms

40%

20%

0%
0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms 0 ms 2 ms 4 ms 6 ms 7 ms

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Rohde & Schwarz Making factories smart and flexible
Don’t underestimate the basics of RF design
Matching Groundplane Housing Interference

Bandwidth PCB
Power
Clock
Directivity Module
(e)UICC
Gain

Return loss (S11) TRP/TIS TX Power / Spectrum Error Vector Magnitude Receiver Sensitivity

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Always keep an eye on the antenna performance

Reflection factor Voltage standing wave ratio Normalized Impedanz

Vreflection 1+ |S11| ZL – Z0
 = S11 = VSWR = >1 =p =
Vincident 1- |S11| ZL + Z0
S11 dB magnitude chart VSWR chart Smith chart
Matched
ZL = Z0

Sufficient VSWR <3 is acceptable

 - 10 dB VSWR <2 is good
10% reflection

ZL = 0 ZL = 
 = -1 180°  = +1 0°

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MAKING FACTORIES SMART AND FLEXIBLE

Select
the wireless communication technology
considering all relevant aspects

Ensure
best in-class implementation (RF performance,
power consumption, robustness, security. etc.)

Monitor
your network continuously to ensure
reliable, safe and secure operation

Leverage the power of testing

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Making your IIoT ideas real

RF design Protocol
Verifying
verification & conformance
secure IP
conformance and e2e
communication
testing performance

Interference Low power design

analysis & & battery lifetime
avoidance optimization
Network
scanning,
optimization &
benchmarking

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AGENDA
Thank You