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An integration of GIS and remote sensing in groundwater investigations: A

case study in Burdur, Turkey

Article  in  Hydrogeology Journal · January 2005

DOI: 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

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An integration of GIS and remote sensing in groundwater investigations:
A case study in Burdur, Turkey
Erhan Sener · Aysen Davraz · Mehmet Ozcelik
Abstract The importance of groundwater is growing
based on an increasing need and decreasing spring dis-
charges in the Burdur area. Remote Sensing and the Ge-
ographic Information System (GIS) have been used for
investigation of springs, which are an important ground-
water source. The chemical composition of groundwater
is not of drinking water quality in Burdur city and water
in the Burdur residential area is being obtained from the
Cine plain.
The purpose of this study was to investigate new water
sources by using remote sensing and GIS methods. Ge-
ology, lineament and land use maps of the research area
were prepared using the Landsat TM satellite image
composed of different analyses on the TM 7–4-1 band. In
addition, contours, creeks, roads and springs were digi-
tized using a topographic map of 1/100,000 scale to
produce a drainage density map. A groundwater potential
map was produced which integrated thematic maps, such
as annual rainfall, geology, lineament density, land use,
topography, slope and drainage density. According to this
investigation, the surrounding villages of Askeriye, Bug-
duz, Gelincik, Taskapı and Kayaaltı were determined to
be important from the point of view of groundwater po-
tential in the research area.
Keywords Burdur · Geographical Information System ·
Groundwater Exploration · Remote Sensing
Introduction
Remote Sensing and the Geographical Information Sys-
tem (GIS) with their advantages of spatial, spectral and
temporal availability and manipulation of data covering
large and inaccessible areas within a short time have
Received: 31 July 2003 / Accepted: 21 July 2004
Published online: 6 November 2004

Springer-Verlag 2004
E. Sener · A. Davraz ()) · M. Ozcelik
Department of Geological Engineering,
Suleyman Demirel University,
Isparta, Turkey
e-mail: adavraz@mmf.sdu.edu.tr
Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834
become very handy tools in accessing, monitoring and
conserving groundwater resources. It also has been found
that remote sensing, besides helping in targeting potential
zones for groundwater exploration, provides input to-
wards estimation of the total groundwater resources in an
area.
It was the purpose of this investigation to discover new
water resources in Burdur, located in the southwest of
Turkey, using remote sensing and geographical informa-
tion system (GIS) methods (Fig. 1). The research was
done in an area of approximately 437 km2. Drinking
water in Burdur has been obtained from wells and springs
about 10 km south of Burdur in the Cine plain . Due to the
over development of wells in the Cine plain a decrease of
groundwater levels has been observed. Separately, local
management plan the needs for water supply to settle-
ments on the Cine plain. Therefore, it is necessary to find
new water sources for Burdur.
Methodology
This research was accomplished by using the Erdas Image
8.4 process software, Arc GIS 8.2 and Arc View 3.2 (3D
analyst and spatial analyst extensions) and SPSS 11 sta-
tistical programs at the Suleyman Demirel University
Remote Sensing Centre in Turkey. In this study, Landsat
ETM+ (178–34 scenes) from the year 2000 images and a
1/100,000 scaled topographical map of Isparta- M24 have
been used. In addition, annual rainfall data for the sur-
rounding area was used for the annual rainfall map. The
topographical map was digitized using the Arc Info 7.2.1
version software program. Topological changes and co-
ordinate transform were corrected and the data converted
to Arc View software program with the 3.2 version. In
this study, four stages were applied: collection, satellite
image processing, digitizing—building a database and
spatial analyses (Fig. 2).
Satellite Data Analysis
Satellite data provides quick and useful baseline infor-
mation on the parameters controlling the occurrence and
movement of groundwater, e.g. geology, geomorphology,
soils, landuse, lineaments etc.
DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

Fig. 1 Location map of the
study area
In this study, basic maps such as lineaments and ge-
ologic maps in a digital form were produced to analyze
and to interpret the satellite data. The satellite data reg-
istration, correction (geometric and atmospheric) and
other image processing (such as enhancement, filtering,
classifications, resolution merge), together with field
checking of the relevant area were applied. All the
available spatial data were assembled in a digital form,
and properly registered to make sure the spatial compo-
nent overlapped correctly. This produced mapped layers,
including annual rainfall, geology, lineament density,
topographic elevation, slope, drainage density and lan-
duse. Various analyses, such as table analysis and weight
calculation, were made for extracting this data. Suitable
weights were assigned for different parameters to assess
groundwater potential (Table 1). The values of the
weightages are based on Musa et al. (2000).
Geology-Hydrogeology
A geological map of the study area was prepared using
the Landsat ETM+ satellite image of the year 2000
composed of different analysis (contrast enhancement,
spatial filters and band ratio) on the ETM+ 7,4,1 band
together with field checking. The Kayikoy Formation,
Karaburun Formation, Burdur Formation and alluvium
are autochthonous units and the Gokcebağ Complex and
Akdag Limestone, allochthonous units, all were observed
in the research area (Figs. 3 and 4).
The Kayikoy Formation consists of sedimentary rock
sequences, components of which are sandstone, con-
glomerate, shale, clayey limestone and cherty limestone.
Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834
827
It was deposited as a flysch facies of Upper Paleocene-
Medium Eocene age (Gormus and Ozkul 1995). The
Kayikoy Formation, representing the flysch properties,
was described as an impermeable unit.
The Gokcebag ophiolitic complex is formed of lime-
stone, diabase, serpentine, peridotite, gabbro, radiolarite
and chert series. The emplacement age of the complex is
Late Lutetian (Ertunc et al. 2001). The Gokcebag Com-
plex was also described as an impermeable unit. The
Akdag Limestone is located as an olistolith within the
Gokcebag Complex. The unit, which shows aquifer
properties, is widespread in the research area. Kocapınar
and Taskapı springs, which discharge from the Akdag
Limestone, provide some of the drinking water needs of
Burdur city (Tasdelen 1994).
The Karaburun Formation consists of a conglomerate
of polygenic pebbles (Oligocene). Conglomerates may
contain water within karstic cavities and in fractures.
However, this unit does not form an aquifer due to its
limited outcrop in the investigated area.
The Burdur Formation is composed of a marl, clay-
stone, mudstone and weakly cemented sandstone with
tuff, tuffite and travertine and is Pliocene in age. The
sandstone and tuff layers within the Burdur Formation
contain some groundwater depending on its thickness. In
some dug wells within the Cine plain, travertine yields
some water.
In the research area, a Quaternary age unit was de-
scribed as alluvium. The unit consists of gravel, sand, clay
and silt, which are loosely cemented. The Burdur resi-
dential area is located on the alluvium, which is described
as a good aquifer due to the presence of water in sand and
DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5
828
Fig. 2 Methodology flowchart
for groundwater exploration
gravel beds. Yields from wells range between 8 to 55 l\sec
depending on the thickness of the alluvium and more
permeable gravel layers. According to their hydrogeo-
logical properties, the lithological units in the investiga-
tion area were evaluated and a table of suitable weigh-
tages for geology is shown in Table 1.
Lineament Analysis
Lineaments give a clue to movement and storage of
groundwater (Subba et al. 2001) and therefore are im-
portant guides for groundwater exploration. Recently,
many groundwater exploration projects made in many
different countries have obtained higher success rates
when sites for drilling were guided by lineament mapping
(Teeuw 1995).
In the research area, the lineaments have been identi-
fied with the aid of lineament filters and visual comments
on the Landsat ETM+ 7 band. Most of the lineaments
have a trend of N20-50W. A total of 171 lineaments
Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834
were identified in the area. Minimum lineament length is
26.74 m and the longest lineament observed was 5,619 m.
A lineament density map was prepared by IDW interpo-
lation method used with one grid cell per square km
(Fig. 5). Suitable weightages for lineament density are
shown in Table 1. The values of the weightages were
proposed by Krishnamurty et al. (1996, 1997). Ground-
water potential in the area increases with higher lineament
density. The springs located in the research area were
digitized and were placed on the lineament map using the
Arc View program. In general, all springs were developed
on lineaments (Fig. 5).
Drainage Density
Drainage pattern is one of the most important indicators
of hydrogeological features, because drainage pattern,
texture and density are controlled in a fundamental way
by the underlying lithology. In addition, the creek pattern
is a reflection of the rate that precipitation infiltrates
DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5
 829
Table 1 Weight values accord- Parameters Weight
ing to different parameters
Lithology Alluvium 70
Akdag Limestone 50
Karaburun Formation 40
Burdur Formation 30
Gkcebag Complex 15
Kayıkoy Formation 10
Lineament density (km/km2) 0–0.600 30
0.600–1.200 40
1.200–1.800 50
1.800–2.400 60
2.400–3.100 70
Drainage density (km/km2) 0–0.500 10
0.500–1.000 20
1.000–1.500 30
1.500–2.000 40
2.000–2.500 50
Topography elevation (m) 1,700–1,900 10
1,500–1,700 20
1,300–1,500 30
1,100–1,300 40
900–1,100 50
Slope gradient 64-90 10
25-63 20
10-24 30
4-9 40
0-3 50
Landuse Urban 10
Forest 20
Scrub 30
Agriculture 40
Water body 60
Annual rainfall (mm) 420–440 30
440–460 40
460–480 50
480–500 60
500–520 70

Fig. 3 Geological map

Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834 DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

830
Fig. 4 Generalized stratigraph-
ical column
compared with surface runoff. The infiltration-runoff re-
lationship is controlled largely by permeability, which is
in turn, a function of the rock type and fracturing of the
underlying rock or bedrock surface (Edet et al. 1998).
Creeks from the topographical map (1/100,000 scale)
were digitized using the Arc Info program. A drainage
density map was prepared from drainage length per
square km (Fig. 6). In addition, a table of suitable
weightages for drainage density was also prepared and
presented in Table 1.
Topography Elevation and Slope
Topographic data is a vital element in determining the
water table elevations. The topographic map was digitized
on a 1/100,000 scale base map (Fig. 7). Topographic
contours were integrated into the GIS and used to derive a
digital elevation model (DEM). Values of slope angle
were taken from the DEM. Each grid cell represents the
value of a slope gradient or slope angle in degrees. The
table of suitable weightages for topography and slope are
shown in Table 1.
Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834
Landuse
The landuse of the research area is characterized by a
mixture of forest cover, agricultural activities, residential
area and water bodies. These were interpretable from
satellite image and landuse maps. A table of suitable
weightages for landuse is shown in Table 1.
Annual Rainfall
An annual rainfall map of the research area was prepared
by the IDW method using the annual rainfall measured at
the meteorology stations and surrounding area. Grid cells
(11 square km) were created on this map. A table of
suitable weightages for annual rainfall was prepared ac-
cording to the map (Table 1). The values of the weightage
are from Krishnamurty et al. (1996–1997).
Spatial Analyses
The final stage involves combining all thematic layers
using the method that is modified from Musa et al. 2000.
DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5
 831
Fig. 5 Lineament density map

Fig. 6 Drainage density map

Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834 DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

832
Fig. 7 Topographical elevation
map

Fig. 8 Groundwater potential

prediction zone map

Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834 DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

 833

Kayıkoy Formation Gokcebag

The formula of the groundwater potential model (GP) as

1,100–1,300 / 1,700–1,900
shown below:

Agriculture-scrub-forest
GP ¼ Rf þ Lt þ Ld þ Lu þ Te þ S þ Dd ð1Þ

480–440 / 420–440
0.60–1.20 / 0–0.60
0.50–1.00/ 0–0.50
where;

Rf annual rainfall,

0–3, 4–9
Very low

Complex
Lt lithology (geology),
Ld lineament density,
Lu land use,
Te topography elevation,
S slope,
Karaburun Formation and Gokcebag

Dd drainage density.

1,300–1,500 / 1,500–1,700 A groundwater potential zone map of the research area

was prepared (Fig. 8). In order to produce the map, a GIS
model was used to integrate the thematic maps; geology,
lineament density, rainfall, drainage density, topography
Kayıkoy Formation

480–440 / 420–440
Agriculture—scrub
0.60–1.20 / 0–0.60
0.50–1.00/ 0–0.50

elevation, slope and land use. Each thematic layer con-

sisted of a grid cell. The grid cell in each of the thematic
0–3, 4–9

layers was categorized, depending on the contribution to

Complex

groundwater potential. Finally, all the thematic layers

Low

were integrated using the groundwater potential model to

produce the final derived layers. In addition, a general
evaluation table was built using data given in Table 1.
The outputs were then re-classed into four groups, high,
1,100–1,300 / 1,300–1,500

moderate, low and very low groundwater potential (Ta-

ble 2).
1.20–1.80 / 0.60–1.20
1.00–1.50 / 0.50–1.00

According to the Table 2 and Fig. 8, the areas having

Agriculture—scrub
Burdur Formation

high groundwater potential included the Akdag limestone

and alluvium unit that have a very high-high drainage
0–3, 4–9

density and high rainfall ratio. The Burdur Formation

Moderate

460–480

forms the areas with moderate groundwater potential. The

lineament density and drainage density are moderate-low
in the Burdur Formation. The areas having low ground-
water potential include the Karaburun Formation, Kayı-
koy Formation and Gkcebağ Complex. The lineament
1.80–2.40/2.40–3.10 (Alluv. NE)

density, drainage density and rainfall data of Karaburun

Formation, Kayıky Formation and Gkebağ Complex
Akdag Limestone, Alluvium

are low-very low. According to this general evaluation,

900–1,100 / 1,100–1,300

Table 2 and Fig. 8 correspond to each other.

1.50–2.00 /2.00 2.50

0–3, 4–9, 10–24

Agriculture—scrub

Result and Discussion

480–500

The indicators of groundwater occurrence are related to

High

rainfall distribution, land use, geology, topographic ele-

vation, slope and drainage features of the area. Satellite
data has proven to be very useful for surface study, es-
Table 2 The general evaluation

pecially in detecting surface features and characteristics

Groundwater potential zone

such as lineaments and geology. In order to predict the

groundwater potential zones, different thematic maps
Topography elevation

were prepared. These include annual rainfall distribution,

Geology / lithology

Lineament density

land use, geology, lineament density, topography eleva-

Drainage density

tion, slope and drainage density. Integrated assessment of

Rainfall (mm)

thematic maps using a model developed based on GIS

Land use

techniques was a suitable method for predicting ground-

water potential. In the research area, the surrounding
Slope

villages of Askeriye, Bugduz, Gelincik, Taskapı and

Hydrogeology Journal (2005) 13:826–834 DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5

834
Kayaaltı are important from the point of view of
groundwater potential according to this investigation.
Those areas were investigated in detail for new water
sources for Burdur city.
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DOI 10.1007/s10040-004-0378-5