Test - Experimental Psychology - Quizlet Q3

7/31/2020 Test: Experimental Psychology | Quizlet
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116 Multiple choice questions
1. Participants know the purpose and change behavior accordingly

A.
Threats to Validity: Hawthorn
B.
Sources of Bias: Attrition/Mortality
C.
Closed-Ended Response Scale:
D.
How to combat Experimenter Bias
2. Participants respond to survey questions in any manner they feel is appropriate for the question.
A.
Open-Ended Response Scale
B.
C.
Quasi-Experiment
D.
3. Simpler explanations of behavior are more likely to be correct

-start simple and then expand
-easier to falsify a simple explanation)
A.
APA Citations - et al.
B.
Pretest-Posttest Design
C.
Reliability
D.
Parsimony
4. Ordered category responses

- Very happy, happy, neutral, sad, very sad
- Not equally spaced
- Cannot use "twice as much" or "half as much"
- XL, S, M, L, XL, XXL
1st, 2nd, 3rd place (does not b=measure, but is a label)
A.
Measurement Scale: Nominal
B.
Measurement Scale: Ordinal
C.
Sources of Bias: Maturation
D.
Operational Definitions
https://quizlet.com/228024426/test?answerTermSides=2&promptTermSides=6&questionCount=117&questionTypes=4&showImages=true 1/24
5. Positive test bias

A.
One of the common pitfalls one may commit when conducting research is to design a study to provide supportive evidence
for one explanation without including the possibility for contradictory evidence. This is called:
B.
If your measure of humility was actually measuring self-esteem, then your measure would have low:
C.
The degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior is called:
D.
A good place to find out about the latest research in an area that hasn't yet been published is:
6. Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
A.
PsycINFO is a database that contains records of psychological:
B.
Which way of knowing uses logical understanding as a means of knowing about the world?
C.
An example of a descriptive research question would be:
D.
Which are the sections in an APA-style empirical journal article?
7. Authority
A.
T or F:
You ask a friend to write a paper for you. This is a type of plagiarism.
B.
Which way of knowing relies on a knowledgeable person as a means of knowing about the world?
C.
What is found in the Title Page of an APA style manuscript?
D.
8. Centered, bolded
- Ex: Method, Results, Discussion
A.
Scale Reliability: Inter-rater Reliability
B.
Section Headings: First Level
C.
D.
Section Headings: Second Level
9. An abstract concept that allows measurement or manipulation of the concept in the study.
- The method researches use that defines things like aggression, friendliness, smarts, attractiveness...
A.
Dependent Variables
B.
C.
Correlational Study
D.
Test-retest reliability
10. Participants try to figure out purpose and change behavior

A.
B.
Threats to Validity: Demand Characteristics
C.
Surveys/Questionnaires Technique
D.
Independent Variables: Presence/absence
11. An independent variable that includes three or more levels—a design is considered multivalent if there is only one independent
variable that contains three or more levels.
A.
APA Title Page Format
B.
C.
Multivalent design:
D.
12. A negative correlation was found

A.
B.
_________ occur(s) when participants change their behavior in an experiment because they know they are being studied.
C.
If after surveying students on their computer habits and GPA, a study showed that students' GPAs decreased as the time they
spent on Facebook increased:
D.
If you measured whether someone finished 1st, 2nd, or 3rd in a race, you are measuring using a(n) __________ scale of
measurement.
13. - Clear
- Concise
- Avoid loaded questions
- Avoid double-barrels questions
A.
Creating a Survey
B.
Subject variable
C.
External Validity
D.
Internal Validity
14. Multivalent variable

A.
B.
Amount Independent Variable Also known as:
C.
APA Citation in Parentheses
D.
Watching and recording the driving behavior in a mall parking lot from inside your parked car would be an example of:
15. Smith, Jones, and Williams (2004)

A.
APA Title Page Authors and Affiliations
B.
Naturalistic Observation
C.
APA Citations in text body
D.
16. - Brief overview of methods to be used (two sentences)

- Goal is to establish a relationship between question and methods (transition)
A.
APA Introduction Format
B.
APA Statement of purpose of present study
C.
D.
Measurement Scale: Ratio
17. Deduction
A.
B.
Which of the following would be a loaded question to be avoided on a survey?
C.
D.
18. False
A.
T or F
Last semester you spent a great deal of time researching a topic for a class and wrote an involved paper on the topic. The
next semester, a different instructor asks you to write a similar paper. You turn in the same exact paper for the new class,
without mentioning that it is the same paper that you have already turned in. This is not a type of plagiarism.
B.
Measurement Scale: Interval
C.
D.
Which canon of the scientific method states that simpler explanations of behavior are more likely to be correct?
19. - Can use previously validated survey - HAPI database

- Can develop own survey
- Must check validity and reliability
A.
Construct Validity
B.
Dependent Variables
C.
D.
How to obtain a Survey
20. The degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study.
A.
Criterion Validity
B.
External Validity
C.
Face Validity
D.
Creating a Survey
21. Indented, bolded, period at end

- Write on that same line right after the period
- Ex. "Questionnaire" as one of subheadings under "Materials"
A.
If one group performs better than another group over time because several people drop out of the experiment in one of the
two groups, the group difference may be due to:
B.
Section Headings: Third Level
C.
Authority
D.
22. - Blind procedure

- Single-blind to prevent subject bias and potential data skewness
A.
B.
C.
D.
23. Equally spaced, numerical responses, values are ratio relations

- Time, Height, Accuracy
- Has absolute Zero
A.
B.
Sources of Bias: History
C.
D.
24. No longer than about a half a page

A.
Archival Data
B.
Basic Research
C.
D.
APA Paragraph length
25. Type of therapies, drugs, ad, product, or types of instructions used for a task
A.
B.
Independent Variables: Type
C.
Internal Validity
D.
Applied Research Goal
26. When scores change on a measure given more than once, due to having taken the test previously, or exhaustion of it
- Can be an issue when multiple testing sessions occur in a study
A.
Sources of Bias: Regression toward the Mean
B.
Sources of Bias: Instrumentation
C.
Sources of Bias: Testing Effect
D.
27. Research articles

Books
Book chapters
A.
B.
C.
D.
28. - Authors names

- Title of Manuscript
- Running Head
- Page # in upper right hand corner
A.
B.
C.
D.
29. The items on the questionnaire are split into two halves or sections and the relationship between the scores on the two sets of
items is tested.
- If a strong, positive relationship exists between the scores on the two sets of items, then the questionnaire has good split-half
reliability.
A.
Cronbach's alpha
B.
C.
Split-half reliability
D.
30. Non-ordered category

- Happy, sad, angry, scared, stressed, tired, joyful
A.
Creating a Survey
B.
C.
D.
31. Parsimony
A.
Which canon of the scientific method states that simpler explanations of behavior are more likely to be correct?
B.
If you give someone a puzzle to work on both before and after you give them some cookies to eat, they may perform better
on the 2nd puzzle not because of the cookies, but because of:
C.
D.
measurement.
32. Observing behavior from pre-existing records

A.
Subject Variables AKA
B.
Criterion Validity
C.
Face Validity
D.
Archival Data
33. (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2004)

A.
Systematic Observation
B.
C.
D.
Criterion Validity
34. The Hawthorne effect

A.
B.
An example of a causal research question would be:
C.
D.
35. attrition
A.
B.
T or F:
C.
D.
Authority
36. - Introduce topic being studied

- Brief review of related literature (One paragraph each or so)
- Goal is to identify what's been studied before: the incomplete area of knowledge
- Statement of purpose of present study
- General and specific Hypothesis about variables being studied
A.
APA Introduction (Content)
B.
Authority
C.
APA Literature Review
D.
37. To understand fundamental behavior processes

A.
Testability
B.
Basic Research
C.
D.
38. Internal Validity

A.
B.
C.
Quasi-Independent Variables AKA
D.
Absent/Present Independent Variables also known as:
39. - One-inch margins on all sides

- Left justified
- 12-point font (Times New Roman, Ariel)
- Double-Space Everything
- No extra spaces between sections
- Indented paragraphs (use default)
- Page # at the top of each page (he header, right-justified)
A.
B.
APA Page Setup
C.
Case Study
D.
APA Paragraph length
40. Using logical reasoning and current knowledge as a means of knowing about the world (knowledge based on past experience
or other factors)
A.
Bivalent design:
B.
Face Validity
C.
Deduction
D.
41. The independent variable is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed. For example, in an
experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable.
A.
B.
External Validity
C.
Independent Variable
D.
42. ratio
A.
If you measure how long it takes someone to complete a quiz (in minutes and seconds), you are measuring on a(n) ________
scale of measurement.
B.
C.
T or F
Last semester you spent a great deal of time researching a topic for a class and wrote an involved paper on the topic. The
next semester, a different instructor asks you to write a similar paper. You turn in the same exact paper for the new class,
without mentioning that it is the same paper that you have already turned in. This is not a type of plagiarism.
D.
43. Does exercise increase cognitive processing?

A.
An example of a causal research question would be:
B.
C.
D.
44. Things that relate in a study

A.
Deduction
B.
Observation
C.
D.
Correlation
45. the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions.
A.
Quasi-Experiment
B.
Face Validity
C.
Observation
D.
Reliability
46. Equally spaced, numerical response, values are not ratio relations
- (Likert scale) Rate how happy you are today: 1-5
(1 = least happy, 5 = most happy)
- Temperature
- Twice as much, half as much can be used
- 1st grade, 2nd grade, etc (year between each)
A.
B.
C.
D.
47. asking individuals to self-report their behaviors and attitudes

A.
B.
C.
D.
48. Empiricism
A.
B.
C.
measurement.
D.
Which canon of the scientific method states that knowledge about behavior can be gained by observation?
49. In an experiment, the researcher is looking for the possible effect on the dependent variable that might be caused by changing
the independent variable. (That which we are measuring)
A.
B.
Dependent Variables
C.
D.
External Validity
50. Ignoring scientific study part of psychology

Positive test bias
Misinterpreting causation
Dismissing basic research
A.
Research Problems
B.
Bivalent design:
C.
D.
Observation
51. the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
A.
B.
Internal Validity
C.
Testability
D.
Subject variable
52. - A causal hypothesis

- Controls for those extraneous factors that could affect the data but are not of interest in the study
A.
Ways to lower bias for internal validity
B.
C.
D.
53. On the surface the scale seems to measure what you think it does (Intuitively has high validity)
A.
Testability
B.
Subject variable
C.
D.
Face Validity
54. Different observers are measuring behavior consistently

A.
B.
C.
D.
55. - Next line below title

- Double-spaced
- No title or degrees (e.e. Ph.D, Mr., Ms.)
- First name (middle initial) then last name
- Name of institution(s) just below authors' names
A.
B.
Quasi-independent Variables
C.
APA Citations
D.
56. Psychological Conferences

A.
B.
C.
D.
The internal consistency of a survey can be assessed by looking at the:
57. Behaviors have identifiable cause: - Understand causal factors and Predict
A.
Testability
B.
Determinism
C.
Quasi-Experiment
D.
Internal consistency of scores
58. Relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world (sudden realization)
A.
Experiment
B.
Observation
C.
Reliability
D.
Intuition
59. - List all authors in first citation (if less than 6) - Last names only
- Use "et al." in subsequent citations if more than two authors (or if MORE THAN 5, always "et al.")
A.
B.
C.
APA Citations
D.
60. Anything that has happened to the participant before they came in for the study (short or long term)
A.
B.
C.
D.
61. Construct Validity

A.
B.
C.
If after surveying students on their computer habits and GPA, a study showed that students' GPAs decreased as the time they
spent on Facebook increased:
D.
62. Knowledge about behavior can be gained by observing:

-in environment
-by survey
-lab or completing a task
A.
General hypothesis
B.
Empiricism
C.
Reliability
D.
Determinism
63. Explanations of behavior can be tested & falsified through observation

A.
B.
Quasi-Experiment
C.
Testability
D.
External Validity
64. Variable used for comparison of groups, where groups are not randomly assigned
A.
Testability
B.
Subject variable
C.
Face Validity
D.
External Validity
65. In person
By mail
By phone
Over the internet
A.
Administering a survey
B.
C.
Source of Bias: Experimenter Bias
D.
66. Left-justified, bolded

- Ex: Participants, Materials, Procedure
A.
B.
C.
D.
67. Naturalistic Observation

A.
B.
C.
D.
If you compare how females and males perform on a specific task, you are conducting a:
68. testing effects

A.
measurement.
B.
C.
D.
69. Examination of relationship between variables through a comparison of groups of individuals

A.
B.
Cronbach's alpha
C.
Quasi-Experiment
D.
External Validity
70. Examination of causal relationship between variables using an independent variable

A.
Subject variable
B.
Intuition
C.
Face Validity
D.
Experiment
71. Quasi-Independent Variables

A.
B.
Multivalent design:
C.
D.
72. True
A.
measurement.
B.
T or F:
C.
D.
73. Use * or $ after search criteria

A.
B.
C.
Criterion Validity
D.
PsychINFO Truncation
74. Treated with condition

A.
Section Headings: Third Level
B.
C.
Authority
D.
Experimental Group
75. The relationship between the scores for each pair of items on a survey is calculated, and then a statistical averaging of these
correlations is determined for the whole survey.
A.
External Validity
B.
Cronbach's alpha
C.
D.
76. - Only cite authors once in paragraph

- Unless you go talk about an other article and come back
- Use "and" for multiple authors if in body of text
- Use "&" if in parentheses
- If multiple citations in one parentheses, separate them by semicolon, and put in alphabetical order by first author's last name.
A.
APA Title Page
B.
C.
APA Page Setup
D.
APA Citations
77. The degree to which a study measures realistic behaviors and a study's results can be generalized beyond the study.
A.
Internal Validity
B.
Face Validity
C.
Construct Validity
D.
External Validity
78. Rely on what one observes as a means of knowing about the world (Primary aspect of the Scientific Method)
A.
Observation
B.
Quasi-Experiment
C.
Correlation
D.
Face Validity
79. Any variable other than independent variable that can have an effect on your study (from the outside)
A.
Creating a Survey
B.
Extraneous Variable
C.
D.
External Validity
80. Relying on knowledgeable person or group as a means knowing about the world
A.
B.
Experiment
C.
D.
Authority
81. - Over a longer span of time

- When behavior or performance changes simply due to the passage of time (amount between learning material and being
tested)
A.
B.
C.
D.
82. Participants drop out of experiment before it ends

A.
B.
C.
D.
Sources of Bias: Selection
83. - Amount of a drug that is optimal for relieving symptoms

- Amount of time passing between the study of material to the test on the material (memory)
- If IV has 3 or more levels, it is considered a multivalent variable
A.
B.
Independent Variables: Amount
C.
D.
84. Giving a description of your theory based on hypothesis

- "We hypothesis that older children and children w/ greater anxiety will do more poorly on a math test"
A.
B.
Empiricism
C.
Determinism
D.
General hypothesis
85. - Copy title from title page; put on top

- Do not use the word "Introduction"
- Not bolded
- Start body on next line (double-spaced)
Indent 1st word of paragraph
A.
B.
C.
D.
86. The scores on a measure are consistent over time. If a questionnaire has good test-retest reliability, then each time a person
takes the questionnaire, his or her scores should be similar.
A.
B.
C.
D.
87. Specific to how you will measure it

- "In this study, we predict that children that are higher in age and placed in high anxiety condition will tend to have lower test
scores on 'specific test'""
A.
Dependent Variables
B.
C.
Specific hypothesis
D.
Empiricism
88. When scores on some measure change overtime due to using a different device for measurement (mechanical tools or the
people doing the recording)
A.
B.
C.
D.
89. - Running Head

- Write as "Running head:"
- Left-justifies; top of each page in Header
- Capitalize all letters
- 50 Characters or less, including spaces and punctuation
A.
B.
Multivalent design:
C.
APA Citations
D.
90. A measure with this will provide an accurate measure of the behavior of interest (what it was designed to measure)
A.
Confounding Variable
B.
Construct Validity
C.
External Validity
D.
Criterion Validity
91. Unobtrusively observing individuals in their natural environment

A.
Extraneous Variable
B.
C.
D.
92. A type of research design (often a quasi-experiment) where behavior is measured both before and after a treatment or
condition is implemented.
A.
B.
C.
D.
93. When researcher inadvertently treats group differently in the study due to knowledge of the hypothesis for the study
A.
B.
C.
Research Problems
D.
Control group
94. Randomly assign participants to different conditions of your independent variable

A.
B.
The only way you can infer causality in your study is if you:
C.
Which of the following would be a loaded question to be avoided on a survey?
D.
95. Does not receive condition or treatment

A.
Control group
B.
Correlational Study
C.
Authority
D.
Administering a survey
96. All centered as a block

- First page of report
- Shortened version of the title
- Page # in the upper right corner
- Title of Paper
-Capture the attention of the reader
- Double-spaced
- Main words capitalized
- Okay to use a colon (:)
- Avoid words that add little meaning
- Center on page
- Make sure it "looks good"
A.
B.
APA Title Page
C.
D.
97. - From general to specific

- Last articles most similar to your study
- Greater detail to methods and results of articles with same variables as yours (categorize based on variables)
- Group articles that address same variable (use transition sentence - "In a similar study...in contract")
A.
B.
APA Citations
C.
D.
98. - Participants can be separated into groups based on characteristics they already have.
- Researcher unable to manipulate
- "Subject variables"
Gender, age, personality type, ethnicity
A.
B.
C.
D.
99. Due to how the study was designed such that one group is treated differently than the other, or a researcher designs the study
in a way that sabotages its validity
A.
Construct Validity
B.
C.
D.
100. When scores change from one time to the next because the first score was an extreme score (only having one way to go -
floor or ceiling effects)
- Balance the level of difficult to avoid this
A.
B.
C.
D.
101. indicates how similar scores on the different items of a survey are to one another.
A.
External Validity
B.
Internal consistency of scores
C.
D.
102. Quasi-experimental study

A.
B.
C.
D.
measurement.
103. A research design that involves intensive study of particular individuals and their behaviors.
- can also be conducted for a group of individuals, such as an agency or institution.
- will involve intensive observation of an individual's naturalistic behavior or set of behaviors.
A.
Creating a Survey
B.
Correlation
C.
Bivalent design:
D.
Case Study
104. If survey can predict behaviors

A.
Criterion Validity
B.
Dependent Variables
C.
Construct Validity
D.
105. An independent variable with two levels—a design is considered bivalent if it contains only one bivalent independent variable.
A.
Construct Validity
B.
Bivalent design:
C.
Face Validity
D.
Extraneous Variable
106. Two levels:

- Presence or absence of something
- Bivalent independent variables
A.
Independent Variables: Presence/absence
B.
C.
D.
107. Bivalent variables

A.
B.
C.
D.
108. Solve an everyday problem

- Real life situations
- Change for people beyond the study
A.
Extraneous Variable
B.
Subject variable
C.
Creating a Survey
D.
109. ordinal
A.
B.
C.
measurement.
D.
110. Observing behavior under controlled conditions

A.
Research Problems
B.
Internal Validity
C.
D.
111. Split-Half Reliability

A.
B.
C.
D.
112. Subject Variables

A.
B.
C.
Quasi-Independent Variables AKA
D.
113. Participants respond to survey questions according to the response options provided by the researcher.
- Only selected choices
- Likert scale (1-5)
A.
B.
C.
D.
114. examine relationships between dependent variables

A.
Criterion Validity
B.
Correlational Study
C.
Correlation
D.
Internal Validity
115. What percentage of college students play an instrument?

A.
B.
C.
D.
116. Deals both with Random selection for your sample and random assignment to different groups.
- Randomly select them and randomly assign them to avoid this bias
- Happens when you don't use either of these
A.
B.
C.
D.

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7/31/2020 Test: Experimental Psychology | Quizlet

116 Multiple choice questions

1. Participants know the purpose and change behavior accordingly

3. Simpler explanations of behavior are more likely to be correct

4. Ordered category responses

5. Positive test bias

10. Participants try to figure out purpose and change behavior

12. A negative correlation was found

14. Multivalent variable

15. Smith, Jones, and Williams (2004)

16. - Brief overview of methods to be used (two sentences)

19. - Can use previously validated survey - HAPI database

21. Indented, bolded, period at end

22. - Blind procedure

23. Equally spaced, numerical responses, values are ratio relations

24. No longer than about a half a page

27. Research articles

28. - Authors names

30. Non-ordered category

32. Observing behavior from pre-existing records

33. (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2004)

34. The Hawthorne effect

36. - Introduce topic being studied

37. To understand fundamental behavior processes

38. Internal Validity

39. - One-inch margins on all sides

43. Does exercise increase cognitive processing?

44. Things that relate in a study

47. asking individuals to self-report their behaviors and attitudes

50. Ignoring scientific study part of psychology

52. - A causal hypothesis

54. Different observers are measuring behavior consistently

55. - Next line below title

56. Psychological Conferences

61. Construct Validity

62. Knowledge about behavior can be gained by observing:

63. Explanations of behavior can be tested & falsified through observation

66. Left-justified, bolded

67. Naturalistic Observation

68. testing effects

69. Examination of relationship between variables through a comparison of groups of individuals

70. Examination of causal relationship between variables using an independent variable

71. Quasi-Independent Variables

73. Use * or $ after search criteria

74. Treated with condition

76. - Only cite authors once in paragraph

81. - Over a longer span of time

82. Participants drop out of experiment before it ends

83. - Amount of a drug that is optimal for relieving symptoms

84. Giving a description of your theory based on hypothesis

85. - Copy title from title page; put on top

87. Specific to how you will measure it

89. - Running Head

91. Unobtrusively observing individuals in their natural environment

94. Randomly assign participants to different conditions of your independent variable

95. Does not receive condition or treatment

96. All centered as a block

97. - From general to specific

102. Quasi-experimental study

104. If survey can predict behaviors

106. Two levels:

107. Bivalent variables