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Evaluation of The Psychometric Properties of The Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest) in A Sample of Undergraduate Students
Evaluation of The Psychometric Properties of The Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest) in A Sample of Undergraduate Students
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Evaluation of the
Psychometric Properties
of the Cognitive
Distortions Questionnaire
(CD-Quest) in a Sample of
FUNDING: No funding was received for the
Undergraduate Students
preparation of this manuscript.
by IRISMAR REIS DE OLIVEIRA, MD, PhD; CAMILA SEIXAS, PhD;
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: The authors have FLÁVIA L. OSÓRIO, PhD; JOSÉ ALEXANDRE S. CRIPPA, MD, PhD;
no conflicts of interest relevant to the
JOSÉ NEANDER DE ABREU, PhD; IGOR GOMES MENEZES, PhD;
content of this article.
AILEEN PIDGEON, PhD; DONNA SUDAK, MD; and AMY WENZEL, PhD
ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO: Irismar Dr. de Oliveira is from the Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health and the Institute of
Reis de Oliveira, MD, PhD, Rua Prof. Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Dr. Seixas is from the Institute
Clementino Fraga, 198/1401, Ondina, of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Dr. Osório and Dr. Crippa are
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil 40170-050; Phone: from the Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, and,
(+55 71) 3241 7154; E-mail: and the National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) for Translational Medicine, Brazil;
irismar.oliveira@uol.com.br Dr. Abreu and Dr. Menezes are from the Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia,
Salvador, Brazil; Dr. Pidgeon is from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bond
University, Old Coast, Australia; Dr. Sudak is from the Department of Psychiatry, Drexel
KEY WORDS: Validation, questionnaire,
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Dr. Wenzel is from the Department of
Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire, CD-Quest
Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
SCORES, %
CD-QUEST ITEMS MEAN SD
0 1 2 3 4 5
1. Dichotomous thinking 1.55 -1.3 26 27 22 17 6 2
2. Fortune telling 1.49 -1.32 32 24 22 15 8 1
3. Discounting positives 1.06 -1.29 49 24 13 11 4 2
4. Emotional reasoning 1.52 -1.37 30 24 23 14 6 3
5. Labeling 1.51 -1.35 32 26 21 16 5 3
6. Magnification/minimization 1.19 -1.3 51 25 16 13 3 2
7. Selective abstraction 1.45 -1.37 36 19 23 14 9 1
8. Mind reading 2.11 -1.37 13 24 26 21 11 5
9. Overgeneralization 1.09 -1.4 51 17 14 10 5 3
10. Personalizing 1.03 -1.25 47 29 12 9 3 2
11. Should statements 2.31 -1.5 15 16 23 22 16 8
12. Jump to conclusions 1.44 -1.36 32 26 20 12 6 3
13. Blaming 1.07 -1.38 51 19 15 9 4 3
14. What if... 2.16 -1.6 20 18 21 19 13 10
15. Unfair comparisons 1.63 -1.5 32 19 19 17 9 4
Total score 22.59 -11.86 - - - - - -
SD: standard-deviation
percentage of the scores ranging comparisons”) and the lowest convergence between the CD-Quest
from 0 to 5 were calculated. Data are correlation was for Item 4 and BAI was observed, correlations
shown in Table 1. Mean scores (“emotional reasoning”). For any of of which were considered
ranged from 1.03 to 2.31. Globally, the subscales and the total scale, moderate.
the highest mean scores were found there are no items that could Discriminant validity. The CD-
for Item 11 (“should” statements), increase the Cronbach’s alpha if they Quest total scale mean score was
Item 14 (“what if...”), and Item 8 were deleted. 22.59 (SD=11.86). Frequency
(“mind reading”), all of which were Concurrent validity. Concurrent subscale mean score was 15.17
also found to have the highest validity was studied by determining (SD=7.43), and intensity subscale
scores, as expected. the correlation between the total mean score was 17.44 (SD=8.04).
The internal consistency of the scores and subscales scores of the Table 3 shows the CD-Quest total
CD-Quest was calculated separately CD-Quest, as well as the BAI, and scores distribution according to
for both subscales, frequency, and BDI scales, values of which are percentiles, allowing classification
intensity, and for the total scale. The presented in Table 2. of cognitive distortions as
Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.91, All correlations between the CD- absent/minimal, slight, moderate
0.89, and 0.85, respectively. These Quest, its subscales, and the clinical and severe.
values are indicative of good internal self-report inventories were Subjects were separated in two
consistency. The item-total significant (p<0.01). Correlations subgroups according to the BDI
correlation coefficients ranged from between the CD-Quest subscales and scores: those indicating depressive
0.47 to 0.76 for the frequency BDI ranged from 0.59 to 0.65, the symptoms (BDI≥12) and those
subscale, 0.46 to 0.71 for the highest correlation observed, without depressive symptoms
intensity subscale, and 0.45 to 0.70 indicating a convergence between (BDI<12). For each subgroup, CD-
for the total scale. Regarding the cognitive distortions and depressive Quest mean scores and SDs (total
total scale, the highest correlation symptoms, as well as the validity of scale, frequency subscale, and
was for Item 15 (“unfair CD-Quest construct. Similarly, a intensity subscale) were calculated.