TK09 Report Assignment01

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Fortified Biocharcoal to Increase Fruit Production
Draft Assignment 1
GROUP 09
GROUP PERSONNEL:
FIRDANIA FAUZIAH (1606837221)
IMANUEL BAGAS SUGIARTO (1606839302)
JESSICA (1606883064)
MIRANDA MEIDISTIRA (1606889585)
MUHAMMAD JIHADILAN ALIANSYAH P. (1606905286)
SEPTIANA CRISTA DEBORA (1606836061)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPOK
FEBRUARY 2019
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Fruit is a one of the best source of nutrients and dietary fiber (Slavin, 2012).
It contains many vitamins such as vitamin A and C, that act as electrolytes,
phytochemicals, and antioxidants in human body.As a result, fruits are always
recommended in dietary guidance.Consuming fruit is beneficial to human health.
Indonesia is known for its large amount of fruits production annually.
Liputan6.com, a local media, stated that Indonesia is one of the top 20 fruits
producing country in 2016. It means Indonesia is very suitable place for growing
crops, but in maintaining a sustainable agriculture, Indonesia constantly faces
some significant problems, such as the land is already infertile and lack of
nutrients and mineral that are needed for fruits to grow.
The large production of fruits production is backed up by large area
cultivation for fruits. Large area requires high amount fertilization for soil that
corresponds to large demand of fertilizer and pesticide. Common fertilizer that is
used in Indonesia are natural fertilizer or organic fertilizer and synthetic NPK
Fertilizer. Nevertheless, each type has its own drawback.
Natural fertilizer or organic fertilizers are the fertilizers that derived from
animal matter, animal manure, human manure, microbes, and plant matter.
Synthetic NPK fertilizer or chemical fertilizers are fertilizers that have been
refined to extract nutrients and bind the in specific ratios with other chemical
fillers and made from petroleum products, rocks, or even organic sources.
Fertilizer can be used to increase harvest productivity of fruits. There are some
parameter that affecting fruit harvest productivity that consist of macronutrients
such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. The other parameter that
affecting parameter of harvest productivity is micronutrients, such as iron, boron,
zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum.
Fertilizers are being made by standards that have been approved by
organization that specialized in agriculture field. Those standards are made as
benchmark that cannot be violated so that the creation of fertilizer can be spread
to places that those standards are applied. Those standards conclude about
2 Universitas Indonesia
composition requirement, labelling, packaging, safeguard, identification, control
measures and others.
Nowadays, there has been problem in the agriculture industry where farmers
tend to choose chemical fertilizer rather tha the organic one. The effect of using
chemical fertilizer will deplete the amount of nutrients. Because of that problem,
market analysis is conducted, so that the information regarding to the customer
needs are gain. The market analysis is conducted by two methods, direct and
indirect method. Direct methods are obtained though direct interview and
spreading questionnaire. Indirect methods are obtained by searching information
through internet, literature, and experts.
Respondents that have being surveyed have planted various fruit plants such
as mango, guava, oranges, rambutan, and papaya. The amount of trees they
planted are different depends on the open area they got. Inspection on their
behavior of fertilizing of fruit trees is classified into several sections, which is
preference of fertilizer, benefit of fertilizer, disadvantage of fertilizer, and
expectation of new fertilizer.
After collecting needs and specifications, the result shows that the
customers are not satisfied with the existing fertilizers, because it soluble in
rainfall, bad smell, difficult to use, not applicable in dry and rocky land,
expensive, and runs out quickly. The customer needs for new future fertilizers are
easy to use, odourless, quality is comparable with price, enough mineral,
obtainable at store, and concentrated.
There are many ways to improve quality of product, one of them is
benchmarking to other similar product. Benchmarking is a way to look at details
of other similar existing product and take the advantages of that to make better
and superior product. The benchmarking objects are Haifa Turbo, Pupuk
Petroganik, Pupuk Phonska Plus, Miracle Grow, and Pupuk Bio Sugih Tani. After
using some analysis, the current best existing product is Haifa Turbo.
LIST OF CONTENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii
LIST OF CONTENT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLE vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 Background 8
1.2 Problem Formulation 10
1.3 Objectives 10
1.4 Problem Formulation 11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1 Parameter Affecting Fruit Harvest Productivity 12
2.1.1 Macronutrients 12
2.1.1.1 Nitrogen 12
2.1.1.2 Calcium 12
2.1.1.3 Phosphorous 12
2.1.1.4 Potassium 13
2.1.2 Micronutrients 14
2.1.2.1 Iron 14
2.1.2.2 Zinc 15
2.1.2.3 Boron 16
2.1.2.4 Copper 17
2.1.2.5 Manganese 17
2.1.2.6 Molybdenum 18
2.2 Fruit Production Problem 18
2.3 Fertilizer 20
2.3.1 Function of Fertilizer 20
2.1.2.7 Additives for providing nutrients 21
2.1.2.8 Enhancing soil’s effectiveness by modifying water retention 21
2.3.2 Organic Fertilizers 23
2.3.3 Synthetic Fertilizers 25
2.3.4 Regulation on Fertilizers 28
2.3.5 Fertilizers Problem 30
2.4 Current Trend to Increase Harvest Productivity 32
2.4.1 High Performance Seeds 32
2.4.2 Irrigation practice 33
2.4.3 Fertilizers 33
2.4.4 Pesticides 33
2.4.5 Machinery 33
2.4.6 Technology 33
CHAPTER 3: NEEDS IDENTIFICATION 36
3.1 Deterimining Needs 36
3.1.1 Market Analysis Methods 36
3.1.2 Respondents Characteristics 36
4.1.2.1 Age 37
4.1.2.2 Gender 37
4.1.2.3 Occupation 38
4.1.2.4 Education 38
3.1.3 Respondents of Need Interpretation 39
4.1.3.1 Preference of Fertilizer 39
3.2 Customer Needs Interpretation 43
3.3 List of Needs 45
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs 45
CHAPTER 4: PRODUCT SPECIFICATION 48
4.1 List of Metrics 48
4.2 Metrics and Needs Grouping 49
4.3 Benchmarking of Similar Existing Product 51
4.4 Target Product Specification 60
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 65
REFERENCES 66
APPENDICES 69
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-0-1 Fruit productions in Indonesia.......................................................................7
Figure 1-0-2 Amount of lands used for fruits cultivation in Indonesia...............................8
Figure 2-0-1 Boron Deficiency In Papaya........................................................................15
Figure 2-0-2 Copper deficiency in citrus..........................................................................16
Figure 2-0-3 The Effect Of Nutrient Concentration To Relative Yield............................19
Figure 2-0-4 Water Retention Behavior In Soil With And Without Fertilizer..................20
Figure 2-0-5 Plant Performance Correlation with Nutrient..............................................30
Figure 3-0-1 Percentage of Respondents by Age.............................................................36
Figure 3-0-2 Percentage of Respondent by Gender..........................................................36
Figure 3-0-3 Percentage of Respondent by Occupation...................................................37
Figure 3-0-4 Percentage of Respondent by Education......................................................37
Figure 3-0-5 Fertilizer Type.............................................................................................38
Figure 3-0-6 Fertilizer Form............................................................................................39
Figure 3-0-7 Benefit of Fertilizer.....................................................................................40
Figure 3-0-8 Disadvantage of Current Fertilizer..............................................................41
Figure 3-0-9 Desired Fertilizer Specification...................................................................42
Figure 4-0-1Haifa Turbo-K™ 14-14-17+........................................................................50
Figure 4.0-2 Pupuk Petroganik.........................................................................................51
Figure 4-0-3 Pupuk Phonska Plus....................................................................................51
Figure 4-0-4 Miracle Grow..............................................................................................52
Figure 4-5 Pupuk Bio SugihTani......................................................................................52
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1-0-1 Problem Boundaries.....................................................................................10
Table 2-0-1 Zinc Effect On Citrus Growth.......................................................................14
Table 2-0-2 Mineral Content in Strawberry.....................................................................21
Table 2-0-3 Fertilizer effect on soil..................................................................................22
Table 2-0-4 Amount Of Microbe Responding Organic Fertilization................................23
Table 3-0-1 Price of Fertilizer by Type............................................................................39
Table 3-0-2 Statement of Needs.......................................................................................42
Table 3-0-3 List of Needs.................................................................................................44
Table 3-0-4 Needs Rank...................................................................................................45
Table 4-0-1 List of Metrics..............................................................................................47
Table 4-0-2 The Needs-Metrics Matrix............................................................................48
Table 4-0-3 Benchmarking Table.....................................................................................53
Table 4-4 Target specification..........................................................................................59
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Fruit is a one of the best source of nutrients and dietary fiber(Slavin,
2012). It contains many vitamins such as vitamin A and C, that act as
electrolytes, phytochemicals, and antioxidants in human body.As a result,
fruits are always recommended in dietary guidance.
Consuming fruit is beneficial to human health. Regular intake will
decrease the chance of someone getting exposed to certain illness, help
people to prevent weight gain, and reduce the risk of obesity.According to
WHO, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and poor health may link to
deficiency on consuming fruits and also vegetables. The data stated that 3.9
million deaths worldwide were attributable to deficient fruits consumption
in 2017. Other than NCDs, consuming fruits and vegetables regularly may
help people lessen the chance and risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain
types of cancer.
Liputan6.com, a local media, stated that Indonesia is one of the top 20 fruits
producing country in 2016.
Production of Fruits in Indonesia

Fruits produced (in million tones)
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
18
17.5
17
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Figure 1-0-1 Fruit productions in Indonesia

(Source: BPS - Statistics Indonesia processed Directorate General of Horticulture)
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Report from Liputan6.com stated that it is among the top 20 fruits producing
country in 2016.According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture in
Indonesia, Indonesia harvested about 18.341 million tonnes of fruits in
2016. Total of areas used (in thousand hectares)
Areas Used for Fruits Cultivations

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Figure 1-0-2 Amount of lands used for fruits cultivation in Indonesia
(Source: BPS - Statistics Indonesia processed Directorate General of Horticulture)

This production is backed up by large area cultivation for fruits. Large
area requires high amount fertilization for soil that corresponds to large
demand of fertilizer and pesticide. However, high cost of fertilizer and
chemical residues are still major problem for many farmers. Consequently,
this issue has been a concern for researchers. Nowaday, farmers are
suggestedto adopt organic agriculture to promote a more cost efficient
cultivation.
Common fertilizer that is used in Indonesia are natural fertilizer and
synthetic NPK Fertilizer. Nevertheless, each type has its own drawback.
Natural fertilizers are quite difficult to break down into nutrients that plants
require. Some natural fertilizers such as manure, seaweed, or fish oilhave
bad odour. Because of the distribution of nutrients in natural fertilizer varies
depending its feed, the nutrients contentin natural or organic fertilizer is
never consistent. It is a false assumption to state that organic fertilizer is
generally safer. Otherwise, incorrect application of fertilizer can
Universitas Indonesia
9
contaminate surface and groundwater, which may cause nutritional

imbalance to the soil.Other alternative fertilizer is synthetic NPK fertilizer.
Although it does increase the yield of fruits produced (Widowati, 2014), it
gives bad impact to soil, plants, and the environment. The production and
transport of synthetic fertilizer yields high carbon emission, so that its usage
should be minimized.
It is identified that crop productivity can be increased through
increasing nutrient uptake. Yet, nutrient leaching is often an obstacle for the
availability of nutrients in the soil.Therefore, adding fertilizer to increase
soil nutrients is not enough. The nutrients should be retained in soil for
longer period to assure it is absorbed by the plant. Departing from problem
above, multifunction fertilizer should be designed. Innovation in fertilizer is
critical for Indonesian food security. Therefore, to gain information and
identify need of new fertilizer, survey should be conducted to accurately
answer market demands.
1.2 Problem Formulation
In order to solve each problem , formulation of problem need to be
asked. The questions that needed to be answered to create fortified biochar
are:
 What are fertilizer advantages that the consumer needed?
 What are advantages and disadvantages about the existing product?
 What is the best composition of fertilizer that the consumer needed the
most?
 What are the specification of the regulation of fertilizer in Indonesia?
1.3 Objectives
This assignment is initial step to design product. Its general purpose is
to provide information and give a big picture about target market,
customer’s needs, and current existing product specification. The data
obtained is analyzed then interpreted to increase product quality and
competitiveness to satisfy customers demand. Specific objectives of this
assignment includes:
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● To obtain information of existing similar product specifications.

● To know the variety of benefits of existing similar product.
● To understand the customer needs regarding biocharcoal as fertilizer
product.
● To understand customer behaviour in selecting product to improve
their fruit plant productivity.
● To improve quality of biocharcoal product which fits the needs and
desires of consumer.
● To determine product specification that can fulfill customer needs.
1.4 Problem Formulation

Based on the big size of the problem, then limit scope of discussion of
this product design as follows:
Table 1-0-1 Problem Boundaries
Statement for Design: Fertilizer

Product Description Fertilizer that has excellent impact for
banana and various fruits, does not
contain harmful chemical, easy to use,
and affordable
Primary Market Fruit Farmer
Obstacle Customer perception can’t change easily
to the new product
Stake Holder Customer
Distributor
Region Indonesia
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Parameter Affecting Fruit Harvest Productivity
2.1.1 Macronutrients
2.1.1.1 Nitrogen
Nitrogen is major mineral element used in agricultural
fertilization which is responsible for the development of leaf
area. It has role to improve the succulence of many crops,
promote photosynthetic process, and behave as the
constituent of essential cellular components. However, due to
the high mobility of Nitrogen in soil, it is also the nutrient
which is deficient in most crops around the world. Usually,
Nitrogen is absorbed in soil in form of ammonium (NH4+)
and nitrate (NO3-). For the normal plant growth, the optimum
N varies between 2-5% of the dry weight of the plant
(Villegas-Torres et al., 2014).
2.1.1.2 Calcium
Calcium has a really important role as plant defense
against disease. Calcium deficiency can occur in low base
saturation and high levels of acid deposition. Insufficient Ca
in plants leads to breakdown of cell walls and membranes,
susceptibility to a variety of diseases and post-harvest
problems particularly in fresh produce such as apples and
celery (Norton, 2013). Fortunately, Ca as essential mineral in
plant is not mobile nutrients. Despite of it, to prevent Ca
deficiency, it’s important to use Ca supplement such as
Calcium Nitrate or Cal-Mg fertilizer regularly (Tajer, 2017).
2.1.1.3 Phosphorous
Phosphorous is one of the primary nutrients for many
fruit plants growth, such as banana. Phosphorus is involved
in many banana metabolism, including energy transfer
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reactions, development of reproductive structures, crop

maturity, root growth, and protein synthesis. The optimum
level of P plant needs lays in between 0.1-0.5%. In
comparison to other macronutrients, the phosphorus
concentration in the soil solution is much lower and ranges
from 0.001 mg/L to 1 mg/L (McClellan, 2010). In general,
roots absorb phosphorus in the form of orthophosphate, but it
can also absorb certain forms of organic phosphorus.
Phosphor moves to the root surface through diffusion.
However, the presence of mycorrhizal fungi, which develop a
symbiotic relationship with plant roots and extend threadlike
hyphae into the soil, can enhance the uptake of phosphorus,
especially in acidic soils that are low in phosphorus.
2.1.1.4 Potassium
Potassium is one of the essential nutrients for plant
growth and vital for sustaining high-yield agriculture. When a
plant is having a potassium deficiency, many metabolic
processes, like photosyntesis, translocation, and enzyme
system, are at risk. The result is a reduction in plant growth
and in crop quality (Kumar, 2006).
With adequate K nutrition, it will give numerous positive
effects such as:
 Increase root growth,
 Improve draught resistance,
 Reduce water loss and wilting,
 Enhanceswinter hardiness,
 Improve resistance to pests and diseases,
 Build cellulose and reduce stalk lodging.
The specific effects of K on fruit quality are:
 Increase protein content,
 Increase starch content,
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 Increase vitamin C and soluble solid content,

 Improve fruits colour and flavour,
 Improve size of fruits,
 Increase peel thickness,
 Enhance storage and shipping quality and
 Extend shelf life.
The ideal level of potassium in a healthy plant is close to
those of nitrogen, at around 3 to 5% on a dry weight basis
(Bloodnick, 2018). Usually, plants that are potassium
deficient show symptoms such as chlorosis followed by
necrosis at the tips and along the margins of the leaves.
The effect of potassium uptake could be seen in any fruit
plants, for example banana. Banana dwarf most other crops in
terms of potassium uptake. A banana plantation yielding 50
t/ha requires approximately 1625 kg K/ha, being K uptake the
largest during bunch formation. Yield and quality of the
banana are strongly influenced by K nutrition. Not only that,
potassium improves fruit weight and number of fruits per
bunch, increases content of total soluble solids, sugars and
starch. Low potassium in banana will make banana exposed
to diseases like leaf spot and banana wilt, and resulting thin
and fragile bunches with shorter life (Kumar, 2006).
2.1.2 Micronutrients
2.1.2.1 Iron
Iron is essential for plants to produce chlorophyll and to
activate several enzymes including those which are involved
in oxidation or reduction process of photosynthesis and
respiration. The ideal concentration of iron in leaf is between
50-100 ppm. Mostly, iron deficiency is not caused by
insufficient iron in the soil but rather because it is rendered
unavailable for the uptake by alkaline soil conditions or an
excess of manganese phosphorous (Jeyakumar and
14
Balamohan, 2014). The common deficiency symptoms are

development of light green chlorosis of plant tissues.
The effect of iron deficiency in citrus will cause network
of green veins against a light green or yellow background in
leaves. It’s because Fe acts catalyst in chlorophyll synthesis.
2.1.2.2 Zinc
Table 2-0-2 Zinc Effect On Citrus Growth
To maintain fruit yield and quality

Fruit set should be applied with each leaf
flush
Fruit enlargement
Maintain fruit quality
and maturation
When needed for post harvest
Post harvest
foliage flush
(Source: https://www.yara.us/crop-nutrition/citrus/role-of-zinc/)
Figure above describes the use of zinc in citrus growth
from fruit set, fruit enlargement and maturation, until post
harvest. Zinc deficiency significantly reduces growth and
yield potential. Low zinc levels reduce number of fruits per
tree and, to a lesser extent fruit size, resulting in decreased
yields. Soil and foliar applications are both effective in
increasing citrus production yield.
The amount of zinc needed for each plant fruits varies,
but most of them lie between 10-100 ppm in leaf tissue. Zinc
is essential for the formation and activity of chlorophyll and
in the functioning of several enzymes and auxin, the growth
hormone. In zinc deficiency, young leaves are usually the
most affected. Deficient Zn in apple trees were reported to
produce small or poor-flavoured fruit (Swietlik, 2012). In
grapes, it’s indicated by the small fruit of abnormal shape,
thick rind with resin like formations in the albedo, and low
juice content.
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2.1.2.3 Boron
The role of boron in fruit growth mainly revolves around
cell division and development in the growth regions near the
tips of shoots and roots. Boron also takes effect on pollination
and the development of viable seeds which in turn affect the
normal development of fruit. Deficiency on boron can cause
cracking and distorted growth in fruit. Indications of boron
deficiency can be seen young tissues, growing points, root
tips, young leaves and developing fruits because boron does
not easily move around the plant. The optimum boron level is
about 20-100 ppm in leaf tissue.
Figure 2-0-3 Boron Deficiency In Papaya
(Source: https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pd-91.pdf )
In papaya, boron deficiency can be identified by the
fruits are deformed and bumpy due to the irregular
fertilization and development of seeds within the fruit.
Ripening will be uneven. Premature shedding of male flowers
and impaired pollen tube development can lead to poor fruit
set. Spraying boron acid 0.1% at 3 months interval from sixth
month after planting onwards will resolve the deficiency
issue.
16
2.1.2.4 Copper
The normal range of copper needed in the growing
medium is 0.05-0.5 ppm, while in most tissues the normal
range is between 3-10 ppm. Copper deficiency appears to be
minimal in tropical fruit crops. Copper is essential in
photosynthesis, in enzyme functionality, in seed development
and in the production of lignin. Lignin gives physical strength
to shoots and stems. A copper deficient plant can be indicated
by the die back of twigs, death of growing points and
multiple buds form at the end of twigs.
Figure 2-0-4 Copper deficiency in citrus
(Source: https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/greening/ndccg.shtml)
The deficiency of copper in citrus can be seen in the
figure above. Most of the time, copper deficiency will occur
on new growth first, and will make leaves looking long-
willow, bushy appearance, dieback, and leaves are all in
uniform colour.
2.1.2.5 Manganese
Manganese is essential for chlorophyll formation in
photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrate assimilation and for
the activity of several enzymes. The ideal concentration of
manganese in leaves varies between 10-15 ppm. Deficiency
in manganese is most likely to occur on younger leaves fist,
17
because of its mobilization in plant tissue. In high pH soil,

manganese availability is most likely low. The deficiency of
manganese in tomato can be identified in reduction in leaf
size and development of interveinal orange yellow mottling
over the tip. The mottling will turn yellow while the veins
will remain green. Mottling is usually followed by numerous
small dark brown necrotic spots which perforate the leaf.
2.1.2.6 Molybdenum
Molybdenum is essential in reduction of nitrate to nitrate
during N assimilation in plants. Deficiency in molybdenum is
indicated by yellowing of older leaves. It usually appears as
N deficiency due to role in nitrate assimilation and in
legumes in N-fixing bacteria and occurs more often at low
pH. The average level of molybdenum in leaf tissue is 0.1
ppm (McGrath et al., 2014).
2.2 Fruit Production Problem
Indonesia is an archipelagic country extending 5,120 km from east to
west and 1,760 km from north to south. It is strategically located between
the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The archipelago consists of 17,508
islands, with a total land mass of 1,904,569 km 2, of which 11.03% is arable
land, 7.04% is under permanent crops and 81.93% use for other purposes.
Most of the larger islands, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and
Seram are mountainous, with peaks ranging between 3,000 and 3,800
ma.s.l. Some of these highlands are very suitable for growing temperate
fruits.
The climate of Indonesia is almost entirely tropical, hot and humid.
The average temperature ranges are 23°C in the higher mountain regions,
26°C in the inland and mountain area and 28°C onthe coastal plains. The
relative humidity ranges from 70 to 90%. Temperature and the length of
daylight varies little from season to season; the difference between the
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longestday and the shortest day of the year is only 48 min (Oldeman and
Frère, 1982; Weather Online, 2013).
This makes Indonesia a very suitable place for growing crops. Based
on the region, fruits could be classified as temperate, tropical, and
subtropical fruits. Tropical fruits are the most produced types of fruits in
Indonesia. However, in maintaining a sustainable agriculture, Indonesia
constantly faces some significant problems.Stated by kompasiana.com, the
two significant problems that Indonesia face in fruit productions are:
 The land is already critical (infertile)
 Lack of nutrients and minerals that are needed for fruits to grow
Fertile soil, if exposed to chemical fertilizer constantly, will one day
lose its nutrients. The effect of using chemical fertilizers pose serious
challenges to the balanced and sustainable growth. Constant use of chemical
fertilizer will deplete essential soil nutrients and minerals which are found in
fertile soil. Using chemical fertilizers di not help replenish soil nutrients and
its fertility, but replenish only nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous.
Phosphorous doesn’t dissolve in water, therefore, overuse will cause the soil
to harden. Alkaline fertilizers, like sodium nitrate. are not advised to be used
as well. It will develop alkalinity in soil, reducing its fertility and making it
barren.
In Java Island, the total area of infertile land right now accumulates
until 1.583 million hectares. With 340,000 hectares in West Java, 634,000
hectares in Middle Java, and 609,000 hectares in East Java). This shows
that there are large amount of area that could be used as cultivation but
couldn’t because the soil is infertile.
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Figure 2-0-5 The Effect Of Nutrient Concentration To Relative Yield
(Source: McGrath et al., 2014)

The figure above shows the relationship between nutrient
concentration in soil with relative yield. When the soil is no longer fertile, it
will run off nutrients that are needed for plant to grow to its optimum
condition, resulting in the decreasing of yield. If the soil is fertile, less
fertilizer will be needed for plant to grow into its optimum condition (Peck
and Soltanpur, 1990). Generally, no response to added fertilizer is expected
above the critical soil test level, as can be seen in figure 6. The relative
index of soil nutrient supply capacity varies according to recommendations
system, but generally the scale is divided into area, ‘below optimum,’
‘optimum,’ and ‘above optimum’ or ‘excessive’ nutrient concentration. A
yield response to added fertilizer is expected when soil test levels are below
optimum. Starter or maintenance levels of fertilizer may be recommended in
the optimum range. Some nutrients may cause environmental risk or plant
toxicity above the optimum range (McGrath et al., 2014).
2.3 Fertilizer
2.3.1 Function of Fertilizer
There are many factors which help plant growth such as
sunlight, CO2, and water. While all these factors are equally important
for plant growth, fertilizer isthe mostimportant, as they help plants in
the initial stages of growth. Fertilizer role in plant growth comprises
of these activities:
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2.1.2.7 Additives for providing nutrients

Fertilizer provides three main macronutrients, which are
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Plants need other
macronutrients such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and
sulfur (S) but they are usually sufficient in soil. Plants need
micronutrients in small quantities, they are boron (B), copper
(Cu), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), manganese (Mn), molybdenum
(Mo) and zinc (Zn).
2.1.2.8 Enhancing soil’s effectiveness by modifying water
retention
Example of the second functions has been proven in
some of fertilizers.
Figure 2-0-6 Water Retention Behavior In Soil With And Without

Fertilizer
(Source: McGrath et al., 2014)

Graph in the above explains that soil with three kind of
fertilizer can reduce water evaporation ratio significantly
compare to soil without fertilizer.The evaporation from all
SRFH (Slow Release Fertilizer Hydrogel) is significantly
lower than the evaporation of free water from blank soil due
to the macromolecular network hindrance and the interaction
between water and polymer molecules. As the humidity
content in the surrounding soil decreases, the absorbed water
21
is then slowly released by the hydrogel (fertilizer), through a

diffusion driven mechanism.
Those fertilizer’s main functions are available in almost
all types of fertilizers.But there are some specific functions,
according their specific compound or material, that can help
the plant’s growth and development better. They are:
 Enhanced sweetness of fruits
 Enhanced sweetness of ripe fruits
 Enhanced aroma of the fruits
 Lessen acidity of fruits
Table 2-0-3 Mineral Content in Strawberry
Treatment Mineral Content

s (g ha-1) N (%) Mo (ppm) Fe (ppm) Se (ppm) Cu (ppm)
0 2.56±0.17 2.88±0.46 11.62±3.27 7.65±0.67 1.32±0.27
67.5 2.82±0.15 8.44±2.10 19.42±2.85 8.19±1.20 1.48±0.24
135 3.35±0.08 14.58±1.88 44.18±2.8 7.82±0.57 2.29±0.17
168.75 2.91±0.07 17.89±3.31 24.53±4.32 7.83±0.65 1.73±0.16
202.5 3.08±0.10 22.53±2.61 31.01±4.60 8.20±1.41 2.79±0.36
(Source: LIU, L., XIAO, W., JI, M., YANG, C., LI, L., GAO, D. and
FU, X. (2017))
Those table represent data from experiment strawberry
cultivation using molybdenum fertilizer spray. In each tables,
there are varieties amount of Mo from 0 up to 202.5 g ha -1.
From Fig. 2, it proves that Mo affect contents of some minerals
(N, Mo, Fe, CU) but does not affect Se significantly. From Fig.
3 it proves that Mo affect sweetness of fruits which can be
done best if using 135 g ha-1. From Table. 2.2 it proves that Mo
affects physiological parameter on fruit, which can be
measured for sweetness of ripe fruit. TSS/TA, that influenced
by pH, can determine sweetness of fruit, therefore 135 g ha -1
amount of Mo is the best composition in this case. It proves
that Mo can reduce acidity of fruit that works best at 202.5 g
ha-1. Although the amount of Mo are not same for each
specification, it still prove the functions.
22
2.3.2 Organic Fertilizers

Organic Fertilizers are the fertilizers that derived from animal
matter, animal manure, human manure, microbes, and plant matter.
The words “organic” or “natural” in this case simply means that the
product is only minimally processed, and the nutrients remain bound
up in their natural forms, rather than being extracted and refined.
Organic fertilizers differ from other fertilizers in that they feed
your plants while building a healthy soil. They are considered the
more environmentally friendly option. Soils with plenty of organic
material remain loose and light, retain more moisture and nutrients,
and foster growth of soil micro-organisms that promote healthier
plants and root development.
Organic fertilizer has advantages, such as:
 In addition to releasing nutrients, as organic fertilizers break
down, they improve the structure of the soil and increase its
ability to hold water and nutrients.
Table 2-0-4 Fertilizer effect on soil
Porosity BD (g WHC Available in kg per hectare

Treatments pH
(%) cm-3) (%) N P K
Uc 6.04 49.03 1.39 39.62 140.52 23.62 42.21
Rh 6.36 52.97 1.22 49.19 175.96 29.56 46.26
Rh + Ab 6.44 58.47 1.11 49.98 225.45 58.96 52.37
Rh + Pf 6.47 59.49 1.08 51.51 233.56 60.52 54.68
Rh + Ph 6.40 56.49 1.15 48.80 206.06 56.70 50.66
Rh + Ac 6.42 57.66 1.13 49.57 213.74 58.39 51.56
Rh + Pm 6.49 60.39 1.03 53.97 242.17 62.43 59.61
Rh + Gm 6.52 61.45 0.97 55.95 249.03 64.02 61.06
Rh + Mw 6.56 62.57 0.87 59.30 262.38 65.95 64.86
Ab 6.46 54.91 1.15 49.94 205.19 54.34 49.90
Pf 6.47 55.02 1.11 50.40 212.21 56.02 52.57
Ph 6.40 53.56 1.22 49.53 184.94 53.05 47.36
Ac 6.42 54.38 1.19 49.73 196.19 53.67 48.21
Gm 6.51 57.67 1.01 54.34 233.57 59.09d 57.92
Mw 6.52 59.64 0.96 55.56 239.97 61.46 58.11
(Source: LIU, L., XIAO, W., JI, M., YANG, C., LI, L., GAO, D.
and FU, X. (2017))
23
 Easy to make
Organic fertilizers are basically only living thing residue,
so some people can just find manures from some animal or some
dead plants and mixed them and give to the plant that need
nutrients.
 Organic Fertilizer improve the amount of microbes
Table 2-0-5 Amount Of Microbe Responding Organic Fertilization
SMBC (log Microbial Load (log Cfu g-1 soil)

Treatments
µg g-1 soil Bacteria Fungi Actinomycetes
Uc 2.66 12.56 7.84 9.86
Rh 2.67 12.60 7.90 9.91
Rh + Ab 2.76 12.72 8.02 10.03
Rh + Pf 2.76 12.73 8.04 10.05
Rh + Ph 2.74 12.69 7.99 9.99
Rh + Ac 2.75 12.70 8.00 9.99
Rh + Pm 2.78 12.75 8.04 10.06
Rh + Gm 2.79 12.76 8.07 10.07
Rh + Mw 2.79 12.77 8.10 10.10
Ab 2.72 12.65 7.95 9.96
Pf 2.72 12.67 7.97 9.96
Ph 2.71 12.64 7.94 9.93
Ac 2.70 12.62 7.94 9.92
Pm 2.73 12.68 7.97 9.97
Gm 2.73 12.68 7.97 9.97
Mw 2.75 12.70 8.00 10.02
(Source: LIU, L., XIAO, W., JI, M., YANG, C., LI, L., GAO, D. and FU, X.
(2017))
From the literature, the author already calculated how
much amount of biological properties before the addition of
organic fertilizer. From data, there has been a significant
improvement especially in fungi population from 7.84 to 8.10
(log CFU g-1 soil) and actinomycetes from 9.86 to 10.10 (log
CFU g-1 soil).
Organic Fertilizers are divided in some types according to their
composition, such as:
 Animal manures
Animal manure is fertilizer that made from animal’s feces.
Animal’s feces contain almost every nutrient that animal
24
consume. Feces itself contains mostly ammonia that can be a

Nitrogen source for plants.
 Sewage sludge
On this modern year, sewage sludge, already cannot be an
organic fertilizer anymore because in almost every sewer almost
absolute contains pollution. But if the contamination is not
exceeded regulation of fertilizer, it can be used as fertilizer
because the contents are good for plants, like organic matter,
phosphorus, nitrogen in ammonia form, and zinc.
 Composts
Plants after died are rich in nutrients for other plants that are
still alive. Because dead plant contains everything other plants
need, like macronutrients and micronutrients. This kind of organic
fertilizers is the easiest to be homemade.
2.3.3 Synthetic Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers (also called inorganic, synthetic, artificial,
or manufactured) have been refined to extract nutrients and bind them
in specific ratios with other chemical fillers. These products may be
made from petroleum products, rocks, or even organic sources. Some
of the chemicals may be naturally occurring, but the difference is that
the nutrients in chemical fertilizers are refined to their pure state and
stripped of substances that control their availability and breakdown,
which rarely occurs in nature.
The main macronutrients present in inorganic fertilizers are
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which influence vegetative and
reproductive phase of plant growth. Advantages of chemical fertilizer
are:
 Since nutrients are available to the plants immediately,
improvement occurs in days
Almost all of chemical fertilizers are fast-release fertilizer,
so the nutrients can be spread quickly and can be counted in days.
25
 They are highly analyzed to produce the exact ratio of nutrients

desired.
Chemical fertilizers are produced based of consumer’s
specification or needs. There are fertilizers with all main
macronutrients (NPK), and only specific nutrients like N
fertilizer or K fertilizer.
Chemical Fertilizers are available in many various kinds
depends on what kind of plants that people cultivate, and what
people need for those plants. These are some types if chemical
fertilizers:
 Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers that contain much amount of nitrogen.
This type divided into six more specific type:
o Sodium Nitrate
The refined product contains about 16% nitrogen in the
nitrate form, which renders it directly available to plants. For
this reason it is applied as a source of nitrogen, specially to
young plants and garden vegetables, which need readily
available nitrogen for quick growth.Sodium nitrate is easily
soluble in water and is quickly leached out from the soil. It is
particularly useful for acidic soils.
o Ammonium Sulphate
It is a white crystalline salt, containing 20 to 21 %
ammoniacal nitrogen. It is very suitable for wetland crops, for
example, paddy and jute. Ammonium sulphate is easy to
handle and is stored well under dry conditions.It is also
suitable for wheat, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes and many
other crops grown on a wide variety of soils. Its continuous
use increases soil acidity and lowers the yield.
o Ammonium Nitrate
26
Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline salt,

containing 33 to 35% nitrogen, 50% as nitrate nitrogen and
another 50 percent as the ammonium form.It is quick-acting
and highly hygroscopic and cannot be stored.
o Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate
It is a mixture of ammonium sulphate and ammonium
nitrate. It is available in a white crystalline form or as dirty
white granules. It contains 26% nitrogen, three-fourths of it in
the ammoniacal form and the rest as nitrate nitrogen. It highly
soluble in water and very quick-acting and non-explosive. It
is useful for all crops. It slightly acidifies the soil.
o Ammonium Chloride
It is quite crystalline compound possessing a good
physical condition. It contains 26% ammoniacal nitrogen. It
is not recommended for certain types of crops like tomatoes,
tobacco, etc., as they may be injured by chlorine.
o Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
It is prepared from ammonium nitrate and ground
limestone. It is almost neutral and can be applied even to acid
soils. Its nitrogen content varies from 25 to 28 percent.
 Phosphate Fertilizer
It is manufactured from ground phosphate rocks treating
with sulphuric acid. The brownish- gray product after treatment
contains mono-calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate
(Gypsum) in practically equal quantities.
Single superphosphate containing 16 to 20 percent
phosphoric acid; di-calcium phosphate, 35 to 38 percent; and
triple superphosphate, 44 to 49 percent.
 Potassium Fertilizers
This kind of fertilizers is very popular in India, there are
two types of it:
27
o Potassium Chloride
It is a gray crystalline material containing 50 to 63
percent of potash (K2O), the whole of which is available to
the crops. It remains absorbed on the colloidal surfaces and is
not leached out from the soil. It is applied at sowing time or
before sowing.
o Potassium Sulphate
It is costlier as it is prepared by treating potassium
chloride with magnesium sulphate. It contains 48 to 52
percent K2O. It dissolves readily in water and becomes
available to the crops almost immediately after application
 Complete Fertilizer (NPK)
In this fertilizer, the mixtures containing all the three
principal nutrients (N, P and K) are called complete fertilizers as
most soils usually remain deficient in these three elements. A
special mixture for different crops are also produced by the
manufacturers. It is a very often used fertilizer in Indonesia
because the price is relatively cheap.
2.3.4 Regulation on Fertilizers
Fertilizers are being made by standards that have been approved
by organization that specialized in agriculture field. Those standards
are made as benchmark that cannot be violated so that the creation of
fertilizer can be spread to places that those standards are applied.
Those standards conclude about composition requirement, labelling,
packaging, safeguard, identification, control measures and others.
There are many fertilizer standards across the world. Many of them
are made by and for specific countries, but many of them are made by
agricultural organization.
In this report, the regulation that is followed is PERATURAN
MENTERI PERTANIAN NOMOR 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011.
28
Composition requirement will be highlighted in this regulation due to

choosing the right amount of mineral that will be used in the fertilizer.
Standards for organic fertilizer are divided by two, solid and
fluid. In the solid section, it is divided again by two, granule and
powder, but the difference is just in granule size which is 2-5 mm. The
rest of standards for solidare :
 Minimum 15% for C organic with or without microbes
 Ration C : N is 15 : 25 with or without microbes
 Maximum 2% for added ingredients (plastic. Little rocks, etc.)
 Water level 8 – 20% for Granule with microbes, 10-25% for
Granule without microbes, and 15-25% for Powder with or
without microbes
 Heavy Metal in solid with or without microbes :
o As max 10 ppm
o Hg max 1 ppm
o Pb max 50 ppm
o Cd max 2 ppm
 pH between 4 – 9 with or without microbes
 Macronutrients ( N + P2O5 + K2O ) minimum 4% with or without
microbes
 Microbes contaminant maximum 102 MPN/g with or without
microbes
 Microbes functional minimum 103cfu/g for solid with microbes
 Micronutrients in solid with or without microbes:
o Fe total maximum 9000 ppm
o Fe available maximum 500 ppm
o Mn maximum 5000 ppm
o Zn maximum 5000 ppm
Those are standards solid organic fertilizer. Regulation for the
fluid ones are quite different, such as:
29
 Minimum 6% for C organic

 Maximum 2% for added ingredients (plastic. Little rocks, etc.)
 Heavy Metal:
o As max 2.5 ppm
o Hg max 1.25 ppm
o Pb max 12.5 ppm
o Cd max 0.5 ppm
 pH between 4 – 9
 Macronutrients N, P2O5, K2O 3-6% each
 Microbes contaminant E.coli, Salmonella sp maximum 102
MPN/ml
 Micronutrients:
o Fe Total 90 – 900 ppm
o Fe available 5 – 50 ppm
o Mn 250 – 5000 ppm
o Cu 250 – 5000 ppm
o Zn 250 – 5000 ppm
o B 125 – 2500 ppm
o Co 5 – 20 ppm
o Mo 2 – 10 ppm
o La and Ce 0 ppm
2.3.5 Fertilizers Problem

Fertilizer is a very crucial component to boost up plant growth.
There has been a problem in the agriculture industry where farmers
tend to choose chemical fertilizer rather than the organic one. Long
term use of chemical organic, as stated before, will deplete the amount
of nutrients. The fruit plants couldn’t absorb 100% of chemical
fertilizer, which is why there will always be a residue that couldn’t be
absorb and will be trapped inside the soil. Heavy rainfall will cause
the chemical residue, such as phosphorous, trapped inside the soil.
30
When soil is compacted, its structure alters by crushing aggregate

units, reducing the size of pore spaces between the soil particles.
Reduction in soil volume and total porosity leads to increase in soil
bulk density and penetration resistance. Soil compaction causes
excessive soil strength, limiting root growth, poor aeration, poor
drainage, run-off, erosion and soil degradations (Massah, 2016). The
effects to plant growth are reducing root growth, reducing yield by
80% (Rannik, 2009), and will cause nitrification decreases by 50%
which will cause plant absorbs less nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc
from soil.
Although chemical fertilizers will help plants grow faster, plants
are not strong enough sd plants grown in that manner don’t have
enough time to mature to develop a good root, strong stems, or
nutritious fruits. Other than that, pH level on the soil will drop
drastically as welland will make the organic matters which live in soil,
like microorganisms and worms, die. Organic matter is crucial
because soil with high organic matter will be resistant to compactions
and can recuperate much better from slight compaction damage.
Figure 2-0-7 Plant Performance Correlation with Nutrient

(Source: McGraw et al., 2014)
Figure 7 shows that nutrient concentration in plant tissues as it
relates to plant performance. Below the critical range plants are
31
considered deficient. The range where nutrient concentration in the

tissue increases, but performance doesn’t, is considered the sufficient
range. At some point beyond the sufficiency range, excessive nutrient
concentrations can limit plant performance and is considered toxic
range.
Having the essential nutrients present in plant tissues at a
sufficient concentration to support metabolic functions of the plant.
For each essential element, there is a critical concentration within the
plant tissues above which added nutrients will not increase plant
performance but may increase tissue concentrations of that nutrient.
Below the critical concentration, plant performance will likely suffer
due to a deficiency of that nutrient. Beyond the sufficiency range,
concentrations of certain essential elements in plant tissue may be
toxic and decrease plant performance, the range is usually referred to
as toxic or excessive range. Using too much chemical fertilizer won’t
increase yield, the plant’s performance will decrease, and will damage
the soil.
2.4 Current Trend to Increase Harvest Productivity
Primary indicator of productivity is crop yields. This yield relies on
various parameters including soil fertility, growing season length,
temperature, rainfall and access to irrigation and technology.
In modern agricultural systems, farmers are more eager to apply
technology and information to control most components of the system.
Much of the success of modern systems depends on the development and
maintenance of soil fertility through the specific provision of nutrients when
they are depleted; of machine power and technology to create soil
conditions necessary to promote plant growth with minimal disturbance and
minimal soil loss; of the use of improved genetics for crops and livestock to
enhance yields, quality and reliability; and, on modern genetic and other
techniques to protect plants and livestock from losses to competing plants,
diseases, drought insects and other threats. Current trend to increase harvest
productivity includes application of technology such as:
32
2.4.1 High Performance Seeds

High performance seeds have features that make them able to
take maximum advantage of irrigation water and nutrients. The
quantity and quality of yield obtained is superior compared to other
traditional seeds. Further, these seeds are usually delicate implying
that special care has to be taken during cultivation.
2.4.2 Irrigation practice
Water is essential for any crops growth. Proper and timely
watering of the farm is critical for optimum yields. Thus, without
adequate irrigation measures, it is not possible to plant high-yielding
seeds and do a proper fertilization.
2.4.3 Fertilizers
Fertilizers are an important ingredient for any modern
agriculture. They facilitate increased production of high yielding seed
culture.
2.4.4 Pesticides
Chemical substances that are used to control pests attacking
crops are essential farming practise. However, chemical subtance may
disturb plant health. In modern agriculture, farmers are adopting the
use of integrated pest management as a sustainable alternative for
pesticides.
2.4.5 Machinery
Efficiency, high yield production and environment conservation
heavily relies on modern technology. Modern agricultural machinery
plays different roles on different crop stages that will eventually result
to better production. Activities such as planting, tilling, fertilizer
application, and pest control processes heavily rely on modern
machinery.
2.4.6 Technology
Modern farmers are in advantage compare to previous era.
Possession of machinary that can operate by themselves ease many
33
farming activitiy. It has been made possible with advancement in

technology. Essentially, without modern technology, farming
practices would not be able to supply the demand for food that is
consumed by the general population.
Factors such as the green revolution, has led to impressive progress in
increasing crop yields over the last few decade. While greater benefits have
been realized from chemical fertilizers, irrigation, and weed and pest contol.
However, the efforts to increase productivity by using chemical fertilizer,
pesticides, and intensive irrigation have environmental costs and health
impacts. Salinization of irrigated land diminishes soil fertility. Thus,
inappropriate use of inputs for agricultural production has far-reaching
effects.
In many develop countries, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application
have sometime lead to pest problem by increasing the birth rate, longevity
and overall fitness of certain agricultural pests, such as aphids. Further,
excessive use of fertilizers emits significant quantities of greenhouse gas
into the atmosphere. Over-fertilization of a vital nutrient can be detrimental,
as fertilizer burn can occur when too much fertilizer is applied, resulting in
drying out of the leaves and damage or even death of the plant. In many
industrialized countries, overuse of fertilizers has resulted in contamination
of surface water and groundwater.
However, looking at Indonesian horticulture sector, the progress of
green revolution is not equal across all regions. One of the main problem
facing the Indonesian horticulture sector is its lack of production, as is the
case throughout the subsectors of Indonesia’s agricultural related industries.
Local production is still insufficient to meet domestik demand. As a result,
the prices of Indonesian horticultural produce often fluctuate and soar as
demand goes up or when suppliers produce less making an unstable,
unpredictable market.
The Directorate General of Horticulture recorded that Indonesia’s fruit
production in 2014 rose by 9.2% to 19.97 million tonnes, up from 2013 of
18.28 million tonnes. The increase in domestik horticultural production in
34
2014 came as no surprise as more farmers have switched to horticultural

produce to cater to the increased demand for healty, well-priced local fruit,
especially for middle income families
To enhance harvest productivity in Indonesia, especially horticulture
sector with efficient resource utilization, improvement in soil quality is
critical. By definiton, low quality soil has a lower resource buffer than
exists in good soil and this decreases the margin of error for nearly crop
crop management practices. Improving the recycling of organic manures
such as animal and human excreta, crop straw and stalks, and green manure
can be an important step towards saving natural resources and,
simultaneously, stabilizing and optimizing soil quality in crop production
system. Novel soil management practices should be developed and
promoted in Indonesia. For example, biochar addition to soils is an ancient
practice which has recently begun to attract wider notice. Incorporation of
biochar represents a means of sequestrating carbon and there is increasing
evidence that although there may be some negative effects of incorporation,
it can also reduce nutrient leaching and impact positively on the slow
release of nutrients to enhance crop yields (Marris, 2006; Lehmann, 2007)
35
CHAPTER 3
NEEDS IDENTIFICATION
3.1 Deterimining Needs
3.1.1 Market Analysis Methods
The methods that are use to identify market needs consist of
direct and indirect market analysis method, direct method are obtained
though direct interview with the market target by spreading
questionnaires, directly interviewing by phone, and face to face. This
method use to find out what costumer needs and expects for our
product. This method is effective, many answers and needs can be
collected from respondents.Indirect market analysis are obtained by
searching information through internet, literature, and experts.
Data Presentation
The data is presented in form of pie chart and column chart. The
presentation is decided based on survey characteristic. For survey with
only possible one option, such as identity, it is represented as
percentage in pie chart. Meanwhile, for possible multiple option such
as what kind of fertilizer a person uses, it is presented in form of
column height.
3.1.2 Respondents Characteristics
Respondents characteristic is a grouping of respondent
background. This section is useful to get better understanding of target
market. By analyzing consumer characteristic, preference and
motivation of consumer related to its profile can be understodd. Thus,
the basic concept of our product will match correct segment.
To obtain the information, survey is conducted as explained in
market analysis method. The result of it is displayed below.
36
4.1.2.1 Age
Figure 3-0-8 Percentage of Respondents by Age
Most of the respondents are young adult age 18 to 25.

The second biggest piece on chart represent respondent who
are around 34 to 40 years old, followed by people age 41
until 47. While the oldest generation constituted only 5% of
respondent.
4.1.2.2 Gender
Figure 3-0-9 Percentage of Respondent by Gender
There are more male respondents than women who

answered the survey.
37
4.1.2.3 Occupation
Figure 3-0-10 Percentage of Respondent by Occupation
The survey receives respond from broad range of

occupation. Most of the respondents are students, linking to
the large amount of young adult group in the age category.
The second largest pie corresponds to employee (18%),
followed by farmer (7%), and enterpreneur(5%). Various
occupation of respondent who take the survey includes
government official, housewife, lecturer, and retired.
4.1.2.4 Education
Figure 3-0-11 Percentage of Respondent by Education
Based from the survey, most respondents are graduated

from high school (SMA). Second biggest chunk are graduates
38
of bachelor degree. While master and doctorate

degree(S2/S3) constitutes the smallest percentage.
3.1.3 Respondents of Need Interpretation
Respondents surveyed have planted various fruit plants such as
mango, guava, oranges, rambutan, and papaya. The amount of trees
they planted are different depends on the open area they got.
Inspection on their behavior of fertilizing of fruit trees is
classified into several sections, which is preference of fertilizer,
benefit of fertilizer, disadvantage of fertilizer, and expectation of new
fertilizer.
Aside from online questionnaire, some practitioners that have
multiple experience with different type of fertilizer were interviewed.
Their insight is contained below the survey data and will be adopted
as construction to consumer ‘excitement’ specification.
4.1.3.1 Preference of Fertilizer
Type
Figure 3-0-12 Fertilizer Type
Most of respondents utilized more than one type of

fertilizer, but it is agreed that most of them incorporated
manure as base on their fertilizing routine. From the chart, it
39
is concluded that manure and compost are still the most

common used of fertilizer, along with synthetic fertilizer.
Practitioners have tried several fertilizer type on fruit
plants. Overall, they usually incorporated some unusual type
such as nanomaterial or biofertilizer. According to them, this
enhanced type of fertilizer increase fertility of fruit plants
better than conventional one. Biofertilizer is claimed to be
beneficial in soil remediation. Active microbes can weathered
rocky ground and make it accessible for plantation, thus
adding their value as fertilizer.
Main Feature
Figure 3-0-13 Fertilizer Form
Fertilizer that is used are mostly prepared as granule. It

is correlated to the fact most respondent used compost or
manure.
Price
Table 3-0-6 Price of Fertilizer by Type
No. Fertilizer type Price range

1 Granule manure/compost Rp 10.000 –
30.000/sack*
*common sack
weight of 10 kg
40
Table 3.1 Price of Fertilizer by Type(continued)
No. Fertilizer type Price range

2 Synthetic NPK pellet Rp 15.000-
60.000/kg
3 Synthetic liquid fertilizer Rp 15.000-

150.000/L
4 Biofertilizer Rp 25.000/pellet
The price range of fertilizer are very varied depends on
its type and amount. The price can be ranked in this order:
optimized fertilizer like biofertilizer or synthetic liquid is the
most expensive, then the common synthetic pellet. While
manure and compost price is the cheapest. As long as the
price is backed up with reasonable quality, consumers are
willing to spend more money. This is proved in next section,
in which respondents are asked to rank their major
consideration of selecting fertilizer.
Benefit of Fertilizer
Figure 3-0-14 Benefit of Fertilizer
Perceived benefit of fertilizer usage is presented in

chart above.
41
Disadvantage of Fertilizer
Figure 3-0-15 Disadvantage of Current Fertilizer
Despite various benefit, consumer still find problem in

current fertilizer. Most of it due to the bad odour. Other major
factor is poor absorption to soil, which is described by
respondent as easily leached by rainfall. Some type of
fertilizer is also difficult to use. For example, to fertilize a
plant, it need large amount of manure. It is due to
conventional fertilizer is not served in concentrated form.
Economic factor is the least significant disadvantage
according to respondents.
From interview, application of current fertilizer product runs
out quickly. Most fertilizer encase is not compact.
Furthermore, there is no standard usage guidance about
amount of product to fertilize a plant.
Specification Expectation of New Fertilizer
42
From survey and interview, it is found that many

consumers desire more powerful type of fertilizer that can be
used to increase production quantity and quality. This quality
includes shorter period for harvest so that the capacity of
production annually will increase too. They expect odourless,
easy to applied, and obtainable product. They also expect
fertilizer is beneficial to soil.
Figure 3-0-16 Desired Fertilizer Specification
The practitioners informed that they have preference to

concentrated type fertilizer. Conventional fertilizer is mixed
with soil in bag. As a result, to fertilize a plant and reach
optimum amount of necessary nutrients, they need to buy
several bags to cover the whole area demand
3.2 Customer Needs Interpretation
The interpretation of the customer’s Care needed for help producers to
make good product and meet market needs. The interpretation of
consumer’s needs is arranged in Table 3.2 by questions, their answer, and
statement of their needs.
Table 3-0-7 Statement of Needs
No Question Answer Statement of Needs

.
1. What are the Soluble in rain water Fertilizer binds with soil
43
disadvantages of the Bad smell Fertilizer is odorless

existing fertilizer? Difficult to use Fertilizer is easy to use
Table 3.2 Statement of Needs(continued)
No Question Answer Statement of Needs

.
Not applicable in dry Fertilizer is appicable in
What are the and rocky land various soil type
1. disadvantages of the Expensive Fertilizer is affordable
existing fertilizer? Runs out quickly Fertilizer is encased in
compact package
2. What are the benefit of Increase quantity of Fertilizer that can improve
using fertilizer for food production quantity of food
plants? production
Increase quality of Fertilizer that can improve
food production quality of food production
Reduce duration of Fertilizer can accelerate
planting plant growth
Preventing disease Fertilizer contain
from plant due to necessary nutrient for
malnutrients plants
3. What is your hope for Easy to use Fertilizer is easy to use
the new fertilizer? Bad smell Fertilizer is odourless
Quality is Fertilizer is affordable
comparable with
price
Enough mineral Fertilizer provides
abundant nutrients for soil
and plant
Obtainable at store Fertilizer has good supply
chain to distributors
Concentrated Fertilizer is concentrated
3. What is your hope for Easy to use Fertilizer is easy to use
Odourless Fertilizer is odourless
the new fertilizer?
Quality is Fertilizer is affordable
comparable with
price
Enough mineral Fertilizer provides
44
abundant nutrients for soil

and plant
Obtainable at store Fertilizer has good supply
chain to distributors
Concentrated Fertilizer is concentrated
3.3 List of Needs
The Interpretation of the characteristic consumer’s need will be basic
purpose and target for us to produce new fertilizer with good quality and
meet market needs. The list of needs is summarized in Table 3.3.
Table 3-0-8 List of Needs
No. Needs
1 Fertilizer binds with soil
2 Fertilizer is odourless
3 Fertilizer is easy to use
4 Fertilizer that improve soil quality
5 Fertilizer that can improve quantity of food production
6 Fertilizer that can improve quality of food production
7 Fertilizer can accelerate plant growth
8 Fertilizer price is comparable to its quality
9 Fertilizer provides abundant nutrients for soil and plant
10 Fertilizer has good supply chain to distributors
11 Fertilizer is concentrated
No. Needs
12 Fertilizer is affordable
13 Fertilizer is safe
14 Fertilizer is environtmentally friendly
15 Fertilizer is following government regulation
(Source: Researcher’s Personal Data)
3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs

A rangking system must be employed in order of importance for list of
needs above. The function of rangking the needs is to make it easier to
prioritize certain aspects over another to gain product specification that
45
satisfies the most urgent and important customer needs. The rangking
system is given as a one to five scale, with each number representing:
 Undesirable
 Not Important
 Nice to Have
 Highly Desirable
 Essential
Essential needs must be fulfilled in the final product in order to
ensure safety and fulfill consumer basic need. On the other hand,
undesirable means that the majority of customers would not expect these
needs to be fulfilled. Detail for categorization of customers needs and needs
rank is shown in table 3.4.
Table 3-0-9 Needs Rank
No Needs Need’s Rank

Product Perceptions
2 Fertilizer is odourless 3
3 Fertilizer is easy to use 4
Product Properties
11 Fertilizer is concentrated 4
9 Fertilizer provides abundant nutrients for soil and plant 5
Product Performance
1 Fertilizer binds with soil 5
4 Fertilizer that improves soil quality 4
5 Fertilizer that can improve quantity of food production 5
6 Fertilizer that can improve quality of food production 5
7 Fertilizer can accelerate plant growth 5
8 Fertilizer price is comparable to its quality 5
Retailing
10 Fertilizer is easy to obtained 5
12 Fertilizer is affordable 4
Regulation
13 Fertilizer is safe 5
Table 3.4 Needs Rank(continued)
No Needs Need’s Rank

14 Fertilizer is environmentally friendly 4
46
15 Fertilizer is following government regulation 5

(Source: Researcher’s Personal Data)
47
CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4.1 List of Metrics
Table 4-0-10 List of Metrics
No Needs Rank Spec

Product performance
1 Fertilizer binds nutrients 5 Concentration of nutrients
bound per mass product
4 Fertilizer that improves soil quality 4 Hydraulic conductivity
Acidity/alkalinity
Microbial activity
5 Fertilizer than can improve quantity of 5 Certain macronutrient
food production concentration
6 Fertilizer than can improve quality of 5 Additive concentration
food production
7 Fertilizer can accelerate plant growth 5 Additive concentration
8 Fertilizer price is comparable to its 5 Multiple variable compared to
quality price
Product properties
11 Fertilizer is concentrated 4 Active agent concentration

9 Fertilizer that contains important 5 %weight
nutrients
Product Perception
2 Fertilizer is odourless 3 Volatile material
concentration
3 Fertilizer is easy to use 4 Product design (pellet/liquid)
Retailing
10 Fertilizer is easy to obtained 5 Availability offline and online
store
12 Fertilizer is affordable 4 Price
Regulation
13 Fertilizer that is safe to use 5 Heavy metal concentration
1 Fertilizer that is environmentally 4 Heavy metal concentration
4 friendly Phosporus concentration

15 Fertilizer is following national 5 PERATURAN MENTERI
regulation? PERTANIAN NOMOR
70/Permentan/SR.140/10/201
48
4.2 Metrics and Needs Grouping

This section will help to see the relation between needs and
specification metrics unit. It may happen that several needs have the same
metrics specification. In the Table 4.2 below will be shown the needs-
metrics matrix.
Table 4-0-11 The Needs-Metrics Matrix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Availability offline and online store
Concentration of nutrients bound per mass product
Multiple variable compared to price
Price
Macronutrient and micronutrient concentration
Phosporus concentration
Hydraulic conductivity
Acidity/alkalinity
Microbial activity
Additive concentration
Active agent concentration

Volatile material concentration
Product design (pellet/liquid)
Heavy metal concentration
No. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/201
Certain micronutrient concentration
Metric
Need
Product Perceptions
2 Fertilizer is odourless *
3 Fertilizer is easy to use *
Product Properties
11 Fertilizer is concentrated *
9 Fertilizer that contains important *
nutrients
Product Performance
1 Fertilizer binds nutrients *
4 Fertililizer that improves * * *
soil quality
Product Performance
5 Fertilizer that can improve quantity *
of fruit
49
Table 4.2 The Needs-Metrics Matrix(continued)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Concentration of nutrients bound per mass product
Multiple variable compared to price
Availability offline and online store

Price
Macronutrient and micronutrient concentration
No. 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/201
Hydraulic conductivity
Acidity/alkalinity
Microbial activity
Additive concentration
Active agent concentration

Volatile material concentration
Product design (pellet/liquid)
Heavy metal concentration

Phosporus concentration
Certain micronutrient concentration

Metric
Need
5 Fertilizer that can improve quantity *
of food production
6 Fertilizer that can improve quality *
of food production
7 Fertilizer can accelerate *
plant growth
8 Fertilizer price is compareble *
to its quality
Retailing
10 Fertilizer is easy to obtained *
12 Fertilizer is affordable *
Regulation
13 Fertilizer is safe *
14 Fertilizer is environmental friendly * *
15 Fertilizer is following government * *
regulation
(Source: Reproduced from Questionnaire, 2018)
50
4.3 Benchmarking of Similar Existing Product

There are many ways to improve quality of fertilizing product, one of
them is benchmarking to other similar product. Benchmarking is a way to
look at details of other similar existing product and take the advantages of
that to make better and superior product. The result from benchmarking
with other similar product will help manufacturing some innovations that
will make new product different compare to other similar product
Benchmarking to other similar product utilize the result from needs
and specs in before section. Those needs and specs from respondents
determine aspects that need to be improved from already existing product,
so that the further innovation and modification in new product will meet
consumer needs.
In this benchmarking, five common fertilizers from Indonesia and
outside Indonesia are used as comparison. The meaning behind choosing
products from both inside and outside Indonesia is to make benchmarking
more reliable and give insight from foreign product will be able to be
applied as improvement to this new product. Thus, these are five similar
existing products:
 Haifa Turbo-K™ 14-14-17+
Figure 4-0-17Haifa Turbo-K™ 14-14-17+
(Source: https://www.haifa-group.com/haifa-turbo-k%E2%84%A2-14-14-17-mgs-
fe-zn)
Haifa Turbo is a fertilizer that is developed with fortified vitamin. As

international product, it has been sold to many countries such as
United State of America, Brazil, and various countries.
51
 Pupuk Petroganik
Figure 4.0-18 Pupuk Petroganik
Source :https://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/petaniku/85-petroganik
Pupuk Petroganik is a local organic fertilizer. It is one of Pupuk Kujang
product.
 Pupuk Phonska Plus
Figure 4-0-19 Pupuk Phonska Plus
Source :http://petrosida-gresik.com/id/bisnis/pupuk/pupuk-npk-phonska-plus
Pupuk Phonska is a fertilizer developed by Petrosida Gresik. It is a
synthetic fertilizer, that contains macronutrients for plants such as
Nitrogen, Phospor, and Potassium.
 Miracle Grow
52
Figure 4-0-20 Miracle Grow

Source : https://www.homedepot.com/p/Miracle-Gro-Water-Soluble-1-5-lb-All-
Purpose-Plant-Food-1001122/100081891
Pupuk Miracle Glow is a tagged as all purpose plant food. It has many
nutrition needed by plant and can be added to various species for plant,
including fruits.
 Pupuk BioSugih Tani
Figure 4-21 Pupuk Bio SugihTani
Source : https://www.bukalapak.com/p/hobi-koleksi/berkebun/pupuk-nutrisi-
tanaman/7tpyaq-jual-pupuk-bio-sugih-0857-2468-0808-wa
Pupuk Biosugih Tani is a product that is available online. It is
fortified with amino acid and is improved based on newest technology.
53
Table 4-0-12 Benchmarking Table
No Needs Rank Specification Metric Score

Unit Competitor
Haifa Pupuk Pupuk Miracle Pupuk BioSugih
Turbo- Petroganik Phonska Grow Tani
Plus
Product performance
1 Fertilizer 5 Concentration of loss %weight N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

binds nitrogen
nutrients
4 Fertilizer 4 Hydraulic conductivity Cm/s N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
that
improves Acidity/alkalinity pH N/A 7.65 N/A N/A N/A
soil quality
Microbial activity Yes/No? No No No No Yes
5 Fertilizer 5 Certain macronutrient % weight 17% 2.88% 15% 16% 0.38%

than can concentration*
improve
quantity of
food
production
*Certain macronutrient concentration : Potassium
54
Table 4.3. Benchmarking Table(continued)

Unit Competitor
Haifa Pupuk Pupuk Miracle Pupuk
Turbo- Petroganik Phonska Grow BioSugih
Plus Tani
Product performance
6 Fertilizer 5 Additive concentration % weight 0 0 0 0 Total amino

than can acid 17.44%
improve
quality of
food
production
7 Fertilizer can 5 Additive concentration % weight 0 0 0 0 Total amino
accelerate acid 17.44%
plant growth
8 Fertilizer 5 Multiple variable subjective **** **** **** *** ****

price is compared to price
comparable
to its quality
55

Unit Competitor
Plus Tani
Product properties
11 Fertilizer is 4 Active agent %weight 45% 25% 45% 58% 2.70%
concentrated concentration
9 Fertilizer 5 Macronutrient and %weight Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen
that contains micronutrient 14% 25% 15% 24% 1.6%
important concentration
nutrients Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium Calcium
0% N/A N/A 0% 9.7E-07%
Phosphor Phosphorus Phosphor Phosphorus Phosphorus
us 14% 2.88% us 15% 8% 0.757%
Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium

17% 1.5% 15% 16% 0.383%
Iron Iron 186.76 Iron 0 Iron 1500 Iron 236 ppm

1000ppm ppm ppm ppm
56

Unit Competitor
Plus Tani
Zinc 200 Zinc 104.98 Zinc 2000 Zinc 600 Zinc 14.9
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Boron 0 Boron 0 Boron 0 Boron 500 Boron 61.1
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Copper 0 Copper 0 Copper 0 Copper 700 Copper 2.11
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Manganes Manganese Manganes Manganese Manganese 0

e 0 ppm 438.76 ppm e 0 ppm 0 ppm ppm

Molybden Molybdenu Molybden Molybdenu Molybdenum

um 0. m 0 ppm um 0 ppm m 5 ppm 2.08 ppm
Ppm
Sulphur
9%
57

Unit Competitor
Plus Tani
Product Perception
2 Fertilizer is 3 Volatile material loss %weight No Urea No Urea No Urea N/A No Urea
odourless
3 Fertilizer is 4 Product design subjective *** *** *** *** ****

easy to use (pellet/liquid)
Retailing
10 Fertilizer is 5 Availability offline Yes/No? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
easy to and online store
obtained
12 Fertilizer is 4 Price IDR/Ha Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
affordable 227,330 / 250,000/Ha 690,000/ 670,000/Ha 360,000/Ha
Ha Ha

Unit Competitor
58

Plus Tani
Regulation
13 Fertilizer 5 Heavy metal ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm
that is safe to concentration
use
4 Fertilizer 4 Heavy metal ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm
that is concentration
environment
ally friendly Phosporus and nitrate ppm 140000 28800 ppm 150000 80000 7570 ppm
concentration ppm ppm ppm
15 Fertilizer is 5 PERATURAN Yes/No? No Yes Yes No Yes

following MENTERI
national PERTANIAN
regulation? NOMOR
70/Permentan/SR.140/
10/201 1
(Source: Researchers personal data)
59
4.4 Target Product Specification

Table 4-13 Target specification
N Needs Rank Spec Metric Own Value Marginal Ideal Value

o Unit Value
Product performance
1 Fertilizer binds 5 Concentration of loss %weight 10% N/A 0%
nutrients nitrogen
4 Fertilizer that 4 Hydraulic conductivity Cm/s 10 N/A 0,1-100b
improves soil Acidity/alkalinity pH 6-7 7.65 5.5-7
quality Microbial activity Yes/No? Yes Mostly no Yes
5 Fertilizer than 5 Certain macronutrient % weight Potassium : 4% Potassium: Potassium: 3-5%
can improve concentration* 0.38%-16%
quantity of food
production
6 Fertilizer than 5 Additive concentration % weight Amino acid 10% Mostly no Amino acid 10%-55%
can improve Pupuk
quality of food Sugih:
production 17.44%
7 Fertilizer can 5 Additive concentration % weight Amino acid 10% Mostly no Amino acid 10%-55%
accelerate plant Pupuk
growth Sugih:
17.44%
8 Fertilizer price 5 Multiple variable compared subjective **** *** *****
is comparable to price
to its quality
60
Table 4.4 Target specification (continued)

o Unit Value
Product properties
11 Fertilizer is 4 Active agent concentration %weight 10%-50% 2.7%-58% 10%-80%
concentrated
9 Fertilizer that 5 Macronutrient and %weight Nitrogen 4% Nitrogen Nitrogen 2-5%
contains micronutrient concentration 1,6%-24%
important
nutrients Calcium 0.5% Calcium 0% Calcium 0.5%
Phosphorus 0.4% Phosphorus Phosphorus 0.1-0.5%

0.757%-14%
Potassium 5% Potassium Potassium 3-5%

0.383%-17%
Iron 100ppm Iron 0- Iron 50-100ppm

100ppm
Zinc 100 ppm Zinc 14,9- Zinc 10-100 ppm

2000 ppm
61

o Unit Value
Boron 100 ppm Boron 0-500 Boron 20-100 ppm
ppm
Copper 0.5 ppm Copper 0-700 Copper 0.05-0.5 ppm

ppm
Manganese 15 ppm Manganese 0- Manganese 10-15 ppm

438 ppm
Molybdenum 0.1 ppm Molybdenum Molybdenum 0.1 ppm

0-5 ppm
Product Perception
2 Fertilizer is 3 Volatile material loss %weight 10% loss incorporating N/A (NH4NO3)
odourless slow release nitrogen and urea (CO(NH2)2)loss :
HOCH2NHC(O)NH)nCH2. 10%-40%
3 Fertilizer is 4 Product design (pellet/liquid) subjective **** *** *****
easy to use
Retailing
10 Fertilizer is 5 Availability offline and Yes/No? Yes Not always Yes
easy to obtained online store
12 Fertilizer is 4 price IDR/Ha Rp 250,000-Rp Rp 250,000-Rp Rp 250,000-Rp 600,000/Ha
affordable 600,000/Ha 690,000/Ha
62

o Unit Value
Regulation
13 Fertilizer that is 5 Heavy metal concentration Ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm Maximum limit d
safe to use -As
Solid :10
Liquid : 2.5
-Hg
Solid :1
Liquid : 0.25
-Pb
Solid :50
Liquid :12.5
-Cd
Solid :2
Liquid :0.5
14 Fertilizer that is 4 Heavy metal concentration Ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm Maximum limit b
environmentally -As
friendly Solid :10
Liquid : 2,5
-Hg
Solid :1
Liquid : 0,25
63

o Unit Value
14 Fertilizer that is 4 Heavy metal concentration ppm -Pb
environmentally Solid :50
friendly Liquid :12,5
-Cd
Solid :2
Liquid :0,5
Phosporus and nitrate Ppm 20,000-70,000 7,570- *varies due to plant and
concentration 700,000 government regulation
**no direct guidance in
fertilizer content of phosporus
and nitrate
b
15 Fertilizer is 5 PERATURAN MENTERI Yes/No? Yes Yes for local Yes
following PERTANIAN product
national NOMOR No for
regulation? 70/Permentan/SR.140/10/20 international
1 product
(Source: Researchers personal data)
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
1. Common fertilizer that is used in Indonesia are natural fertilizer or organic
fertilizer and synthetic NPK Fertilizer.
2. Fertilizer can be used to increase harvest productivity of fruits.
3. There are some parameter that affecting fruit harvest productivity that consist
of macronutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. The
other parameter that affecting parameter of harvest productivity is
micronutrients, such as iron, boron, zinc, copper, manganese, and
molybdenum. This nutrient can be obtained by adding fertilizer to soil
4. However, the effect of using chemical fertilizer will deplete the amount of
nutrients. It is found through survey via online questionnaire and direct
interview with experts.
5. Respondents that have being surveyed have planted various fruit plants such
as mango, guava, rambutan, and so on. After collecting needs and
specifications, the result shows that the customers are not satisfied with the
existing fertilizers.
6. There are many ways to improve quality of product, one of them is
benchmarking to other similar product. The current best existing product is
Haifa Turbo, yet it is not widely available in Indonesia and is still prone to
leaching.
7. It is concluded that there should be innovation on fertilizer.
REFERENCES
Ansari, R. and Mahmood, I. (2017). Optimization of organic and bio-organic
fertilizers on soil properties and growth of pigeon pea. Scientia
Horticulturae, 226, p.5.
Bloodnick, E. (2019). Role of Potassium in Plant Culture. [online]
Pthorticulture.com. Available at:
https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/role-of-potassium-in-
plant-culture/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2019].
Effect of Different Monomers on Water Retention Properties of Slow Release
Fertilizer Hydrogel Nurul EkmiRabata,*, ShahrirHashimb , Rohah Abdul
Majidb a Department of Chemical Engineering,
UniversitiTeknologiPETRONAS,Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak,
Malaysia b Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Fao.org. (n.d.). 6. Agricultural use of sewage sludge. [online] Available at:
http://www.fao.org/3/t0551e/t0551e08.htm [Accessed 21 Feb. 2019].
Kementerian Pertanian (2016). Outlook Komoditas Pisang. Jakarta : Pusat Data
dan Sistem Informasi Kementerian Pertanian.
[http://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/lontar/file?file=digital/167090-
[_Konten_]-Konten%20D1900.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2019].
Lipford, D. (n.d.). Pros and Cons of Organic vs. Chemical Fertilizers | Today's
Homeowner. [online] Today's Homeowner. Available at:
https://www.todayshomeowner.com/debate-over-organic-chemical-
fertilizers/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2019].
LIU, L., XIAO, W., JI, M., YANG, C., LI, L., GAO, D. and FU, X. (2017).
Effects of molybdenum on nutrition, quality, and flavour compounds of
strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassaDuch. cv .Akihime) fruit. Journal of
Integrative Agriculture, 16(7), pp.1502-1512.
Norton, R. (2013). Focus on calcium: Its role in crop production. [online] Grains
Research and Development Corporation. Available at:
https://grdc.com.au/resources-and-publications/grdc-update-papers/tab-
content/grdc-update-papers/2013/02/focus-on-calcium-its-role-in-crop-
production [Accessed 17 Feb. 2019].
Tajer, A. (2017). What's the Function of Calcium (Ca) in Plants?. [online]
Greenway Biotech, Inc. Available at:
https://www.greenwaybiotech.com/blogs/news/whats-the-function-of-
calcium-ca-in-plants [Accessed 17 Feb. 2019].
Marrero, Tom. (2016). Benefits of Biochar In Agriculture. Wakefield Biochar .
[https://www.wakefieldbiochar.com/benefits-of-biochar-in-agriculture/
Accessed 2019/02/17]
Massah, Jafar&Azadegan, Behzad. (2016). Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil
Compaction and Degradation. Ama, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia,
Africa & Latin America. 47. 44-50.
McClellan, T. (2010). Soil Management. [online] Ctahr.hawaii.edu. Available at:
https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/c_nutrients02.aspx [Accessed 17
Feb. 2019].
McGrath, J., Spargo, J. and Penn, C. (2014). Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition.
Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, pp.166-184.
Motes C. William. Modern Agriculture and Its Benefits – Trends, Implications
and Outlook. Global Harvest Initiative.
[https://www.globalharvestinitiative.org/Documents/Motes%20-
%20Modern%20Agriculture%20and%20Its%20Benefits.pdf Accessed
2019/02/17]
Peck,T.R.,Soltanpour,P.N.,1990.Theprinciplesofsoiltesting.SoilTestingandPlant
Analysis.Madison,WI:SoilScienceSocietyofAmerica.
Rabat, N., Hashim, S. and Majid, R. (2016). Effect of Different Monomers on
Water Retention Properties of Slow Release Fertilizer Hydrogel. Procedia
Engineering, 148, pp.201-207.
Rannik, K. (2009). Soil compactioneffects on soil bulk density andpenetration
resistance and growthof spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). J. Acta
AgriculturaeScandinavica. Plant Soil Science.59 (3): 265-272.
Schahczenski, J. (2010). Biochar and Sustainable Agriculture. National
Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. [https://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/viewhtml.php?id=322.pdf Accessed 2019/02/17]
Shah, R. (n.d.). Fertilizer Types: 6 Main Types of Fertilizers. [online] Biology
Discussion. Available at:
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/fertilizers/fertilizer-types-6-main-
types-of-fertilizers/25617 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2019].
Slavin, J. and Lloyd, B. (2012). Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables.
Advances in Nutrition, 3(4), pp.506-516.
Swietlik, Darius. (2012). Zinc Nutrition of Fruit Crops. Horttechnology, pp.46-49.
Torres-Olivar, Vicente & Villegas-Torres, O.G. & Domínguez-Patiño, M.L. &
Sotelo-Nava, H & Rodríguez-Martínez, Antonio & Rosa María, Melgoza-
Alemán& Valdez-Aguilar, Luis & Alia Tejacal, Iran. (2014). Role of
Nitrogen and Nutrients in Crop Nutrition. Journal of Agricultural Science
and Technology. 4. 29.
Yadav, M. K. and Solanki, V. K. (2015). Use of micronutrients in tropical and
sub-tropical fruit crops: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research,
10(5), pp.416-422.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE (1)
Consument Segment
A. Identitas
1. Name
2. Gender
3. Age
4. Jobs
5. Education
6. Residence
7. Handphone Number
1. Have you planted fruit plant?

2. What kind of fruit plant that you plant?
3. How many trees do you have?
4. What fertilizer is used now?
5. What form of fertilizer do you use?
6. Why does you choose that fertilizer?
7. How much price of fertilizer do you use?
8. How often do you fertilize for plant?
APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE (2)
9. What kind of obstacle do you find when you plant fruit trees?
10. What is advantages of your fertilizer?
11. What is disadvantages of your fertilizer?
12. If you know, What kind of mineral in your fertilizer?
13. What is design of fertilizer do you like?
14. What is your hope for the new fertilizer?
Priority rank in choosing fertilizer
Price
12345
Quality
12345
Packaging
12345
Distribution
12345
Application
12345

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

Fortified Biocharcoal to Increase Fruit Production

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Production of Fruits in Indonesia

Figure 1-0-1 Fruit productions in Indonesia

Indonesia is known for its large amount of fruits production annually.

Areas Used for Fruits Cultivations

Figure 1-0-2 Amount of lands used for fruits cultivation in Indonesia

(Source: BPS - Statistics Indonesia processed Directorate General of Horticulture)

contaminate surface and groundwater, which may cause nutritional

● To obtain information of existing similar product specifications.

1.4 Problem Formulation

Statement for Design: Fertilizer

reactions, development of reproductive structures, crop

 Increase vitamin C and soluble solid content,

Balamohan, 2014). The common deficiency symptoms are

To maintain fruit yield and quality

Figure 2-0-3 Boron Deficiency In Papaya

Figure 2-0-4 Copper deficiency in citrus

because of its mobilization in plant tissue. In high pH soil,

Figure 2-0-5 The Effect Of Nutrient Concentration To Relative Yield

(Source: McGrath et al., 2014)

2.1.2.7 Additives for providing nutrients

Figure 2-0-6 Water Retention Behavior In Soil With And Without

(Source: McGrath et al., 2014)

is then slowly released by the hydrogel (fertilizer), through a

Treatment Mineral Content

2.3.2 Organic Fertilizers

Porosity BD (g WHC Available in kg per hectare

SMBC (log Microbial Load (log Cfu g-1 soil)

consume. Feces itself contains mostly ammonia that can be a

 They are highly analyzed to produce the exact ratio of nutrients

Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline salt,

Composition requirement will be highlighted in this regulation due to

 Minimum 6% for C organic

2.3.5 Fertilizers Problem

When soil is compacted, its structure alters by crushing aggregate

Figure 2-0-7 Plant Performance Correlation with Nutrient

considered deficient. The range where nutrient concentration in the

2.4.1 High Performance Seeds

farming activitiy. It has been made possible with advancement in

2014 came as no surprise as more farmers have switched to horticultural

Figure 3-0-8 Percentage of Respondents by Age

Most of the respondents are young adult age 18 to 25.

Figure 3-0-9 Percentage of Respondent by Gender

There are more male respondents than women who

Figure 3-0-10 Percentage of Respondent by Occupation

The survey receives respond from broad range of

Figure 3-0-11 Percentage of Respondent by Education

Based from the survey, most respondents are graduated

of bachelor degree. While master and doctorate

Figure 3-0-12 Fertilizer Type

Most of respondents utilized more than one type of

is concluded that manure and compost are still the most

Figure 3-0-13 Fertilizer Form

Fertilizer that is used are mostly prepared as granule. It

No. Fertilizer type Price range

Table 3.1 Price of Fertilizer by Type(continued)

8 Fertilizer 5 Multiple variable subjective ** * ****

3 Fertilizer is 4 Product design subjective * * * * ****