Two-Phase Alternator With DC and AC Stator Excitation

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SAE TECHNICAL
PAPER SERIES 2008-01-1448
Two-Phase Alternator with DC and AC

Stator Excitation
S. P. Gladyshev and P. S. Mohanty
University of Michigan-Dearborn
Ruifang Liu
Beijing Jiaotong University
Reprinted From: Systems Engineering, 2008

(SP-2190)
2008 World Congress

Detroit, Michigan
April 14-17, 2008
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Printed in USA
2008-01-1448
Two-Phase Alternator with DC and AC Stator Excitation

S. P. Gladyshev and P. S. Mohanty
University of Michigan-Dearborn
Ruifang Liu
Beijing Jiaotong University
Copyright © 2008 SAE International
ABSTRACT simple construction, reliable, very cheap for production.

From another side, they have the control properties
A two-phase alternator consists of two one-phase close to DC machines. Motor with DC stator excitation
generators. The phase of the two output voltages of the and series excitation configuration like DC series
alternator is shifted 90 degrees. The alternator rotor has machines develops higher start moment in comparison
a salient pole configuration without coils. Two generators with induction motor [15]. Three phase motor with DC
are mounted in the stator slots inside the alternator stator excitation can operate in one phase mode. The
stator. Each of the generators consists of one winding one phase operation mode for induction motors is
for excitation and one output winding for voltage impossible, even dangerous, because motor in this
generation. For generator excitation, DC or AC current mode can be burned. These properties are the most
may be used. For AC excitation, the direction of current important for cars (electro-transport machines) which
flow is changed as a function of the rotor position. If need such properties as high start torque, reliable,
three one phase generators are used with a 120 degree simple construction, and low cost production. In this
output voltage phase shift, then a three-phase alternator paper we will discuss the most simple machines with DC
can be built. The two-phase alternator has simpler and AC excitation - two phase electrical machines. Two
construction and less parts than a three-phase alternator phase machines are more simple than three phase,
and is consequently easier to fabricate and maintain. more reliable and cheaper in production and can find
This paper presents experimental and the field circuit applications in cars and electrical vehicles,
calculation results of two-phase alternators with DC and
AC stator excitation. The computations have been ONE PHASE MACHINE WITH DC STATOR
carried out for magnetic flux and electromotive force EXCITATION
produced. Under the same conditions, AC generator
excitation produces the same magnitude of the output Consider the simplest configuration of one phase
voltages as DC excitation and halves the voltage electrical machine (generator) with DC stator excitation
frequency. The results of field calculations enable shown in Fig.1
determination of the internal inductance and resistance
of the alternator windings and calculation of the
alternator load characteristics. The simulation data is
confirmed on an experimental prototype alternator
model.
INTRODUCTION
The construction, theory and analysis of different types of

brushless generators (alternators) and motors are described
and considered in references [1] through [15]. There are Fig.1 One phase generator with DC stator excitation
different type brushless electrical machines: Induction
machines, switched reluctance machines, machines with The stator contains two windings spaced 90 degrees
permanent magnets, and inductor alternators. We will apart. One winding is connected to DC voltage source
consider electrical machines with DC and AC stator and sets up a magnetic field. Magnetic field flows
excitation [1, 11-15]. This type of machines has very through stator core, air gap between rotor and stator and
through rotor. When the rotor spins, the magnetic flux is bent off rotor poles. Increased output voltage frequency
going along the internal side of the stator and across the of alternator, with DC stator excitation, leads to increase
output winding. In output winding a voltage is induced. output inductance. To decrease output inductance, in
According to Faraday’s law, the voltage induced in the machine with DC stator excitation, need to design
conductor is given by alternator with increased length rotor and stator. In this
case, there is a need for less number turns of output
V=Blu (1) winding to generate the same voltage. It is known, that a
winding inductance proportional square number of turns
Where u is the velocity of the conductor in reference with and directly proportional length of coil. Alternator with
rotor velocity, l is conductor length, and B is flux density. DC stator excitation can operate in motor mode. This
The generated voltage frequency is twice of rotor spin type machine can operate as a stator-generator in
frequency, because one period of the output voltage is regular cars if the power of alternator is increased
formed during one half cycle of the rotor rotation. Flux appropriately.
crosses output coil from top to the bottom when rotor is
in position, shown in Fig 1, and opposite direction when DESCRIPTION OF CONSIDERED TWO PHASE
rotor will turn ninety degrees in clockwise direction. MACHINE
When rotor has vertical position, the flux through output
winding is equal zero. Because magnetic flux produced Experimental setup of two phase alternator is shown in
by current winding is shunted (short circuited) by rotor Figure 3. The setup includes two phase alternator, left
poles. So, during one circle rotor rotation in output coil side, and primary induction motor on the right side.
are induced two periods of output voltage. It is very
important, that maximum flux, that crosses output
winding in both directions, is the same.
The simplest one phase generator with permanent

magnet or with winding excitation placed on the rotor is
shown in Fig 2.
Figure3 Setup of two phase alternator
Figure2 One phase generator with permanent magnets
We can see that during one cycle rotor turn the magnetic
flux crosses output winding from top to the bottom and
from bottom to the top. For the same rotor speed the
output voltage frequency is two times less than in case
the DC stator excitation. Magnitude output voltage
should be the same, according to equation (1), if we
have the same maximum flux density B. According to
experimental data, the output voltage has some different
(more complicated) dependence than in expression (1),
but in principle, this equation is enough for first
estimation of results. Compare alternator with the claw Figure4 Stator and rotor laminations
pole rotor and alternator with DC stator excitation.
Alternator with DC stator excitation can be designed in
any value of output power because in this case there is
not restriction on length rotor and stator. In alternator Early this setup was used in [14], where the two winding
with claw pole rotor length rotor and stator restricted by for stator excitation was wired around the stator in the
big gap between rotor and stator, seen on Fig 4. Now we

will use this setup only for illustration, of one possible
configuration of two phase machine with DC and AC
stator excitations. In considered configuration it is
possible to realize two one phase machines. One
machine is in slots on the top of Fig4 and second on the
bottom. There are eight slots for each one phase
machine. We will wire four winding in these eight slots.
Opposite the eight stator slots there are two rotor poles.
Simplified one phase machine with four stator coils and
two rotor poles is shown in Fig 5.
Figure6. Time diagram of a change current in the

excitation windings machine with AC excitation
EXPERIMENTAL DATA MACHINE WITH DC

STATOR EXCITATION
Experimental data are received when winding AA” is

used for DC stator excitation. See Fig. 5. Rotor rotates in
opposite to clockwise direction.
Figure5. Simplified one phase machine of the

experimental two phase alternator setup
Coils AA’, BB’, CC’, DD’, are shifted one after another by
forty five degrees on this figure, but for DC excitation
period is equal only half cycle rotor turn, that is why the
voltages induced in these coils will be shifted by ninety
degrees. For DC stator excitation we can select any of
this winding. According to Fig 5, winding AA’ is used for
DC excitation. Coils BB’, CC’, DD’ are output windings.
In the second one phase machine, we should select coil
Figure7. Voltage waveform in winding CC’
BB’ or DD’ as coil excitation. In this case, output voltage
of second machine will be shifted by ninety electrical
degrees to compare with output voltage the first one Waveforms output signals with DC stator excitation
phase machine. shown in Figures 7, 8, 9, 10. Magnetic flux in winding
CC’ changed symmetrically, when rotor pole moves
between terminals A’C’ in one direction and terminals
C’A in opposite direction. Waveform output voltage Vcc’
For AC excitation, we can use windings AA’ and CC’.
symmetrical as well. The voltage waveform is not
Winding BB’ and DD’ will be output coils. The idea of AC
sinusoidal. It can be explained by the stator slots, which
excitation is to change direction of current (flux)
exist between A and C’ terminals and between C’ and A
excitation in function of rotor position. As a result, we
terminals. Rotor poles here are skewed. For sinusoidal
can have rotating field. This rotating field is not changed
waveform output voltage need to have skewed stator
continuously but step by step through ninety degrees.
slots [14]. Waveform output voltage of BB’ winding
Figure6 shows change of current in the coils AA’ and
(Fig.8) is not symmetrical because not symmetrical
CC’ in function of angle rotor position. In machines with
magnetic flux in this winding. According to Fig. 5 flux are
AC stator excitation the process of induction output
going between terminals A’ and B’ and between
voltages close to the process of induction output
terminals B’ and A. Waveform output voltage winding
voltages in machines with permanent magnets. That
DD’ not symmetrical as well because magnetic flux
means that frequency of output voltage two times less in
flowing through winding is not symmetrical. Flax goes
comparing with DC stator excitation. And value of
between terminal A’ and D’ and D’ and A.
maximum output voltage equals maximum output
voltage with DC stator excitation.
The sum voltages of coils CC’ + B’B + DD’ are shown on

Fig. 10. This voltage again is symmetrical. Maximum
value of voltage in this case, approximately two times
more than in coil CC’ Fig. 7. For one phase generator it
will be output voltage. In two phase generator we can
use the second one phase generator which output
voltage shifted by ninety degrees in comparison with
considered voltage on Fig. 10. For this purpose we can
select winding BB’ or DD’ as a coil for DC stator
excitation in second one phase machine. In a common
case, the two phase machine must have even number of
one phase machine along the inside side of the stator.
Three phase alternator can be designed by using three
one phase machine. Output voltages, in this case,
Figure8. Output voltage waveform of winding BB’ should be shifted by one hundred twenty electrical
degrees between each other. In a common case, the
number of one phase machine, in three phase machine,
should be three or six or nine and so on.
SIMULATION OF MACHINE WITH DC STATOR

EXCITATION
Simplified electrical machine with three windings on the

stator and DC excitation is shown on Fig. 11. One
winding AA’ is used for DC stator excitation and
windings BB’ and CC’ serve as output windings.
Figure9. Output voltage waveform of winding DD’
Figure11. Simplified three winding machine with DC

stator excitation
Figure12 shows change of the winding magnetic flux,

calculated by the finite element method. Magnetic flux is
not symmetrical in output windings. According to Fig. 11
flux of winding BB’ are going between terminals A’ and
B’ and between terminals B’ and A. Flux of winding C
goes between terminals A’ and C and between terminals
C and A. Flux difference B-phase and C-phase is
shown on Fig. 13. This flux is symmetrical. We have
Figure10. Output voltage waveform of windings CC’+ situation like in Figure 5, where coils BB’ and DD’ have
B’B + DD’ not symmetrical flux but difference of this fluxes is
symmetrical. This means that in one phase machine,
with DC stator excitation, is more effective to design EXPERIMENTAL DATA MACHINE WITH AC
output winding shifted ninety degrees in reference with STATOR EXCITATION
winding excitation. For example, on Fig. 5, output coil
CC’, when winding AA’, is used for excitation. The For AC stator excitation, in the two phase machine,
magnitude of output voltage in winding CC’, in Fig. 5, is shown in Fig.5, were used windings AA’ and CC’,
equal difference voltages in winding BB’ and DD’. instead of only one winding AA’ for DC excitation. The
AC currents excitation formed according to a time
diagram shown on Fig.6. In addition, for AC stator
excitation, in this case, the rotor position sensor was
used, realized on the base reflective optical sensors.
Sensor of rotor position includes optical reflective
sensors with paper disk, glued on the rotor, and logical
circuit, realized logical function on Fig. 6. Power circuit
for excitation includes two, the one phase, transistor
bridge invertors. Fig. 14 shows the output voltage
waveform of winding CC’ when for excitation is used
only one coil AA’, Amplitude of the output voltage is
approximately the same as in Fig. 7, in case of DC
excitation. The value of currents for DC and AC
excitation was used the same. If we compare voltages in
Fig.6 and Fig.14 we can see that voltage frequency in
winding DD” on Fig. 14 is decreased two times. Second
positive impulse on Fig. 6 now is inverted on Fig. 14.
Figure12. Change of magnetic flux in the simple three High amplitude and short time impulses in Fig.14 are
winding machine with DC stator excitation produced by circuit excitation. These impulses can be
reduced if the inductance of the winding excitation will
be reduced. The output voltage waveform in coils BB’
and CC’ are shown in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16. In these
cases the two windings AA’ and CC’ were used for
impulse (AC) excitation.
Figure13. Difference, of the two no symmetrical output

fluxes, is symmetrical
Figure15 Voltage waveform, in output winding BB’, with

AC excitation, by impulse currents in windings AA’ and
CC’
If one does not take into account the short time and high
amplitude impulses produced by circuit excitation, we
can see that amplitude output voltages approximately
the same as in machine with DC stator excitation, Fig.7.
The root-mean-square value of output voltage, in this
Figure14. Output voltage waveform of winding DD’ with machine with AC excitation, is even less than in a
using for AC excitation winding AA’ machine with DC excitation.
start torque and can be used for cars (and electro-

transports) applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank: Dr. Subrata Sengupta, Dr.Robert

W. Hildebrant, Dr. Malayappan Shridhar, and Dr. Patric
J. McCleer for support of this work. .
REFERENCES
1. Mc Grow and C. Pollock. Low Cost Brush-less

Generators March 8-11, 2004.
2. C. Mecrow, “Fully
Pitched Switched Reluctance and Stepping Motor
Figure16 Voltage waveform in output winding CC’ with Arrangements”, Proc IEE, Vol. 140, 1993, pp. 61-71.
AC excitation by impulse currents in windings AA’ and
CC’ 3. R. Pohl, “Theory of Pulsating Machines”. Proc.
Ieee, Vol. 93, 1946, pp. 37-47.
Length of the output voltage impulses are the same as in
the machine with DC excitation but length of the period 4. J.H. Walker, “The Theory of the Inductor Alternator”,
is two times more. The length of output voltage impulses Proc. IEE Vol. 89, 1942, pp. 227-241.
in both machines with DC and AC excitation is
determined by the width of the rotor poles. In machines 5 J.H. Walker. “High Frequency Alternators” Proc.
with AC excitation it is possible to increase the width of IEE, Vol. 93, 1946, pp. 67-80.
rotor poles and increase the root-mean-square value of
output voltage but, in this case, there is the some 6. John M. Miller, Allan R,Gale, Patric J. McCleer,
restriction. For impulse excitation a gap is needed Franco Leonardi, Jeffrey H. Lang, “Starter-Alternator for
between rotor poles. And if this gap is narrow, it needs Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Comparison of Induction and
additional windings for AC excitations. Variable Reluctance Machines and Drives”,
According to Fig. 5 the output voltages in coils BB” and 7. C. Peter Cho and David R. Crecelius, “Vehicle
DD’ in machine with AC excitation are shifted by ninety Alternator / Generator Trends Toward Next Millennium”,
degrees. Vehicle Electronics Conference, 1999. (IVEC’99)
Proceedings of the IEEE International, 1999 Vol. 1, pp.
433-438.
CONCLUSION 8. Hui Bai, Steven D. Pekarek, Jerry Tichenor,

Walter Eversman, Duane J. Buening, Gregory R.
One phase machine with one DC coil excitation and Holbrook, Michael L. Hull, Ronald J. Krefta, and Steven
one output coil has symmetrically changing magnetic J. Shields, “Analytical Derivation of a Coupled-Circuit
flux in output coil. Model of a Claw-Pole Alternator with Concentrated
Stator Windings’, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Vol.
One phase machine is elementary (base) machine, for
17, No. 1, pp. 32-38, March 2002.
design: two-, three-, and poly-phase machines.
9. Juan A. Tapia, Franco Leonardi, and Thomas A.
Two phase machine with DC stator excitation is the most
Lipo, “Consequent-Pole Permanent-Magnet Machine
simple electrical machine for operating in generator and
motor modes. With Extended Field-Weakening Capability”, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 39, No. 6,
Two phase machine with AC excitation decrease twice pp. 17041709
frequency of generated voltage with comparison to DC 10. Jun Amemiya, Akira Chiba, David G. Dorrell, and
excitation, but do not change the magnitude of output Tadashi Fukao, “Basic Characteristics of a Consequent-
voltage. The root-mean-square of output voltages in Pole-Type Bearing-less Motor”, IEEE Transactions on
machines with AC stator excitations is even less than in Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 82-89, 2005
machines with DC stator excitation.
Two phase motors, with DC and AC stator excitation, 11. S.P.Gladyshev, N. Natarajan, I.S. Okrainskaya,
have the speed control properties close to DC machines. P.S. Gladyshev Brush-Less Car Alternator with DC
This type of machine, with series excitation, has high
Stator Excitation, # 2003-01-0453. SAE 2003 World 15. Yu.S. Usinin, M.A. Grigorjev, K.M. Vinogradov, S.P.
Congress Detroit, Michigan March 3-6, 2003 Gladyshev. New Brushless Synchronous Machine for
Vehicle Application, System Engineering, SAE 2007
12. S.P. Gladyshev, N. Natarajan, T. Feldpausch I.S. World Congress Detroit, Michigan, USA, April 16-19,
Okrainskaya, The Principle of Operation of a Car 2007
Alternator with DC Stator Excitation # 2004-01-0365.
SAE 2004 World Congress Detroit, Michigan March 8-
11, 2004
13. S.P. Gladyshev, T. Feldpausch, N. Natarajan, ,

P.S. Gladyshev, Three phase Motor with DC Stator
Excitation for Electrical Vehicle Application, SAE 2004
World Congress Detroit, Michigan, USA, March 8-11,
2004
14. S.P. Gladyshev, N. Natarajan, D. Bekkerman,

I.S, Okrainskaya, P.S. Makarov. Two-Phase Alternator
with DC Stator Excitation, SAE 2006 World Congress,
Detroit, Michigan, USA, 2006

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Licensed to University of Bath

Two-Phase Alternator with DC and AC

Reprinted From: Systems Engineering, 2008

2008 World Congress

For permission and licensing requests contact:

For multiple print copies contact:

SAE Customer Service

Two-Phase Alternator with DC and AC Stator Excitation

Copyright © 2008 SAE International

ABSTRACT simple construction, reliable, very cheap for production.

The construction, theory and analysis of different types of

The simplest one phase generator with permanent

Figure3 Setup of two phase alternator

Figure2 One phase generator with permanent magnets

big gap between rotor and stator, seen on Fig 4. Now we

Figure6. Time diagram of a change current in the

EXPERIMENTAL DATA MACHINE WITH DC

Experimental data are received when winding AA” is

Figure5. Simplified one phase machine of the

The sum voltages of coils CC’ + B’B + DD’ are shown on

SIMULATION OF MACHINE WITH DC STATOR

Simplified electrical machine with three windings on the

Figure9. Output voltage waveform of winding DD’

Figure11. Simplified three winding machine with DC

Figure12 shows change of the winding magnetic flux,

Figure13. Difference, of the two no symmetrical output

Figure15 Voltage waveform, in output winding BB’, with

start torque and can be used for cars (and electro-

We would like to thank: Dr. Subrata Sengupta, Dr.Robert

1. Mc Grow and C. Pollock. Low Cost Brush-less

CONCLUSION 8. Hui Bai, Steven D. Pekarek, Jerry Tichenor,

13. S.P. Gladyshev, T. Feldpausch, N. Natarajan, ,

14. S.P. Gladyshev, N. Natarajan, D. Bekkerman,

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