586 IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol. 4, No.

1, January 1989

A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE SECONDARY ARC IN SINGLE PHASE OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES

by
Saul Goldberg, Member, IEEE William F . Horton, Senior Member, IEEE
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
Demetrios Tziouvaras, Member, IEEE
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
San Francisco, California

Abatract The particular contribution made by this

The secondary arc phenomenon associated with
single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
in transmission lines has been modeled by A.
T. Johns, eta1 161. Johns’ mathematical
model, based on empirical data, represents
the arc conduction characteristics and also
the arc withstand voltage characteristic.
This paper describes a computer model
developed from Johns’ mathematical model.
The computer model utilizes the widely used
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
Block diagrams of the computer model as well
as a listing are provided. Simulation
results utilizing the computer model compare
favorably with a previous simulation and
field test results.
Introduction
Single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
have been adopted by a number of utilities
to clear single phase faults from three
phase high voltage overhead transmission
lines [1,2,31. A critical aspect of SPAR
operation is the extinction of the secondary
arc since the secondary arc must extinguish
before successful reclosure can occur. The
extinction time depends on a number of
factors including primary arc current,
interphase coupling, system voltage and
atmospheric conditions [4,51. For
simulation purposes it is quite useful to
have a computer model of the secondary arc
phenomenon. Such a model allows users to
carry out realistic computer studies of
various SPAR procedures.
This paper describes a computer model of the
secondary arc which has been developed for
use in system simulation studies. The
computer model is based on the mathematical
model described by Johns et a1 [ 6 , 7 ] .
Johns’ mathematical model is largely
empirical and was obtained by fitting
mathematical equations to experimental data.
It is the most realistic mathematical model
of the secondary arc known to the authors.
88 WM 073-9 A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentat-
ion at the IEEE/PES 1988 Winter Meeting, New York,
-
New York, January 31 February 5, 1988. Manuscript
submitted August 20, 1987; made available for printing
November 6, 1987.
paper is the development of a secondary arc
computer model using the widely applied
Electromagnetics Transients Program (EMTP)
[8J. EMTP is a powerful computer program
and its wide use gives the arc model
immediate utility. The paper describes the
mathematical model (Johns), the computer
model (EMTP) and simulation results.
Simulation results are compared with the
results from another simulation and with
results from field tests.
The Hathematical Model
There are two characteristics to be
considered in the model of the secondary
arc. The arc conduction characteristic
applies when the arc is conducting current.
Conduction occurs when the magnitude of the
voltage across the arc exceeds the arc with-
stand voltage. The second characteristic,
the arc withstand voltage characteristic,
applies when the arc is not conducting.
k c Conducstion -act eriatic.
The volt ampere characteristics of the arc
model are described in [SI. Over a range of
arc currents from 1 to 55 amps the arc
cyclogram of Figure 1 applies. The value of
vp is given by:
vp = 15Ip-.‘ vol ts/ cm ,
where Ip is the peak value of secondary arc
current, assuming zero arc resistance. The
model is hysteretic and the equivalent
resistances of the ascending and descending
paths are functions of arc length and thus
time varying.
This model of the conducting arc is somewhat
more realistic than the simpler model in
which the arc voltage gradient has the value
vp for all values of arc current. However
the simpler version is often used [ I ] .
For the computer simulation reported here, a
model between the two versions has been
programmed. This model is shown in Figure
2. On this cyclogram, which is not
hysteretic, the path from the origin to vp
depends on time from initiation of the
secondary arc (RUNTIM). In Figure 2 , the
path labeled (a) is for RUNTIM = 250
milliseconds and the path labeled (b) is for
RUNTIM = 1000 millisecond for a particular
value of Ip as described below.

0885-8977/89/0100-0586$01 .WO1989 IEEE

 587

The Computer Model

The EMTP computer model of the secondary arc
is shown in block form in the arc simulation
diagram of Figure 3 . We assume a single
phase fault on Phase A and that the phase is
subsequently isolated at a time designated
in the simulation as ISOTIM. The switch
( 1 3 ) is normally closed and arc current is
conducted to ground through the Arc
Conduction Circuit shown in Figure 4 . A 200
52 resistor is put in series with the fault
0 .15 .38 1.0 2.0 and serves to damp high frequency
MULTIPLES OF Ip oscillations. It should be noted that this
ARC CYCLOGRAM resistance is small compared to line to line
FIGURE 1 capacitive reactance at 60 Hz.
The switch (13) is opened on each fault
current zero. The actual arc voltage (TBlA)
is compared with the computed arc withstand
voltage (VARCW) from Furrent zero forward to
the next current zero. If lTBlAl > VARCW,
the LOGIC CIRCUIT causes the switch ( 1 3 ) to
close. The process is then repeated on the
next current zero. However, if ITBlAl <.
VARCW, the switch (13) remains open and the
0.1 .4 1 .o 2.0 fault clears.
MULTIPLES OF Ip
SIMULATION ARC CYCLOGRAM Detailed descriptions of the functional
FIGURE 2 blocks of Figure 3 are given below.

As.,JA tbAmd- ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ iec - _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ” ~ ~ ~ ~ $ . ~

The withstand voltage of the arc is given in

FAULT ISOLATION
I71 as: FAULT INITIATION
SMTCH
SWITCH

PHASE A SOURCE
Jvr(tr)J = [ 5 + 1620Te/(2.15+1~) I *
( t r-T e ) h ( t r-Te kV/cm 1 DAMPING
RESISTOR (zoon) -
SWITCHING nME
ISOTIM , ,
Further, the length of the arc is given by:
VARCW
1 for 5. 0.1 second
l(tr)/lo = { 10tr
for
tr

tr > 0.1 second

In these equations:
ARC
vr(tr) = withstand voltage, kV/cm CONDUCTION
CIRCUIT
I

Te = time from initiation of

secondary arc to current zero, seconds
t ISOTIM

ARC SIMULATION DIAGRAM

nc.3
Is = Ip/J2 amps, rms
tr = time from initiation of
secondary arc, secs -Arc .._Conductionarcu-it
-_”

1 for (tr - Te) > 0 A realization of the Arc Conduction Circuit

is shown in Figure 4 . Here the magnitude of
h(tr) = 0 for (tr - Te) < 0 the arc conduction voltage (TBBA) is
essentially clamped at the voltage D1.
l(tr) = length of arc, cm
10 = initial length of arc, cm (75*XIP-.4)*GAPLEN, RUNTIM < 100 ms
D1={
The arc withstand voltage is given by: (75*XIP-.4)*GAPLEN*.01*RUNT1M,
RUNTIM > 100 ms
Varcw(tr) = Ivr(tr) l*l(tr), kV.
Arc extinction occurs when the arc withstand D1 is in volts.
voltage exceeds the actual open circuit arc
voltage.
588

whcrt. T h e ARC ZRO var i a b 1 c is d ii'f e r e n 1. i a L e d t o

p r o d u c e t h e v a r i a b 1 . e LEAD. LEAD h a s a p e a k
x 1. I' = p e a k val.i.re o f s e c o n d a r y a r c val11c. o f a b o u t 5 v0.Lt.s. Four. ..-its a r c
c u r r e n t ( I p assumi riq zcii-o a r c siit)t.rac:tctf from LFXI) to product the v a r i a b l c
r e s i s t a n c e i n amiss R A M W T . which resets a n Accumulator (ti51 i n
t h e Arc W i t h s t a n d V o l t a g e C i r c u i t .
GAPLEN = i n j . t i a l l e n g t h o f a r c i n cm (lo)
AJ-c Wi t l l s t a n d V o l t a g e C i r c u i t
RUNTIM = time f r o m i r r j t i a t i o n o f
s e c o n d a r y arc: i n n i i llisecorrcis T h e A r c W i t h s t a n d VCJLI.~:~. C i r c u i t c o m p u t e s
(t,*103) the. a r c k i t h s t a i i d v o l t a q e e a c h half cyc-1 e ,
following a n arc c u r r e n t z e r o . T h i s is
Note t h a t D Z = - D l . shown i n F i g u r e 6 . N o t e t h a t DELTAT a n d
TIMEX a r e internal EW" variables, the
T h e 5168 Q r e s i s t o r p r o v i d e s t h e p a t h s from siniujation time step and running time
t h e o r i g i n t o v p shown i n F i g u r e 2 . respectively.

The c o n t p u t a t i o n o f t h e a r c w i I hsl a n d v o l t a g e

r* (VARCW) i s g i v e n by:

VARCW

where,
= [5+1.62*R~NTIM/(2.15t~~~~/~~)~~
.Ol*GAPLEN*RUNTIM*RAMP

RAMP = Time From L a s t C u r r e n t Zero I n

Milliseconds

= ( t r - Te)*1O3

I t can be seen that computed v a l u e of

the
VARCW s t a r t s a t z e r o when HUNTIM i s z e r o .

-
0-1 1 VARCk i s l e s s t h a n V a r c ( t
srcorid but e c ~ u a l sV r
t r > 0.1 second.
( i I' 1 ,
VARCW i s
r ) f o r t r < 0.1
given above, for
p a s s e d on t o t h e
L o g i c C i r c u i t a', e x ~ ~ l a t n e tble l o w .

1
ARC CONDUCTION CIRCUIT
FIG. 4
VARCI

.4rc Z e r o C i r c u i t
-----?-I I
As shown i n F i q i r r e 5 . t t i i a r c c u r r e n t (Tk324)
is s c a J e d by t h e f a c t o r ( 1 0 0 / I , , ) t o p r o d u c e
A H C I A , a v a r i a b l c whickj is t h e n t r u n c a t e d .
E a c h t i m e t h e t r u n c a t e d v a r i a b l e A R C l T goes
t h r o u g h h e r o , the I F c i rrii i t ( 60 1 p r o d w c s
a n outj'ut o f t 1 . T h i s o u t p u t (ARCZRO) i s a n OPERATED

i n d i c a t i o n o f a zero o f t h e arc c u r r e n t .
a r e s u l t of t h e s c a l i n g t h i s v a l u e o f arc
As
S W T - 0. ISOTIM(TIMEX
INPUT. ISDTIU>TIMEX
LCPU is accurate t o a b o u t 0 . 0 1 r a d i a n o r 0.6
degrees.
ISDllM nMEX
ARC MTHSTAND MLTAGE URCUIT
FIG 6

L G ~ I CC i r c u i t

The Logic Circuit, shown in Figure 7,

p r o \ l d e s t h e s i g n a l (SWDRV) t o open t h e
s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) on e a c h h a l f c y c l e . In addition
i t m a k e s t h e c o m p a r i s o r i b e t w e e n VARCW arid
the absolutc v a l u e of t h e arc v o l t a g e .
ABS(TB1A). I f

DVARC -= \'ARCW - ABS(TB1A)

TACS TRANSFER
RAMRST
,001s = LEAD - 4 i s n e g a t j v e , SWDRV = + 1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 )
.ooozs + 1 is r e c l o s e d . IS
ARC ZERO CIRCUIT
FIG. 5
DVARC > 0,
t h e n SWDH\: = -1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) i s h e l d
open.
 589

EMTP simulation of the system shown in

Figure 8 .
In this simulation, fault initiation
DVARC occurred 2 0 milliseconds into the simulation
and fault isolation (ISOTIM) occurred 50
milliseconds into the simulation. DELTAT
was selected to be 0 . 0 5 milliseconds, a
compromise between computation time and
ARC ZRO
accuracy.
The simulation of the system of Figcie 8
LCUC CIRCUIT
utilizes a 4 section PI model of the
FIG. 7 transmission line. A preliminary simuldtion
with a bolted single phase fault yielded a
Application of the Computer Model value for I p of 35 amperes. The simulation
program, including the arc model program, is
The computer model of the secondary arc was listed in Appendix A.
utilized to represent a secondary arc in an
The simulation was executed using a DEC VAX
11/750 computer, requiring approximately 5
FAULT INIPAPON minutes of CPU time for each run. An IBM AT
FAULT IsounoN compatible computer was used as a smart
terminal for these simulation runs utilizing
VTlOO and Tektronix Graphics Terminal
emulation software.

M W V LINE
System simulation results are shown in
ROUND UUN Figures 9 and 10. Extinction time is seen to
MOUNTAIN
be 16.0 cycles. Extinction times are
measured from ISOTIM to the time at which

Y
SECONDARY
the secondary arc current becomes zero.
The wave forms are quite similar to those
reported by Johns and Ritchie in Reference
URCUA M I L E 3 94
z, -
SYSTEM IMPEDANCES AT Y N J N
msin
b- ~ 0 4 . 3 0 ~ 1
171. A figure from [7] is shown as Figure
11 of this paper. Plots of arc current and
arc voltage versus time from Figure 11 may
be compared with those of Figures 9 and 10.
It should be noted that the wave forms of
Figure 11 begin at the initiation of the
secondary arc (ISOTIM).

100

In

-G4
z

W
a
a
U
=I

U
4

-100

J
 80,000

2
d>
-
z
W

5g
3
U

F i g u r e 10: Arc Voltage Versus Time i n Seconds

-80,000

Comparison of S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s W i t h S t a g e d
Tests [ZJ The a r c current. withstand voltage
(VARCV), as computed in the
I n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 , PGandE: s t a g e d a number o f siniulation, increases with time,
secondary arc tests on the Malin-Round s t a r t i n g a t zero when t = 1SOT1?1.
M o u n t a i n # 2 , 500 kV L i n e . The t e s t r e s u l t s w h e r e ISOTlM is 1,hc t i m e at. w h i c h
a r e g i v e n i n R e f e r e n c e 191. A comparison f a u l t, isolation occurs. The
w i t h t h e s i m u l . a t i o n r e s u l t s m u s t b e made n i n t . h c ~ m a t i c a l model. for the arc
with caution s i n c e t h e e f f e c t of primary with>;t,and v o l t a g e has an initial
f a u l t current is not represented i n these value of jvr)*lo. I t h o l d s this
tests. value for 0.1 seconds and then
increases with t i m e . The s i m u l a t i o n
Of t h e 2 0 t e s t s r e p o r t e d i.n 1 9 1 , t e s t s 12-18 a n d m:il,hcmatic:al m o d e l s f o r t,he a r c
are a p p l i c a b l e for comparison since for wi thstiind v o l t a g e c o i n c i d e f o r t >
t h e s e t e s t s s e r i e s c a p a c i t o r s were by p a s s e d ISO'I'IM t 0 . 1 s e c o n d .
and l i n e r e a c t o r s were taken off line.
Osc:illograms f o r t e s t s 13-17 are a c t u a l l y The underJ y i n q r e a s o n f o r t . h e s r d i f f e r e n c e s
shown i n f 9 1 . i s t h a t , EMTP i s a somewhat r i g i d t o o l w h i c h
l a c k s many o f the useful features of a
A comparison of t h e wave f o r m s o f s e c o n d a r y modern p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e , s u c h as FORTRAN
arc c u r r e n t s between t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s 77. H o w e v e r , t h e s i n i u l a t i o n model ajrpc~ars
and test results shows r e a s o n a b l y close to represent the mathematical model
correlation. Of t h e f i v e t e s t s ( 1 3 - 1 7 ) , adequate1.y i n a l l import.ant a s p e c t s .
extinction t i m e s ranged from 5.5 to 17
cycles. The c o m p a r a b l e s i m u l a t i o n v a l u e i s Comparison of siniulut.ion results with
16.0 cycles. published simulation results show close
correlation. I n addition a reasonably close
Discussion correlation is Sound with results from
staged tests.
T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s a n EMTP s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l
o f t h e s e c o n d a r y arc: w k t i c;h i s hased on t h e Conclusion
m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f J o h n s e t a l . The m o d e l
d i f f e r s f r o m t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model i n t . w o S i m u l . a t i o r i o f SI-TAtt proc:edures arc made morr
d e t a i Is: re a 1 i s t i c if the secondary arc
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e i n c l u d e d as part o f t h e
111 The f o r w a r d c o n d u c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c simulation. This paiwr dcssc-1-i b e s a
of the s i m u l a t i o n model is non- sjmulation model of the secondary arc
h y s t e r e t i c , as d i s c u s s e d e a r l - i e r . u t . i l i . z i n g EM'L'P, ii widely used computer
p r o g r a m f o r power s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s . Through
t h i s paper., t. he modc.1 b e c o m e s a v a j 1 a b I e to A
I.arge segment of t h e i n d u s t r s - . .
 t I t

-100-
r
U
8
0
-1%-
U

- 0-1 . 0.2 - 0 - 3
TIME I N SECONDS TIME I N SECOND'S

FIGURE 11: SIMULATION OF FAULT ON SHORT UNCOMPENSATED L I N E

T H I S FIGURE IS REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE C71

Appendix A
LISTING OF EMTP SPAR MODEL
c ..........................................................................
C * MODEL E IS THE NOMINAL MODEL *
c ..........................................................................
C * THIS MODEL DEVELOPED BY POWER SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS (805)544-2154 *
C * 3220 FLORA STREET SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA 93401 *
C
C
** ON PG&E CONTRACT 210-5-295-85
AND MODEL IS BASED ON JOHNS IEEE PAPER RUN 2/19/87
**
C * USES EMTP TACS CAPABILITY MODEL E *
*
C
c .*. . .SIMULATION
. . . . . . . . . . .BASED
. . . . . .ON
. . . FOUR
. . . . . .SECTION
. . . . . . . .PI
. . .MODEL
.................................
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
C *****
FIRST MISCELLANEOUS DATA CARD
C **DELTAT** **TMAX** **XOPT** COPT** **
0.5E-4 400.E-3 6 0 . 0 0.0
C *****
SECOND MISCELLANEOUS DATA CARD (PRINT EVERY Kth POINT)
C 1 IN COLUMN 64 GENERATES AUTOMATIC VAX PLOT FILE
C **IOUT** **IPLOT**
99 01 1
C *****
TACS SECTION OF SIMULATION
TACS HYBRID
C
C *****
EMTP VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS BROUGHT INTO TACS
C *****
TYPE 90 IS VOLTAGE AT TBlA (VOLTAGE ACROSS THE ARC)
9OTBlA
C *****
TYPE 91 IS CURRENT THRU BREAKER TBlA TO TB2A (FAULT CURRENT)
91TB2A
C
C ....................... INPUT CONSTANTS FOR TACS ...........................
G
C ** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE XIP ........................
C ** XIP = PEAK VALUE OF FAULT CURRENT ASSUMING BOLTED.FAULT - IN AMPS *******
99XIP = 35.0
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE GAPLEN **************
C ** GAPLEN = INITIAL ARC LENGTH - IN CENTIMETERS
99GAPLEN = 400.
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE ISOTIM
C ** ISOTIM = TIME OF ISOLATION OF FAULTED PHASE - IN SECONDS *****
99ISOTIM = .05
C
c .........................................................................
C
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO SCALE ARC1
592

APPENDlX A CONTINUED
99ARCIA = (lOO.O/XIP)*TBZA
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO TRUNCATE ARC1 (ARCT = FAULT CURRENT)
Y9ARCIT = TRUNC(ARCIA1
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE INPUT SIGNAL DELTAT IN MILLISECS
99INPUT = DELTAT*1000
C *****
TACS TRANSFER FUNCTION DEVICE TO GENERATE PULSE SIGNAL (DIFFERENTIATOR)
C
0 1LEAD +ARCZRO .001
0 .o 1 .0
1 .o .0002
C
C ***** TYPE 60 INPUT IF DEVICE
C
99ARCZR060tZERO +PLUS1 +ZERO 0.0 ARCIT
C
C *****FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE FLAG SIGNAL FOR SWITCH DRIVE
C
99DRVFL = ARCZRO - DVARQ
C
C ***** TYPE 60 IF DEVTCE TO GENERATE SWITCH DRIVER SIGNAL
C
98SWDRV 6O+PLUS1 +PLUS1 +MINUS1 0.0 DRVFL
C
C *****RELAY OPERATED SWITCH TYPE 51
C **
SWOUT IS TIME FROM PHASE ISOLATION - IN MILLISECONDS
C
99SWOUT 51tINPUT 1.0 0.0 0.0 ISOTIMTIMEX
C
C ***** TYPE 65 ACCUMULATOR AND COUNTER
C ***** RUNTIM IS TIME FROM INITIATION OF SECONDARY ARC CURRENT IN MILLISECONDS
98RUNTIMG5+SWOUT
C
C *****
FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE RESET SIGNAL FOR RAMP
C
99RAMRST = +LEAD - 4 . 0
C ***** TYPE 65 ACCUMULATOR AND COUNTER
C *****
RAMP 1s TIME FROM LAST CURRENT ZERO IN MILLlSECONDS
98RAMP 65+INPUT 0.0 RAMRST
C
C ***** TYPE 60 IF DEVICE TO GENERATE INTERMEDIATE SlGNAL DVARQ
C
99DVARQ 6OtTWOV +ZERO +ZERO 0.0 DVARC
c
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE ARC WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
C
98VARCW = (5.0 + 1.62*RUNTlM/(Z.15+ XIP/SQRT(2) ))*.Ol*GAPLEN*RUNTIM*RAMP
C
C *****
FORTRAN STATEMENTS TO CALCULATE VARlOUS CONSTANTS AND CONTROL SIGNALS
99DVARC = -ABS(TBlA) t VARCW
99TWOV = P.O*PLUSl
99MINUS2 = 2.0*MINUS1
C
c ............................................................................
C
C OUTPUT VARIOUS TACS SIGNALS A "1" IN COL 2 OU'PPUTS ALL TACS SIGNALS
C
1
C
c ............................................................................
C
BLANK CARD ENDING TACS OUTPUT REQUESTS
 593

APPENDIX A CONTINUED
C ***** EMTP SIMULATION FOLLOWS
C **********BRANCH DATA IN EMTP SECTION OF SIMULATION **********
C
C ****FOLLOWING IS FOUR PI SECTION MODEL OF THE TRANSMISSION LlNE ****
C ****SECTION 1***
1RM A BUSl A 2.421 25.145.372
2RM B BUSl B 1.857 10.269-.05172.421 25.145.372
3RM C BUSl C 1.857 10.269-.05171.857 10.269-.05172.421 25.145.372
C ***SECTION 2***
lBUSl ABUSZ ARM A BUSl A
2BUSl BBUS2 B
3BUS1 CBUS2 C
C ***SECTION 3***
lBUS2 ABUS3 ARM A BUSl A
2BUS2 BBUS3 B
3BUS2 CBUSJ C
C ***SECTION 4***
1BUS3 AMAL A RM A BUSl A
2BUS3 BMAL B
3BUS3 CMAL C
MAL A BKR 3A .05
BKR 4AGENlA 0.0 48.04 0.0
MAL B GENlB 0.0 48.04 0.0
MAL C GENlC 0.0 48.04 0.0
RM A BKR 1A .05
BKR 2ATBlA 200 6

B1A B2A .05

TB2A B1A 1.0
TB2A 5168.
C
c ............................................................................
C
BLANK CARD TERMINATING BRANCH CARDS
C *****
SWITCH CARDS
C ***** TIME VARYING (DlODE SWITCH) NONLINEAR RESISTOR TO CLAMP ARC VOLTAGE
llBlA Rl
llD2 B2A
C *****
END OF NONLINEAR RESISTOR
C *********************ISOTIM***
BKR 3ABKR 4A -1.0 .050
c ..............................
BKR lABKR 2A .02 .500
C *****TACS OPERATED SWITCH
13TBlA TBZA SWDRV 11
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SWITCH CARDS
C *****SOIJRCE CARDS
C *****THREE PHASE GENERATION LOCATED AT MALIN
14GENlA 428661. 60.0 0.0 0. -1.
14GENlB 428661. 60.0 -120. 0. -1.
14GENlC 426661. 60. -240. 0. -1.
C ***** BACK TO BACK DIODES SOURCE VOLTAGES FOR NONLINEAR RESISTOR SIMULATION
C ***** D10 =(75*XIPA-.4)*GAPLEN IN VOLTS AT ISOTIM
C ***** D2 = -D1 IN VOLTS
C **********NUMl****h*****
C ******* D10 ************* To ******
D11 T1*** TSTART **TSTOP ***
c **
13D1 t7235. 0. t7235. 15 * 05 e15
13D1 +1235. 0. t72350. .90 .15 1.05
13D2 -7235. 0. -7235. * 15 ,05 615
13D2 -7235. 0. -72350. .90 .15 1.05
C ***** END OF SOURCE DEFINITIONS
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SOURCE CARDS
C *****
NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
TBlA D1
BLANK CARD TERMINATING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
BLANK CARD TERMINATING THE CASE
594
References
I11 Single-Pole Switching f o r Stability and
Reliability, Panel Discussion Report,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems VOL
PWRS-1, No. 2 , May 1986.
r21 Hasibar, Legate, Brunke and Peterson,
The Application of High-speed Grounding
Switches For Single-Pole Reclosing on
500 kV Power Systems, IEEE Transactions
on Power Apparatus and Systems VOL PAS-
100, No. 2, April 1981.
Haun, R. K., 13 Years Experience with
Single-phase Reclosing at 345 kV, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems VOI, PAS-97, No. 2 , March/April
1978.
Kapperman, Sweezy, Koschik and
Mustaphj, Staged Fault Tests With
Single-phase Reclosing on the Winnipeg-
Twin Cities 500 kV Interconnection,
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems VOL PAS-101, No. 3, March
1982.
Shperling, Fakheri, Shin and Ware,
Analysis of Single-phase Switching
Field Tests on the AEP 765 kV System,
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, VOL PAS-100, No. 4 , April
1981.
Johns, A. T. and Al-Rawi, A. M.
Developments in the Simulation of long-
distance single-pole-swi tched EHV
Systems, IEE Proceedings Vol 131, Part
C , No 2 , March 1984.
Johns, A. T. and Ritchie, W. M.,
Applications of an Improved Technique
for Assessing the Performance of
Single-Pole Reclosing Schemes, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol PAS-103, No 12, December
1984.
181 EMTP Rule Book, Bonneville Power
Administration, Portland, Oregon,
Revised June 1984.
191 PGandE Report, Secondary Arc Tests on
the Ma.Zin-Round Mountain #2, 500 kV
Line, October 5 and 6, 1986, Test
Report by Demetrios A. Tziouvaras.
Saul Gpldberg (M) was born in New York and
received the B.S.E.E. degree from Fairleigh
Dickinson University, and the M.E. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Florida. He
joined the faculty of the Electronic and
Electrical Engineering Department,
California Polytechnic State University in
1970. He currently holds the rank of
Professor of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering .
He is a principal of Power
Systems Consultants, a consulting company.
W$Jliam . F . Korton ( S M ) was born in North
Carolina and received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees from the California Institute of
Technology and the Ph.D. degree from UCLA.
He joined the faculty of the Electronic and
E1ect, r ica1 Engineering Department,
California Polytechnic State University in
1968. He currently holds the rank of
Professor of Electronic and Electrical
Engineering. He is a principal of Power
Systems Consultants, a consulting company.
( M 1 was born in Greece
J)g.?e.t;rjosJkiouvaras
and immigrated to the U.S.A. in 1977. He
received the B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees
from the University of New Mexico and Santa
Clara University, respectively. He joined
Pacific Gas and Electric Company in 1980 and
is currently a Senior Protection Engineer.
He is responsible for the protection of
generators, transformers, HV and EHV
transmission lines.
Discussion
B. R. Shperling (New York Power Authority, New York, NY): A
h n d a r y arc model based on experimental results by T. E.Browne and A.
P. Strom, and further modificationsby A. T. Johns and W.M. Ritchie, was
implemented in the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) by the
authors. To validate. the model, the authors calculatedsecondary arc current
and voltage in single-phase switching operations for a line without shunt
compensation and compared their results with the calculationspublished by
A. T. Johns and W.M. Ritchie. It should be noted that there was no reason
to expect any noticeable difference between these two sets of calculations
since both of them utilized the same data base, including the arc model. The
real validation of the arc model requires adirect unnparison with field
measurements. Therefore, the authors should compare their calculations
with the secondary arc current and voltage oscillograms from the single-
phase switching tests performed by the PG&E Company on a 5WkV line,
and referred to in the paper. A comparison presented in the paper between

the extinction times for PG&E tests (5.5 to 17 cycles) with the calculations
(16 cycles) cannot be considered convincing because of the relatively small
secondary arc currents and large statistical deviation of the field test arc
extinction times. Also, it would be useful to test the validity of the
secondary arc model for secondary arc currents greater than 50 A which
result in much longer extinction times. Finally, it i s quite important to
compare the arc model and the arc gap voltage withstand characteristics
used by the authors, with the arc and gap characteristics measured during
staged fault tests on 765-kV transmission lines. These parameters,
summarized in [l], include a full spectrum of arc characteristics, namely,
volt-ampere characteristic as a function of time, dynamic arc resistance,
secondary arc energy, as well as the arc gap withstand voltage characteristic
after the secondary arc extinction.
Reference
[l] A. J. Fakheri, et al., “Single Phase Switching Tests on the AEP 765 kV
595
System-Extinction Time for Large Secondary Arc Currents,” ZEEE
Trans., PAS-102, No. 8, 1983, pp. 2775-2783.
Manuscript received February 24, 1988.
S. Goldberg, W. F. Horton, and D. Tziouvnms: We agree with Mr.
Shperling that there is no reason to expect any noticeable difference
between our results and those published by A. T. Johns and W. M. Ritchie.
In fact our objective was to develop an Electtomagnetic Transients Program
(EMTP) model based on the Johns model of the secondary arc.
Our next objective is to utilize the EMTP secondary arc model in
conjunction with PGandE’s simulation of a 500-kV transmission line. The
results of this study can then be compand with those from staged tests
performed on this line. We expect to publish our results in a later paper.
We thank Mr. Shperliig for his comments and his suggestions with
regard to the Fakheri paper.
Manuscript received April 6, 1988.