G2 (Mathematics)

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G_2 (mathematics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation <#mw-head> Jump to search <#searchInput>
Algebraic structure <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure>
→ *Group theory*
Group theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory>
Cyclic group.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclic_group.svg>
Basic notions[show] <#>
* Subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup>
* Normal subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_subgroup>
* Quotient group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group>

* (Semi-) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product>direct
product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups>
/Group homomorphisms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism>/
* kernel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)#Group_homomorphisms>
* image <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)>
* direct sum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_sum_of_groups>
* wreath product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product>

* simple <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group>
* finite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>
* infinite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_group>
* continuous <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_group>
* multiplicative <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group>
* additive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_group>
* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* abelian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group>
* dihedral <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group>
* nilpotent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent_group>
* solvable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvable_group>
* Glossary of group theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_group_theory>
* List of group theory topics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group_theory_topics>
Finite groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>[show] <#>

Classification of finite simple groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups>
* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* alternating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_group>
* Lie type <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type>
* sporadic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_group>
* Cauchy's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>
* Lagrange's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>
* Sylow theorems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_theorems>

* Hall's theorem <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_subgroup>
* p-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-group>
* Elementary abelian group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group>
* Frobenius group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group>
* Schur multiplier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>
* Symmetric group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group> S_/n/
* Klein four-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group> V

* Dihedral group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group> D_/n/
* Quaternion group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_group> Q
* Dicyclic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyclic_group> Dic_/n/
* Discrete groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_group>

* Lattices <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(discrete_subgroup)>
[show] <#>
* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (*Z*)

* Free group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_group>
Modular groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_group>
* PSL(2,*Z*)
* SL(2,*Z*)
* Arithmetic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_group>

* Lattice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)>
* Hyperbolic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_group>
Topological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group> and Lie

groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>[hide] <#>
* Solenoid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_(mathematics)>
* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>
* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)
* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>

SL(/n/)
* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)
* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group> E(/n/)
* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)
* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)
* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)
* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)
* G_2
* F_4 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)>
* E_6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>
* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>
* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>
Infinite dimensional Lie group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_dimensional_Lie_group>
* O(∞)
* SU(∞)
* Sp(∞)
Algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>[show] <#>
* Linear algebraic group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebraic_group>
* Reductive group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_group>
* Abelian variety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_variety>
* Elliptic curve <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Group_theory_sidebar>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Group_theory_sidebar>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Group_theory_sidebar&action=edit>
Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>

E8Petrie.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E8Petrie.svg>
Classical groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_group>[show] <#>
* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)
* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>
SL(/n/)
* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)
* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)
* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)
* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)
* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)
Simple Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>[hide] <#>
* List of simple Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_simple_Lie_groups>
Classical
* A_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#A_series>
* B_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#B_series>
* C_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#C_series>
* D_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#D_series>
Exceptional
* G_2
Other Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>[show] <#>
* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>
* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>
* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>
* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group>
Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra>[show] <#>
* Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group%E2%80%93Lie_algebra_correspondence>
* Exponential map
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)>
* Adjoint representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation>
*
o Killing form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_form>
o Index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_Lie_algebra>
* Lie point symmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_point_symmetry>
* Simple Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra>
Semisimple Lie algebra

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra>[show] <#>
* Dynkin diagrams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>

* Cartan subalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra>
*
o Root system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system>
o Weyl group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group>
*
o Real form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_form_(Lie_theory)>
o Complexification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexification_(Lie_group)>
* Split Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Lie_algebra>
* Compact Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Lie_algebra>
Representation theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory>[show] <#>
* Lie group representation

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_a_Lie_group>
* Lie algebra representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra_representation>
* Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_semisimple_Lie_algebras>
* Theorem of the highest weight
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_the_highest_weight>
* Borel–Weil–Bott theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Weil%E2%80%93Bott_theorem>
Lie groups in physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics>[show] <#>
* Particle physics and representation theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics_and_representation_theory>
* Lorentz group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Poincar
%C3%A9_group>
* Galilean group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Galilean_group>
Scientists[show] <#>
* Sophus Lie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Lie>

* Henri Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9>
* Wilhelm Killing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing>
* Élie Cartan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan>
* Hermann Weyl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl>
* Claude Chevalley <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chevalley>
* Harish-Chandra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra>
* Armand Borel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Borel>
* Glossary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Lie_groups_and_Lie_algebras>
* Table of Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lie_groups>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lie_groups&action=edit>
In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, *G_2 * is

the name of three simple Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group> (a complex form, a compact
real form and a split real form), their Lie algebras
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra> g 2 , {\displaystyle
{\mathfrak {g}}_{2},} {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2},} as well as
some algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>.
They are the smallest of the five exceptional simple Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>. G_2 has rank 2 and
dimension 14. It has two fundamental representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation>, with
dimension 7 and 14.
The compact form of G_2 can be described as the automorphism group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism_group> of the octonion
algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion> or, equivalently, as
the subgroup of SO(7) that preserves any chosen particular vector in its
8-dimensional real <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_representation>
spinor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor> representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_representation> (a spin
representation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_representation>).
Contents
* 1 History <#History>
* 2 Real forms <#Real_forms>
* 3 Algebra <#Algebra>
o 3.1 Dynkin diagram and Cartan matrix
<#Dynkin_diagram_and_Cartan_matrix>
o 3.2 Roots of G_2 <#Roots_of_G2>
o 3.3 Weyl/Coxeter group <#Weyl/Coxeter_group>
o 3.4 Special holonomy <#Special_holonomy>
* 4 Polynomial invariant <#Polynomial_invariant>
* 5 Generators <#Generators>
* 6 Representations <#Representations>
* 7 Finite groups <#Finite_groups>
* 8 See also <#See_also>
* 9 References <#References>
History[edit
title=G2_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=1>]
The Lie algebra g 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}} {\mathfrak

{g}}_{2}, being the smallest exceptional simple Lie algebra, was the
first of these to be discovered in the attempt to classify simple Lie
algebras. On May 23, 1887, Wilhelm Killing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing> wrote a letter to
Friedrich Engel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engel_(mathematician)> saying
that he had found a 14-dimensional simple Lie algebra, which we now call
g 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}} {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}.^[1]
<#cite_note-1>
In 1893, Élie Cartan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan>

published a note describing an open set in C 5 {\displaystyle \mathbb
{C} ^{5}} \mathbb{C}^5 equipped with a 2-dimensional distribution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(differential_geometry)>—that is,
a smoothly varying field of 2-dimensional subspaces of the tangent
space—for which the Lie algebra g 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}}
{\mathfrak {g}}_{2} appears as the infinitesimal symmetries.^[2]
<#cite_note-2> In the same year, in the same journal, Engel noticed the
same thing. Later it was discovered that the 2-dimensional distribution
is closely related to a ball rolling on another ball. The space of
configurations of the rolling ball is 5-dimensional, with a
2-dimensional distribution that describes motions of the ball where it
rolls without slipping or twisting.^[3] <#cite_note-3> ^[4] <#cite_note-4>
In 1900, Engel discovered that a generic antisymmetric trilinear form

(or 3-form) on a 7-dimensional complex vector space is preserved by a
group isomorphic to the complex form of G_2 .^[5] <#cite_note-5>
In 1908 Cartan mentioned that the automorphism group of the octonions is

a 14-dimensional simple Lie group.^[6] <#cite_note-6> In 1914 he stated
that this is the compact real form of G_2 .^[7] <#cite_note-7>
In older books and papers, G_2 is sometimes denoted by E_2 .
Real forms[edit
There are 3 simple real Lie algebras associated with this root system:
* The underlying real Lie algebra of the complex Lie algebra G_2 has
dimension 28. It has complex conjugation as an outer automorphism
and is simply connected. The maximal compact subgroup of its
associated group is the compact form of G_2 .
* The Lie algebra of the compact form is 14-dimensional. The
associated Lie group has no outer automorphisms, no center, and is
simply connected and compact.
* The Lie algebra of the non-compact (split) form has dimension 14.
The associated simple Lie group has fundamental group of order 2 and
its outer automorphism group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism_group> is the
trivial group. Its maximal compact subgroup is SU(2) ×
SU(2)/(−1,−1). It has a non-algebraic double cover that is simply
connected.
Algebra[edit
Dynkin diagram and Cartan matrix[edit

The Dynkin diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram> for

/G/_2 is given by Dynkin diagram of G 2
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dynkin_diagram_G2.png>.
Its Cartan matrix <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_matrix> is:
[ 2 − 1 − 3 2 ] {\displaystyle
\left[{\begin{array}{rr}2&-1\\-3&2\end{array}}\right]}
{\displaystyle \left[{\begin{array}{rr}2&-1\\-3&2\end{array}}\right]}
Roots of G_2 [edit

Root system G2.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root_system_G2.svg>

The 12 vector root system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system> of
G_2 in 2 dimensions. 3-cube t1.svg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-cube_t1.svg>
The A_2 Coxeter plane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane>
projection of the 12 vertices of the cuboctahedron
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboctahedron> contain the same 2D vector
arrangement. G2Coxeter.svg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G2Coxeter.svg>
Graph of G2 as a subgroup of F4 and E8 projected into the Coxeter plane
Although they span <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span> a

2-dimensional space, as drawn, it is much more symmetric to consider
them as vectors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space> in a
2-dimensional subspace of a three-dimensional space.
(1,−1,0), (−1,1,0)
(1,0,−1), (−1,0,1)
(0,1,−1), (0,−1,1)
(2,−1,−1), (−2,1,1)
(1,−2,1), (−1,2,−1)
(1,1,−2), (−1,−1,2)
One set of *simple roots*, for Dyn2-node n1.png

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n1.png>Dyn2-6a.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-6a.png>Dyn2-node n2.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n2.png> is:
(0,1,−1), (1,−2,1)
Weyl/Coxeter group[edit
Its Weyl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group>/Coxeter

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group> group G = W ( G 2 )
{\displaystyle G=W(G_{2})} {\displaystyle G=W(G_{2})} is the dihedral
group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group>, D 6 {\displaystyle
D_{6}} D_{6} of order
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group#Properties> 12. It has
minimal faithful degree μ ( G ) = 5 {\displaystyle \mu (G)=5}
{\displaystyle \mu (G)=5}.
Special holonomy[edit
G_2 is one of the possible special groups that can appear as the
holonomy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomy> group of a Riemannian
metric <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_metric>. The manifolds
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold> of G_2 holonomy are also called
G_2 -manifolds <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_manifold>.
Polynomial invariant[edit
G_2 is the automorphism group of the following two polynomials in 7

non-commutative variables.
C 1 = t 2 + u 2 + v 2 + w 2 + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 {\displaystyle
C_{1}=t^{2}+u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}+x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}
C_{1}=t^{2}+u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}+x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}
C 2 = t u v + w t x + y w u + z y t + v z w + x v y + u x z
{\displaystyle C_{2}=tuv+wtx+ywu+zyt+vzw+xvy+uxz}
C_{2}=tuv+wtx+ywu+zyt+vzw+xvy+uxz (± permutations)
which comes from the octonion algebra. The variables must be

non-commutative otherwise the second polynomial would be identically zero.
Generators[edit
Adding a representation of the 14 generators with coefficients
/A/, ..., /N/ gives the matrix:
A λ 1 + ⋯ + N λ 14 = [ 0 C − B E − D − G F − M − C 0 A F − G + N D −
K − E − L B − A 0 − N M L − K − E − F N 0 − A + H − B + I C − J D G
− N − M A − H 0 J I G K − D − L B − I − J 0 − H − F + M E + L K − C
+ J − I H 0 ] {\displaystyle A\lambda _{1}+\cdots +N\lambda
_{14}={\begin{bmatrix}0&C&-B&E&-D&-G&F-M\\-C&0&A&F&-G+N&D-K&-E-L\\B&-A&0&-
N&M&L&-K\\-E&-F&N&0&-A+H&-B+I&C-J\\D&G-N&-M&A-H&0&J&I\\G&K-D&-L&B-I&-J&0&-H\\-
F+M&E+L&K&-C+J&-I&H&0\end{bmatrix}}}
{\displaystyle A\lambda _{1}+\cdots +N\lambda
_{14}={\begin{bmatrix}0&C&-B&E&-D&-G&F-M\\-C&0&A&F&-G+N&D-K&-E-L\\B&-A&0&-
N&M&L&-K\\-E&-F&N&0&-A+H&-B+I&C-J\\D&G-N&-M&A-H&0&J&I\\G&K-D&-L&B-I&-J&0&-H\\-
F+M&E+L&K&-C+J&-I&H&0\end{bmatrix}}}
It is exactly the Lie algebra of the group
G 2 = { g ∈ S O ( 7 ) : g ∗ φ = φ , φ = ω 123 + ω 145 + ω 167 + ω

246 − ω 257 − ω 347 − ω 356 } {\displaystyle G_{2}=\{g\in
SO(7):g^{*}\varphi =\varphi ,\varphi =\omega ^{123}+\omega
^{145}+\omega ^{167}+\omega ^{246}-\omega ^{257}-\omega
^{347}-\omega ^{356}\}} {\displaystyle G_{2}=\{g\in
SO(7):g^{*}\varphi =\varphi ,\varphi =\omega ^{123}+\omega
^{145}+\omega ^{167}+\omega ^{246}-\omega ^{257}-\omega
^{347}-\omega ^{356}\}}
Representations[edit
The characters of finite-dimensional representations of the real and

complex Lie algebras and Lie groups are all given by the Weyl character
formula <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_character_formula>. The
dimensions of the smallest irreducible representations are (sequence
A104599 <https://oeis.org/A104599> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>):
1, 7, 14, 27, 64, 77 (twice), 182, 189, 273, 286, 378, 448, 714,
729, 748, 896, 924, 1254, 1547, 1728, 1729, 2079 (twice), 2261,
2926, 3003, 3289, 3542, 4096, 4914, 4928 (twice), 5005, 5103, 6630,
7293, 7371, 7722, 8372, 9177, 9660, 10206, 10556, 11571, 11648,
12096, 13090….
The 14-dimensional representation is the adjoint representation

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation_of_a_Lie_algebra>,
and the 7-dimensional one is action of G_2 on the imaginary octonions.
There are two non-isomorphic irreducible representations of dimensions

77, 2079, 4928, 28652, etc. The fundamental representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation> are those
with dimensions 14 and 7 (corresponding to the two nodes in the Dynkin
diagram <#Dynkin_diagram> in the order such that the triple arrow points
from the first to the second).
Vogan (1994) <#CITEREFVogan1994> described the (infinite-dimensional)

unitary irreducible representations of the split real form of G_2 .
Finite groups[edit
The group G_2 (/q/) is the points of the algebraic group G_2 over the
finite field <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field> *F*_/q/ .
These finite groups were first introduced by Leonard Eugene Dickson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson> in Dickson (1901)
<#CITEREFDickson1901> for odd /q/ and Dickson (1905)
<#CITEREFDickson1905> for even /q/. The order of G_2 (/q/) is /q/^6
(/q/^6 − 1)(/q/^2 − 1). When /q/ ≠ 2, the group is simple
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group>, and when /q/ = 2, it has a
simple subgroup of index
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_subgroup> 2 isomorphic to ^2
/A/_2 (3^2 ), and is the automorphism group of a maximal order of the
octonions. The Janko group J_1
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_group_J1> was first constructed as
a subgroup of G_2 (11). Ree (1960) <#CITEREFRee1960> introduced twisted
Ree groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ree_group> ^2 G_2 (/q/) of
order /q/^3 (/q/^3 + 1)(/q/ − 1) for /q/ = 3^2/n/+1 , an odd power of 3.
See also[edit
* Cartan matrix <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_matrix>

* Dynkin diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>
* Exceptional Jordan algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_Jordan_algebra>
* Fundamental representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation>
* G_2 -structure <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2-structure>
* Lie group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>
* Seven-dimensional cross product
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-dimensional_cross_product>
* Simple Lie group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>
References[edit
1. *^ <#cite_ref-1>* Agricola, Ilka

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilka_Agricola> (2008). "Old and new
on the exceptional group /G/_2 "
<http://www.ams.org/notices/200808/tx080800922p.pdf> (PDF). /Notices
of the American Mathematical Society/. *55* (8): 922–929. MR
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)> 2441524
<https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2441524>.
2. *^ <#cite_ref-2>* Élie Cartan (1893). "Sur la structure des groupes
simples finis et continus". /C. R. Acad. Sci/. *116*: 784–786.
3. *^ <#cite_ref-3>* Gil Bor and Richard Montgomery (2009). "G_2 and
the "rolling distribution"". /L'Enseignement Mathématique/. *55*:
157–196. arXiv
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:math/0612469
<https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0612469>. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.4171/lem/55-1-8
<https://doi.org/10.4171%2Flem%2F55-1-8>.
4. *^ <#cite_ref-4>* John Baez and John Huerta (2014). "G_2 and the
rolling ball". /Trans. Amer. Math. Soc/. *366* (10): 5257–5293.
arXiv <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:1205.2447
<https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.2447>. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1090/s0002-9947-2014-05977-
1
<https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-2014-05977-1>.
5. *^ <#cite_ref-5>* Friedrich Engel (1900). "Ein neues, dem linearen
Komplexe analoges Gebilde". /Leipz. Ber/. *52*: 63–76, 220–239.
6. *^ <#cite_ref-6>* Élie Cartan (1908). "Nombres complexes".
/Encyclopedie des Sciences Mathematiques/. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
pp. 329–468.
7. *^ <#cite_ref-7>* Élie Cartan (1914), "Les groupes reels simples
finis et continus", /Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup./, *31*: 255–262
* Adams, J. Frank (1996), /Lectures on exceptional Lie groups/

<https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226005275>, Chicago Lectures
in Mathematics, University of Chicago Press
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press>, ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-226-00526-3
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00526-3>,
MR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)> 1428422
<https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1428422>
* Baez, John <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baez> (2002), "The
Octonions", /Bull. Amer. Math. Soc./, *39* (2): 145–205, arXiv
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:math/0105155
<https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0105155>, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X
<https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-01-00934-X>.
See section 4.1: G_2 ; an online HTML version of which is

available at http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node14.html
<http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node14.html>.
* Bryant, Robert
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bryant_(mathematician)>
(1987), "Metrics with Exceptional Holonomy", /Annals of
Mathematics/, 2, *126* (3): 525–576, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.2307/1971360
<https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1971360>, JSTOR
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)> 1971360
<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971360>
* Dickson, Leonard Eugene
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Eugene_Dickson> (1901),
"Theory of Linear Groups in An Arbitrary Field", /Transactions of
the American Mathematical Society
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society>/,
Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society>, *2*
(4): 363–394, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1090/S0002-9947-1901-
1500573-3
<https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1901-1500573-3>, ISSN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> 0002-9947
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9947>, JSTOR
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)> 1986251
<https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986251>, Reprinted in volume II of
his collected papersLeonard E. Dickson reported groups of type G_2
in fields of odd characteristic.
* Dickson, L. E. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._E._Dickson> (1905),
"A new system of simple groups" <https://zenodo.org/record/2475009>,
/Math. Ann./, *60*: 137–150, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1007/BF01447497
<https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01447497>Leonard E. Dickson reported
groups of type G_2 in fields of even characteristic.
* Ree, Rimhak (1960), "A family of simple groups associated with the
simple Lie algebra of type (G_2 )", /Bulletin of the American
Mathematical Society
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society>/,
*66* (6): 508–510, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1090/S0002-9904-1960-10523-
X
<https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1960-10523-X>, ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904>, MR
* Vogan, David A. Jr. (1994), "The unitary dual of G_2 ", /Inventiones
Mathematicae
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventiones_Mathematicae>/, *116*
(1): 677–791, Bibcode
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)>:1994InMat.116..677V
<https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994InMat.116..677V>, doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1007/BF01231578
<https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01231578>, ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9910>, MR
show
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* e
title=Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups&action=edit>
Exceptional Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#Exceptional_cases>
* G_2
show
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:String_theory_topics>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory_topics>
* e
title=Template:String_theory_topics&action=edit>
String theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory>

Background
* Strings <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(physics)>
* History of string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_string_theory>
o First superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_superstring_revolution>
o Second superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution>
* String theory landscape
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory_landscape>
Calabi-Yau-alternate.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calabi-Yau-alternate.png>
Theory
* Nambu–Goto action
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action>
* Polyakov action <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyakov_action>
* Bosonic string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory>
* Superstring theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory>
o Type I string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_string_theory>
o Type II string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_string_theory>
+ Type IIA string
+ Type IIB string
o Heterotic string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory>
* N=2 superstring <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%3D2_superstring>
* F-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-theory>
* String field theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_field_theory>
* Matrix string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_string_theory>
* Non-critical string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-critical_string_theory>
* Non-linear sigma model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_sigma_model>
* Tachyon condensation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon_condensation>
* RNS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNS_formalism>
* GS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_formalism>
String duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_duality>
* T-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-duality>
* S-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-duality>
* U-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-duality>
* Montonen–Olive duality
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality>
Particles and fields
* Graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton>
* Dilaton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaton>
* Tachyon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon>
* Ramond–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Kalb–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Magnetic monopole <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole>
* Dual graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graviton>
* Dual photon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_photon>
Branes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane>
* D-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-brane>
* NS5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS5-brane>
* M2-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2-brane>
* M5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5-brane>
* S-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-brane>
* Black brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_brane>
* Black holes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole>
* Black string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_string>
* Brane cosmology <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_cosmology>
* Quiver diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_diagram>
* Hanany–Witten transition
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition>
Conformal field theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory>
* Virasoro algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasoro_algebra>

* Mirror symmetry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)>
* Conformal anomaly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly>
* Conformal algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_symmetry>
* Superconformal algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconformal_algebra>
* Vertex operator algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra>
* Loop algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_algebra>
* Kac–Moody algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kac%E2%80%93Moody_algebra>
* Wess–Zumino–Witten model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model>
Gauge theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory>
* Anomalies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)>
* Instantons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instanton>
* Chern–Simons form
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form>
* Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogomol%27nyi%E2%80%93Prasad
%E2%80%93Sommerfield_bound>
* Exceptional Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_Lie_group> (G_2 , F_4
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4_(mathematics)>, E_6
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>, E_7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>, E_8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>)
* ADE classification <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification>
* Dirac string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_string>
* /p/-form electrodynamics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics>
Geometry
* Kaluza–Klein theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory>
* Compactification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)>
* Why 10 dimensions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_10_dimensions>?
* Kähler manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold>
* Ricci-flat manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci-flat_manifold>
o Calabi–Yau manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold>
o Hyperkähler manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler_manifold>
+ K3 surface <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_surface>
o G_2 manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_manifold>
o Spin(7)-manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin(7)-manifold>
* Generalized complex manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure>
* Orbifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold>
* Conifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifold>
* Orientifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientifold>
* Moduli space <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli_space>
* Hořava–Witten domain wall
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_domain_wall>
* K-theory (physics) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory_(physics)>
* Twisted K-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_K-theory>
Supersymmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry>
* Supergravity <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity>
* Superspace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspace>
* Lie superalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_superalgebra>
* Lie supergroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_supergroup>
Holography <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography>
* Holographic principle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle>
* AdS/CFT correspondence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence>
M-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory>
* Matrix theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)>

* Introduction to M-theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory>
String theorists
* Aganagić <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87>
* Arkani-Hamed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed>
* Atiyah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah>
* Banks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)>
* Berenstein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berenstein>
* Bousso <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Bousso>
* Cleaver <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_B._Cleaver>
* Curtright <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Curtright>
* Dijkgraaf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf>
* Distler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Distler>
* Douglas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas>
* Duff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)>
* Ferrara <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara>
* Fischler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Fischler>
* Friedan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Friedan>
* Gates <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates>
* Gliozzi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi>
* Gopakumar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar>
* Green <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)>
* Greene <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greene>
* Gross <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross>
* Gubser <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gubser>
* Gukov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gukov>
* Guth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Guth>
* Hanson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson>
* Harvey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey>
* Hořava <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)>
* Gibbons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gibbons>
* Kachru <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamit_Kachru>
* Kaku <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku>
* Kallosh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Kallosh>
* Kaluza <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza>
* Kapustin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kapustin>
* Klebanov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Klebanov>
* Knizhnik <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik>
* Kontsevich <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich>
* Klein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Klein>
* Linde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Linde>
* Maldacena <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena>
* Mandelstam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam>
* Marolf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Marolf>
* Martinec <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Martinec>
* Minwalla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla>
* Moore <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)>
* Motl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl>
* Mukhi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi>
* Myers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)>
* Nanopoulos <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos>
* Năstase <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase>
* Nekrasov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov>
* Neveu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu>
* Nielsen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen>
* van Nieuwenhuizen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen>
* Novikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)>
* Olive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Olive>
* Ooguri <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosi_Ooguri>
* Ovrut <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Ovrut>
* Polchinski <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski>
* Polyakov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov>
* Rajaraman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman>
* Ramond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ramond>
* Randall <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall>
* Randjbar-Daemi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi>
* Roček <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek>
* Rohm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Rohm>
* Scherk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk>
* Schwarz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz>
* Seiberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg>
* Sen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoke_Sen>
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* Staudacher <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Staudacher>
* Steinhardt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt>
* Strominger <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strominger>
* Sundrum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Sundrum>
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G2 (Mathematics)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

* Quotient group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group>

* wreath product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product>

* Glossary of group theory

Finite groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>[show] <#>

* Sylow theorems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_theorems>

* Frobenius group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group>

* Schur multiplier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>

* Symmetric group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group> S_/n/

* Klein four-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group> V

* Discrete groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_group>

* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (*Z*)

Modular groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_group>

* Arithmetic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_group>

Topological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group> and Lie

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>

* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)

* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group> E(/n/)

* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)

* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)

Infinite dimensional Lie group

Algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>[show] <#>

* Linear algebraic group

* Reductive group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_group>

* Abelian variety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_variety>

* Elliptic curve <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve>

Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

Simple Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>[hide] <#>

* List of simple Lie groups

Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra>[show] <#>

* Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

Semisimple Lie algebra

* Dynkin diagrams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>

* Lie group representation

Lie groups in physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics>[show] <#>

* Particle physics and representation theory

* Sophus Lie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Lie>

In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, *G_2 * is

The compact form of G_2 can be described as the automorphism group

The Lie algebra g 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}} {\mathfrak

In 1893, Élie Cartan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan>

In 1900, Engel discovered that a generic antisymmetric trilinear form

In 1908 Cartan mentioned that the automorphism group of the octonions is

In older books and papers, G_2 is sometimes denoted by E_2 .

* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (Z)

In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, G_2 is

One set of simple roots, for Dyn2-node n1.png

1. ^ <#cite_ref-1> Agricola, Ilka